S THC

0.1 Tp c sp
nh ngha 0.1. Cho S l mt tp hp khc rng. Mt th t trong S
l mt quan h, k hiu <, tha hai tnh cht sau y:
1. Nu x S v y S th ch xy ra mt trong ba kh nng sau
x < y, x = y, y < x
2. Nu x, y, z S, x < y v y < z th x < z.
Trng hp x < y ta c l x nh hn y. Hn na, chng ta c th
vit y > x thay cho x < y.
Ta vit x y nu hoc x < y hoc x = y v c l x khng vt qu
y. Ni mt cch khc, x y l mt ph nh ca x > y.
nh ngha 0.2. Tp S khc rng gi l tp c sp nu trong S c
trang b mt th t.
V d 0.1. Tp s hu t Q l tp c sp vi th t < c xy dng
nh sau: Ly ty x, y Q, nu yx l s hu t dng th ta ni x < y.
Ta thy quan h < tha tt c cc iu kin trong nh ngha 0.1.
nh ngha 0.3. Gi s S l mt tp c sp vi th t < v A S.
Nu tn ti S sao cho x vi mi x A, ta ni tp A b chn trn
v l mt cn trn ca tp A.
Tng t ta nh ngha tp b chn di v cn di ca tp (ch
cn thay bng ).
V d 0.2. Tp A =
_
1
n
: n N
_
l mt tp con ca tp Q. Vi th t
c nh ngha trong V d 0.1, ta thy A l mt tp b chn trn bi
1 v
1
n
1 vi mi n N, ng thi A cng l mt tp b chn di bi 0
v
1
n
> 0 vi n N.
nh ngha 0.4. Cho S l tp c sp, A S v A l tp b chn trn
(di). Gi s tn ti S tha hai tnh cht sau:
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
l mt cn trn (di) ca A.
Nu < ( > ) th tn ti x A sao cho < x(x < ).
Khi , c gi l cn trn ng (cn di ng), hay supremum
(infimum), ca tp A, k hiu
= sup A( = inf A)
V d 0.3. Vi tp A trong nh ngha V d 0.2 ta tm c sup A = 1
v inf A = 0.
Nhn xt 0.1. sup A v inf A c th thuc hoc khng thuc tp A.
Trong V d 0.3 ta thy sup A A nhng inf A / A.
Nu A l tp b chn trn th c kh nng A khng c cn trn ng
trong S. Ta xt v d sau:
V d 0.4. Chng minh rng tp
A =
_
q Q : q < 0 hoc q 0 v q
2
< 2
_
b chn trn nhng khng c cn trn ng trong Q (vi th t c
xy dng trong V d 0.1).
Gii. Tp A b chn trn v q < 2, q A. Tip theo ta chng t tp A
khng c cn trn ng trong Q. Gi s sup A = p Q. Khi , ta suy
ra c 0 < p, xt cc trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: p
2
< 2, t
r = p
p
2
2
p + 2
=
2p + 2
p + 2
Ta thy
r
2
2 =
2(p
2
2)
(p + 2)
2
V p Q v p
2
< 2 nn r Q, p < r v r
2
< 2. Do ,
p < r sup A = p (v l)
Trng hp 2: p
2
> 2, lp lun tng t nh trng hp 1 ta cng
c iu v l.
Trng hp 3: p
2
= 2, v p Q nn tn ti m, n Z khng ng
thi l s chn, n = 0 sao cho p =
m
n
. Khi , t ng thc
p
2
= 2 (1)
ta suy ra
m
2
= 2n
2
(2)
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
T ng thc 2 ta c m
2
chia ht cho 2 hay m l s chn, suy ra
m
2
chia ht cho 4. Cng t 2, v m
2
chia ht cho 4 nn n
2
chia ht cho 2
hay n l s chn. Do , hai s m v n cng chn, tri vi gi thit. Vy
khng tn ti p Q p
2
= 2.
C ba trng hp trn u cho ta thy rng sup A khng th l s
hu t hay tp A khng c cn trn ng trong Q.
V d 0.4 c th m rng thnh kt qu quan trng sau y:
Mnh 0.1. Cho p l s hu t dng khng l bnh phng ca bt
k s hu t no. Khi , tp A = {q Q : q < 0 hoc q 0 v q
2
< p} b
chn trn nhng khng c cn trn ng trong Q.
nh ngha 0.5. Mt tp c sp S c gi l c tnh cht cn trn
ng (cn di ng) nu mi tp con A khc rng, b chn trn (di)
ca S c cn trn ng (cn di ng) trong S.
V d 0.5. V d 0.4 ch ra rng tp cc s hu t Q khng c tnh cht
cn trn ng, tng t ta cng chng t c Q khng c tnh cht cn
di ng.
Chng ta s ch ra rng c mt mi quan h mt thit ca cn trn
ng v cn di ng.
nh l 0.1. Mi tp c sp c tnh cht cn trn ng th cng c
tnh cht cn di ng.
Chng minh. Gi S l tp c sp c tnh cht cn trn ng, A l
mt tp con khc rng v b chn di ca S. Gi L l tp cc cn di
ca tp A. R rng L khc rng, L S v vi x ty thuc A ta c
x vi mi L. Vy tp L b chn trn. Do , = sup L S.
Tip theo ta chng t inf A = . Ly x A, nu x < th tn ti
L sao cho x < (tri vi nh ngha ca L). Vy x, ta suy ra
l mt cn di ca tp A hay L.
Ly > . Nu L th sup A = (v l). Do , / L hay
khng l mt cn di ca A. T y ta suy ra inf A = . nh l
c chng minh.
0.2 Trng
nh ngha 0.6. Mt trng l mt tp F cng vi hai php ton, c
gi l php cng v php nhn, tha cc tin :
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
(A) Tin v php cng
(A1) Nu x, y F th tng x + y F.
(A2) Tnh giao hon: x + y = y + x, x, y F.
(A3) Tnh kt hp: (x + y) + z = x + (y + z), x, y, z F.
(A4) Tn ti phn t 0 F sao cho x + 0 = 0 + x = x, x F.
(A5) Vi mi x F tn ti phn t x F sao cho x + (x) = 0.
(M) Tin v php nhn
(M1) Nu x, y F th tch xy F.
(M2) Tnh giao hon: xy = yx, x, y F.
(M3) Tnh kt hp: (xy)z = x(yz), x, y, z F.
(M4) Tn ti phn t 1 F\ {0} sao cho x1 = 1x = x, x F.
(M5) Vi mi x F\ {0} tn ti phn t
1
x
F sao cho x
1
x
= 1.
(D) Lut phn phi
x(y + z) = xy + xz, x, y, z F
V d 0.6. Tp s hu t Q cng vi php cng v php nhn thng
thng tha tt c cc tin c nu nn Q l mt trng. Trng s
Q l trng s nh nht cha tp s t nhin N.
Ch 0.1. Trong mt trng, ngi ta thng vit
x y,
x
y
, x + y + z, xyz, x
2
, x
3
, 2x, 3x, . . .
thay cho
x + (y) , x
1
y
, (x + y) + z, (xy) z, xx, xxx, x + x, x + x + x, . . .
Mnh 0.2. T cc tin (A) ta suy ra c mt s kt qu sau:
1. Nu x + y = x + z th y = z.
2. Nu x + y = x th y = 0.
3. Nu x + y = 0 th y = x.
4. (x) = x.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Chng minh. Nu x + y = x + z th theo cc tin (A) ta c
y = 0 + y = (x + x) + y = x + (x + y)
= x + (x + z) = (x + x) + z
= 0 + z = z
Ta chng minh cng thc 1. T 1 cho z = 0 ta c 2, cho z = x
ta c 3.
V x + x = 0 nn khi p dng 3 ta c 4.
Mnh 0.3. T cc tin (M) ta suy ra mt s kt qu sau:
1. Nu x = 0 v xy = xz th y = z.
2. Nu x = 0 v xy = x th y = 1.
3. Nu x = 0 v xy = 1 th y =
1
x
.
4. Nu x = 0 th
1
1
x
= x.
Mnh 0.3 c chng minh tng t nh Mnh 0.2 nn xin
dnh cho bn c.
Mnh 0.4. T cc tin (A), (M) v (D) ta suy ra c
1. 0x = 0, x F.
2. Nu x = 0 v y = 0 th xy = 0.
3. (x)y = (xy) = x(y).
4. (x)(y) = xy.
Chng minh. p dng tin (D) ta c
0x + 0x = (0 + 0)x = 0x
Theo Mnh 0.2 ta suy ra 0x = 0, 1 c chng minh. Tip theo,
gi s c x = 0 v y = 0 nhng xy = 0, p dng Mnh 0.3 v 1 ta c
1 = x
1
x
y
1
y
=
1
x
1
y
xy =
1
x
1
y
0 = 0(v l)
Vy ta c 2. ng thc u tin ca 3 c suy ra t
(x) y + xy = (x + x) y = 0y = 0
v Mnh 0.2. Tng t ta c ng thc th hai ca 3.
p dng 3 ta c
(x) (y) = (x (y)) = (xy) = xy
v ta c 4.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
nh ngha 0.7. Trng F c gi l trng c sp nu F l trng
v l mt tp c sp, ng thi F tha hai iu kin sau:
1. Nu x, y, z F v y < z th x + y < x + z.
2. Nu x, y F v x > 0, y > 0 th xy > 0.
Nu x > 0 th ta ni x dng; nu x < 0 th ta ni x m.
V d 0.7. Q l mt trng c sp.
Mnh 0.5. Cc kt qu sau y ng vi mi trng c sp:
1. Nu x > 0 th x < 0.
2. Nu x > 0 v y < z th xy < xz.
3. Nu x < 0 v y < z th xy > xz.
4. Nu x = 0 th x
2
> 0. c bit, 1 > 0.
5. Nu 0 < x < y th 0 <
1
y
<
1
x
.
6. Nu 0 < x < y th 0 <
x
y
< 1.
Chng minh. Nu x > 0 th 0 = x +x > x + 0 = x, ta khng nh
c 1. V z > y nn z y > y y = 0. Do x(z y) > 0 v
xz = x(z y + y) = x(z y) + xy > 0 + xy = xy
Ta khng nh c 2. Tng t ta chng minh c 3.
Nu x > 0 th x
2
= xx > 0. Nu x < 0 th x > 0, do (x)(x) > 0.
M (x)(x) = x
2
nn x
2
> 0, ta chng minh c 4. Ch l 1 = 1.1 =
1
2
> 0.
Nu y > 0 v z 0 th yz 0. M y
1
y
= 1 > 0 nn
1
y
> 0. Tng
t ta c
1
x
> 0. Nhn c hai v ca bt ng thc x < y cho i lng
dng
1
x
1
y
ta c
1
y
<
1
x
. Khng nh 5 c chng minh. 6 c suy
t 5.
0.3 Trng s thc
Ta bit r tp cc s t nhin N, tp cc s nguyn Z v tp cc s
hu t Q. Tp Q nhn c t vic m rng tp Z sao cho phng trnh
bc nht ax + b = 0 vi a, b Z, a = 0 lun c nghim. Tuy nhin, vic
m rng khng khi xt cc phng trnh bc cao hn, chng
hn phng trnh x
2
2 = 0, nh bit, khng c nghim trong tp s
hu t. Hn na, tp s hu t Q cha c y (Q khng c tnh
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
cht cn trn ng). khc phc nhng kh khn trn ta cn m rng
trng Q bng mt trng c sp mi, c gi l trng s thc.
xy dng s thc xut pht t s hu t c th dng phng php
Dedekind hoc phng php dy Cauchy. Phng php th nht da
trn th t t nhin ca tp cc s hu t, trong khi phng php th
hai da trn s hi t ca dy cc s hu t. y ta chn phng php
Dedekind.
nh ngha 0.8. Tp Q c gi l mt nht ct hay mt s thc
nu cc iu kin sau c tha:
1. khc rng v = Q.
2. Nu x , y Q v y < x th y .
3. Nu x th tn ti z sao cho x < z.
Tp tt c cc s thc c k hiu l R. Trong mc ny, cc ch ci
x, y, z, x

, y

, z

. . . l s hu t; cc ch ci , , ,

, . . . l cc nht
ct hay s thc.
Mnh 0.6. Nu x v y / th x < y.
Chng minh. Gi s y x. Khi , theo iu kin 2 trong nh ngha
0.8 ta c y , mu thun vi gi thit. Vy x < y.
Mnh 0.7. Nu x / v x < y th y / .
Chng minh. Nu y th do l nht ct nn x , tri vi gi
thit. Vy y / .
Mnh 0.8. Vi mi s hu t dng r tn ti x v y / sao cho
y x < r.
Chng minh. Ly x
0
, y
0
/ , theo Mnh 0.6 gi tr l = y
0
x
0
l s hu t dng. t r
0
=
x
0
+y
0
2
, ta suy ra c r
0
Q v x
0
< r
0
< y
0
.
Nu r
0
th ta t x
1
= r
0
, y
1
= y
0
, ngc li ta t x
1
= x
0
, y
1
= r
0
.
C hai trng hp trn ta u nhn c x
1
, y
1
/ v y
1
x
1
=
l
2
.
Lp li qu trnh trn, sau n bc, ta tm c x
n
, y
n
/ sao cho
y
n
x
n
=
l
2
n
.
Vi mi s hu t r > 0, ta chn s t nhin n ln sao cho
l
2
n
< r.
Khi , y
n
x
n
< r. Mnh c chng minh.
Nhn xt 0.2. Mnh 0.8 l h qu ca kt qu mnh hn sau y:
Nu A, B l hai tp con ca Q tha A B = v A B = Q th vi mi
s hu t dng r, tn ti x A, y B sao cho |y x| < r.
Chng minh kt qu trn xin dnh cho bn c.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
nh l 0.2. Trong tp s thc R, ta xy dng mt quan h < nh sau:
< nu l mt tp con tht s ca . Khi , < l mt th t
trong R hay R l tp c sp.
Chng minh. Nu < v < th l mt tp con thc s ca
v l mt tp con thc s ca . Do , l mt tp con thc s ca
hay < . Tnh cht 2 ca nh ngha 0.1 c tha.
Tip theo ta chng t quan h < tha tnh cht 1, tc vi hai s thc
v ty th xy ra mt v ch mt trong ba kh nng sau:
< ; = ; <
Trc ht, ta thy rng nu c mt kh nng xy ra th hai kh nng
cn li khng th xy ra. Gi s hai kh nng u tin khng xy ra.
Khi , khng phi l tp con ca , v vy c x sao cho x / .
Ly ty y , v x / nn theo Mnh 0.6 ta c y < x, suy ra y .
Vy . M = nn < .
nh l 0.3. R c tnh cht cn trn ng.
Chng minh. Gi s A l mt tp con khc rng v b chn trn ca
R, ta t
= {x Q : A sao cho x } =

Ta s chng t l mt nht ct.

V A = nn = . Thm na, A b chn trn nn tn ti R
sao cho < , A. Do , tn ti y nhng y / , A.
Ta suy ra y / . Vy = Q.
Nu x th tn ti A sao cho x . V l mt nht ct nn
vi y Q, y < x th y , suy ra y .
Nu x th tn ti A sao cho x . V l mt nht ct nn
tn ti y v x < y, suy ra y v x < y.
Ta thy tha c ba iu kin ca nh ngha 0.8 nn l mt nht
ct. Tip theo ta chng t sup A = .
V =

A
nn , A. Gi s l mt cn trn ca A. Khi
, , A. Ly ty x , suy ra tn ti A sao cho x .
V nn x . Vy l mt tp con ca hay .
T y ta khng nh c sup A = . Kt thc chng minh.
nh l 0.4. Cho hai s thc v . Khi tp hp
= {x + y : x , y }
l mt s thc v c gi l tng ca hai s thc , , k hiu = +.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Gii. Ta chng t l mt s thc (hay nht ct).
Hin nhin = . V , l cc nht ct nn tn ti x

/ v
y

/ . Theo Mnh 0.6 ta c x

+y

> x+y, x , y , suy

ra x

+ y

/ . Vy = Q.
Ly z v z

< z. V z nn tn ti x , y sao cho

z = x + y. Hn na, z

< z nn y (z z

) (v l nht ct v
y (z z

) < y), ta suy ra z

= x + (y (z z

)) .
Ly z , suy ra tn ti x , y sao cho z = x + y. V , l
cc nht ct nn tn ti x

, y

sao cho x

> x, y

> y. Khi
z

= x

+ y

> x + y = z v z

.
Ta khng nh c l mt s thc.
nh l 0.5. Tp s thc R cng vi php ton cng + c nh ngha
trong nh l 0.4 tha nhm tin (A).
Chng minh. Tin (A1) c suy ra t nh l 0.4.
(A2) Vi mi , R, + l tp tt c cc s dng x + y v +
l tp tt c cc s dng y +x vi x , y . V x +y = y +x, x, y Q
nn ta c + = + .
(A3) Chng minh tng t nh trn nhng ta dng lut kt hp ca
php cng trong Q.
(A4) Xt tp hp = {x Q : x < 0}. Ta d dng suy ra c l
mt s thc. Tip theo ta chng minh + = , R.
Nu x , y th x + y < x, suy ra x + y . Do +
hay + . Hn na, x tn ti y sao cho x < y. Khi
x = y +(xy) +. Vy +. Kt hp hai bt ng thc ta c
+ = . Tin (A4) c chng minh.
(A5) Vi R, xt tp hp

= {x

Q : r > 0, x

r / }
Ta chng t

l mt s thc.
V l s thc nn tn ti M > 0, M Q sao cho x < M, x .
Ly z , z < 0 sao cho z 1 > M, suy ra z 1 / . Do

= . Nu x th x r = (x) r , r > 0, suy ra x /

.
Vy

= Q.
Ly ty x

, suy ra tn ti r > 0 sao cho x

r / . Khi ,
vi mi y

< x

th y

r > x

r. Do , y

.
Ly ty x

, suy ra tn ti r > 0 sao cho x

r / . t
y

= x

+
r
2
, ta thy x

< y

v y

r
2
= x

r / . Vy y

v
x

< y

.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Tip theo ta chng t +

= .
Ly x , y

, v y

nn c s hu t r > 0 sao cho yr / .

p dng Mnh 0.6 ta c x < y r x + y < r < 0. Do
ta nhn c +

.
Ly z , suy ra z < 0. p dng Mnh 0.8, tn ti x , y /
sao cho z < x y < 0. t y

=
x+yz
2
, khi
x y

= x
x + y z
2
=
x y + z
2
(3)
T ng thc 3 ta suy ra z < x y

< 0. t z

= y

, r =
xyz
2
, ta
suy ra c r Q, r > 0 v
z

r = y

x y z
2
=
x + y z
2

x y z
2
= y /
Do z

, suy ra x + z

. M z < x + z

nn z +

.
Vy +

Kt hp hai kt qu ta khng nh c +

= .
Ch 0.2. S thc

c gi l s i ca s thc , k hiu .
nh l 0.6. Nu , , R v < th + < + .
Chng minh. Ly ty u +, suy ra tn ti x v z sao cho
u = x + z. V < nn x . Do u + hay + + .
Nu + = + , theo nh l 0.5 ta c
= + = + ( + ())
= ( + ) + () = ( + ) + ()
= + ( + ()) = + =
Kt qu trn tri vi gi thit nn ta phi c + < + .
H qu 0.1. Nu > th < .
Ch 0.3. Nu > th ta gi l s thc dng hay s dng. Tp
hp tt c cc s dng c k hiu l R
+
. Nu < th ta gi l s
thc m hay s m. Tp hp tt c cc s m c k hiu l R

.
Mnh 0.9. Cho l mt s thc dng. Khi , vi mi s hu t
0 < r < 1 tn ti x v y / tha r <
x
y
.
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Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Chng minh. V l mt s thc dng nn tn ti x
0
sao cho
x
0
> 0. Ly y
0
/ , suy ra x
0
< y
0
. t r
0
=
x
0
+y
0
2
, ta c r
0
Q v
x
0
< r
0
< y
0
. Nu r
0
th ta t x
1
= r
0
, y
1
= y
0
, ngc li ta t x
1
=
x
0
, y
1
= r
0
. C hai trng hp trn ta u nhn c x
1
, y
1
/ v
y
1
x
1
=
l
2
. Lp li qu trnh trn, sau n bc, ta tm c x
n
, y
n
/
sao cho y
n
x
n
=
l
2
n
v x
0
x
1
x
n
y
n
y
n1
y
0
. Khi
,
x
n
y
n
= 1
l
2
n
y
n
> 1
1
2
n
x
0
Chn n ln
l
2
n
x
0
< 1 r, ta nhn c
x
n
y
n
> 1 (1 r) = r vi
x
n
v y
n
/ . Mnh c chng minh.
Mnh 0.10. Cho l mt s thc dng. Khi , vi mi s hu t
0 < r < 1 tn ti y / sao cho ry .
Chng minh. Theo Mnh 0.9, vi mi 0 < r < 1 tn ti x , y
sao cho
x
y
> r hay ry < x. V x nn ry .
nh l 0.7. Cho hai s thc dng , . Khi tp hp
= {z Q : z 0 hoc z = xy vi x > 0, y > 0, x , y }
l mt s thc dng v gi l tch ca hai s thc , , k hiu = .
Chng minh. Ta s chng t l mt s thc.
Hin nhin = . V , l cc s thc dng nn tn ti cc
s hu t dng M v N sao cho x < M, y < N, x , y .
Ly z , nu z 0 th hin nhin z < MN, nu z > 0 th tn ti
x > 0, y > 0, x , y sao cho z = xy. Khi ta cng c z < MN.
Vy = Q.
Ly z v t Q, t < z. Nu t 0 th tt nhin t . Nu t > 0,
suy ra z > 0. M z nn tn ti x > 0, y > 0, x , y sao cho
z = xy. Khi , t = t
xy
z
=
_
tx
z
_
y .
Ly z . Nu z 0, v , dng nn tn ti x > 0, y > 0 vi
x , y , ta ly t = xy, r rng z < t v t . Nu z > 0 th tn
ti x > 0, y > 0, x , y sao cho z = xy. V , l cc s thc
nn tn ti x

> x, y

> y, x

, y

, ta ly t = x

, r rng z < t
v t .
Ta chng t c l mt s thc. Hn na, da vo cch xc
nh ta cng d dng thy rng > , tc l mt s thc dng.
11
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
nh ngha 0.9. Vi , R ty , ta t
=
_

_
nu = hoc = ,
() () nu < , < ,
[() ] nu < , > ,
[()] nu > , < .
v gi l tch ca hai s thc v .
nh l 0.8. Tp s thc R cng vi php ton nhn c xc nh
trong nh ngha 0.9 tha nhm tin (M).
Chng minh. n gin trong chng minh, cc s thc c chn
l cc s dng. Nhng trng hp khc ta dng cch xc nh trong
nh ngha 0.9. Cc tin (M1), (M2) v (M3) kim chng kh n
gin nn xin dnh cho bn c.
(M4) Xt tp 1

= {x Q : x < 1}. Ta d dng suy ra c 1

l mt
s thc. Tip theo ta chng minh 1

= , R
+
.
Ly z 1

. Nu z 0 th hin nhin z . Ngc li, tn ti

x > 0, x v 0 < y, y 1

sao cho z = xy. V y 1

nn y < 1, ta suy
ra z < x. Do z hay 1

.
Ly x . Nu x 0 th hin nhin x 1

. Ngc li, v l s
thc dng nn c y sao cho 0 < x < y. Khi x = y
x
y
1

. Vy
1

. Kt vi trn ta suy ra c 1

= .
(M5) Vi R
+
, ta t
= {x Q : x 0 hoc x > 0 th tn ti 0 < r < 1
r
x
/ }
Ta chng t l mt s thc.
Hin nhin = . V dng nn tn ti x > 0 v x , ta thy
r
1
x
= rx vi mi 0 < r < 1 nn
1
x
/ . Vy = Q.
Ly x . Nu x 0 th vi mi y < x ta c y . Ngc li, nu
0 < x th tn ti 0 < r < 1 sao cho
r
x
/ . Ly ty y < x th y 0
hoc 0 < y < x. Vi y 0 th hin nhin y . Vi 0 < y < x th
r
y
>
r
x
, suy ra
r
y
/ hay y .
V l s thc nn tn ti s hu t dng M sao cho x < M, x
. Chn s hu t dng x
0
sao cho
1
2x
0
> M, ta suy ra
1
2x
0
/ hay
x
0
. Ly x . Nu x 0 th x < x
0
, ta c iu cn chng
minh. Ngc li, nu x > 0 th tn ti 0 < r < 1 sao cho
r
x
/ . V
0 < r < 1 nn 0 < r < r

< 1 vi r

=
r+1
2
. Khi ,
r
r

:
x
r

=
r
x
/ ,
suy ra
x
r

. Hin nhin x <

x
r

nn ta c iu cn chng minh.
Tip theo ta chng t = 1

.
12
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Ly z . Nu z 0 th hin nhin z 1

. Ngc li, tn ti
x > 0, y > 0, x , y sao cho z = xy. V 0 < y nn tn
ti 0 < r < 1 sao cho
r
y
/ , suy ra x <
r
y
hay xy < r < 1. Do
z = xy 1

hay 1

.
Ly z 1

. Nu z 0 th z . Nu 0 < z < 1 th theo Mnh

0.9 tn ti x , y / sao cho z <
x
y
. t y

=
1
2
(
x
z
+ y), ta nhn
thy y < y

v z <
x
y

<
x
y
. t t =
1
y

, v
y
y

1
t
= y / v 0 <
y
y

< 1
nn t . Ta suy ra xt , m z < xt nn z . Vy 1

.
Kt hp hai kt qu trn ta khng nh c = 1

.
Ch 0.4. S thc c gi l nghch o ca , k hiu
1

hoc
1
.
S thc
1

thng c vit n gin l

.
nh l 0.9. Tp s thc R cng vi hai php ton cng v nhn tha
lut phn phi (D).
Chng minh. Trc ht ta chng t lut phn phi (D) ng trong tp
R
+
, tc l
( + ) = + , , , R
+
(4)
Ly t ( +), nu t 0 th hin nhin t +. Ngc li, nu
t > 0 th tn ti x , y , z v x, y, z > 0 sao cho
t = x(y + z) = xy + xz + ,
suy ra ( + ) + . Ly t + , nu t 0 th hin nhin
t ( + ). Ngc li, nu t > 0 th tn ti x, x

, y , z v
x, x

, y, z > 0 sao cho t = xy + x

z. Khng mt tng qut gi s x

x,
khi t x(y + z). V x(y + z) ( + ) nn ta c t ( + ). Vy
+ ( + ). Kt hp vi kt qu trn ta c 4.
Vi , , R

ta lm nh sau: V ( + ) + () + () = nn ta
suy ra c ( +) = () +(). p dng cng thc 4 v nh ngha
0.9 ta c
( + ) = () [( + )] = () [() + ()]
= () () + () () = +
Cc trng hp cn li xin dnh cho bn c.
Nhn xt 0.3. T cc kt qu tm hiu trn, ta c th c kt
thnh nh l quan trng sau y
nh l 0.10. Tp s thc R l mt trng c sp v c tnh cht cn
trn ng.
nh l 0.11. Ly ty r Q. Khi , tp hp r

= {x Q : x < r} l
mt s thc. Hn na, ta c cc tnh cht sau:
13
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
1. r

+ s

= (r + s)

vi mi r, s Q.
2. r

= (rs)

vi mi r, s Q.
3.
1
r

= (
1
r
)

vi r = 0.
4. r

< s

khi v ch khi r < s.

Chng minh. Vic chng minh r

l s thc rt n gin nn ta khng

trnh by y, iu ta cn quan tm l cc tnh cht.
1. Ly z r

+ s

, khi tn ti x r

, y s

sao cho z = x + y. V
x r

, y s

nn x < r, y < s, suy ra z = x + y < r + s hay z (r + s)

.
Do r

+ s

(r + s)

.
Ly z (r + s)

, suy ra z < r + s. Ta bin i

z =
_
r
r + s z
2
_
+
_
s
r + s z
2
_
r

+ s

,
suy ra (r + s)

+ s

. Kt hp vi trn ta khng nh c 1. ng
thc 1 c mt h qu hay l r

= (r)

2. Trc ht ta chng minh r

= (rs)

vi mi r, s Q
+
. Ly ty
z r

, nu z 0 th hin nhin z (rs)

. Ngc li, tn ti x r

, y
s

v x, y > 0 sao cho z = xy. V 0 < x < r v 0 < y < s nn 0 < xy < rs,
ta suy ra z (rs)

. Do r

(rs)

.
Ly ty z (rs)

, nu z 0 th hin nhin z r

. Ngc li, ta
c 0 < z < rs. Khi
z =
2t
t + 1
r
t + 1
2
s r

vi t =
z
rs
< 1
Do (rs)

. Kt hp vi trn ta c r

= (rs)

.
Vi r, s Q

ta c
r

= (r

) (s

) = (r)

(s)

= ((r) (s))

= (rs)

Cc trng hp khc xin dnh cho bn c.

3. Cho s =
1
r
ri p dng 2 ta c ngay 3.
4. V r

< s

nn tn ti x s

nhng x / r

. V x / r

nn r x.
Thm na, x s

nn x < s. T y ta suy ra r < s. iu ngc li l

hin nhin.
Nhn xt 0.4. S thc c gi l s thc hu t nu tn ti r Q
sao cho = r

. Tp hp tt c cc s thc hu t c k hiu l Q

.
Nh bit, tp hp A = {q Q : q < 0 hoc q 0 v q
2
< 2} l mt
s thc nhng khng phi l s thc hu t nn Q

l mt tp con thc
s ca R. Cc s thc khng l s thc hu t c gi l s thc v t,
tp hp tt c cc s thc v t c k hiu l I

. Khng kh bn c
chng minh c Q

= v Q

= R.
14
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
T nh l 0.11, ta d dng chng t c tp hp Q

cng vi php
cng, php nhn hai s thc l mt trng c sp. Hn na, nu ta
ng nht mi s hu t r bng s thc hu t r

th ta c th xem trng
c sp Q l mt trng con ca trng c sp R hay tp s hu t
l mt tp con ca tp s thc.
Cc kt qu sau cho ta thy c mt ca s thc hu t v v
t trong tp s thc R.
Mnh 0.11. Cho hai s thc , R v < . Khi , tn ti s
thc hu t r

tha < r

< .
Chng minh. V < nn tn ti x nhng x / . V l s thc
nn tn ti r sao cho x < r. Khi , < r

< .
Mnh 0.12. Cho hai s thc , R v < . Khi , tn ti s
thc v t tha < < .
Chng minh ca mnh 0.12 kh phc tp v phi dng n khi
nim lc lng ca tp hp c cp trong phn nh x. Chnh v
th ta s tm thi b qua phn chng minh.
Mnh 0.13. Vi mi n N v R ta c n = n

= {nx : x }
vi n = + + . . . +
. .
n s
.
Chng minh. Trc ht ta chng minh n = {nx : x }.
Hin nhin {nx : x } n. Ly y n, khi y c dng
y = x
1
+ x
2
+ + x
n
vi x
i
, i = 1, n. t x = max
i=1,n
{x
i
}, suy ra x v y nx.
V x v
y
n
x nn
y
n
, suy ra y = n
y
n
n. Do , ta nhn c
{nx : x } n. Kt hp vi trn ta khng nh n = {nx : x }.
Tip theo ta chng t n

= n. n gin cho vic trnh by ta

ch xt trng hp R
+
, trng hp cn li bn c xem nh bi tp.
Ly y n

, nu y 0 th hin nhin y n. Ngc li, tn ti

0 < q < n v 0 < x sao cho y = qx. V qx < nx v nx n nn
qx n. Do , n

n.
Ly y n, suy ra tn ti x sao cho y = nx. Nu x 0 th hin
nhin x n

. Nu x > 0, v l s thc nn tn ti x

sao cho
x < x

. Khi , y = nx = (n
x
x

)x

. Vy n n

. Kt hp vi trn
ta khng nh c n

= n. Mnh c chng minh.

Mnh 0.14. T Mnh 0.13 ta suy ra c mt s kt qu sau:
1. n > n khi v ch khi > .
2. Nu n > m vi R
+
th n > m.
15
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
3. n = v n1

= n

.
nh l 0.12. (Archimedean) Nu R
+
, R th tn ti s t nhin
n sao cho n > .
Chng minh. V R
+
nn

l mt s thc. Khi , tn ti x Q v
x > 0 sao cho x /

. Gi n l s t nhin tha n > x, khi n

>

hay
n

> (v > ).
Theo Mnh 0.13, ta c n

= n. Do n > .
nh ngha 0.10. Ly ty R, s thc . . .
. .
ns
c gi l ly tha
n ca , k hiu
n
.
nh l 0.13. Vi mi R
+
v n N ta c

n
=
_
x

Q : x

0 hoc x

> 0 th tn ti x sao cho x

x
n
_
= A
Chng minh. Ly x

n
, nu x

0 th hin nhin x

A. Ngc li,
tn ti 0 < x
i
, i = 1, n sao cho x

= x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
. t x = max
1in
{x
i
}, khi
x v x

x
n
. Ta suy ra x

A hay
n
A.
Ly x

A, nu x

0 th x

n
. Ngc li, tn ti 0 < x sao
cho x

x
n
. Khi , x

= tx
n
=
nt
(n1)t+1
x
(n1)t+1
(n2)t+2
x . . .
t+n1
n
x vi t =
x

x
n
.
V t 1 nn
(n+1i)t+i1
(ni)t+i
1, i = 1, n, suy ra x

n
. Do A
n
.
Kt hp vi trn ta khng nh c
n
= A.
Mnh 0.15. Ly hai s thc , , khi
1. Nu < < th <
n
<
n
vi mi n N.
2. Nu < th
n
> khi n chn v
n
< khi n l.
3. Nu < 1

th
n
1

vi mi n N.
4. Nu 1

th
n
1

vi mi n N.
5. ()
n
=
n

n
vi mi n N.
6. Nu = th
1

n
= (
1

)
n
.
7. Nu = th

n

n
= (

)
n
vi mi n N.
8.
n

n
= ( ) (
n1
+
n2
+ . . . +
n1
).
9. ( + )
n
=
n

i=0
C
i
n

ni
vi C
i
n
=
n!
(n i)!i!
.
16
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Chng minh. n gin cho vic trnh by, cc tnh cht 4, 5 v 6 ch
gii hn trong tp s thc dng, cc trng hp cn li bn c xem
nh bi tp.
1. Hin nhin
n
> vi mi n N. V < < nn tn ti x Q
+
sao cho x nhng x / . Ta thy x
n

n
. Ly ty y
n
, nu
y 0 th hin nhin y < x
n
. Ngc li, tn ti 0 < x
i
, i = 1, n
sao cho y = x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
. V x
i
, i = 1, n nn x
i
< x, i = 1, n. Do
y = x
1
x
2
. . . x
n
< x
n
, suy ra x
n
/
n
. Vy
n
<
n
.
Tnh cht 2 l hin nhin, tnh cht 3, 4 l h qu ca tnh cht 1.
Tnh cht 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 9 da vo tnh gio hon ca php nhn hai s
thc v tnh cht ca s nghch o.
nh l 0.14. Vi mi s thc dng v mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt
v ch mt s thc dng sao cho
n
= .
S thc c gi l cn bc n ca , k hiu
n

hoc
1
n
.
Chng minh. Xt tp A = { R
+
:
n
< }. Trc ht ta chng t A
l tp khc rng.
Ly
0
=

1

+
, ta thy <
0
< min {, 1

}. Do ,
n
0

0
< , suy
ra A. Vy A = .
Ly
1
= 1

+ , ta thy
1
> max {, 1

}. Do ,
n
1
>
1
> . Vy A
l tp b chn trn trong R. t = sup A, v R c tnh cht cn trn
ng nn R. Hn na, > , A nn R
+
. Tip theo ta chng
t
n
= .
Nu
n
< , chn s thc h tha
< h < min
_
1

,

n
( + 1

)
n1
_
Khi ,
( + h)
n

n
= h
n1

i=0
( + h)
n1i

i
< h
n1

i=0
( + 1

)
n1i
( + 1

)
i
= hn( + 1

)
n1
<
n
Ta suy ra ( +h)
n
< , hay +h A (v l v +h > = sup A). Vy

n
.
Nu
n
> , chn s thc dng h =

n

n
n1
, ta thy < h < v

n
( h)
n
= h
n1

i=0

n1i
( h)
i
< h
n1

i=0

n1i

i
= hn
n1
=
n

17
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TPHCM
Do ( h)
n
> hay h l mt cn trn ca A, suy ra h
sup A = (v l). Vy
n
= .
Mnh 0.16. Nu v l hai s thc dng v n l mt s t nhin
th
n

=
n

.
Chng minh. t a =
n

, b =
n

, khi = a
n
b
n
= (ab)
n
. Ta suy
ra
n

= ab =
n

.
0.4 H thng s thc m rng
Theo nh ngha 0.8 hai tp hp v Q khng phi l nht ct nn
khng l s thc. Tuy nhin, thun li cho vic trnh by v tnh
ton ta cn m rng tp s thc cha thm hai phn t v Q.
nh ngha 0.11. Tp s thc m rng, k hiu R, bao gm tt c cc
s thc v hai phn t , +vi = , + = Q tha cc iu kin
sau y:
1. Vi mi R ta c < < + v
+ (+) = +, (+) = ,

+
=

=
2. (+) = , ++ (+) = +, (+) (+) = +.
3. Nu > th (+) = +, () = .
4. Nu < th (+) = , () = +.
Nhn xt 0.5. Phn t + () l cn trn (di) ca mi tp con
khc rng ca R. Nu A l mt tp con khng b chn trn (di) trong
R th sup A = + (inf A = ).
18