BN TIN TH VIN - CNG NGH THNG TIN

THNG 10/2007

PHT TRIN THAY TH

RDA AACR2
NGUYN MINH HIP, BA., MS. G Th vin H Khoa hc T nhin HQG TP. H Ch Minh

c ch ca th vin l kt ni thng tin vi ngi s dng. Ngay t khi th vin hin hu trn tri t ny, con ngi bit cch sp xp v t chc ti liu th no ngi s dng c th tip cn vi thng tin. Sau khi Melvil Dewey thnh lp trng o to ngnh th vin u tin trn th gii ti i hc Columbia, Hoa K vo nm 1887, nh du ngh th vin tr thnh mt ngnh hc khoa hc th vin, mt mn hc quan trng u tin ra i nhm gip con ngi sp xp v t chc ti liu tt hn c ging dy, l Bin mc Cataloging. T ngnh bin mc pht trin khng ngng. Lch s bin mc gn lin lch s pht trin th vin. Vo nhng thp nin 1950 v 1960, mc lc phiu l h thng tra cu th vin ph bin nht. Nhiu chun th tch c s dng v ph bin rng ri trn phm vi lin quc gia p ng yu cu bin mc tp trung v chia s thng tin trong nhng h thng mc lc lin hp. Mt B quy tc bin mc ni ting ra i trong bi cnh , chnh l B Quy tc bin mc Anh-M AACR Anglo-

American Cataloging Rules do Hip hi Th vin Anh Quc v Hip hi Th vin Hoa K son tho v xut bn vo nm 1967 thnh nhng vn bn ring ca Vng quc Anh v Bc M. c duyt li thnh mt vn bn chung vo nm 1978 vi tn chnh thc l AACR2 AngloAmerican Cataloging Rules, Second Edition. c hu ht cc th vin ln trong cc quc gia ni ting Anh chp nhn v c dch thnh nhiu ngn ng khc. Vo nm 1988, B quy tc bin mc ny c duyt li kh quy m, nhng mc chnh sa cha tiu chun tr thnh n bn ln th ba, nn vn mang tn AACR2R Anglo-American Cataloging Rules edition 1988 revision tm dch l Quy tc bin mc Anh-M n bn ln th hai c duyt li. Nm 2002 c duyt li bao gm phn m rng chng 12 cho ti nguyn lin tc continuing resources (thay th cho tn gi trc y l n phm lin tc serials) B quy tc ny mang tn AACR2 2002 Anglo-American Cataloging Rules edition 2002) vn c dng rng ri cho n ngy hm nay.

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BN TIN TH VIN - CNG NGH THNG TIN

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AACR ra i trong bi cnh bt u tin hc ha. Vi nhu cu in phiu mc lc bng my tnh cng nh trao i d liu th tch qua mng my tnh sau ny khin ngi ta ngh ra rng cn phi c mt chun bin mc m my tnh c th c c. UNESCO l t chc u tin cho ra i chun bin mc my c c CCF Common Communcation Format vi mt phn mm min ph tng c s dng rng ri trn phm vi ton cu, l CDS/ISIS. Tuy nhin Th vin Quc hi M khai sinh ra chun bin mc MARC Machine Readable Cataloging phn nh y chi tit ca AACR nhanh chng tr nn ph bin hn. Vi tnh cht chi ly ca AACR2 c th hin qua mt kh mu phc tp MARC 21 khin ngi ta gp nhiu kh khn trong bin mc, th nhng cng vic ny hon ton p ng yu cu trao i d liu th tch nhm kt ni cc kho d liu trn th gii vi nhau qua mt h thng mc lc truy cp cng cng OPAC Online Public Access Catalog. Vi hot ng ca mt th vin truyn thng v nhu cu ch trao i d liu th tch th cch m t v truy cp d liu nh trn l hp l. Cch trao i d lu ny c gi l hnh thc lin bin (analog). MARC 21 v AACR2 qu tht ni bt trong mi trng lin bin ny. Tuy nhin ngy nay hot ng thng tin th vin ang din ra trong mi trng in t hay mi trng s (digital). D liu c ng gi v trao i ri rc, hnh tng nh mt chic kim giy trn ng h in t, nhy tng giy mt; ch khng chy lin tc theo kiu lin bin ca chic kim giy ca ng h c hc. Kiu trao i trong mi trng s ngy nay khng ch c dng th tch m bao gm mi phng tin: ton vn, hnh nh, m thanh,

hnh nh ng, vvy l mt kiu trao i d liu dng container khng i hi nhng th tc qu chi ly nh AACR2. Do , tt yu l AACR2 phi c thay i. Ti Hi ngh thng nin Hi th vin Hoa K ALA nm 2004, Ban ch o bin son AACR (JSC) quyt nh chnh sa v duyt li AACR2 thnh AACR3, s c xut bn vo nm 2007, vi mc tiu: Nhng quy tc s tip tc da trn nhng nguyn tc v bao gm nhng thuc tnh ca tt c cc loi hnh ti liu. S c s dng ton cu, nhng s c bt ngun t phong tc tp qun Ting Anh. S d s dng v phin dch. S c ng dng v t chc trc tuyn, trong mi trng da vo Web. S cung ng vic kim sot th tch c hiu qu trong tt c loi phng tin (lin bin v s). S tng thch vi nhng tiu chun khc trong vic m t v truy hi ti nguyn. S c dng lu di trong cng ng th vin. Th nhng, quyt nh trn mt ln na c chuyn hng i ph vi nhng thch thc mi i vi ti nguyn s v nhng biu ghi c to ra bi nhng quy tc c dng trong mt mi trng s. Mi trng hin nay l rt kh pht trin t AACR2 p ng yu cu trn. S chuyn hng ny c ghi nhn t Hi ngh thng nin Hi th vin Hoa K ALA nm 2005 ti Chicago, nh l mt phn trong k hoch chin lc, Ban ch

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BN TIN TH VIN - CNG NGH THNG TIN

THNG 10/2007

o bin son AACR (JSC) quyt nh hnh ng hng n vic pht hnh mt n bn hon ton mi phn nh nhng tiu chun mi l Resource Description and Access (RDA), tm dch l M t v truy cp ti nguyn (*), v nhn mnh rng n bn mi s l mt sn phm trc tuyn cho d mt bn in cng s c n hnh. Theo k hoch RDA s c xut bn vo u nm 2009. c im ca RDA l: Mt tiu chun mi cho vic m t v truy cp ti nguyn. c thit k cho mi trng s: o Sn phm da trn web (cng c bn in). o M t v truy cp tt c ti nguyn s (v c lin bin). o To ra nhng biu ghi c th s dng trong mi trng s (Internet, Web OPAC, vv). Tiu chun c ni dung a quc gia cung ng vic truy cp v m t th tch. Dnh cho tt c mi phng tin. c lp vi cc kh mu (vd. MARC 21) c dng chuyn ti thng tin. Thc ra cng vic xy dng tiu chun mi cho miu t ti liu c bt u t nm 2004, v y ban nguyn l AACR c Tom Delsey lm bin tp chnh. Thng 12 nm 2004 phn I ca AACR3 c son tho xong. Nm 2005 c s chuyn hng nh ni trn v tn mi RDA ra i. Thng 12 nm 2005 bn tho phn I ca RDA c son tho xong. Cu trc ca RDA c ci tin v nay s bao gm hai phn A v B thay th cho ba phn I, II, v III nh d tr trc y.

Khi qut cu trc ca RDA nh sau: Phn A s bao gm nhng yu t m t v truy cp c trnh by nh l nhng quy tc nghip v cho biu ghi th tch: FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) Phn B s bao gm kim sot tnh c thm quyn (tnh nht qun) i vi dng thc ca nhng im truy cp c trnh by nh l nhng quy tc nghip v cho d liu c thm quyn: FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) Cng c hai ti liu ph lc gm: Phn tch yu t RDA Bn FRBR Tin trnh bin son RDA nh sau: Thng 3-6/2007: Duyt v chnh sa chng 3 Thng 7-9/2007: Duyt v chnh sa chng 6-7 Thng 12/2007- Thng 3/2008: Duyt phn B Thng 7-9/2008: Duyt bn tho y ca RDA 2009: Pht hnh RDA Vi s chuyn hng kp thi, chng ta hy vng JSC s cho ra i mt B Quy tc m t hon ton ph hp vi giai on chuyn i bin mc hin nay Bin mc hon ton da trn mi trng Web. Mt ln na, bin mc thay i c ngha rng lch s th vin sang trang: Th vin trong mi trng s. Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, c bit l cng ngh Web, ng vai tr then cht trong hot ng thng tin th vin.

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BN TIN TH VIN - CNG NGH THNG TIN

THNG 10/2007

(*) thut ng ti nguyn resource ngy nay c dng ph bin trong ngnh Thng tin - Th vin ch tt c cc loi hnh ti liu, in n, in t, v a phng tin. (Thut ng ti nguyn dn dn thay th cho ti liu). Trong chun bin mc Dublin Core v B Quy tc bin mc RDA, ngi ta gi mt i tng bin mc: mt cun sch, mt bi bo, mt tm hnh, mt ti liu in t, mt video clip, mt bi ht, vv... l mt resource mt ti nguyn. Chng ta khng nn nhm ln gia information resource l ti nguyn thng tin vi information source l ngun thng tin. Do open source l ngun m cn open resources l ti nguyn m tc l ti nguyn min ph trn mng. Tham kho: 1. AACR3: Resource Description and Access / Dr. Barbara B. Tillett, Chief, CPSO, Library of Congress, 2004. 2. Changing Direction: From AACR to RDA / Jennifer Bowen.- ALA Annual Meeting, Chicago, June 26, 2005. 3. Dictionary for Library and Information Science / Joan M. Reitz.- Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited, 2005. 4. Outcomes of the Meeting of the Joint Steering Committee Held in Chicago, U.S.A., 24-28 April 2005 / Jennifer Bowen, ALA Representative to the Joint Steering Committee. 5. RDA thay th AACR2 / Nguyn Minh Hip.- Bn tin Thng tin-Th vin Lin hip Th vin min ng Nam b v cc Nam Trung b, 2005. 6. Resource Description and Access: Background and Context / Dr. Barbara B. Tillett. - ALA Annual Conference, Chicago, June 26, 2005. 7. RDA Scope and Structure (2007) http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/5rdascoperev.pdf 8. RDA Element Analysis (June 2007) http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/5rda-elementanalysis.pdf 9. RDA to FRBR mapping (June 2007) http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/5rda-frbrmapping.pdf 10. Draft RDA Objectives and Principles http://www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/docs/5rda-objectives.pdf

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