2014 - Chuyên đề 01 - Cấu tạo nguyên tử

LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.
HI DNG
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORG
Ng Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: netthubuon admin@hoahoc.org
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CHUYN 01:
NGUYN T - BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
----------- o O o -----------

Chng cu to nguyn t c nghin cu ngay t u chng trnh PTTH. Cc mng kin thc v
nguyn t s l c s l thuyt gip cho vic nghin cu cc phn tip theo nn c ngha c bit quan
trng trong vic nghin cu ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. y l chng l thuyt kh nht, c
nhiu khi nim tru tng nn khi hc cng nh khi ging dy th c hc sinh v gio vin u cm thy c
nhiu kh khn khi tip cn.
Hn na, s lng cu hi lin quan trong cc thi C H trong nhng nm gn y chim t l
tng i cao. Mt khc l mng kin thc hc t lp 10, nn i vi cc em hc sinh 12 thng hay ch
quan v thng qun i.
gip cc em hc sinh c c mt ci nhn khi qut v d ghi nh nht, thy gi ti cc em
bi vit ny. Hi vng rng vi bi vit ny s gip cho cc em c th nm vng kin thc ca chng ny
mt cch tt nht qua s c c kt qu cao trong cc k thi.
c c mt cch nhn tt v vn ny, trc tin thy xin cp ti mt s vn kh

MT S NI DUNG KH TRONG CHNG CN CH
1. S chuyn ng ca cc electron:
Chng ta cn lu n tnh cht chuyn ng ca cc ht vi m. N khng tun theo cc nh lut
ca vt l c in. Hng ngy chng ta tip xc vi cc hin tng v m nn thng nhn th gii vi m
bng con mt v m. Ta c th m t th nghim v dng chuyn ng ca ht vi m v v m hiu c
s khc nhau v dng chuyn ng ca hai loi ht ny. T hiu c v sao khng ni n qu o ca
electron trong nguyn t m ch ni n xc sut c mt ca n v tr ny hay v tr khc. (nn dng tranh
v m t th nghim).
C hc lng t cho php xc nh s phn b mt xc sut c mt ca electron trong nguyn t
ng vi cc trng thi khc nhau. Trn c s hiu ng c im ca ht vi m s gip hiu c khi nim
obitan nguyn t.
2. Khi nghin cu ht nhn nguyn t:
Ta cn ch n s ht khi lng khi tng hp ht nhn nguyn t t nhng proton v ntron. S
ht khi lng ny l ng kt nn c s gii phng mt nng lng rt ln. Nng lng ny c thot ra
khi cc ht vi m lin kt vi nhau trong ht nhn nguyn t.
3. Khi hnh thnh khi nim ng v:
Cn phn bit hai khi nim khi lng nguyn t v s khi
LP BI DNG VN HA NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG
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a. Khi lng nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ha hc l gi tr trung bnh gia lng % ca tt c cc dng
ng v ca nguyn t cho.
b. S khi l khi lng c trng ca 1 ng v c th.
Ta cn ni r rng ng v c hu ht tt c cc nguyn t, do du hiu ca nguyn t khng phi l
trng lng nguyn t hay s khi m l in tch ht nhn nguyn t. T gip hiu ng nh ngha
nguyn t ha hc theo thuyt cu to nguyn t.
4. Khi nim Obitan:
y l khi nim kh, cn phi gii thch nhiu nn chun b hnh v l gii.

Cn xut pht t hnh v mu hnh tinh nguyn t ca Bo, Rzepo m t mt cch h thng quan nim
v chuyn ng ca electron lm c s cho vic hnh thnh khi nim obitan.
VD: Dng hnh v obitan nguyn t hidr m t dng chuyn ng ca electron v hnh thnh khi nim
obitan nguyn t hidr. Nguyn t c 1 electron. Electron ny c th c mt trong vng khng gian bao
quanh ht nhn, dng hnh cu ng knh 1
0
A
Ch :
Khi s dng hnh v obitan nguyn t Hidro cn ni r mi chm trn hnh khng phi tng trng cho mt
electron m m t kh nng c mt ca 1 electron duy nht ca nguyn t Hidro.
Cn gii thiu thm obitan nguyn t ca mt s nguyn t khc hc sinh nm c hnh dng ca cc
obitan s, p,
nh ngha obitan chnh l s m t
phng php biu din obitan ca c
hc lng t c tnh cht gn ng
nhng ph hp vi trnh nhn thc
ca hc sinh ph thng.
5. Lp v phn lp electron :
T khi nim obitan cn xc nh: trong
nguyn t, mi e c mt mc nng
lng ring ph thuc vo lc tng tc
ca din tch ht nhn v e cc v tr
khc nhau, khu vc khc nhau. Ni
dung ny l c s hnh thnh khi
nim, phn lp electron.
a. Lp electron:
T d kin thc nghim xc nh:
- Cc e gn ht nhn nht th lin kt
vi nhn cht ch nht, trng thi bn nht, kh tch khi nguyn t nht nn c mc nng lng thp nht.
- Nhng e xa nhn hn d tch khi nguyn t, chng c mc nng lng cao hn v e xa nhn nht c
mc nng lng cao nht, d tch khi nguyn t nht. Chnh nhng e ny qui nh tnh cht ha hc ca
nguyn t.
- Gii thiu s phn b e theo mc nng lng gii thiu cc lp e.
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b. Phn lp: Ni dung phn ny ch yu dy theo phng php tin nn cn chun b bi din ging theo
logic cht ch hc sinh thy c tnh hp l trong s cng nhn kin thc a ra.
+ T ni dung : cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau thuc cng 1 lp m xc nh:
- Cc e c cng mc nng lng xp vo 1 phn lp.
- Mt lp electron c nhiu phn lp.
- S phn lp bng s th t ca lp.
+ Cho hc sinh tnh s phn lp ca cc lp electron v lu cch biu th k hiu s lp, phn lp electron,
ngha ca cc k hiu .
+ S v dng obitan trong mt phn lp: s v dng obitan ph thuc vo c im ca mi phn lp
electron, khng ph thuc vo s th t ca lp, ngha l d lp no s obitan v dng obitan ca mi
phn lp l nh nhau.
+ S dng hnh v gii thiu hnh dng v s nh hng khng gian ca m my electron: s, p, d, f
+ M t s phn b electron trong mt obitan v k hiu dng m t trong mi obitan
6. c im ca electron ngoi cng:
Ni dung ny c th s dng trit phng php m thoi hon thin kin thc cc bi trc v
gip hc sinh nm c ni dung c bn ca bi.
T bng vit sn :
+ Cu hnh electron ca 20 nguyn t u vo mt mt
+ Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng l: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Gio vin a ra h thng cu hi dn dt i n ni dung cn nm c :
+ S electron ti a lp ngoi ca cc nguyn t.
+ S electron lp ngoi cng ca kh him, kim loi, phi kim.
+ Cc nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng: c th l kim loi hoc phi kim.
+ Cc electron lp ngoi cng hu nh quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t.
+ ngha ca vic nm c s phn b cc lp electron, s lp electron lp ngoi cng.
* i vi cc em hc sinh
Cng nhn thnh phn cu to nguyn t gm cc loi ht proton, ntron, electron vn dng:
-Tnh khi lng nguyn t (theo l thuyt)
- Hiu khi nim ng v tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca cc nguyn t t gii thch
v sau trong bng h thng tun hon ngi ta ghi khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l mt s rt l.
- Cng nhn tnh cht chuyn ng ca electron hiu khi nim obitan.
- Cng nhn s th t ca lp electron bng s phn lp (vd: lp th nht c 1 phn lp l 1s, lp th hai c
2 phn lp l 2s 2p lp th n c n phn lp. Ch t lp th 4 n lp th 7 ch c 4 phn lp), s
electron ti a trong mt obitan vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t.
- Cng nhn s trng lp: S th t nguyn t = in tch ht nhn
S th t chu k = s lp electron
S th t phn nhm chnh = s e lp ngoi.
Cng vn dng:
- T v tr nguyn t trong HTTH
cu to nguyn t.
- Bit tng s cc ht trong cu to nguyn t xc nh nguyn t.
Nhng vn thc mc v chuyn ny, cc em c th tham gia vo website http://hoahoc.org trao i
ti:
+ Chuyn v nguyn t: http://www.hoahoc.org/forum/forums/nguyen-tu.92/
+ Chuyn v bng tun hon: http://hoahoc.org/forum/forums/bang-tuan-hoan-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-
hoc.89/
Trong qu trnh bin son mng kin thc ny, chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt. Ti
rt mong s nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc em hc sinh cng nh ca cc bn ng nghip gn
xa , qua ti liu ny ca ti s ngy cng c hu ch hn na ti cc em hc sinh cng nh l ti liu
tham kho dnh cho cc bn ng nghip.
Mi gp xin gi v: E_mail: admin@hoahoc.org - in thoi: 0979.817.885 hoc 0936.717.885
Mt ln na chn thnh cm n !
TP CH HA HC & TUI TR
http://hoahoc.org
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MT S IM L THUYT TRNG TM

1: THNH PHN NGUYN T

Ht nhn nguyn t gm: Ht nhn nguyn t v v nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn
+ Ht nhn nguyn t tm ca nguyn t cha:
+) Ht proton (p) mang in tch (1+) v c khi lng
27
1, 67.10
p
m kg
= (1 vC)
+) Ht ntron (n) khng mang in v c khi lng
27
1, 67.10
n
m kg
= (1 vC)
+ V nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn cha:
+) Ht electron (e) mang in tch m (1-) v c khi lng
31
9,11.10
e
m kg
= (
1
1840
vC) (qu
nh)
Cn ghi nh:
27
1, 67.10 1 k vC g

=
* S lc v cc mc tm ra cc ht c bn:
S tm ra electron: Do nh bc hc Thomson tm ra nm 1897.
S tm ra proton: Tm ra nm 1906 - 1916.
S khm ph ra ht nhn nguyn t: Rutherford tm ra nm 1911.
S tm ra ntron: Do Chatvich tm ra nm 1932.
* Kch thc nguyn t:
* Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc nhau, nhng ni chung u rt nh v nh
nht l nguyn t H (
ngtu
d = 1
0
A ) vi 1
0
A = 10
-10
m.
+ ng knh ht nhn khong 10
-4

0
A .
+ ng knh electron khong 10
-7

0
A .

2: IN TCH S KHI CA HT NHN

* Ht nhn gm proton mang in tch dng (1+), v ntron khng mang in, hai loi ht ht ny c
khi lng gn bng nhau v xp x bng 1 vC.
* Ht nhn c kch thc rt nh nhng hu ht khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn.
KLNT ~ KLHNNT = ( Z + N ) vC vi
Z: so proton
N: so notron

in tch ht nhn Z = tng s ht proton (P) = tng s ht electron (E)
S khi ht nhn A = tng s ht proton (P) + tng s ht ntron
Cn ghi nh:
+ Vi cc nguyn t c Z < 83 th ta lun c: 5244 , 1
82
125
1 = s s
Z
N

+ Trong cc php tnh gn ng th ta c th chp nhn nguyn t khi (khi lng ca nguyn t) s
khi ca ht nhn.
+ K hiu nguyn t X:
A
Z
X (trong Z l in tch ca ht nhn; A l s khi v X l k hiu ca nguyn
t)

3: NG V - NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH

+ ng v : cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng Z, khc N cng Z, khc A.
+ Nguyn t khi trung bnh (ca cc nguyn t c ng v ) :
100
... + +
=
bB aA
M
(trong a v b ln lt l t l ca cc ng v v
B
Z
X ; A v B ln lt l s khi ca cc ng v)
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4: LP - PHN LP ELECTRON

+ Lp electron: tnh t ht nhn tr ra s c 7 lp electron
V nguyn t
S TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn gi K L M N O P Q
S e ti a 2 8 18 32 32 32 32
+ Phn lp electron: Mi lp electron c chia ra thnh nhiu phn lp. C 4 loi phn lp l: s, p, d v f

Phn lp 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

3d 4s 4p 4d 4f
S e ti a 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14
* Cc e xa ht nhn lin kt vi nhn km cht ch.
* S electron ti a trong 1 lp: S e ti a trong lp th n l: 2n
2

* S lng orbital trong 1 lp: Lp th n c n
2
orbital.

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c thm: Obitan nguyn t

1. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t
Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht
nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Gi s chng ta c th
chp electron ca nguyn t hidro mt thi im no , nu chng
ta li chp nh mt thi im tip theo th electron s mt v tr
khc.
Nu chng ta chng hng triu bc nh thu c sao cho ht nhn
trng nhau th hnh nh thu c bng cch lp ghp c th ging nh
mt m my c to thnh t mt s rt ln cc du chm, mi du
chm biu din mt v tr ca electron xung quanh ht nhn. i vi
nguyn t hidro, s chuyn ng ca electron c th hnh dung nh
mt m my tch in m. V mt l thuyt, khng c ng bin r
nt ca m my tch in, nhng thc t c th v thnh mt mt
cong bao quanh hu nh ton b in tch ca m my.
2. Obitan
Vng khng gian bao quanh ht nhn nguyn t cha hu nh ton b in tch ca m my c gi l
obitan nguyn t. Tuy nhin, mt in tch khng ng u trong khng gian ny. Mt cc du chm
dy c hn gn ht nhn, chng t cc electron thng xuyn gn ht nhn hn l xa ht nhn.
My electron ca nguyn t hidro trng thi c bn hu nh tp trung trong mt vng khng gian c dng
hnh cu ban knh trung bnh 0,053nm.
Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt (xc sut tm thy)
electron khong 90%.
3. Hnh dng obitan nguyn t
Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi ca electron trong nguyn t, ngi ta phn loi thnh cc obitan s,
obitan p, obitan d v obitan f. Hnh dng ca cc obitan nh sau:
Obitan s c dng cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t.

obitan s
Obitan p gm 3 obitan p
x
, p
y
, p
z
c dng hnh s 8 ni. mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong khng
gian, chng hn obitan p
x
nh hng theo trc x, obitan py nh hng theo trc y

3 obitan p
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5 obitan d

7 obitan f

Obitan d v f c hnh dng phc tp hn.
4. S obitan nguyn t trong mt phn lp electron
biu din obitan mt cch n gin ngi ta cn dng vung nh, c gi l lng t. Mt
lng t ng vi mt AO. Mi AO cha ti a 2 electron.

Phn lp s: Ch c 1 obitan, c i xng cu trong khng gian
Phn lp p: C 3 obitan p
x
, p
y
, p
z
nh hng theo cc trc x, y v z.
Phn lp d: C 5 obitan, nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
Phn lp f: C 7 obitan, nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.

5: CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T

1) Mc nng lng ca cc lp v phn lp:
Do c s chn p v mc nng lng khi in electron vo cc lp v cc phn lp => th t v mc nng
lng (quy tc Kleckowski hay nguyn l vng bn) t thp n cao nh sau:

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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p...
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
3p
2p
4p
5p
6p
7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
4f
5f
W
R
(K)
(L)
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

W
R 1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
3p
2p
4p
5p
6p
7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
4f
5f
(K) 1.
(M) 3.
(N) 4.
(L)
2.
(O)
5.
(P) 6.
(Q) 7.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p...

2) Cu hnh electron
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau:
- S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3).
- Phn lp c ghi bng ch ci thng s, p, d, f.
- S electron trong mt phn lp c ghi bng s pha bn phi ca phn lp (s
2
, p
6
), cc phn lp khng
c electron khng ghi.
Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh s electron nguyn t.
Bc 2: Cc electron c phn b ln lt vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng ca nng lng trong nguyn
t (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s) v tun theo quy tc sau:
- phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron;
- phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron;
- phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron;
- phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.
Bc 3. Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau (1s
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s).

V d 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t N (Z=7):
1. Xc nh s electron: 8.
2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
.
3. Cu hnh electron l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
.
4. Theo lng t. |+ |+ |+ |+ |+
V d 2: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Fe (Z=26).
1. Xc nh s electron: 26.
2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
.
3. Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
. Hay vit gn l [Ar] 3d
6
4s
2
.
V d 3 : C (Z=6) trng thi c bn l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
hay : |+ |+ |+ |+ |+
Cu hnh e trng thi kch thch: Khi nguyn t c cung cp nng lng, cc cp e ghp i b
tch ra thnh e c thn v chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn.
V d : C trng thi kch thch : |+ |+ |+ |+ |+
trng thi ny cc nguyn t rt khng bn, chng d tham gia lin kt ha hc.
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Cu hnh electron ca ion : Khi nguyn t mt bt hoc nhn thm electron tr thnh ion.
* i vi 20 nguyn t u ( Z s 20 ) th CH e trng vi mc nng lng.
* i vi cc nguyn t c Z > 20 th CH e khng cn trng vi nng lng nn khi vit CH e phi ch
:
- Vit cu hnh e theo nng lng trc.
- Sp sp li theo th t tng lp.
TD: Vit CH e ca
26
Fe. Ta lm nh sau:
- Vit CH e theo nng lng: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6

- Sp xp li CH electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
* i vi cc nguyn t nh: Cr, Cu, Pdc ngoi l i vi s sp xp cc electron ngoi cng (v c
s chuyn sang mc bo ho v bn bo ho).
- Mc bo ho: (n-1)d
9
ns
2
(n-1)d
10
ns
1
( nh vy s thun li hn v mt nng lng)
TD: CH e ca
29
Cu: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
- Mc bn bo ho: (n-1)d
4
ns
2
(n-1)d
5
ns
1
( nh vy s thun li hn v mt nng lng)
TD: CH e ca
24
Cr: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
4s
2
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1

c thm: Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t
1. Nguyn l Pau-li
- Trn mt obitan c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu
nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
- Nu c mt electron trong mt obitan th ta biu th bng mt mi tn i ln.
- Nu c hai electron trong mt obitan th ta biu th bng mt mi tn i ln v mt mi tn i xung.

a) 1 electron c thn b) 2 electron ghp i
2. Nguyn l vng bn
trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp
n cao.
V d:
Nguyn t hidro (Z=1) : 1s
1
. Electron ny chim obitan 1s :
Nguyn t nit (Z=7) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

3. Quy tc Hund
Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti
a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
V d:
Nguyn t nit (Z=7) c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
, cc electron c phn b vo cc obitan nh sau:

ng Sai
S phn b electron vo cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon

6: C IM CA ELECTRON LP NGOI CNG

Lp e ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t:
Lp electron ngoi cng bo ho hoc gi bo (2e vi He v 8e vi kh him khc) bn vng.
Lp electron ngoi cng c 1, 2, 3e l cc kim loi (tr H, He, B), d nhng e to cation.
Lp electron ngoi cng c 5, 6, 7e thng l cc phi kim, d nhn e tr thnh anion.
Lp e ngoi cng c 4e : C, Si l cc phi kim ; Ge, Sn, Pb l cc kim loi.
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CHNG II. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon
C 3 nguyn tc:
1. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
2. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh 1 hng gi l chu k.
3. Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh
nhau c xp thnh mt ct gi l nhm.

II. Cu to ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
1. nguyn t
Mi nguyn t ha hc c xp vo mt ca bng, gi l
nguyn t
S th t ca nguyn t bng s hiu nguyn t ca
nguyn t .
2. Chu k
Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c
cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn
tng dn.
S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron trong nguyn t.
Chu k thng bt u bng mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng mt kh him (tr chu k 1,chu k 7).
Cc chu k 1,2,3 c gi l cc chu k nh.
Cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 c gi l cc chu k ln.
3. Nhm nguyn t
Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau, do c tnh
cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh 1 ct.
Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c s electron ha tr bng nhau v bng s th t ca nhm
(tr 2 ct cui ca nhm VIIIB).
Khi nguyn t
- Khi cc nguyn t s : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA (nhm kim loi kim) v nhm IIA (nhm kim
loi kim th).
- Khi cc nguyn t p : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIIA n nhm VIIIA (tr He).
Nhm A bao gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p.
- Khi cc nguyn t d: gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm B.
- Khi cc nguyn t f: gm cc nguyn t xp hai hng cui bng.
Nhm B bao gm cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f.

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7: S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T
CA CC NGUYN T HA HC

Ta thy, u mi chu k l nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns
1
. Kt thc mi chu k l
nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t l ns
2
np
6
(tr chu k 1).
- Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A c lp i lp li
sau mi chu k => Chng bin i tun hon.
- S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht
nhn tng chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.
Mt s nhm A tiu biu
a) Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him (gm cc nguyn t : He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn).
c im:
- C 8 e lp ngoi cng (ns
2
np
6
) (tr He c 2), l cu hnh bn vng.
- Phn t gm mt nguyn t, u trng thi kh.
Tnh cht:
- Hu nh Khng tham gia cc phn ng ha hc, tr mt s trng hp c bit.
b) Nhm IA l nhm kim loi kim (gm cc nguyn t : H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs).
c im:
- C 1e lp ngoi cng (ns
1
) nn d nhng 1e to cu hnh bn ca kh him.
- Trong cc hp cht, kim loi kim ch c ha tr 1.
Tnh cht: Kim loi kim l nhng kim loi in hnh.
- Tc dng vi oxi to thnh oxit baz tan trong nc.
- Tc dng vi nc nhit thng to thnh hidro v hidroxit kim mnh.
- Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc to mui.
c) Nhm VIIA l nhm halogen (gm cc nguyn t : F, Cl, Br, I, At).
c im:
- C 7e lp ngoi cng (ns
2
np
5
) nn c khuynh hng nhn thm 1e to cu hnh bn ca kh him.
- Trong cc hp cht vi nguyn t kim loi, cc nguyn t halogen c ha tr 1.
- dng n cht, cc phn t halogen gm hai nguyn t: F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
.
Tnh cht:
- Tc dng vi kim loi cho mui.
- Tc dng vi hidro cho ra cc kh.
- Hidroxit ca nhng halogen l nhng axit.

8: S BIN I TUN HON TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim
- Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d mt e tr thnh ion dng.
Nguyn t cng d mt electron, tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh.
- Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d thu electron tr thnh ion m.
Nguyn t cng d thu electron, tnh phi kim ca nguyn t cng mnh.
1. S bin i tnh cht trong mt chu k
Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ng
thi tnh phi kim tng dn.
Gii thch:
Trong mt chu k t tri qua phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn nhng s lp electron ca cc nguyn t bng
nhau do lc ht ca ht nhn ln cc electron lp ngoi cng tng lm cho bn knh nguyn t gim nn
kh nng d nhng electron gim dn, ng thi kh nng thu electron tng dn.
2. S bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm A
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t mnh dn
ng thi tnh phi kim yu dn.
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Gii thch:
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu t trn xung di, in tch ht nhn tng nhng ng thi s lp electron
ca cc nguyn t cng tng lm cho bn knh
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng nhanh v chim
u th nn kh nng d nhng electron ca cc
nguyn t tng ln, ng thi kh nng thu
electron gim dn.
Xesi l nguyn t kim loi mnh nht.
Flo l nguyn t phi kim mnh nht.
3. m in
a) Khi nim
m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh
nng ht e ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin
kt ha hc.
Nh vy, m in ca nguyn t cng ln th
tnh phi kim ca n cng mnh. Ngc li m
in ca nguyn t cng nh th tnh kim loi ca
n cng mnh.
- Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri qua phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr phi m in ca
cc nguyn t ni chung tng dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, , khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht, gi tr m in ca cc
nguyn t ni chung gim dn.
Kt lun: Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn ca in
tch ht nhn.

II. Ha tr ca cc nguyn t
Trong mt chu k, i t tri qua phi, ha tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi tng ln lt
t 1 n 7.
Ha tr ca cc phi kim trong hp cht vi hidro gim t 4 n 1.
S bin i tun hon ha tr ca cc nguyn t
S th t nhm A IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Hp cht vi oxi
Na
2
O
K
2
O
MgO
CaO
Al
2
O
3

Al
2
O
3

SiO
2

SiO
2

P
2
O
5

P
2
O
5

SO
3

SO
3

Cl
2
O
7

Cl
2
O
7

Ha tr cao nht vi oxi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hp cht kh vi hidro
SiH
4

GeH
4

PH
3

AsH
3

H
2
S
H
2
Se
HCl
HBr
Ha tr vi hidro 4 3 2 1
III. Oxit v hidroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm A
Trong mt chu k t tri qua phi tnh baz ca cc oxit v hidroxit tng ng yu dn, ng thi tnh
axit tng dn.
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S bin i tnh axit - baz
Na
2
O
Oxit baz
MgO
Oxit baz
Al
2
O
3

Oxit lng tnh
SiO
2

Oxit axit
P
2
O
5

Oxit axit
SO
3

Oxit axit
Cl
2
O
7

Oxit axit
NaOH
Baz mnh (kim)
Mg(OH)
2

Baz yu
Al(OH)
3

Hidroxit lng tnh
H
2
SiO
3

Axit yu
H
3
PO
4

Axit trung tnh
H
2
SO
4

Axit mnh
HClO
4

Axit rt mnh
IV. nh lut tun hon
Trn c s kho st s bin bi tun hon ca cu hnh electron nguyn t, bn knh nguyn t, m in
ca nguyn t, tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t ha hc, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht
ca chng, ta thy tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc bin i theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng, nhng
khng lin tc m tun hon.
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn
t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

c thm: Nng lng ion ha
Nng lng ion ha th nht (I
1
) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron th nht ra khi
nguyn t trng thi c bn.
Nng lng ion ha c tnh bng kJ/mol.
Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v electron lp ngoi
cng tng, lm cho nng lng ion ha ni chung cng tng theo.
Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, khong cch gia electron lp ngoi cng n
ht nhn tng, lc lin kt gia electron lp ngoi cng v ht nhn gim, do nng lng ion ha ni
chung gim.
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DNG 1: BI TP V THNH PHN CA NGUYN T
Cu 1: Ht nhn ca hu ht cc nguyn t do cc loi ht sau cu to nn
A. electron, proton v ntron B. electron v ntron
C. proton v ntron D. electron v proton
Cu 2: Mt nguyn t c c trng c bn bng
A. S proton v in tch ht nhn B. S proton v s electron
C. S khi A v s ntron D. S khi A v in tch ht nhn
Cu 3: Nguyn t ha hc bao gm cc nguyn t:
A. C cng s khi A B. C cng s proton
C. C cng s ntron D. C cng s proton v s ntron
Cu 4: iu khng nh no sau y l sai ?
A. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to nn bi cc ht proton, electron, ntron.
B. Trong nguyn t s ht proton bng s ht electron.
C. S khi A l tng s proton (Z) v tng s ntron (N).
D. Nguyn t c cu to nn bi cc ht proton, electron, ntron.
Cu 5: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Nguyn t c cu to t cc ht c bn l p, n, e.
B. Nguyn t c cu trc c kht, gm v nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t.
C. Ht nhn nguyn t cu to bi cc ht proton v ht ntron.
D. V nguyn t c cu to t cc ht electron.
Cu 6: Mnh no sau y khng ng ?
(1) S in tch ht nhn c trng cho 1 nguyn t (2) Ch c ht nhn nguyn t oxi mi c 8 proton.
(3) Ch c ht nhn nguyn t oxi mi c 8 ntron (4) Ch c trong nguyn t oxi mi c 8 electron.
A. 3 v 4 B. 1 v 3 C. 4 D. 3
Cu 7: Chn cu pht biu sai :
1. Trong mt nguyn t lun lun c s prtn = s electron = s in tch ht nhn
2. Tng s prton v s electron trong mt ht nhn gi l s khi
3. S khi A l khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t
4. S prton =in tch ht nhn
5. ng v l cc nguyn t c cng s prton nhng khc nhau v s ntron
A. 2,4,5 B. 2,3 C. 3,4 D. 2,3,4
Cu 8: Cho ba nguyn t c k hiu l Mg
24
12
, Mg
25
12
, Mg
26
12
. Pht biu no sau y l sai ?
A.S ht electron ca cc nguyn t ln lt l: 12, 13, 14 B.y l 3 ng v.
C.Ba nguyn t trn u thuc nguyn t Mg. D.Ht nhn ca mi ngt u c 12 proton.
Cu 9: Chn cu pht biu sai:
A. S khi bng tng s ht p v n B. Tng s p v s e c gi l s khi
C. Trong 1 nguyn t s p = s e = in tch ht nhn D. S p bng s e
Cu 10: Nguyn t Al
27
13

c :
A. 13p, 13e, 14n. B. 13p, 14e, 14n. C. 13p, 14e, 13n. D. 14p, 14e, 13n.
Cu 11: Nguyn t canxi c k hiu l Ca
40
20
. Pht biu no sau y sai ?
A. Nguyn t Ca c 2electron lp ngoi cng. B. S hiu nguyn t ca Ca l 20.
C. Canxi th 20 trong bng tun hon. D. Tng s ht c bn ca canxi l 40.
Cu 12: Cp pht biu no sau y l ng:
1. Obitan nguyn t l vng khng gian quanh ht nhn, xc sut hin din ca electron l rt ln (trn
90%).
2. m my electron khng c ranh gii r rt cn obitan nguyn t c ranh gii r rt.
3. Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron vi chiu t quay ging nhau.
4. Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s c phn b trn cc obitan sao cho cc electron c thn l
ti a v cc electron phi c chiu t quay khc nhau.
5. Mi obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron vi chiu t quay khc nhau.
A. 1,3,5. B. 3,2,4. C. 3,5, 4. D. 1,2,5.
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DNG 2: TM S P, E, N, S KHI A - VIT K HIU NGUYN T
LU :
Ngt X c s ht ( p, n,e ) nhn thm a electron Ion X
a-
c s ht l ( p, n, e + a)
Ngt Y c s ht (p, n, e) nhng (cho) b electron Ion Y
b+
c s ht l ( p, n, e - b)

Cu 13: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht l 40 .Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht
khng mang in l 12 ht .Nguyn t X c s khi l :
A. 27 B. 26 C. 28 D. 23
Cu 14: Trong nguyn t mt nguyn t A c tng s cc loi ht l 58. Bit s ht p t hn s ht n l 1
ht. K hiu ca A l
A.
K
38
19
B.
K
39
19
C.
K
39
20
D.
K
38
20

Cu 15: Tng cc ht c bn trong mt nguyn t l 155 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 33 ht. S khi ca nguyn t l
A. 119 B. 113 C. 112 D. 108
Cu 16: Tng cc ht c bn trong mt nguyn t l 82 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 22 ht. S khi ca nguyn t l
A. 57 B. 56 C. 55 D. 65
Cu 17: Ngt ca nguyn t Y c cu to bi 36 ht .Trong ht nhn, ht mang in bng s ht khng
mang in.
1/ S n v in tch ht nhn Z l :
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D.15
2/ S khi A ca ht nhn l :
A . 23 B. 24 C. 25 D. 27
Cu 18: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 49, trong s ht khng mang in bng
53,125% s ht mang in.in tch ht nhn ca X l:
A. 18 B. 17 C. 15 D. 16
Cu 19: Nguyn t nguyn t X -c cu to bi 36 ht, trong s ht mang in gp i s ht khng
mang in. in tch ht nhn ca X l:
A. 10 B. 12 C. 15 D. 18
Cu 20: Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c 122 ht p,n,e. S ht mang in trong nhn t hn s ht khng
mang in l 11 ht. S khi ca nguyn t trn l:
A. 122 B. 96

C. 85 D. 74
Cu 21: Nguyn t X c tng s ht p,n,e l 52 v s khi l 35. S hiu nguyn t ca X l
A. 17 B. 18 C. 34 D. 52
Cu 22: Nguyn t X c tng s ht p, n, e l 28 ht. K hiu nguyn t ca X l
A. X
16
8
B. X
19
9

C. X
10
9

D. X
18
9

Cu 23: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13. S khi ca nguyn
t l:
A. 8 B. 10 C. 11 D. Tt c u sai
Cu 24: Tng s ht mang in trong ion AB
4
3-
l 50. S ht mang in trong nguyn t A nhiu hn s ht
mang in trong ht nhn nguyn t B l 22. S hiu nguyn t A, B ln lt l:
A. 16 v 7 B. 7 v 16 C. 15 v 8 D. 8 v 15
Cu 25: Trong phn t M
2
X c tng s ht p,n,e l 140, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng
mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca M ln hn s khi ca X l 23. Tng s ht p,n,e trong nguyn t M nhiu
hn trong nguyn t X l 34 ht. CTPT ca M
2
X l:
A. K
2
O B. Rb
2
O C. Na
2
O D. Li
2
O
Cu 26: Trong phn t MX
2
c tng s ht p, n, e bng 164 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 52 ht. S khi ca nguyn t M ln hn s khi ca nguyn t X l 5. Tng s ht
p,n,e trong nguyn t M ln hn trong nguyn t X l 8 ht. Tng s ht p, n, e trong nguyn t M ln hn
trong nguyn t X l 8 ht. S hiu nguyn t ca M l:
A. 12 B. 20 C. 26 D. 9

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DNG 3: XC NH NGT KHI TRUNG BNH, S KHI, % CC NG V
Dng 1: Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh.
- Nu cha c s khi A
1
; A
2
. ta tm A
1
= p + n
1
; A
2
= p+ n
2
; A
3
= p + n
3

- p dng cng thc :
A =
100
. . . A
3 3 2 2 1 1
x A x A x + +
trong A
1
, A
2
, A
3
l s khi ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l % s nguyn t ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3
hoc A =
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
. . . A
x x x
x A x A x
+ +
+ +
trong A
1
, A
2
, A
3
l s khi ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l s nguyn t ca cc ng v 1, 2, 3
Dng 2: Xc nh phn trm cc ng v
- Gi % ca ng v 1 l x %
% ca ng v 2 l (100 x).
- Lp phng trnh tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh gii c x.
Dng 3: Xc nh s khi ca cc ng v
- Gi s khi cc ng v 1, 2 ln lt l A
1
; A
2
.
- Lp h 2 phng trnh cha n A
1
; A
2
gii h c A
1
; A
2
.
Cu 27: nh ngha v ng v no sau y ng:
A. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s ntron, khc nhau s prton.
B. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s ntron, khc nhau s prton
C. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s prton, khc nhau s ntron
D. ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton, khc nhau s ntron
Cu 28: Trong dy k hiu cc nguyn t sau, dy no ch cng mt nguyn t ha hc:
A.
14 15
6 7
; A B
B.
16 17 18
8 8 8
C; ; D E
C.
56 56
26 27
G; F
D.
20 22
10 11
H; I
Cu 29: Oxi c 3 ng v
16
8
O,
17
8
O,
18
8
O s kiu phn t O
2
c th to thnh l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
Cu 30: Trong t nhin H c 3 ng v:
1
H,
2
H,
3
H. Oxi c 3 ng v
16
O,
17
O,
18
O. Hi c bao nhiu loi
phn t H
2
O c to thnh t cc loi ng v trn:
A. 3 B. 16 C. 18 D. 9
Cu 31: Nit trong thin nhin l hn hp gm hai ng v l N
14
7
(99,63%) v N
15
7
(0,37%). Nguyn t
khi trung bnh ca nit l
A. 14,7 B. 14,0 C. 14,4 D. 13,7
Cu 32: Nguyn t X c hai ng v, c t l s nguyn t ca ng v I v II l 27/23. Ht nhn ca X c
35 proton. ng v I c 44 ntron, ng v II c nhiu hn ng v I l 2 ntron. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca nguyn t X l
A. 79,2 B. 78,9 C. 79,92 D. 80,5
Cu 33: Nguyn t Cu c hai ng v bn l Cu
63
29
v Cu
65
29
. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54. T
l % ng v Cu
63
29
, Cu
65
29
ln lt l
A. 70% v 30% B. 27% v 73% C. 73% v 27% D. 64% v 36 %
Cu 34: Khi l-ng nguyn t trung bnh ca Brm l 79,91. Brm c hai ng v, trong ng v
35
Br
79

chim 54,5%. Khi l-ng nguyn t ca ng v th hai s l:
A. 77 B. 78 C. 80 D. 81
Cu 35: Nguyn t Bo c 2 ng v
11
B (x
1
%) v
10
B (x
2
%), ngt khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,8. Gi tr ca
x
1
% l: A. 80% B. 20% C. 10,8% D. 89,2%
Cu 36: Ngt X c 2 ng v , t l s ngt ca ng v 1, ng v 2 l 31 : 19. ng v 1 c 51p, 70n v
ng v th 2 hn ng v 1 l 2 ntron. Tm ngt khi trung bnh ca X ?
Cu 37: Clo co hai ong v la
35 37
17 17
; Cl Cl . T le so nguyen t cua hai ong v nay la 3 : 1. Tnh nguyen t
lng trung bnh cua Clo.
Cu 38: ng c 2 ng v Cu
63
29
; Cu
65
29
, bit t l s nguyn t ca chng ln lt l 105 : 245. Tnh ngt
khi trung bnh ca Cu ?
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DNG 4: TM NGT V VIT CU HNH E CA NGT - C IM E CA LP, PHN LP
Tm Z Tn nguyn t, vit cu hnh electron
Cu 39: Hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:
6
C ,
8
O ,
12
Mg ,
15
P ,
20
Ca ,
18
Ar ,
32
Ge ,
35
Br,
30
Zn ,
29
Cu .
- Cho bit nguyn t no l kim loi , nguyn t no l phi kim, nguyn t no l kh him? V sao?
- Cho bit nguyn t no thuc nguyn t s , p , d , f ? V sao?
Cu 40: Ba nguyen t A, B, C co so hieu nguyen t la 3 so t nhien lien tiep. Tong so e cua chung la
51. Hay viet cau hnh e va cho biet ten cua chung.
Cu 41:a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s
2
4p
4
. Hy vit cu hnh
electron ca nguyn t X.
b) Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 11. Hy vit cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t Y.
Cu 42: Mt nguyn t X c s hiu nguyn t Z =19. S lp electron trong nguyn t X l
A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 6
Cu 43: Nguyn t ca nguyn t nhm c 13e v cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
. Kt lun no sau
y ng ?
A. Lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 3e.
B. Lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 1e.
C. Lp L (lp th 2) ca nhm c 3e.
D. Lp L (lp th 2) ca nhm c 3e hay ni cch khc l lp electron ngoi cng ca nhm c 3e.
Cu 44: trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu bng 7 c my electron c thn ?
A. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 1
Cu 45: Mc nng lng ca cc electron trn cc phn lp s, p, d thuc cng mt lp c xp theo th t
A. d < s < p. B. p < s < d. C. s < p < d. D. s < d < p.
Cu 46: Cc nguyn t c Zs 20, tho mn iu kin c 2e c thn lp ngoi cng l
A. Ca, Mg, Na, K B. Ca, Mg, C, Si C. C, Si, O, S D. O, S, Cl, F
Cu 47: Nguyn t M c cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng l 3d
7
. Tng s electron ca nguyn t
M l:
A. 24 B. 25 C. 27 D. 29
Cu 48: Electron cui cng ca mt nguyn t M in vo phn lp 3d
3
. S electron ha tr ca M l
A. 3 B. 2 C. 5 D.4
Cu 49: Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp s l 6 v tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 6.
Cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y?
A. Oxi (Z = 8) B. Lu hunh (Z = 16) C. Flo (Z = 9) D. Clo (Z = 17)
Cu 50: Mt ngt X c tng s e cc phn lp p l 11. Hy cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau
y?
A. nguyn t s. B. nguyn t p. C. nguyn t d. D. nguyn t f.
Cu 51: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t
Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. X v Y l cc nguyn t:
A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl C. Mg v Cl D. Si v Br.
Cu 52: Nguyn t nguyn t X c e cui cng in vo phn lp 3p
1
. Nguyn t nguyn t Y c e cui
cng in vo phn lp 3p
3
. S proton ca X, Y ln l-t l:
A. 13 v 15 B. 12 v 14 C. 13 v 14 D. 12 v 15
Cu 53: Electron cui cng ca nguyn t nguyn t X phn b vo phn lp 3d
6
. X l
A. Zn B. Fe C. Ni D. S
Cu 54: Mt nguyn t X c 3 lp. trng thi c bn, s electron ti a trong lp M l:
A. 2 B. 8 C. 18 D. 32
Cu 55: Mot nguyen t co Z la 14 th nguyen t o co ac iem sau:
A. So obitan con trong trong lp vo la 1. C. So obitan trong la 6.
B. So electron oc than la 2. D. A, B eu ung.
Cu 56: Phn t X
2
Y
3
c tng s ht electron l 50, s e trong ngt X nhiu hn trong nguyn t Y l 5.
Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, vit cu hnh e ca X, Y?
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DNG 5: VIT CU HNH E CA ION XC NH TNH CHT CA NGUYN T

1. T cu hnh e ca nguyn t Cu hnh e ca ion tng ng.
- Cu hnh e ca ion dng : bt i s e phn lp ngoi cng ca ngt bng ng in tch ion .
- Cu hnh e ca ion m : nhn thm s e bng ng in tch ion vo phn lp ngoi cng ca ngt.
2. Da vo cu hnh e, xc nh cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca nguyn t.
- Lp ngoi cng c 8 e ngt kh him
- Lp ngoi cng c 1, 2, 3 e ngt kim loi
- Lp ngoi cng c 5, 6, 7 ngt phi kim
- Lp ngoi cng c 4 e c th l kim loi, hay phi kim.
Cu 57: Hy vit cu hnh electron : Fe , Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, S , S
2-
, Rb v Rb
+
. Bit : Z
Fe
= 26 ; Z
S

= 16 ; Z
Rb

=
37.
Cu 58: Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ngt, ion sau : Al (Z = 13); Al
3+
; Fe ( Z= 26); Fe
2+
; Br ( Z= 35); Br
-
?
Cu 59: Cho bit st c s hiu nguyn t l 26. Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe
2+
l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6

C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
Cu 60: Cu trc electron no sau y l ca ion Cu
+
.
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
1
. B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
.
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
. D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

Cu 61: Cu
2+
c cu hnh electron l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
2
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
Cu 62: Ion X
2-
v M
3+
u c cu hnh electron l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
. X, M l nhng nguyn t no sau y ?
A. F, Ca B. O, Al C. S, Al D. O, Mg
Cu 63: Dy gm nguyn t X, cc ion Y
2+
v Z
-
u c cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
l:
A. Ne, Mg
2+
, F
-
B. Ar, Mg
2+
, F
-
C. Ne, Ca
2+
, Cl
-
D. Ar,Ca
2+
, Cl
-

Cu 64: Cation R
+
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p
6
. Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
R
A.1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
B.1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
C.1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
D.1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Cu 65: Ion M
3+
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3d
5
. Vy cu hnh electron ca M l
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2

C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
4p
1

Cu 66: Cu hnh e ca ion Mn
2+
l : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
. Cu hnh e ca Mn l :
A.1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
C.

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2

B.

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
5
D.

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3
4s
2
4p
2
Cu 67: Cho bit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
; Y : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
; Z :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
. Nguyn t no l kim loi ?
A. X B. Y C. Z D. X v Y
Cu 68: Cho cc nguyn t c s hiu tng ng l X (Z
1
= 11), Y (Z
2
= 14), Z (Z
3
= 17), T (Z
4
= 20), R (Z
5

= 10). Cc nguyn t l kim loi gm :
A. Y, Z, T. B. Y, T, R. C. X, Y, T. D. X, T.
Cu 69: Cu trc electron no sau y l ca phi kim:
(1). 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
. (2). 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
2
. (3). 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
3
.
(4). [Ar]3d
5
4s
1
. (5). [Ne]3s
2
3p
3
. (6). [Ne]3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
.
A. (1), (2), (3). B. (1), (3), (5). C. (2), (3), (4). D. (2), (4), (6).
Cu 70: Cho cc cu hnh electron sau:
a. 1s
2
2s
1
. b. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
. c. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

d. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
. e. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
4s
2
f. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2

g. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
. h. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
i. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2

j. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
. k. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
. l. 1s
2
.
a, Cc nguyn t c tnh cht phi kim gm:
A. ( c, d, f, g, k) B. ( d, f, g, j, k) C. ( d, g, h, k ) D. ( d, g, h, i, k).
b, Cc nguyn t c tnh kim loi :
A. ( a, b, e, f, j, l). B. ( a, f, j, l) C. ( a, b,c, e, f, j) D. ( a, b, j, l).
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CHUYN 2: BNG TUN HON V NH LUT TUN HON

DNG 1: T CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T V TR TRONG BTH
Lu : - T cu hnh ion => cu hnh electron ca nguyn t => v tr trong BTH
( khng dng cu hnh ion => v tr nguyn t )
- T v tr trong BTH cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
+ T s th t chu k => s lp electron => lp ngoi cng l lp th my
+ T s th t nhm => s electron ca lp ngoi cng ( vi nhm A) cu hnh electron.
Nu cu hnh e ngoi cng : (n-1)d
a
ns
b
th nguyn t thuc nhm B v :
+ nu a + b < 8 S TT nhm = a + b.
+ nu a + b = 8, 9, 10 S TT nhm = 8.
+ nu a + b > 10 S TT nhm = a + b 10.

Cu 71: Nguyn t A c Z = 18,v tr ca A trong bng tun hon l:
A. chu k 3, phn nhm VIB B. chu k 3, phn nhm VIIIA
C. chu k 3, phn nhm VIA D. chu k 3, phn nhm VIIIB
Cu 72: Nguyn t R c Z = 25,v tr ca R trong bng tun hon l:
A. chu k 4, phn nhm VIIA B. chu k 4, phn nhm VB
C. chu k 4, phn nhm IIA D. chu k 4, phn nhm VIIB
Cu 73: Nguyn t A c mc nng lng ngoi cng l 3p
5
. Ngt B c mc nng lng ngoi cng 4s
2
.
Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong BTH ?
Cu 74: Xc nh v tr ca cc ngt c mc nng lng ngoi cng l :
A. 3s
2
3p
5
B. 3d
10
4p
6
C. 4s
2
3d
3
D. 4s
2
3d
10
E. 4s
2
3d
8

Cu 75: Cho 3 nguyn t A, M, X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng (n = 3) tng ng l ns
1
, ns
2
np
1
,
ns
2
np
5
. Pht biu no sau y sai ?
A. A, M, X ln lt l cc th 11, 13 v 17 ca bng tun hon.
B. A, M, X u thuc chu k 3 ca bng tun hon.
C. A, M, X thuc nhm IA, IIIA v VIIA ca bng tun hon.
D. Trong ba nguyn t, ch c X to c hp cht vi hiro.
Cu 76: Anion X
3-
c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. V tr ca X trong BTH l:
A. th 15, chu k 3, phn nhm VA B. th 16, chu k 2, phn nhm VA
C. th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm VIIA D. th 21, chu k 4, phn nhm IIIB
Cu 77: Ion X
2+
c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm) l
A. Chu k 3, nhm IIA B. Chu k 2, nhm VIA
C. Chu k 2, nhm VIIA D. Chu k 3, nhm IA
Cu 78: Ion Y
c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
. V tr ca Y trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm) l
A. Chu k 3, nhm VIIA B. Chu k 3, nhm VIA
C. Chu k 4, nhm IA D. Chu k 4, nhm IIA
Cu 79: Cation X
+
v anion Y
2-
u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. V tr ca cc nguyn t
trong BTH l:
A. X c STT 19, chu k 4, nhm IA; Y c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA
B. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA; Y c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA
C. X c STT 19, chu k 4, nhm IA; Y c STT 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA
D. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA; Y c STT 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA
Cu 80: Nguyn t Y c Z = 22.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ngt Y, xc nh v tr ca Y trong BTH ?
b. Vit cu hnh electron ca Y
2+
; Y
4+
?
Cu 81: Ngt A chu k 5, nhm IA, nguyn t B c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4p
5
.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B ?
b. Xc nh cu to ngt, v tr ca ngt B ?
c. Gi tn A, B v cho bit A, B l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him ?
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DNG 2: XC NH 2 NGUYN T K TIP TRONG CNG 1 CHU K HOC CNG NHM
- Nu A, B l 2 nguyn t nm k tip nhau trong 1 chu k Z
B
Z
A
= 1
- Nu A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc 1 nhm A v 2 chu k lin tip th gia A, B c th cch nhau 8, 18 hoc 32
nguyn t. Lc ny cn xt bi ton 3 trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: A, B cch nhau 8 nguyn t : Z
B
Z
A
= 8.
B
Z
A
= 18.
B
Z
A
= 32.
Phng php : Lp h phng trnh theo 2 n Z
B
, Z
A
Z
B
, Z
A

Cu 82: A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng 1 phn nhm v thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong BTH. Bit Z
A
+ Z
B
=
32. S proton trong nguyn t ca A, B ln lt l:
A. 7, 25 B. 12, 20 C. 15, 17 D. 8, 14
Cu 83: A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng 1 phn nhm v thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong BTH. Tng s proton
trong ht nhn 2 nguyn t l 30. A, B l nguyn t no sau y?
A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. Mg v Ca D. Be v Mg
Cu 84: A va B la hai nguyen to thuoc cung mot phan nhom chnh va hai chu ky nho lien tiep trong
he thong tuan hoan. Tong so p cua chung la 32. Xac nh so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e cua A, B.
Cu 85: A va B la hai nguyen to thuoc cung mot phan nhom chnh va hai chu ky lien tiep trong he
thong tuan hoan. Tong so ien tch hat nhan cua chung la 24. Tm so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e
cua A, B.
Cu 86: A va B la hai nguyen to ng ke tiep nhau mot chu ky trong he thong tuan hoan. Tong so p
cua chung la 25. Xac nh so hieu nguyen t va viet cau hnh e cua A, B.
Cu 87: C va D la hai nguyen to ng ke tiep nhau mot chu ky trong he thong tuan hoan. Tong so
khoi cua chung la 51. So ntron cua D ln hn C la 2 hat. Trong nguyen t C, so electron bang vi so
ntron. Xac nh v tr va viet cau hnh e cua C, D.
DNG 3: XC NH NGUYN T DA VO PHN TRM KHI LNG
Lu : i vi phi kim : ho tr cao nht vi Oxi + ho tr vi Hidro = 8
- Xc nh nhm ca ngt R (S TT nhm=s electron lp ngoi cng=ho tr ca ngt trong oxit cao nht )
- Lp h thc theo % khi lng M
R
.
Gi s cng thc RH
a
cho %H %R =100-%H v ngc li ADCT :
R
M
H
M a
R H
% %
.
= gii ra M
R
.
Gi s cng thc R
x
O
y
cho %O %R =100-%O v ngc li ADCT :
R
M x
O
M y
R O
%
.
%
.
= gii ra M
R
.
Cu 88: Ngt X c ho tr 1 trong hp cht kh vi hiro. Trong hp cht oxit cao nht X chim 38,8% khi
lng. Cng thc oxit cao nht, hiroxit tng nga ca X l :
A. F
2
O
7
, HF B. Cl
2
O
7
, HClO
4
C. Br
2
O
7
, HBrO
4
D. Cl
2
O
7
, HCl
Cu 89: Hp cht kh vi hidro ca ngt c cng thc RH
4
, oxit cao nht c 72,73% oxi theo khi lng, R
l :
A. C B. Si C. Ge D. Sn
Cu 90: Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R l RO
3
. Hp cht kh ca R vi hiro c 5,88 % hiro v khi lng.
Tm R.
Cu 91: Oxit cao nht ca R l R
2
O
5
. Trong hp cht kh vi hiro, R chim 82,35 % v khi lng. Tm R.
Cu 92: Hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R l RH
4
. Trong oxit cao nht ca R c 53,3 % oxi v khi
lng. Tm R.
Cu 93: Hp cht kh vi hiro ca ngt R l RH
2
. Trong oxit cao nht, t l khi lng gia R v oxi l 2 :
3. Tm R.
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DNG 4: XC NH NGUYN T DA VO PHN NG HA HC
- Tm 2 kim loi A, B k tip nhau trong cng phn nhm chnh.
Tm
hhKL
hhKL
n
m
A = M
A
< A < M
B
da vo BTH suy ra 2 nguyn t A, B.

Cu 94: Cho 4,4 g hn hp 2 kim loi kim th k cn nhau td vi dd HCl d cho 3,36 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Hai
kim loi l:
A. Ca, Sr B. Be, Mg C. Mg, Ca D. Sr, Ba
Cu 95: Cho 34,25 gam mt kim loi M( ha tr II) tc dng vi dd HCl d thu c 6,16 lt H
2
( 27,3
o
C,
1atm). M l: A. Be B. Ca C. Mg
D. Ba
Cu 96: Ho tan hn hp gm 2 kim loi kim k tip nhau vo nc c dd X v 336 ml kh H
2
(ktc).
Cho HCl d vo dd X v c cn thu c 2,075 g mui khan. Hai kim loi kim l:
A. Li, Na B. Na, K C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs
Cu 97: Ho tan hon ton 6,9081 g hn hp mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA vo
dd HCl thu c 1,68 lt CO
2
(ktc). Hai kim loi l:
A. Ca, Sr B. Be, Mg C. Mg, Ca D. Sr, Ba
Cu 98: Cho 10,80 g hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA tc dng vi dd
H
2
SO
4
long d. Cht kh thu c cho hp th hon ton vo dd Ba(OH)
2
d th thu c 23,64 g kt ta.
Cng thc 2 mui l:
A. BeCO
3
v MgCO
3
B. MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
C. CaCO
3
v SrCO
3
D. SrCO
3
v BaCO
3
Cu 99: Cho 10 (g) mt kim loi A ha tr II tc dng ht vi nc thu c 5,6 (l) kh H
2
(kc). Tm tn
kim loi .
Cu 100: Cho 17 g mt oxit kim loi A ( nhm III) vo dd H
2
SO
4
va , thu c 57 g mui. Xc nh
kim loi A? Tnh khi lng dd H
2
SO
4
10% dng ?
Cu 101: Cho 0,72 (g) mt kim loi M ha tr II tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d th thu c 672 (ml)
kh H
2
(kc). Xc nh tn kim loi .
Cu 102: Ha tan hon ton 6,85 (g) mt kim loi kim th R bng 200 (ml) dung dch HCl 2 (M). Nu
trung ha lng axit cn 100 (ml) dung dch NaOH 3 (M). Xc nh tn kim loi trn.
Cu 103: Cho 0,88 g hn hp 2 kim loi X, Y ( nhm IIA ), 2 chu k lin tip tc dng vi dd H
2
SO
4

long thu c 672 ml kh (ktc) v m gam mui khan.
a. Xc nh 2 kim loi X, Y ?
b. Tnh m gam mui khan thu c ?
Cu 104: Cho 11,2 g hn hp 2 kloi kim A, B 2 chu k lin tip vo dd 200 ml H
2
O c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc) v dd E.
a. Xc nh A, B ?
b. Tnh C% cc cht trong dd E ?
c. trung ho dd E trn cn bao nhiu ml dd H
2
SO
4
1M ?
Cu 105: Nu ha tan hon ton 1,16 (g) mt hiroxit kim loi R ha tr II cn dng 1,46 (g) HCl.
a. Xc nh tn kim loi R, cng thc hiroxit.
b. Vit cu hnh e ca R bit R c s p bng s n.
Cu 106: Ha tan 20,2 (g) hn hp 2 kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip thuc phn nhm chnh nhm I
vo nc thu c 6,72 (l) kh (kc) vo dung dch A.
a. Tm tn hai kim loi.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
2 (M) cn dng trung ha dung dch A.

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DNG 5: SO SNH TNH CHT CA 1 NGUYN T VI CC NGT LN CN
Cc i lng v tnh
cht so snh
Quy lut bin i
trong 1 chu k
Quy lut bin i
trong 1 nhm A
Bn knh nguyn t Gim dn Tng dn
Nng lng ion ho ( I
1
) Tng dn Gim dn
m in Tng dn Gim dn
Tnh kim loi Gim dn Tng dn
Tnh phi kim Tng dn Gim dn
Ho tr ca 1 ngt trong
Oxit cao nht
Tng t I VII = chnh s th t nhm = s e
lp ngoi cng
Tnh axit ca oxit v hiroxit Tng dn Gim dn
Tnh baz ca oxit v hiroxit Gim dn Tng dn
Trc tin : Xc nh v tr cc ngt so snh cc ngt trong cng chu k, trong 1 nhm kt qu
Lu : Bit rng bn knh cc ion c cng cu hnh electron t l nghch vi Z
Cu 107: Trong chu k, t tri sang phi, theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn:
A.Tnh KL tng, tnh PK gim B. Tnh KL gim, tnh PK tng
C.Tnh KL tng, tnh PK tng D.Tnh KL gim, tnh PK gim
Cu 108: Trong 1 chu k, i t tri sang phi, theo chiu Z tng dn, bn knh nguyn t:
A.Tng dn B. Gim dn C. Khng i D. Khng xc nh
Cu 109: Bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t : Na, Li, Be, B. Xp theo chiu tng dn l:
A. B < Be < Li < Na B. Na < Li < Be < B C. Li < Be < B < Na D. Be < Li < Na < B
Cu 110: m in ca cc nguyn t : Na, Mg, Al, Si. Xp theo chiu tng dn l:
A. Na < Mg < Al < Si B. Si < Al < Mg < Na C. Si < Mg < Al < Na D. Al < Na < Si < Mg
Cu 111: m in ca cc nguyn t : F, Cl, Br, I .Xp theo chiu gim dn l:
A. F > Cl > Br > I B. I> Br > Cl> F C. Cl> F > I > Br D. I > Br> F > Cl
Cu 112: Cc nguyn t C, Si, Na, Mg c xp theo th t nng lng ion ho th nht gim dn l :
A. C, Mg, Si, Na B. Si, C, Na, Mg C. Si, C, Mg, Na D. C, Si, Mg, Na
Cu 113: Tnh kim loi gim dn trong dy :
A. Al, B, Mg, C B. Mg, Al, B, C C. B, Mg, Al, C D. Mg, B, Al, C
Cu 114: Tnh phi kim tng dn trong dy :
A. P, S, O, F B. O, S, P, F C. O, F, P, S D. F, O, S, P
Cu 115: Tnh kim loi tng dn trong dy :
A. Ca, K, Al, Mg B. Al, Mg, Ca, K C. K, Mg, Al, Ca D. Al, Mg, K, Ca
Cu 116: Tnh phi kim gim dn trong dy :
A. C, O, Si, N B. Si, C, O, N C. O, N, C, Si D. C, Si, N, O
Cu 117: Tnh baz tng dn trong dy :
A. Al(OH)
3
; Ba(OH)
2
; Mg(OH)
2
B. Ba(OH)
2
; Mg(OH)
2
; Al(OH)
3

C. Mg(OH)
2
; Ba(OH)
2
; Al(OH)
3
D. Al(OH)
3
; Mg(OH)
2
; Ba(OH)
2

Cu 118: Tnh axit tng dn trong dy :
A. H
3
PO
4
; H
2
SO
4
; H
3
AsO
4
B. H
2
SO
4
; H
3
AsO
4
; H
3
PO
4

C. H
3
PO
4
; H
3
AsO
4
; H
2
SO
4
D. H
3
AsO
4
; H
3
PO
4
;H
2
SO
4

Cu 119: Tnh baz tng dn trong dy :
A. K
2
O; Al
2
O
3
; MgO; CaO B. Al
2
O
3
; MgO; CaO; K
2
O
C. MgO; CaO; Al
2
O
3
; K
2
O D. CaO; Al
2
O
3
; K
2
O; MgO
Cu 120: Ion no c bn knh nh nht trong cc ion sau:
A. Li
+
B. K
+
C. Be
2+
D. Mg
2+

Cu 121: Bn knh ion no ln nht trong cc ion sau :
A. S
2-
B. Cl
-
C. K
+
D. Ca
2+
Cu 122: Cc ion c bn knh gim dn l :
A. Na
+
; Mg
2+
; F
-
; O
2-
B. F
-
; O
2-
; Mg
2+
; Na
+
C. Mg
2+
; Na
+
; O
2-
; F
-
D. O
2-
; F
-
; Na
+
; Mg
2+

Cu 123: Dy ion c bn knh nguyn t tng dn l :
A. Cl
-
; K
+
; Ca
2+
; S
2-
B. S
2-
;Cl
-
; Ca
2+
; K
+
C. Ca
2+
; K
+
; Cl
-
; S
2-
D. K
+
; Ca
2+
; S
2-
;Cl
-

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BI TP TNG HP TRONG CC THI I HC, CAO NG

Cu 124: (H A 2007) Dy gm cc ion X
+
, Y
-
v nguyn t Z u c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
l:
A. Na
+
, Cl
-
, Ar. B. Li
+
, F
-
, Ne. C. Na
+
, F
-
, Ne. D. K
+
, Cl
-
, Ar.
Cu 125: (H A 2007) Anion X
-
v cation Y
2+
u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. V
tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l:
A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,
nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II).
B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VI); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,
C. X c s th t 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 4,
D. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII); Y c s th t 20, chu k 3,
Cu 126: (H B 2007) Trong mt nhm A (phn nhm chnh), tr nhm VIIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm
VIII), theo
chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t th
A. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn. B. tnh kim loi tng dn, m in tng dn.
C. m in gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. D. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn knh ngt gim dn.
Cu 127: (C 2007) Trong t nhin, nguyn t ng c hai ng v l
63
29
Cuv
65
29
Cu. Nguyn t khi
trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. Thnh phn phn trm tng s nguyn t ca ng v
63
29
Cu l
A. 27%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 73%.
Cu 128: (C 2007) Cho cc nguyn t M (Z = 11), X (Z = 17), Y (Z = 9) v R (Z = 19). m in
ca cc nguyn t tng dn theo th t
A. M < X < Y < R. B. R < M < X < Y. C. Y < M < X < R. D. M < X < R < Y.
Cu 129: (C 2008) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. S ht
mang in ca mt nguyn t Y nhiu hn s ht mang in ca mt nguyn t X l 8 ht. Cc nguyn t X
v Y ln lt l
A. Fe v Cl. B. Na v Cl. C. Al v Cl. D. Al v P.
Cu 130: (H A 2008) Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t:
3
Li,
8
O,
9
F,
11
Na c xp theo th t tng
dn t tri sang phi l
A. F, O, Li, Na. B. F, Na, O, Li. C. F, Li, O, Na. D. Li, Na, O, F.
Cu 131: (H B 2008) Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l:
A. P, N, F, O. B. N, P, F, O. C. P, N, O, F. D. N, P, O, F.
Cu 132: (H B 2008) Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hiro l RH
3
. Trong
oxit m R c ho tr cao nht th oxi chim 74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R l
A. S. B. As. C. N. D. P.
Cu 133: (C 2009) Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 52 v c s
khi l 35. S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X l
A. 18. B. 23. C. 17. D. 15.
Cu 134: (H A 2009) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns
2
np
4
. Trong
hp cht kh ca nguyn t X vi hiro, X chim 94,12% khi lng. Phn trm khi lng ca ngt X
trong oxit cao nht l
A. 50,00%. B. 27,27%. C. 60,00%. D. 40,00%.
Cu 135: (H A 2009) Cu hnh electron ca ion X
2+
l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
. Trong bng tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc, nguyn t X thuc
A. chu k 4, nhm VIIIA. B. chu k 4, nhm IIA.
C. chu k 3, nhm VIB. D. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.
Cu 136: (H B 2009) Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12). Dy gm cc
nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l:
A. N, Si, Mg, K. B. K, Mg, Si, N. C. K, Mg, N, Si. D. Mg, K, Si, N.
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Cu 137: (C 2010) Cho 9,125 gam mui hirocacbonat phn ng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
(d), thu
c dung dch cha 7,5 gam mui sunfat trung ho. Cng thc ca mui hirocacbonat l
A. NaHCO
3
. B. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
. C. Ba(HCO
3
)
2
. D. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
.
Cu 138: (H A 2010) Cc nguyn t t Li n F, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn th
A. bn knh nguyn t tng, m in gim. B. bn knh nguyn t v m in u tng.
C. bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng. D. bn knh nguyn t v m in u gim.
Cu 139: (H A 2010) Nhn nh no sau y ng khi ni v 3 nguyn t:
26
13
X,
55
26
Y,
26
12
Z?
A. X v Z c cng s khi. B. X, Z l 2 ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ho hc.
C. X, Y thuc cng mt nguyn t ho hc. D. X v Y c cng s ntron.
Cu 140: (H B 2010)Mt ion M
3+

c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l
A. [Ar]3d
5
4s
1
. B. [Ar]3d
6
4s
2
. C. [Ar]3d
6
4s
1
. D. [Ar]3d
3
4s
2
.
Cu 141: (C 2011) ho tan hon ton 6,4 gam hn hp gm kim loi R (ch c ha tr II) v oxit ca
n cn va 400 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Kim loi R l
A. Ba. B. Be. C. Mg. D. Ca.
Cu 142: (H A 2011) Khi lng ring ca canxi kim loi l 1,55 g/cm
3
. Gi thit rng, trong tinh th
canxi cc nguyn t l nhng hnh cu chim 74% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Bn knh
nguyn t canxi tnh theo l thuyt l
A. 0,185 nm. B. 0,196 nm. C. 0,155 nm. D. 0,168 nm.
Cu 143: (C 2012) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 52. Trong ht
nhn nguyn t X c s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in l 1. V tr (chu k, nhm) ca X
trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l
A. chu k 3, nhm VA. B. chu k 3, nhm VIIA.
C. chu k 2, nhm VIIA. D. chu k 2, nhm VA.
Cu 144: (H A 2012) Nguyn t R to c cation R
+
. Cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng ca R
+
( trng thi c bn) l 2p
6
. Tng s ht mang in trong nguyn t R l
A. 10. B. 11. C. 22. D. 23.
Cu 145: (H A 2012) X v Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt chu k, hai nhm A lin tip. S proton
ca nguyn t Y nhiu hn s proton ca nguyn t X. Tng s ht proton trong nguyn t X v Y l 33.
Nhn xt no sau y v X, Y l ng?
A. n cht X l cht kh iu kin thng.
B. m in ca X ln hn m in ca Y.
C. Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Y ( trng thi c bn) c 5 electron.
D. Phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t X ( trng thi c bn) c 4 electron.
Cu 146: (H B 2012) Nguyn t Y l phi kim thuc chu k 3, c cng thc oxit cao nht l YO
3
. Nguyn
t Y to vi kim loi M hp cht c cng thc MY, trong M chim 63,64% v khi lng. Kim loi M l
A. Zn. B. Cu. C. Mg. D. Fe.
Cu 147: (C 2013) trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca nguyn t X c 4 electron lp L (lp th
hai). S proton c trong nguyn t X l
A. 7. B. 6. C. 8. D. 5.
Cu 148: (H A 2013) trng thi c bn, cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Na (Z = 11) l
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
3s
2
. B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
. C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
. D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
3s
1
.
Cu 149: (H B 2013) S proton v s ntron c trong mt nguyn t nhm (
27
13
Al) ln lt l
A. 13 v 14 B. 13 v 15 C. 12 v 14 D. 13 v 13

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