Professional Documents
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SPEECH
MECHANICAL
CONNECTED
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Weak forms
When we talk about weak forms in the phonetics of English this regards a series of words which have one pronunciation (strong) when isolated, and another (weak) when not stressed within a phrase. e.g. It is his car v. /z/
There is a tendency for vowels in unstressed syllables to shift towards the schwa (central position)
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Look at this phrase: I went to the station and booked two tickets for my father and his best friend.
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Weak=unstressed
In the following sentences the underlined words are stressed and so would be pronounced using the strong form: I do like chocolate. She drove to Las Vegas, not from Las Vegas. We were surprised when she told us her secret. (stress on were for emphasis)
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Assimilation
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What is assimilation?
A phoneme might be released according to the effect of neighboring words. In other words, a phoneme may be realized differently as a result of being near some other phoneme belonging to a neighboring word we call this an instance of assimilation.
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Definition:
Assimilation is a common phonological process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary).
Example:
A common example of assimilation would be "don't be silly" where the /n/ and /t/ in "don't" become /m/ and /b/= ("dom be silly").
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consider case where two words are combined, the first of which ends with a single final constant ( which we will call C ) and the second of which starts with a single initial consonant ( which we will call C ); we can construct a diagram like this: .Cf | Ci. |= the word boundary
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TYPES OF ASSIMILATION
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If Cf changes to become like Ci in some way, then the assimilation is called regressive (the phoneme that comes first is affected by the one that comes after it); if Ci changes to become like Cf in some way, then the assimilation is called progressive.
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Assimilation of Place
The most common form involves the movement of place of articulation of the alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ to a position closer to that of the following sound (WHICH IS NOT ALVEOLAR).
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Assimilation of Place
For instance, in the phrase ten cars, the /n/ will usually be articulated in a velar position, /teN ka:z/ so that the tongue will be ready to produce the following velar sound /k/.
Similarly, in ten boys the /n/ will be produced in a bilabial position, /tem boIz/ to prepare for the articulation of the bilabial /b/.
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/g/
/k/
BEFORE A BILABIAL (/m/, /b/, /p/) /n/ /m/ e.g. ten men /tem men/ /d/
/b/
/p/
Elision
Elision is very simply the omission of certain sounds in
certain contexts. In certain circumstances a phoneme may be released as ZERO, or have ZERO REALIZATION or be DELETED. Elision is typical of rapid, casual speech. The most important occurrences of this phenomenon regard:
1 Alveolar consonants /t/ and /d/ when sandwiched between two consonants (CONS t/d CONS), e.g.
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/neksde/
/ la:ska:/ / hldg/ /senfrnkka:d/
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Elision of not
The phoneme /t/ is a fundamental part of the negative particle not. Consider the negative of can if followed by a consonant the /t/ may easily disappear and the only difference between the positive and the negative is a different, longer vowel sound in the second:
+ I can speak.
- I cant speak
/ai kn spi:k/
/ai ka:nspi:k/
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Intonation
IT IS the rise and fall of the pitch
of sound in speaking.
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WHAT IS A TONE?
IT IS the use of pitch in language
to distinguish words.
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TONES
BASIC
1. level tone 2. Falling tone 3. Rising tone
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COMPLEX
1. Fall-rise tones 2. Rise- fall tones 3. Level tones
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