Toana2 C2

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM
KHOA KHOA HC C BN
HUNH HU DINH
BI GING TON CAO CP A2 - C2
MSSV:...................................................
H tn:..................................................
TPHCM - Ngy 16 thng 12 nm 2013
Mc lc
1 Ma trn v nh thc
1.1 Ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Cc khi nim v ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Cc php ton trn ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn . . . . . . .
1.2 nh thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Hon v v nghch th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 nh ngha nh thc ca ma trn vung . . . . .
1.2.3 Phn b i s, ma trn ph hp v cng thc khai
trin nh thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 Mt s tnh cht c bn ca nh thc . . . . . . .
1.3 Ma trn nghch o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Phng trnh ma trn AX = B v XA = B . . . .
1.4 Hng ca ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Khi nim v hng ca ma trn . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
5
8
15
16
16
18
2 H phng trnh tuyn tnh

2.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Khi nim tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Phng php kh Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Phng php Cramer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Phng php phn r LU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Phng php Crout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Phng php Doolittle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng
qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Cu trc nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut
59
59
59
61
64
69
70
73
3 Khng gian vector

3.1 Khi nim khng gian vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 T hp tuyn tnh v biu th tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh . . . . . . . .
93
93
95
98
20
24
32
36
37
40
40
41
76
78
83
MC LC
3.4 C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Ta ca vector. Ma trn chuyn c s . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Khng gian vector con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 Khng gian con sinh bi mt tp hp . . . . . . . .
3.6.2 Khng gian con nghim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Khng gian vector Euclide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7.1 C s trc giao, c s trc chun. Trc chun ha
Gram-Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
110
117
117
120
122
4 nh x tuyn tnh
4.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht cn bn . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 n cu, ton cu, ng cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 n cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Ton cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 ng cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Gi tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn vung v ton t
tuyn tnh. Vn cho ha mt ma trn vung . . . . .
4.4.1 Hai ma trn ng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 a thc c trng ca ma trn vung v ton t
tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.3 Gi tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn vung v
ton t tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.4 Khng gian con ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.5 Cho ha ma trn vung v ton t tuyn tnh . .
139
139
145
145
147
149
150
5 Dng song tuyn tnh v dng ton phng

5.1 Khi nim dng song tuyn tnh v dng ton phng . .
5.1.1 Dng song tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Dng ton phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 i c s cho dng song tuyn tnh v dng ton
phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Dng chnh tc ca dng ton phng. a dng ton
phng v dng chnh tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Dng chnh tc ca dng ton phng . . . . . . .
5.2.2 a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc . . . . .
5.3 Bi tp chng 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
187
187
192
125
157
157
158
161
164
170
196
197
197
199
211
Chng 1
Ma trn v nh thc
1.1 Ma trn
1.1.1
Cc khi nim v ma trn
Cc v d v ma trn
(
)
1 6 2
Bng s A =
c gi l mt ma trn cp 2 3.
3 1 0
Bng s B =
2
1
2
2 0
1 9 c gi l mt ma trn cp 3 3.
4 9
1
Bng s C = 2 c gi l mt ma trn ct cp 3 1.
3
(
)
Bng s D = 1 2 4 c gi l mt ma trn dng cp 13.
Cc khi nim v ma trn
1. Mt bng hnh ch nht gm m n s thc c sp thnh m
dng v n ct c gi l ma trn cp m n.
K hiu: A = (aij )mn =
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
...
...
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
am1 am2 . . . amn

5
CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

i c gi l ch s dng.
j c gi l ch s ct.
aij l phn t nm dng i v ct j.
Tp hp tt c cc ma trn cp m n c k hiu l Mmn (R).
2. Ma trn c s dng bng s ct (m = n) c gi l ma trn
vung cp n, k hiu A = (aij )n .
a11 , a22 , . . . , ann c gi l cc phn t thuc ng cho chnh.
a1n , a2(n1) , . . . , an1 c gi l cc phn t thuc ng cho ph.
Tp hp tt c cc ma trn vung cp n c vit l Mn (R).
(
)
1 2
V d 1.1. Ma trn A =
l ma trn vung cp 2.
1 3
3. Ma trn vung A = (aij )n c gi l ma trn cho nu aij =
0; i = j, k hiu A = dig (a11 , a22 , . . . , ann ).
(
)
1 0 0
1 0
;B =
l cc ma
V d 1.2. Cc ma trn A =
0 2 0
0 e
0 0 2
trn cho.
4. Ma trn cho cp n c tt c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh

bng 1 c gi l ma trn n v cp n, k hiu In .
T nh ngha trn ta nhn c
(
)
1 0
I2 =
,
0 1
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0 ,
0 0 1
..
.
1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0
In = .. .. . . ..
. .
. .
0 0 ... 1
6
1.1. MA TRN
5. Ma trn vung A = (aij )n c gi l ma trn tam gic trn

nu aij = 0; i > j.
Nu A l ma trn tam gic trn th A c dng
a11 a12 . . . a1n

0 a22 . . . a2n
A = ..
.. . .
.. .
.
. .
.
0
0 . . . ann
6. Ma trn vung A = (aij )n c gi l ma trn tam gic di
nu aij = 0; i < j.
Nu A l ma trn tam gic di th A c dng
a11 0 . . . 0
a21 a22 . . . 0
A = ..
.. . .
.. .
.
.
.
.
an1 an2 . . . ann
7. Ma trn cp m n c tt c cc phn t bng khng, k hiu
Omn (i khi l O), c gi l ma trn khng.
T nh ngha ta suy ra ma trn Omn c dng
0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
Omn = .. .. . . .. .
. .
. .
0 0 ... 0
8. Ma trn bc thang
Trc khi i vo khi nim ma trn bc thang chng ta cn tm
hiu mt s khi nim lin quan.
Dng khng: Mt dng ca ma trn c tt c cc phn t u
bng khng c gi l dng khng.
Phn t c s ca dng: Phn t khc khng u tin ca
dng tnh t tri sang c gi l phn t c s ca dng.
Ma trn bc thang: Ma trn bc thang l mt ma trn khc
khng tha hai iu kin sau:
Dng khng (nu c) nm di dng khc khng.

Phn t c s ca dng di nm bn phi phn t c s ca
dng trn.
V d 1.3. Cc ma trn bc thang:
1 8 1 3
0 2 1
1
7
0 1 2
A=
; B = 0 0 2 3 .
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 9
0 0 0
0
Cc ma trn khng l ma trn bc thang:
1 2 9 8
1 0 3
4 6
0 2
C = 0 0 0 ;D =
.
2
0 9 8
0 0 1
0 0
0
0
9. Ma trn bc thang c cc phn t c s ca dng bng mt, cc
phn t cn li bng khng c gi l ma trn bc thang rt gn.
V d 1.4. Cc ma trn bc thang rt gn:
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
A = 0 0 1 0 ;B = 0 1 0 .
0 0 0 1
0 0 0
1.1.2 Cc php ton trn ma trn

Hai ma trn bng nhau
nh ngha 1.1. Hai ma trn c gi l bng nhau nu chng

cng c v c tt c cc phn t tng ng v tr bng nhau.
Cho hai ma trn A = (aij )mn , B = (bij )mn . Khi ,

A = B aij = bij ; i = 1, m, j = 1, n.
8
1.1. MA TRN
V d 1.5. Tm x, y, z, t hai ma trn
(
)
(
)
x+y x+z
1 2
A=
;B =
t + y t + 2z
3 4
bng nhau.
Gii. Theo nh ngha, hai ma trn A, B
x + y =
x + z =
t + y =
t + 2z =
bng nhau khi v ch khi

1
2
3
4
T cc ng thc trn ta gii ra c x = 2, y = 1, z = 0, t = 4.
Nhn mt s vi mt ma trn
nh ngha 1.2. Nhn mt s vi mt ma trn l nhn s vi tt

c cc phn t ca ma trn.
Cho A = (aij )mn th vi mi k R ta c kA = (kaij )mn .

c bit (1) A = (aij )mn c gi l ma trn i ca ma trn A,
k hiu A.
(
)
(
)
2 5
6 15
V d 1.6. Cho ma trn A =
. Khi 3A =
.
2 3
6 9
V d 1.7. Nu A Mmn (R) th 0A = Omn v 1A = A.
Cng hai ma trn
nh ngha 1.3. Cng hai ma trn cng cp l cng cc phn t

tng ng v tr.
Nu A = (aij )mn v B = (bij )mn th

A + B = (aij + bij )mn .
9

V d 1.8. Thc hin cc php tnh trn ma trn
(
1. Cho A =
1 4
5 2
(
v B =
6 3
1 7
)
. Tnh A + B.
1 1
9 8
2. Cho A = 4 0 v B = 2 8 . Tnh 5A + 2B.
2 4
0 4
Gii. Ta c
) (
) (
) (
)
1 4
6 3
1+6 4+3
7 7
1. A + B =
+
=
=
.
5 2
1 7
5+1 2+7
6 9
23 21
18 16
5 5
2. 5A + 2B = 20 0 + 4 16 = 24 16 .
10 28
0 8
10 20
Ma trn chuyn v
nh ngha 1.4. Cho ma trn A = (aij )mn , ma trn c cp n m

nhn c t ma trn A bng cch i dng thnh ct hoc i ct
thnh dng c gi l ma trn chuyn v ca A, k hiu AT .
(
)
1 1
1 3 9
, khi AT = 3 2 .
1 2 2
9 2
Nhn xt 1.1. Mt s kt qu quan trng ta c th suy ra t nh ngha

1. (A + B)T = AT + B T ; A, B Mmn (R).
2. (cA)T = cAT ; c R, A Mmn (R).
3. (A + B)T = AT + B T ; , R; A, B Mmn (R).
(
V d 1.10. Cho A =
3 1
5 1
)
. Tm ma trn X tha X+A = 3(A + I2 )T .
10
1.1. MA TRN
Gii. ng thc cho tng ng vi
X + A = 3(A + I2 )T
(
)
X + A = 3 AT + I2T
(
)
X
= 3 AT + I2T A
(
) (
)
12 15
3 1
X
=
3 0
5 1
(
)
9 14
X
=
2 1
(
Vy X =
9 14
2 1
)
l ma trn cn tm.
Php nhn hai ma trn
nh ngha 1.5. Cho hai ma trn A = (aij )mn v B = (bij )np .

Tch ca ma trn A vi ma trn B, k hiu AB, l mt ma trn c
cp m p v nu AB = (cij )mp th cij c xc nh bi cng thc
n
cij =
aik bkj = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + + ain bnj .
k=1
Nhn xt 1.2. Tch hai ma trn tn ti khi s ct ca ma trn ng

trc bng vi s dng ca ma trn ng sau.
Ma trn tch c s dng bng s dng ca ma trn ng trc v c
s ct bng s ct ca ma trn ng sau.
Php nhn hai ma trn, ni chung, khng c tnh giao hon.
V d 1.11. Tnh AB v BA vi
1 2
1 1 3
1. A =
1 2
1 1 2 ; B =
0 2
1 1 1
(
)
1 0
1 9 0
2. A =
;B =
1 0
1 9 1
9 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
3. A =
; B = AT .
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
11
1
2 .
3

Gii. 1. Ta c
1 1 3
1 2 1
0 10 8
AB = 1 1 2 1 2 2 = 0 8 5 .
1 1 1
0 2 3
0 6 2
1 1 3
2 2 6
1 2 1
BA = 1 2 2 1 1 2 = 3 3 3 .
0 2 3
1 1 1
1 1
1
Cc cu 2 v 3 bn c xem nh bi tp.
Nhn xt 1.3. Nu A Mn (R) th AA lun lun tn ti v khi ta

nh ngha A2 = AA. Tng t, ta nh ngha Ak+1 = Ak A vi k 0 v
qui c A0 = In .
V d 1.12. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2011 m cc phn t ca dng
th i bng i. Tm phn t dng 2 ct 3 ca ma trn A2 .
Gii. T gi thit bi ta c
1
2
A= 3
.
..
1
2
3
..
.
1
2
3
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
2011 2011 2011 . . .

Ta suy ra
1
2
A2 = 3
.
..
1
2
3
..
.
1
2
3
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
2011 2011 2011 . . .
1
2
3
..
.
2011
1
2
3
..
.
1
2
3
..
.
2011
1
2
3
..
.
1
2
3
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
2
3
..
.
2011 2011 2011 . . . 2011
T biu thc ca A2 ta tnh c phn t dng 2 ct 3 l:

2 (1 + 2 + 3 + + 2011) = 2011.2012 = 4046132.
Da vo cch xc nh ca A2 ta cng d dng tnh c cc phn
t cn li ca ma trn A2 .

V d 1.13. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2011 m cc phn t ca dng
th i bng 3i1 . Tm phn t dng 3 ct 2011 ca ma trn A2 .
12
1.1. MA TRN
Gii. Ta xc nh ma trn A
A=
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
...
...
...
...
1
3
9
..
.
32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010

Ta suy ra
A2 =
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
3
9
..
.
32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010
T biu thc ca A2 ta tnh phn t dng 3 ct 2011 nh sau:

(
)
)
33011 1
9 ( 2011
9 1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + + 32010 = 9
=
3
1 .
31
2
Cc phn t cn li ca A2 ta tnh tng t.
(
)
1 1
V d 1.14. Cho A =
. Tnh A2 , A3 v t suy ra An .
0 1
Gii. Ta c
(
)(
) (
)
1 1
1 1
1 2
A =
=
.
0 1
0 1
0 1
2
(
)(
) (
)
1 2
1 1
1 3
A =A A=
=
.
0 1
0 1
0 1
3
(
)
1 n
Bng phng php qui np ta tnh c A =
.
0 1
n
(
V d 1.15. Cho A =
0 0
1 0
(
Gii. t B = I2 A =
)
. Tnh (I2 A)2011 .
1 0
1 1
)
, ta c
13

(
1 0
1 1
B =
2
(
B =B B=
3
)(
1 0
1 1
1 0
2 1
)(
(
=
1 0
1 1
1 0
2 1
)
(
=
(
Bng qui np ta tnh c B 2011 =
.
)
1 0
3 1
1
0
2011 1
)
.
V d 1.16. Cho ma trn
0
A=
0
0
1. Tnh
2011
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
.
1
0
2 n An .
i=0
2. Tnh B 2011 vi B = A + I4 .
Gii. 1. Ta c
0
A2 =
0
0
0
A3 =
0
0
0
A4 =
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0 0
0
0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0

0 0
=
1 0
0
0

0
0

0 0
=
1 0
0
0

0
0

0 0
=
1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
= O44 .
0
0
Ta suy ra An = O44 vi mi n 4.
2011
n n
0
Do
2 A = I4 + 2A + 4A2 + 8A3 =
0
i=0
0
14
2
1
0
0
4
2
1
0
4
.
2
1
1.1. MA TRN
2. V AI4 = I4 A nn dng cng thc nh thc Newton, ta nhn c
B 2011 = (A + I4 )2011
2011
i
1
2
3
=
C2011 Ai = I4 + C2011
A + C2011
A2 + C2011
A3
i=0
2011.2010.2009
1 2011 2011.2010
2
6
2011.2010
1
2011
0
2
=
.
0
1
2011
0
0
0
0
1
Mt cch tng t, ta tnh c B n vi n 4.
1.1.3
Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn
Chng ta c ba php bin i s cp trn ma trn. C th nh sau:
i ch hai dng (ct) bt k ca ma trn.

Nhn mt dng (ct) vi mt s khc khng.
Cng vo mt dng (ct) mt dng (ct) khc.
Cc php bin i s cp chim mt v tr quan trng trong bin

i ma trn v n t lm thay i bn cht ca ma trn. Do , ta
thng hay dng cc php bin i ny chuyn mt ma trn phc
tp v dng n gin hn, xem xt cc c im ca ma trn n gin
ri rt ra cc tnh cht ca ma trn ban u. Vn pht sinh l bin
i ti u th c xem l n gin? Kt qu sau y s cho ta li
gii p:
nh l 1.1. Mi ma trn bt k u c th chuyn v dng bc

thang rt gn thng qua cc php bin i s cp.
V d 1.17. Dng cc php bin i s cp chuyn ma trn
1 1 1 1
A= 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 6
v dng bc thang rt gn.
15

Gii. Ta c
d d d
3
2
d1 2d1 d2
c c c
3
2
3
1
1
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
3
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
3
4
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
4
6
1
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
2 d2 d1
d

d3 d3 2d1
d2 d2 3d3

d1 d1 d3
c2 2c2 c1

d1 12 d1

1
d2 2 d2
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
2
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
Ma trn cui ca php bin i l ma trn dng bc thang rt gn

nn bi ton c gii quyt.
1.2 nh thc
1.2.1 Hon v v nghch th
1. Cho tp ch s {1, 2, . . . , n}. Mi cch sp xp n s cho theo
mt th t nht nh c gi l mt hon v ca n s .
Mi hon v ca tp {1, 2, . . . , n} c k hiu l ( (1) , (2) , . . . , (n))
vi (i) {1, 2, . . . , n} v (i) = (j) vi mi i = j.
T n s cho chng ta c th lp c n! hon v.
V d 1.18. Tp ch s {1, 2} c 2! = 2 hon v: (1, 2) v (2, 1).
V d 1.19. Tp ch s {1, 2, 3} c 3! = 6 hon v:
(1, 2, 3) ; (1, 3, 2) ; (2, 1, 3) ; (2, 3, 1) ; (3, 1, 2) ; (3, 2, 1)
2. Trong mt hon v nu mi ln xy ra trng hp s ln ng
trc s b (i) > (j) vi i < j th ta ni c mt nghch th.
V d 1.20. Tm s nghch th ca cc hon v
(1, 2, 3); (1, 3, 2) ; (3, 1, 2) ; (3, 2, 1) .
16
1.2. NH THC
Gii. Da vo nh ngha ta nhn c cc kt qu sau:
Hon v (1, 3, 2) c mt nghch th v (2) > (3).
Hon v (3, 1, 2) c hai nghch th v (1) > (2) v (1) > (3).
Hon v (3, 2, 1) c ba nghch th (gii thch tng t nh trn).
Hon v (1, 2, 3) khng c nghch th.
3. Nu s cc nghch th trong mt hon v bng khng hoc l

mt s chn th ta ni l mt hon v chn. Ngc li, nu s cc
nghch th trong mt hon v l mt s l th ta ni l mt hon
v l.
V d 1.21. Hon v (1, 2) l hon v chn. Hon v (2, 1) l hon v l.
V d 1.22. Cc hon v (1, 2, 3); (3, 1, 2) l cc hon v chn (v c s
nghch th ln lt bng 0 v 2). Cc hon v (1, 3, 2) ; (3, 2, 1) l cc
hon v l (v c s nghch th ln lt bng 1 v 3).
Vic xem xt mt hon v l chn hay l nu ch dng nh ngha th
khng phi l chuyn n gin. nh l sau y gip ta khc phc kh
khn trn:
nh l 1.2. Cho l mt hon v ca tp ch s {1, 2, . . . , n}. Xt

hm du
( (j) (i))
sign () =
.
(j
i)
1i<jn
Khi , tp gi tr ca sign() ch bao gm hai gi tr 1. Hn na,
Nu sign () = 1 th l mt hon v chn.
Nu sign () = 1 th l mt hon v l.
V d 1.23. Xt tnh chn l ca hon v = (2, 3, 1, 4).

Gii. Ta c
sign () =
( (j) (i))
= 1.
(j
i)
1i<j4
Vy l mt hon v chn.
17

Nhn xt 1.4. S cc hon v chn v l ca tp ch s {1, 2, . . . , n} l
1
nh nhau v bng n!.
2
1.2.2 nh ngha nh thc ca ma trn vung

Cho A l mt ma trn vung cp n
a11 a12
a21 a22
A = ..
..
.
.
an1 an2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
.. .
..
. .
. . . ann
u tin, chng ta lp mt tch gm n phn t ca ma trn A, nm

n dng khc nhau v n ct cng khc nhau. Chng ta s thu c
n! tch s c dng a1(1) a2(2) . . . an(n) () vi ( (1) , (2) , . . . , (n)) l mt
hon v ca b ch s {1, 2, . . . , n}.
Tip theo, nu hon v ( (1) , (2) , . . . , (n)) l hon v chn th
chng ta gi nguyn du ca tch dng (). Ngc li, nu hon v
( (1) , (2) , . . . , (n)) l hon v l th chng ta i du tch s dng ().
Nh vy, s tch s gi nguyn du v s tch s i du l bng nhau v
1
bng n!. Khi , chng ta c n! tch s dng a1(1) a2(2) . . . an(n) ().
2
nh ngha 1.6. Tng ca n! tch s dng () c gi l nh thc

(cp n) ca ma trn vung A = (aij )n . K hiu: det A hoc

|A| =

a11 a12
a21 a22
..
..
.
.
an1 an2

. . . a1n
. . . a2n
. .
..
. ..
. . . ann
Qui c: Nu A = (a) th det A = a.
V d 1.24. S dng nh ngha xy dng cng thc tnh nh thc

ca ma trn vung cp 2.
Gii. Gi s
(
A=
a11 a12
a21 a22
18
)
.
1.2. NH THC
Ta s xy dng cng thc tnh det A.
Tp ch s {1, 2} ch c hai hon v (1, 2) v (2, 1). xy dng cng
thc tnh nh thc ca ma trn A, chng ta cn phi xc nh hai tch
a1(1) a2(2) cng vi du ca chng. C th, ta c bng sau:
( (1) , (2)) Hon v chn/ l a1(1) a2(2)
(1, 2)
chn
a11 a22
(2, 1)
l
a12 a21

a
a
Vy det A = 11 12
a21 a22

= a11 a22 a12 a21 .

V d 1.25. S dng nh ngha xy dng cng thc tnh nh thc

cp 3.
a11 a12 a13

Gii. Gi s A = a21 a22 a32 .
a31 a32 a33
Tp ch s {1, 2, 3} c 6 hon v l:
(1, 2, 3) ; (1, 3, 2) ; (2, 1, 3) ; (2, 3, 1) ; (3, 1, 2) ; (3, 2, 1) .
xy dng cng thc tnh nh thc ca ma trn A, chng ta cn
phi xc nh su tch a1(1) a2(2) a3(3) cng vi du ca chng. C th,
ta c bng sau:
((1), (2), (3)) Hon v chn/l a1(1) a2(2) a3(3)
(1, 2, 3)
chn
a11 a22 a33
(1, 3, 2)
l
a11 a23 a32
(2, 1, 3)
l
a12 a21 a33
(2, 3, 1)
chn
a12 a23 a31
(3, 1, 2)
chn
a13 a21 a32
(3, 2, 1)
l
a13 a22 a31
Vy

a11 a12 a13

det A = a21 a22 a23

a
31 a32 a33
= (a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21 a32 a13 )
(a13 a22 a31 + a23 a32 a11 + a12 a21 a33 ) .
nh thc ca nhng ma trn cp cao hn c th xy dng theo cch

trn nhng s cho ra nhng biu thc cng knh, phc tp.

19

1 4
.
V d 1.26. Tnh nh thc =
1 2

1 4
= 2 (4) = 6. Vy = 6.
Gii. Ta c
1 2

1 3 2

V d 1.27. Tnh nh thc = 1 1 2 .
2 6 4
Gii. Ta c

1 3 2

1 1 2 = (1.1.4 + 3.2.2 + 1.6.2) (2.1.2 + 1.6.2 + 1.3.4) = 0.

2 6 4
Vy = 0.

x 1 6

V d 1.28. Gii bt phng trnh 0 1 0
2 1 3x
Gii. Ta c

x 1 6

0 1 0

2 1 3x

0.

= 3x2 12.

Do , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

3x2 12 0 2 x 2.
Vy, bt phng trnh c nghim 2 x 2.
1.2.3 Phn b i s, ma trn ph hp v cng thc

khai trin nh thc
Phn b i s
nh ngha 1.7. Cho ma trn vung A = (aij )n . nh thc ca ma

trn thu c t A bng cch xa b dng i v ct j nhn vi (1)i+j
c gi l phn b i s ca phn t aij , k hiu Aij .
20
1.2. NH THC
1 0 1
V d 1.29. Cho ma trn A = 2 2 2 . Tnh A11 , A22 , A23 , A33 .
4 3 0
Gii. Ta c
A11
A23

= (1)

2+3
= (1)
1+1

2 2
2+2
=
6;
A
=
(1)
22

3 0

1 0
3+3
=
3;
A
=
(1)
33

4 3

1 1
= 4.
4 0

1 0
= 2.
2 2
Ma trn ph hp
nh ngha 1.8. Ma trn, k hiu A , c nh ngha nh sau:
[
]T
A = (Aij )n =
A11 A21
A12 A22
..
..
.
.
A1n A2n
. . . An1
. . . An2
..
...
.
. . . Ann
vi Aij l phn b i s ca phn t aij , c gi l ma trn ph

hp ca ma trn A.
(
V d 1.30. cho ma trn A =
(
Gii. Ta c A =
A11 A21
A12 A22
)
. Tm A
1 5
1 2
(
=
2 5
1 1
)
.
1 0 0
V d 1.31. Cho ma trn A = a 1 0 . Tm A .
c b 1
Gii. Ta c

1 0
1 0

= 1, A22 =
c 1 = 1, A33 = c 1 = 1.

A11

1 0
=
b 1
A21

0 0
=
b 1

1 0
0 0

= 0, A31 =
1 0 = 0, A32 = a 0

21

= 0.


A12
A23

a 0
=
c 1

1 0
=
c b

a 1
= a, A13 =

c b = ab c.

= b.

1
0 0
Vy A = a
1 0 .
ab c b 1
Cng thc khai trin nh thc
nh l 1.3. (Laplace.) Gi s A Mn (R). Khi ,

det A =
aij Aij = ai1 Ai1 + ai2 Ai2 + + ain Ain , i = 1, n.
j=1
det A =
aij Aij = a1j A1j + a2j A2j + + anj Anj , j = 1, n.
i=1
Mt s kt qu quan trng rt ra t nh l trn:

Nu A = (aij )n l mt ma trn tam gic th det A = a11 a22 . . . ann .
Nu tn ti i, j sao cho aik = 0, k = j th det A = aij Aij .
Nhn xt 1.5. vic tnh nh thc n gin hn, ta thng khai
trin nh thc theo cc hng (ct) c cng nhiu s khng cng tt.
1 2 1 2
0 2 0 0
V d 1.32. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn A =
.
1 3 2 4
0 2 1 3
Gii. Khai trin nh thc theo dng 2 ta c

1 1 2

det A = (1)2+2 .2. 1 2 4 = 6.
0
1 3
Ta c th khai trin nh thc theo ct 1.
22
1.2. NH THC
V d 1.33. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn A =
2
0 3
2 1 0
3
0 2
4 1 2
1 1 2
0
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
Gii. p dng cng thc khai trin nh thc ta c

2
0
3
0
0
2 0 3 0

2 1 0 4 0

2
1
0
4

khai trin theo c5

4+5
0 2 0 0 ======== 1(1)

3
3 0 2 0

4 1 2 3 1

1 1 2 0

1 1 2 0 0

2 0 3

khai trin theo c4
======== 4(1)2+4 3 0 2 = 20.
1 1 2
Vy det A = 20.
V d 1.34. Chng minh ng thc

a

11 a21 b11 b12

a21 a22 b21 b22 a11 a12

=
0
0 c11 c12 a21 a22

0
0 c21 c22

c11 c12

c21 c22
Chng minh. Khai trin nh thc theo dng 4 ta c

a

a
b
b
11
21
11
12

a11
a11 a12 b12

a21 a22 b21 b22

= c21 a21 a22 b22 + c22 a21
0
0 c11 c12
0
0

0 c12
0
0 c21 c22

a11
a11 a12

+
c
c
= c12 c21
11
22
a21
a21 a22

a
c
a c
= 11 12 11 12 .
c21 c22
a21 a22
ng thc c chng minh.

x

1
V d 1.35. Gii phng trnh
0

0
9 1 x
x 2 x2
0 x 8
0 2 x
23

= 0.

(1.1)
a12 b11
a22 b21
0 c11

a12
a22

Gii. p dng cng thc 1.1 ta c

x 9 1 x

2
)(
)
1
x
2
x

x 9 x 8 ( 2
= x 9 x2 16 .

=

0 0 x 8
1 x
2 x

0 0 2 x
Do , phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 3; x = 4.
Nhn xt 1.6. Nu trong v d 1.34 ta t

)
(
)
(
)
(
c11 c12
a11 a12
b11 b12
,C =
,B =
A=
c21 c22
a21 a22
b21 b22
th cng thc 1.1 c th vit li nh sau

A B

O22 C = |A| |C| .
(1.2)
Bng phng php chng minh nh trong v d 1.34 ta cng t

c cc kt qu

O22 C
A O22

= |A| |C| .
A B = |A| |C| ; B
C
Cc kt qu trn c th m rng cho trng hp A, B, C Mn (R)

A
Onn C A Onn
B

=
= |A| |C| .
(1.3)
Onn C = A
B B
C
1.2.4 Mt s tnh cht c bn ca nh thc

1. nh thc bng khng nu trong nh thc c dng (ct) khng.

1 3 3 1 0 2

V d 1.36. Cc nh thc 2 4 1 ; 4 0 3 u bng khng
0 0 0 2 0 1
v mi nh thc u cha dng khng hoc ct khng.
2. nh thc i du nu ta i ch hai dng (ct) ca nh thc
v gi nguyn cc dng (ct) cn li.
24
1.2. NH THC

a11 a12 . . .
..
..
.
.
ai1 ai2 . . .
..
..
.
.
a1n
..
.
aj1 aj2
..
..
.
.
an1 an2 . . .
ajn
..
.
ain
..
.
ann

di dj

=====

V d 1.37. Cho hai nh thc

1 2 3 4

2 5 4 7
1 =
3 6 8 4

4 8 12 17
a11 a12 . . .
..
..
.
.
aj1 aj2 . . .
..
..
.
.
a1n
..
.
ai1
..
.
ai2 . . .
..
.
ain
..
.
an1 an2 . . .
ann

2

1

, 2 =

4

3
ajn
..
.

5 4 7

2 3 4
.
8 12 17

6 8 4
Khng nh no sau y ng?

c. 1 = 2
d. 2 = 21
a. 1 = 2
b. 2 = 21
Gii. Ta thy nh thc 2 nhn c t nh thc 1 bng cch hon

i dng 1 vi dng 2 v hon i dng 3 vi dng 4. Do
2 = (1)2 1 = 1 .
Vy p n ta chn l a.

V d 1.38. Tnh nh thc

Gii. Ta c

0 1

0 2

0 3

1 4

2 1

7 x
0
0
0
1
3
6
x
y
z
2
0
1
0 1 0
0 2 0
0 3 0
1 4 1
2 1 3
7 x 6
x
y
z
2
0
1
0 x+2
0 y+4
0 z+6
2
1
1 1
3
8

x+2
0 x + 2

y+4

0 y+4

c1 c6
0 z + 6 c3 c4 z + 6
===
1
2
1

1
1 1

8
3
8

x+2 1

= y + 4 2
z+6 3
25
1
2
3
4
1
x

x
y
z
x
y
z
2
0
1
1
3
6
0
0
0
1
3
6
2
1
3
0
0
0
2
1
3
1
2
7
0
0
0
1
2
7

= 0.


Ta c th chuyn hng cc ct cha s 0 sang pha tri v cng t
c kt qu d dng.

3. Nu trong nh thc c hai dng (ct) ging nhau th nh thc
bng khng.

1 3 1

V d 1.39. nh thc 5 9 7 bng
1 3 1
ging nhau.

x2 1

x x3
2 1

1 0
khng v c dng 1 v dng 3

2 2

1
1
= 0.
1
1

1
1
Gii. V tri ca phng trnh trn l mt nh thc c ct ba v

bn bng nhau nn lun lun bng khng. Vy phng trnh cho
c nghim l mi x R.

4. Tha s chung ca mt dng (ct) c th a ra ngoi du nh
thc.

a11 a12 . . . a1n
.
..
..
.
.
.
.

kai1 kai2 . . . kain
.
..
..
..
.
.

a
an2 . . . ann
n1
hoc

a11 . . .
a21 . . .
..
.
ka1j . . .
ka2j . . .
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
an1 . . .
kanj . . .
ann

= k

= k

V d 1.41. Cho hai nh thc

1
0 2 2

2 1 3 1
1 =
4
2 1 3

1
3 4 4
a11 a12 . . .
..
..
.
.
ai1 ai2 . . .
..
..
.
.
an1 an2 . . .

ain .
..
.
ann
a1n
..
.
a11 . . .
a21 . . .
..
.
a1j . . .
a2j . . .
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
an1 . . .
anj . . .
ann

2

0
4
8

4
2
6
4

.
, 2 =
4

2 1 6

1

3 4 8
26
1.2. NH THC
a. 1 = 2
b. 2 = 41
c. 1 = 22
d. 2 = 81
Gii. Ta thy nh thc 2 nhn c t nh thc 1 bng cch nhn

dng 1 cho 2, dng 2 cho 2 v ct 4 cho 2. Do 2 = 81 .

5. Nu nh thc c hai dng (ct) t l vi nhau th bng khng
(hai dng (ct) i v j ca nh thc c gi l t l khi dj = kdi
(tng ng cj = kci ) vi k R).

1 2 3 a b c

V d 1.42. Cc nh thc 2 4 6 , ka kb kc l bng khng v
1 2 3 x y z
dng 1 v dng 2 t l vi nhau.
6. Nu nh thc c mt dng (ct) m cc phn t c tch
thnh tng hai s th nh thc cng c tch thnh tng ca hai
nh thc tng ng.

a11
...
a1n

.
..

..
.

bi1 + ci1 . . . bin + cin

..
..

.
.

a
.
.
.
a
n1
nn
a11 . . .
..
.
bi1
..
.
...
an1 . . .

bin +
..
.
ann
a1n
..
.

. . . cin . (1.4)
..
.
. . . ann
a11 . . .
..
.
ci1
..
.
an1
a1n
..
.
V d 1.43. Khng dng nh ngha hy chng minh cc nh thc

1 x+2 x
1+x 3+y 3+z

1 = 1
3
3 , 2 = 2 y + 4 y
3 z+6 z
x
y
z
lun bng khng vi mi x, y, z.
Gii. p dng cng thc 1.4 ta c

1 3 3 x y z

1 = 1 3 3 + 1 3 3
x y z x y z

= 0.

Tng t ta cng c 2 = 0.
27
7. nh thc khng thay i khi ta cng hoc tr vo mt dng

(ct), mt dng (ct) khc nhn vi mt s.

a11
a12
...
a1n

..
..
..

.
.
.

a
ka
a
ka
.
.
.
a
kajn
i1
j1
i2
j2
in

.
.
.

..
..
..

an1
an2
...
ann
a11 a12 . . .
..
..
.
.
ai1 ai2 . . .
..
..
.
.
an1 an2 . . .

ain .
..
.
ann
a1n
..
.
hoc

a11 . . .
a21 . . .
..
.
a1i ka1j . . .
a2i ka2j . . .
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
an1 . . .
ani kanj . . .
ann


x 1
x x
1 3
2 1
a11 . . .
a21 . . .
..
.
a1i . . .
a2i . . .
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
an1 . . .
ani . . .
ann

0 2x

1 4
= 0.
x 2

2 4
Gii. S dng tnh cht trn ta c

x 1
x x
1 3
2 1

0
0

1 4 2x

1
0

2
0

x 1 0

khai trin ct 4
====== (1)2+4 (4 2x) 1 3 1
2 1 2
= 7x (4 2x) .

x 1
0 2x

1 4 c4 c4 2c1 x x
======
1 3
1 2

2 1
2 4
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x = 0, x = 2.

m+1 m1
2

V d 1.45. Gii bt phng trnh m + 2 2m + 3 m + 2
m+1
m
2
28

0.

1.2. NH THC
Gii. Ta c

m+1 m1
2

m + 2 2m + 3 m + 2

m+1
m
2

m+1 m1
2

d
d
d
3
3
1
======= m + 2 2m + 3 m + 2

0
1
0
khai trin dng 3
======= (m2 + m 2)
Khi , bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi

m2 + m 2 0 2 m 1
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim 2 m 1.


1
1
1
..
.
1
2
1
..
.
1 ... 1
2 ... 2
3 ... 3
..
..
.
.
1 1 1 ... 1

.

n
1
2
3
..
.
Gii. Ta c

1
1
1
..
.
1
2
1
..
.
1 ... 1
2 ... 2
3 ... 3
..
..
.
.
1 1 1 ... 1

n
1
2
3
..
.

d2 d2 d1
====
d3 d3 d1

..

.
dn dn d1
1
0
0
..
.
1
1
0
..
.
1 ... 1
1
1 ... 1
1
2 ... 2
2
..
..
..
.
.
.
0 0 0 ... 0 n 1
= (n 1)!.
Vy = (n 1)!.


.

1 1 1 ... 2
2
1
1
..
.
29
1
2
1
..
.
1
1
2
..
.
...
...
...
...
1
1
1
..
.

Gii. Ta c

2 1 1

1 2 1

1 1 2

. . .
.. .. ..

1 1 1
Mt khc

1

1

1

.
..

1

... 2
...
...
...
..
.
1
1
1
..
.

n+1

1

d1 d1 +...+dn
===== 1
.
..

1

1

1

==== (n + 1) 1
.
..

1

d2 d2 d1
====
d3 d3 d1
.
..
1 1 . . . 2 dn dn d1
1
2
1
..
.
1
1
2
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
1
1
..
.
n + 1 n + 1 ... n + 1
2
1
...
1
1
2
...
1
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
1
1
...
2

1 1 ... 1
2 1 . . . 1
1 2 . . . 1 .
.. .. . . ..
. .
. .
1 1 ... 2

= 1.

0 0 0 ... 1
1
0
0
..
.
1
1
0
..
.
1
0
1
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
1
0
0
..
.
Vy = n + 1.
8. Nu A v
B l hai ma trn vung cng cp th |AB| = |A| |B|.
c bit, Ak = |A|k vi mi k N.
V d 1.48. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn
4 0 0
1 1 2
A = 0 1 4 2 2 0 .
1 3 1
0 0 2
Gii. p dng tnh cht 8 ta c

1 1 2 4 0 0

det A = 0 1 4 2 2 0 = 2.8 = 16.
0 0 2 1 3 1
m
2
m+2
V d 1.49. Cho ma trn A = 0 m 1
2 . Gii phng trnh
0
0
m+1
det (A2011 ) = 0.
30
1.2. NH THC
(
)
[ (
)]2011
det A2011 = (det A)2011 = m m2 1
.
Khi , phng trnh cho tng ng vi
m=0
[ ( 2
)]2011
m m 1
=0 m=1 .
m = 1
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim m = 0, m = 1.
V d 1.50. Cho A Mn (R) tha det A = 2 v A2 4A = 2In . Tnh

det (A 4In ).
Gii. T gi thit bi ta c
A2 4A = 2In
A (A 4In ) = 2In .
Do
det [A (A 4In )] = det (2In )

det A det (A 4In ) = det (2In ) .
V det A = 2 v det(2In ) = 2n nn ta suy ra det (A 4In ) = 2n1 .
V d 1.51. Cho A, B Mn (R) tha det A = 2 v det B = 2011. Tnh

det(2AB).
Gii. Ta c det (2AB) = det (2A) det B = 2n .2.2011 = 2011.2n+1
9. nh thc ca ma
vung A bng nh thc ca ma trn
trn
chuyn v, tc l |A| = AT .
(
V d 1.52. Cho A Mn (R) , det A = a. Tnh det A .A. A

T
)
T 2
(
)
Gii. Ta c det AT .A.(AT )2 = det AT . det A. det(AT )2 = a4 .
)
.
V d 1.53. Cho A Mn (R) , det A = 1. Tnh det(3AT .A2 ).

Gii. Ta c det(3AT .A2 ) = 3n det(AT .A2 ) = 3n .
31
1.3 Ma trn nghch o

nh ngha 1.9. Ma trn vung A c gi l khng suy bin nu
det A = 0.
m m+1 m1
V d 1.54. Tm m ma trn A = 0 m 1
1 l khng suy
0
0
m+2
bin.
Gii. Ta c det A = m (m 1) (m + 2). ma trn A khng suy bin th
m = 0
det A = 0 m (m 1) (m + 2) = 0

m = 1 .
m = 2
nh ngha 1.10. Cho A Mn (R), nu tn ti B Mn (R) sao cho
AB = BA = In th B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A,
k hiu A1 , cn ma trn A c gi l ma trn kh nghch.
(
V d 1.55. Ma trn B =
(
)
2 1
trn A =
.
1 1
1 1
1 2
)
l ma trn nghch o ca ma
1 2 3
V d 1.56. Ma trn A = 2 1 2 c ma trn nghch o l ma
1 1 1
1 5
1
2 6 6
1
trn B =
0
23 .
3
1
12 12
2
(
)
0 1
V d 1.57. Ma trn A =
khng c ma trn nghch o. Tht
0 0
(
)
x y
vy, ly ma trn bt k B M2 (R), gi s B =
, khi
z t
(
)(
) (
)
0 1
x y
z t
AB =
=
= I2 .
0 0
z t
0 0
32
1.3. MA TRN NGHCH O

Vic xc nh mt ma trn vung cho c kh nghch hay khng
l mt vic khng n gin nu ta ch da vo nh ngha, kt qu sau
y gip ta gii quyt kh khn ny.
nh l 1.4. Cho A Mn (R), ma trn A kh nghch khi v ch khi

A khng suy bin. Hn na, ma trn nghch o ca A l duy nht
1
v c xc nh bi A1 =
A , y A l ma trn ph hp
det A
ca A.
(
H qu 1.1. Nu ad bc = 0 th ma trn A =
a b
c d
)
kh nghch
v ma trn nghch o A1 xc nh bi
(
)
1
d b
1
A =
.
ad bc c a
(
(
)
1 4
1
o A =
.
1 3
3 4
1 1
)
kh nghch v c ma trn nghch
V d 1.59. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

(
A=
1 3
1 2
(
2
3 0
2 1
)
.
Gii. Ta c
(
A=
Khi , A
1
=
15
1 3
1 2
(
0 3
5 7
(
2
3 0
2 1
(
=
7 3
5 0
)
.
)
.
1 0 0
V d 1.60. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A = a 1 0 .
c b 1
33

Gii. p dng nh l 1.4 ta c
A1 =
1
A .
det A
1
0 0
Trong v d 1.31 ta bit A = a
1 0 . Hn na, det A =
ab c b 1
1
0 0
1 nn ta suy ra A1 = a

1 0 .
ab c b 1
(
)
m m3
kh nghch. Vi m
V d 1.61. Tm m ma trn A =
0 m1
tm c, hy xc nh A1 .
Gii. Ma trn A kh nghch khi v ch khi A khng suy bin, iu ny

tng ng vi
{
m = 0
det A = 0 m (m 1) = 0
.
m = 1
Vi m xc nh nh trn ta suy ra c
(
)
1
m 1 m3
1
A =
.
0
m
m (m 1)
V d 1.62. Tm cc s thc a, b, c ma trn
0 a b c
a 0 c b
A=
b c 0 a
c b a 0
kh nghch.
Gii. u tin, ta tnh c
det A = (a + b + c) (a + b c) (a + c b) (b + c a) .
Ma trn A kh nghch khi v ch khi A khng suy bin, iu ny
tng ng vi
a + b + c = 0
a + b c = 0
det A = 0
.
a + c b = 0
b + c a = 0
34
1.3. MA TRN NGHCH O

Nhn xt 1.7. Ta cn c mt thut ton khc tm A1 ch qua cc
php bin i s cp trn dng. Thut ton ny kh tin li khi x l
nhng ma trn c dng c bit. Cc bc tin hnh thut ton (ta gi
thit A Mn (R)):
Bc 1: Lp ma trn (A|In ) bng cch ghp ma trn n v In

vo bn phi ma trn A.
Bc 2: Dng cc php bin i s cp a ma trn (A|In )
v dng (A |B), trong A l ma trn bc thang rt gn.
Nu A = In th B = A1 .
Nu A = In th ma trn A khng kh nghch nn khng c ma
trn nghch o.
0 1 1
A = 1 0 1 .
1 1 0
Gii. Ta c
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 12 12 12
1
d1 2 (d1 +d2 +d3 )
(A|I3 ) = 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
2
2
2
d2 d2 d1
0 1 0 12 12 21
d3 d3 d1
0 0 1 12 21 12
1
1 0 0 12 12
2
d1 d1 +d2 +d3
0 1 0 12 12 21 .
d2 d2
1
d3 d3
0 0 1 12
12
2
1 1
1
1
= 1 1 1 .
2
1
1 1
T y ta suy ra A1
35

1 0 0 0
a 1 0 0
A=
.
d b 1 0
f e c 1
Gii. Bng cch l lun nh v d trn ta tnh c
1
0
0 0
1
0 0
a
A1 =
1 0
ab d b
f
cb e c 1
vi f = ae + cd abc f .
1.3.1 Tnh cht

1. Nu ma trn A kh nghch
th cc ma trn A1 , AT cng kh
(
)
1
1
T
nghch v (A1 ) = A; AT
= (A1 ) .
2. Nu hai ma trn A, B Mn (R) kh nghch th ma trn tch AB
cng kh nghch v (AB)1 = B 1 A1 .
Tng qut: Nu m ma trn A1 , A2 , . . . , Am Mn (R) kh nghch
th ma trn tch A1 A2 . . . Am cng kh nghch v (A1 A2 ...Am )1 =
1
1
A1
m Am1 ...A1 .
Trng hp A1 = A2 = = Am = A, ta c mt h qu rt hay l
(Am )1 = (A1 )m .
3. Nu A kh nghch th det A1 = (det A)1 .
V d 1.65. Cho A Mn (R); det A = a = 0. Hy tnh det(2011(A1 )4 ).
)
(
2011n
4
4
1 4
.
det 2011(A ) = 2011n det (A1 ) = 2011n (det A1 ) =
a4
1 0 0
1 1 1
A = 0 1 1 2 1 0 .
3 3 1
0 0 1
36
1.3. MA TRN NGHCH O

Gii. p dng tnh cht 2 v kt qu trong v d 1.60 ta nhn c
A1 =
1
1
1 0 0
1 1 1
2 1 0 0 1 1
3 3 1
0 0 1
1
0 0
1 1 0
2 1 0 0 1 1
3 3 1
0 0
1
1 1 0
2 3 1 .
3 6 4
Vy A1
1 1 0
= 2 3 1 .
3 6 4
V d 1.67. Cho hai ma trn A, B Mn (R) tha hai iu kin:

det A = a (a = 0) , det B = b (b = 0).
det (A1 + B 1 ) = (ab)1 .
Tnh det(A + B).
Gii. Trc ht, ta c A + B = A (A1 + B 1 ) B, suy ra
(
)
det (A + B) = det A det A1 + B 1 det B = 1.
Vy det(A + B) = 1.
1.3.2
Phng trnh ma trn AX = B v XA = B
nh l 1.5. Cho A Mn (R); det A = 0, phng trnh AX = B c

nghim khi v ch khi B Mnp (R), ng thi nghim l duy
nht v c xc nh bi X = A1 B.
nh l 1.6. Cho A Mn (R); det A = 0, phng trnh XA = B c

nghim khi v ch khi B Mqn (R), ng thi nghim l duy
nht v c xc nh bi X = BA1 .
37

V d 1.68. Gii phng trnh AX = B vi
(
)
(
)
1 0
2 2
A=
;B =
.
1 1
0 1
Gii. V det A = 1 = 0 v A, B M2 (R) nn phng trnh cho c
nghim duy nht
(
)(
) (
)
1 0
2 2
2
2
1
X=A B=
=
.

1 1
0 1
2 1
V d 1.69. Gii phng trnh XA = B vi
(
)
(
)
1 0
2 2
A=
;B =
.
1 1
0 1
Gii. V det A = 1 = 0 v A, B M2 (R) nn phng trnh cho c
nghim duy nht
(
)(
) (
)
2 2
1 0
0 2
1
X = BA =
=
.

0 1
1 1
1 1
V d 1.70. Gii phng trnh AXB = C vi
(
)
(
)
(
)
7 3
5 2
0 1
A=
;B =
;C =
.
2 1
2 1
1 2
Gii. V det A = det B = 1 = 0 v A, B, C M2 (R) nn phng trnh
cho c nghim duy nht
X = A1 CB 1
(
)(
)(
) (
)
1 3
0 1
1 2
7 19
=
=
.
2 7
1 2
2 5
17 46
Nhn xt 1.8. Trng hp det A = 0, cc phng trnh ma trn c

gii nh sau:
Phng trnh AX = B s v nghim khi B

/ Mnp , cn nu
B Mnp th ma trn X s c cp n p, ta gi s X = (xij )np
v thay trc tip vo phng trnh AX = B xc nh cc xij .
Phng trnh XA = B s v nghim khi B
/ Mqn , cn nu
B Mqn th ma trn X s c cp q n, ta gi s X = (xij )qn
v thay trc tip vo phng trnh XA = B xc nh cc xij .
38
1.3. MA TRN NGHCH O

V d 1.71. Gii phng trnh AX = B vi
(
)
(
)
2 4
1 2
A=
;B =
.
1 2
3 6
Gii. Ta thy A M2 (R) v det A = 0. Ma trn B l mt ma trn
vung
( cp 2 nn
) ma trn X cng l ma trn vung cp 2, ta gi s
x11 x12
X=
, thay vo phng trnh AX = B ta c
x21 x22
(
2 4
1 2
2x11
x11
2x12
x
12
)(
+
+
+
+
x11 x12
x21 x22
4x21 =
2x21 =
4x22 =
2x22 =
(
=
1 2
3 6
1
3
2
6
H trn v nghim nn phng trnh cho cng v nghim.
V d 1.72. Gii phng trnh XA = B vi

(
)
(
)
3 6
9 18
A=
;B =
.
2 4
6 12
Gii. Ta thy A M2 (R) v det A = 0. Ma trn B l mt ma trn
vung
( cp 2 nn
) ma trn X cng l ma trn vung cp 2, ta gi s
x11 x12
X=
, thay vo phng trnh XA = B ta c
x21 x22
(
x11 x12
x21 x22
3x11 +
6x11 +
3x21 +
6x
21 +
{
3x11 +
3x21 +
)(
3 6
2 4
2x12 =
4x12 =
2x22 =
4x22 =
2x12 =
2x22 =
(
=
9 18
6 12
9
18
6
12
9
6
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c nghim

x11 =
6 2b
9 2a
; x12 = a; x21 =
; x22 = b
3
3
vi a, b R.

39
1.4 Hng ca ma trn

1.4.1 Khi nim v hng ca ma trn
nh ngha 1.11. Ma trn A Mmn (R) c gi l c hng r, k
hiu r(A) = r, nu ma trn A tha hai iu kin:
Tn ti mt ma trn con vung cp r ca A c nh thc khc
khng.
Mi ma trn con vung ca A c cp khng b hn r + 1 u c
nh thc bng khng.
1 1 2
V d 1.73. Ma trn A = 0 1 3 c hng bng 2 v ma trn con
0 0 0
(
)
1 2
ca A c nh thc bng 1 (tc khc khng), hn na cc ma
1 3
trn con c cp khng b hn 3 ca A cng chnh l A. M det A = 0 nn
theo nh ngha ta c r(A) = 2.
a11 a12 . . . a1r . . . a1n

0 a22 . . . a2r . . . a2n
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
vi aii = 0, i = 1, r
V d 1.74. Ma trn
0
0
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
a
rr
rn
0
0 ... 0 ... 0
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
0
0 ... 0 ... 0
c hng bng r.
V d 1.75. Tm hng ca ma trn
1 1 2 3
A = 1 2 3 4 .
3 6 9 12
(
Gii. Trc ht, ta thy ma trn B =
ca A c det B = 3 = 0. Vy r(A) 2.
40
1 1
1 2
)
l mt ma trn con
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN

Mt khc, nu ta gi C l mt ma trn con ca A c cp khng b
hn 3 th trong ma trn C lun c dng 2 v dng 3 t l vi nhau, ta
suy ra det C = 0. Do r(A) = 2.
1.4.2
Tnh cht
1. Nu A Mmn th 0 r (A) min {m, n}.

2. Nu A Mn (R) th
r (A) = n khi v ch khi det A = 0. T y ta cng suy ra A
kh nghch khi v ch khi r(A) = n.
r(A) < n khi v ch khi det A = 0.
( )
3. r (A) = r AT vi mi A Mmn (R).
4. Nu A, B Mmn (R) th r (A + B) r (A) + r (B).
5. Nu A Mmn (R) v B Mnp (R) th r (AB) min {r (A) , r (B)}.
6. Nu A, B Mn (R) th r (A + B) r (A) + r (B) n + r (AB).
7. Nu A Mmn (R) v X Mn (R) l mt ma trn khng suy bin
th r (AX) = r (A).
8. Nu A Mmn (R) v Y Mm (R) l mt ma trn khng suy bin
th r (Y A) = r (A).
9. Nu A l ma trn nhn c t ma trn A qua cc php bin i
s cp th r(A) = r(A ).
T cc tnh cht trn, chng ta rt ra mt thut tm hng ca ma
trn. Thut ton bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Dng cc php bin i s cp chuyn ma trn A v

ma trn bc thang A (trong qu trnh dng cc php bin i
s cp chng ta c th loi b dng khng, nu c nhiu dng
i mt t l vi nhau th ta ch cn gi li mt dng, loi b
cc dng cn li).
Bc 2: Hng ca ma trn A bng s dng khc khng ca
ma trn A .
41

1
1
1
A = 1 2 3 .
0
1
2
Gii. Ta c
1
1
1
1 1
1
d2 d2 +d1
A = 1 2 3
0 1 2
0
1
2
0 1
2
1 1
1
d3 d3 +d2
0 1 2 .
0 0
0
Vy r (A) = 2.
3 1
3 1
A=
9 1
15 1
Gii. V cc ct th hai, t,
xa ct th t v th nm
3 1
1
xa ct 4 v 5 3
A
9 1
15 1
1 2 1
0 2 1
.
2 2 1
2 2 1
nm i mt t l vi nhau nn ta c th
1
0
2
2
d2 d2 d1
d3 d3 3d1

d4 d4 5d1
3 1 1
0 2 1
= B.
0 2 1
0 6 3
Ta thy cc dng hai, ba, bn ca ma trn B i mt t l vi nhau

nn ta c th xa dng th ba v dng th t
(
)
3 1 1
xa dng 2,3 v 4
B
.
0 2 1
Vy ta kt lun r(A) = 2.
V d 1.78. Tm m hng ca ma trn
1 1
2
1
A = 2 2 m + 5 m2 + 1
1 1
2
m1
bng 3.
42
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN

Gii. Ta c
1 1
2
1
d2 d2 2d1
A
0 0 m + 1 m2 1 .
d3 d3 d1
0 0
0
m2
Ta xt hai trng hp:

Nu m = 1 hoc m = 2 th r (A) = 2.
{
m = 1
Nu
th r(A) = 3.
m = 2
{
Vy gi tr m cn tm l
m = 1
m = 2
V d 1.79. Ty theo gi tr ca m tnh hng ca ma trn
1 0
2 1 0
1 1 2 2
2
A=
.
1
1 3 2
1
2 1 1 m 2
Gii. Ta c
1 0
2 1
2
1 1 2
1
1
1 3
2 1 1 m
1 0
1
xa ct 5
d2 d2 +2d1 0
A

1
d3 d3 +d1 0
d4 d4 2d1
0 1
1 0
2
1
1 0
xa dng 3
d3 d3 +d2
0
1
3
4
0 1
0 1 3 m 2
0 0
2
1
3
4
3
4
3 m 2
2
1
3
4 .
0 m+2
Nu m = 2 th r(A) = 2.
Nu m = 2 th r(A) = 3.
Bi tp chng 1
Phn t lun
Bi tp 1.1. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2012 m phn t dng i l
i. Tm phn t dng 2 ct 7 ca ma trn A2 .
43

Bi tp 1.2. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2012 m phn t dng i l
(1)i i. Tm phn t dng 3 ct 2 ca ma trn A2 .
Bi tp 1.3. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2012, trong phn t dng
i ct j l (1)i+j . Tm phn t dng 2 ct 2 ca ma trn A2 .
th i l 2i1 . Tm phn t dng 1 ct 2012 ca ma trn A2 .
th i l i. Tm phn t dng 1 ct 2000 ca ma trn A2 .
(
)
0 1
Bi tp 1.6. Cho ma trn A =
. Tm ma trn A2011 .
1 0
(
)
cos sin
. Tm ma trn A2011 .
sin cos
0 1 0
Bi tp 1.8. Cho ma trn A = 0 0 1. Tm s nguyn dng n nh
0 0 0
n
nht tha A = O33 .
(
)
0 0
. Tm ma trn (I A)2011 .
1 0
(
)
1 0
. Tm ma trn A2011 .
3 1
0 0 1
Bi tp 1.11. Cho ma trn A = 0 0 0. S nguyn dng n nh
0 0 0
n
nht tha A = O33 l bao nhiu?
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
. S nguyn dng n ln
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
n
nht tha A = O44 l bao nhiu?
(
)
0 0
. Tm ma trn tng
1 0
2011
2n An = I + 2A + 4A2 + 8A3 + .. + 22011 A2011 .
n=0
44
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN
0 1 1
Bi tp 1.14. Cho ma trn A = 0 0 1. Tm ma trn tng
0 0 0
2011
(2)n An = I 2A + 4A2 8A3 + .. 22011 A2011 .
n=0
)
2011
n
0 0
. Tm ma trn tng
A .
1 0
n=0
(
)
2011
(1)n n
0 0
. Tm ma trn tng
A .
n!
1 0
n=0
(
)
2011
n n
0 1
2 A .
. Tm ma trn tng
0 0
n=0
Bi tp 1.18. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2011 tha det A = 1. nh
thc ca ma trn 4A1 l bao nhiu?
Bi tp 1.19. Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2011 tha det A = 4. nh
2
thc ca ma trn 5(A1 ) l bao nhiu?
1 1 0 2
0 2 1 1
Bi tp 1.20. Cho A =
. Tm phn t dng 2 ct 3 ca
1 4 0 4
1 1 0 0
1
ma trn A ?
1 m m
Bi tp 1.21. nh thc ca ma trn m m2 m3 l bao nhiu?
m2 m3 m4
Bi tp 1.22. Tm s thc m ma trn
(
)(
)(
)
m
1
m1
0
m1
0
A=
0 m1
1
m1
1
m2
kh nghch.
(
0
Bi tp 1.23. Ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A =
1
(
)
(
1 2
1
Bi tp 1.24. Cho hai ma trn A =
, B =
3 4
3
trn X tha AX = B.
45
1
0
)2011
.
)
2 3
. Tm ma
2 1

(
)
(
)
1 2
7 7 1
, B =
. Tm ma
3 4
1 7 7
trn X tha AX = B.
)
)
(
(
1 2
1 2
, B=
. Tm ma trn
3 5
3 4
X tha AX = B.
Bi tp 1.27. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Bit det A = 20 v A2
3A = 10In . Tnh det (A 3In ).
Bi tp 1.28. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Bit det A = 2011 v
A A1 = In . Tnh det (A2 In ).
(
)
Bi tp 1.29. Cho A Mn (R), bit det A = 2 v det AT A AT = 1.
Tnh det (A In ).
Bi tp 1.30. Cho A Mn (R) kh nghch. Bit det (5In A) = 2 v
A2 5A + In = O. Tnh det A1 .
Bi tp 1.31. Tnh cc nh thc

0 1 2 0
7

2 2 7 0
0
1 =
,
=
2
7 3 4 1
2

0 4 4 0
0
3
1
2
4
4
2
7
4

0
1

0
7
,
=
3

1
0

0
0
1
3
2
4
2
4
7
4

0

1
.
0

0

0 0 1 2
7

7 1 3 4
0
4 =
, 5 =
1 0 2 7
1

0 0 4 4
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
2
4

1
4

2
2
, 6 =
1
7

2
4
1
3
1
2
2
4
7
2

0

1
.
0

1

0
4 1 0 0

2
3
0
0
0

,
=
7 =
8
2
0 0 7 1

1
0 0 2 1
2
1
1
1
1
3
0
0

0
2

4
0
,
=
9
1
0

2
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
1
3

2

4
.
2

5

2
1 1 1 2

2
2 0 3 2
10 =
, 11 =
1
1 1 2 4

1
2 4 4 8
46
1
0
1
1
1
1
4
1

2

2
.
4

2
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN


2
1
1 1

1 0
1 1

12 = 1 1 4 1

1 1 1 2

0 1 2 0

0
4

1

8
2 , 13 =

6

0

14

0
0
0
1
1
1
3
1
3

2

4
.
2

5

x 2 2
1
1
1

14 = a
b
c , 15 = 2 x 2 .
2 2 x
b + c c + a a + b

x 1 1 1
x
1
1

1
1 x 1 1
1 x
16 =
, 17 =
1 1 x 1
1 1 x

1 1 1 x
1 1 1

1

1
.
1

x

x + 1 x 1 1
1 x x2 x3

2
3
4
5
x 1 1
2
x x x x
18 =
, 19 =
.
1
1 0 x 1
0 x 1

x
x 0 1 x
0 1 x
Bi tp 1.39. Tm m tha

2 m 4

a. 3 0 0 0.
1 1 2

1 1 3

b. 1 2 m 0.
1 1 m

2

c. m
1

1

d. 1
1
Bi tp 1.40. Tm m tha

1 2
m

a. 2 5 m + 1 > 0.
3 7 m+2

2+2 1 4

b. m + 3 1 m > 0.
3
1 m

m 4
0 0 = 0.
1 m

1 3
2 m > 0.
1 m

2 + 2m
5
12

c. m 3 m + 1 3m >
m + 3 m 1 3m
0.

m
0
2m m

1 m1 m 0
d.
> 0.
1
1
0 0

m
0
0 0
47

Bi tp 1.41. Gii cc phng trnh

1
1 2x 1 1

1
x
1
1
1

c.
=
0.
a.

0
3 1
1
1

0
0 2
0
2

x
x x 1 1

1
x
1 x2 1
d.
b.
= 0.
x
1 1 1
1

x
1 0 1
1
Bi tp 1.42. Gii phng trnh

x x 1 0

1 2 1 1
a.
= 0.
2 2 1 2

x x 2 x

x 1 2 2

1
x
1
4

b.
= 0.
0 0 x 2

0 0 2 x
x
x2
1
2
x
1
x
x
1
1
1
0
1 x
1 1
2 1
1 3

x
1

x
1
c.
1
1

1 1

x 2 2

2 x 2
d.
2 2 x

2 2 2
Bi tp 1.43. Tnh hng ca cc ma trn
1 2 3 4 5
1 3
2 4 6 8 11
2 4
a.
c.
.
3 6 9 12 14
3 5
4 8 12 16 20
4 6
1 2 3 4 5
1
5 10 15 20 35
1
b.
d.
.
3 7 9 12 14
2
4 8 13 16 20
4
Bi tp 1.44. Tnh hng ca cc ma trn
1
1 2 1 1 2
2
2 4 1 0 2
c.
a.
.
4
4 8 1 2 2
7
7 15 9 8 18
2
3 1 1 2 1
1
3 1 0 2 1
d.
b.
.
1
9 1 2 2 1
1
15 1 2 2 1
5
6
7
8
1
2
0
0
0
0
x
2
2
2
2
x

1

1
= 0.
1

2

= 0.

0

0
= 0.
2

x

= 0.

7 9
9 10
.
9 11
10 12
1 1
3
1 1 3
1
2
3
2
4
7
1 1 2
1 0 4
1 2 8
9 8 14
1 1 1
2 1 1
.
1 2 1
1 1 2
2
2
2
18
Bi tp 1.45. Tm m cc ma trn sau c hng ln lt bng 1,2,3,4.

48
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN
a.
b.
1
m
1
2
2 3m 1
2
m+4
4 5m 1 m + 4 2m + 7
2
2m
2
4
3
m
0
1
6
2m
m
2
.
9
3m
0 m+2
15 5m + 1 0
7
1
m
1
2
2
m+4
2 3m 1
c.
4 5m 1 m + 4 2m + 7
2
2m
2
m+4
3 m 0
1
2
6 2m m
d.
.
9 3m 0 m + 2
15 5m 0
7
Bi tp 1.46. Tm m cc ma trn sau c hng ln lt bng 1,2,3,4.
1
m
1
2
1
m
1
2
2
m+4
2 3m 1
2 3m 1 m + 2 m + 3
.
c.
a.
.
4 5m 1 m + 4 2m + 7
4 5m 1 m + 4 2m + 7
4
4m
4
8
2
2m
2
4
1 1 1 m
m 2
2 2
1 1 m 1
2 m 2 2
d.
b.
.
.
1 m 1 1
2 2 m 2
m 1 1 1
2 2 2 m
Bi tp 1.47. Ma trn no sau y kh nghch?
1 2
1 1 2
c. 3 0
a. 2 2 4 .
1 0
1 2 0
2 1
1 1 2
d. 4 3
b. 2 0 2 .
2 4
3 0 3
0
0 .
2
2
1 .
1
Bi tp 1.48. Ma trn no sau y kh nghch?
1 2
0
3 6
c.
a.
.
3 0
1 4 4
1 1
3
6
0
2 1
1 1 2
.
d.
b.
4 3
2 0 2
2 4
3 0 3
0
0 .
0
2
1 .
1
Bi tp 1.49.
m+1
a. 2
2m
m+1
b. 2
m4
Tm m cc ma trn sau kh nghch:
m+1
1
3
1
3
c. m + 3 m + 3 3 .
m + 2 0 .
2m + 2 m + 3 3
1
3
m m m
m+2
0
d. 1 m 1 .
m+2
0 .
1 1 m
3
m+2
49

Bi tp 1.50. Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn:
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
0 1
3 4
1 1
4 2
c.
.
a.
.
0 1
1 4
1 0
2 1
(
)
(
)
10 6
1 1
1 2 3
d.
3
.
b. 4 5 6 3I3 .
14 7
4 2
7 8 9
Bi tp 1.51. Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn:
1
2
3
1 1 1
a. 1 3 2 .
c. 1 1
1 .
0
3
4
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 2
2
1
1
1 1 1
1 3 1 1
b.
d.
.
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
0
1
1
1 1
3 5
1 1
Bi tp 1.52. Tm m cc ma trn sau kh nghch, tm ma trn

nghch o trong cc trng hp .
2 2
0
3 1
m
.
c. m 1 m 1 .
a. 2 3
1
1 3 m 1
7 7 2m + 3
m1
2
m
3
1
3
d. 0
b. m
m+1
3 .
1 m + 7 .
m + 3 0 2m + 7
0
0
m1
Bi tp 1.53. Tm m cc ma trn sau
nghch o trong cc trng hp .
2 1 m
2
c.
a.
3
3 7 0 .
1
1 0 0
1
1 1 m
d.
b.
2
1 m 1 .
1
m 1 1
kh nghch, tm ma trn
1 m
7 m .
m 0
m
3
2m + 1 7 .
m+1 2
)
(
)
2
3
2 6
,B =
. Tm ma
1 1
2 0

trn X tha XA = B.
(
trn X tha AX = B.
50
)
(
)
1
2
0 2
, B=
. Tm ma
3 5
1 0
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN
1 2 3
7 3 2
Bi tp 1.56. Cho hai ma trn A = 2 5 6 , B = 1 2 7.
3 5 12
8
9 3
1. Tm ma trn X tha XA = B.
2. Tm ma trn X tha AX = B.
(
)
(
)
1 1
1 1 3
; B=
.
3 2
0 1 7
(
)
(
)
2 1 1
2 2
;B =
.
1 2 1
2 2
Phn trc nghim

Bi tp 1.59. Cho hai nh thc

1 2 3 4
2

2 5 4 7
1
1 =
, 2 =
3 6 8 4
4

4 8 12 17
3

5 4 7

2 3 4
.
8 12 17

6 8 4
Khng nh no sau y l ng?

a. 1 = 2
b. 1 = 2
d. 2 = 21
c. 2 = 21

2
1 2 3 4

2
2 5 4 7
1 =
, 2 =
3
3 6 8 4

4
4 8 12 17
4 6
5 4
6 8
8 12
16
14
8
34

a. 1 = 2
b. 1 = 2
c. 2 = 21
51
d. 2 = 41


2 4 6 8
1 2 3 4

2a 2b 2c 2d
a b c d
1 =
, 2 =
6 12 16 8
3 6 8 4

4 8 12 17
4 8 12 17

a. 21 = 2
b. 2 = 81
c. 2 = 41
d. 2 = 161

1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8

a b c d
2a 2b 2c 2d
1 =
; 2 =
3 6 8 4
6 12 16 8

4 8 12 17
8 16 24 34

a. 161 = 2
b. 2 = 81
c. 2 = 41

1 2 3 x
1

2 5 4 y
2
1 =
; 2 =
3 6 8 z
3

4 8 12 t
4
d. 2 = 21
2 3 6 2x
5 4 8 2y
6 8 16 2z
8 12 24 2t

c. 2 = 21
d. 2 = 41
2 1 m
Bi tp 1.64. Cho ma trn A = 3 7 0 . Khng nh no sau y
1 0 0
ng?
a. 1 = 2
b. 2 = 21
a. A kh nghch khi v ch khi m khc 0.

b. A lun kh nghch.
c. A lun c hng bng 3.
d. A c hng bng 3 khi v ch khi m = 0.
Bi tp 1.65. Cho ma trn
1 1 1
A= 1
2
3 .
0
1
2
52
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN

a. A c hng bng 3.
b. A c nh thc bng 0.
c. A c hng bng 1.
d. Cc khng nh trn u sai.
1 2 3
1 3 5
ng?
a. A c hng bng 2.
c. A c hng bng 1.
3 5 3
9 15 9
ng?
a. A c hng bng 3.
c. A c hng bng 1.
2 1 3
1 0 0
Bi tp 1.68. Cho A = 3 1 0 , B = 0 2 4 . Tnh det (3AB).
0 0 1
2 1 3
a. 324
b. 18
c. 6

1 1 2

3

1
0
0 2
Bi tp 1.69. Tnh
.
3 1
0 1

0 1 1 0
a. 30
b. -30

1 2 1 3

0
1
0
1

Bi tp 1.70. Tnh
.
0 2 0 4

3 1 5 7
a. 16
b. -16
d. 20
c. 15
d. -15
c. 32
d. -32
1 0 0
(
1 )T
.
Bi tp 1.71. Cho A =
2 1 0 . Tnh det (3A)
3 1 2
a. 6
b. 54
c.
1
6

1 0
m

Bi tp 1.72. Cho nh thc = 2 1 2m 2
1 0
2
53
d.
1
54

. Tm m > 0.


a. m > 2
b. m < 2

1 2 1

0 1 0
Bi tp 1.73. Tnh
0 2 0

3 1 a
a. 7a + 21
b. 7a + 21b

2 1 1 1

1 3 1 1
Bi tp 1.74. Tnh
1 1 4 1

1 1 1 b
a. 17b 11
3
4
1
b

.

b. 17b + 21
c. m > 0
d. m < 1
c. 7a 2b
d. 7a 21
c. 7b 10
d. 7b + 10
Bi tp 1.75. Cho A, B M2 (R) v det A = 2, det B = 3. Tnh det (2AB).

a. 6
b. 12
2
Bi tp 1.76. Cho A =
3
1
ng?
c. 24
d. 48
1 1
1 5
. Kt qu no sau y l
2 0
0 3
1
2
4
1
a. det A = 53
b. det A = 63
c. det A = 63
d. Cc cu a,b,c u sai
Bi tp 1.77. Cc gi tr no sau y l nghim ca phng trnh

1 x 2x x2

4
4
1 2

= 0.
1 1 2 1

2 3
1 1
a. x = 2, x = 1
b. x = 3, x = 1
c. x = 2, x = 3
d. Cc cu a, b, c u sai.
Bi tp 1.78. Cho ma trn vung cp 2 c cc phn t l 2 hoc 2.

Kt qu no sau y l ng?
a. det (3A) = 72
b. det (3A) = 30

Bi tp 1.79. Gii phng trnh

1
1
1
1
54
c. det (3A) = 45
d. det (3A) = 27

x x2 x3

a a2 a3
= 0.
b b2 b3

c c2 c3
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN

a. Phng trnh v nghim.
b. Phng trnh c ba nghim a, b, c.
c. Phng trnh c ba nghim a + b, b + c, a + c
d. Phng trnh c v s nghim.
Bi tp 1.80. Tm s nghim phn bit ca phng trnh

1 2 x 0

2 1 1 3

= 0.
1 2 2x x

2 1 3 1
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
(
)
0 1
1 0
, B = 0 2 . Kt qu
0 0
0 3
no sau y l ng?
a. AB = BA.
b. AB xc nh nhng BA khng xc nh.
0 0
c. BA = 0 0 .
0 0
(
)
0 0
d. AB =
.
0 0
Bi tp 1.82. Tm nghch o ca ma trn
(
(
a.
2
13
4
13
3
13
7
13
Bi tp 1.83.
2 1
a.
4 3
2 4
1 1
b.
2 0
3 0
10 6
14 7
(
b.
1
13
2
13
6
13
14
13
(
3
1 1
4 2
(
c.
1
13
2
13
)
.
3
13
7
13
Ma trn no sau y kh nghch?
1 2 0
2
c. 3 0 0
1
1 0 2
1
1 1 2
2
d. 2 2 4
2
1 2 0
3
55
(
d.
1
13
2
13
3
13
7
13

(
Bi tp 1.84.
(
1
1
(
1
b.
1
a.
1
1
2
3
)
1 1
Cho f (x) = x 2x + 3; A =
. Tnh f (A).
1 2
(
)
)
1 1
c.
1 2
)
d. Cc cu a,b,c u sai.
2
Bi tp 1.85. Tm hng ca ma trn A =
a. 1
b. 2
1 1 1 2 4
2 2 3 5 7
3 4 5 2 10
5 6 7 6 18
c. 3
d. 4
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
3
4
1
4
6
6
4 m+4 m+7
b. m = 3
c. m = 1
Bi tp 1.86. Cho A =
. Vi gi tr no ca m
th r(A) = 3?
a. m = 1
(
Tm ma trn X tha XA = B.
(
)
2 1 1
a. X =
3 2 2
2
3
b. X = 1 2
1
1 1
3 2
d. m R
)
(
;B =
1 1 3
0 1 7
)
.
)
2 1 1
c. X =
3 2 2
d. Khng c ma trn X.
Bi tp 1.88. Cho A M4 (R) bit rng r(A) = 3. Kt qu no sau y

ng?
a. det A = 1
b. det A = 0
c. det A = 2
d. det A = 3
Bi tp 1.89. Cho A M34 (R) , B M4 (R) bit det B = 0 v r(A) = 3.

a. r(AB) = 1
b. r(AB) = 3
c. r(AB) = 4
d. r(AB) = 5
(
Bi tp 1.90. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A =
56
1 0 2
0 1 0
1 0
1 1 .
0 1
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN
1
(
)1
0
1
0
2
1
0 1 0
1
)
1 2
1 1
)
1 1
2 1
d. Khng tn ti A1 .
1
a. A = 1
0
(
b. A1 =
(
1
c. A =
57
58
Chng 2
H phng trnh tuyn tnh
2.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut
2.1.1
Khi nim tng qut
nh ngha 2.1. Mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh l mt h thng

gm m phng trnh bc nht vi n n c dng tng qut nh sau:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + . . . + a2n xn = b2

(2.1)
..
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + . . . + amn xn = bm

vi aij , bi R; i = 1, m, j = 1, n l cc h s v xi , i = 1, n l cc n.
Ta t
A=
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
am1 am2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
..
.
.
. . . amn
,X =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
,B =
b1
b2
..
.
bm
R rng h phng trnh 2.1 c th c vit li di dng AX = B.

Ta gi A l ma trn h s, X l ma trn ct n v B l ma trn ct h
s t do ca h phng trnh 2.1.
59
CHNG 2. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

K hiu
A = (A|B) =
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
...
...
..
.
am1 am2 . . .
a1n
a2n
..
.
b1
b2
..
.
amn bm
c gi l ma trn h s m rng. Hin nhin nu bit h phng trnh

tuyn tnh th ta vit ngay c ma trn m rng ca n. Ngc li, nu
bit c ma trn h s m rng ca mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh
th ta cng d dng khi phc li h phng trnh . Do , ta gi ma
trn m rng A l s ma trn ha h 2.1.
nh ngha 2.2. Nu b1 = b2 = = bm = 0 th h 2.1 c gi l h

tuyn tnh thun nht.
nh ngha 2.3. Ta ni b (1 ; 2 ; . . . ; n ) l mt nghim ca h 2.1

nu ta thay x1 = 1 ; . . . ; xn = n vo h 2.1 th tt c cc phng
trnh trong 2.1 u c tha.
x + 2y
V d 2.1. B (1; 2; 1) l nghim ca h
2x + y
3x y
khi ta thay x = 1; y = 2; z = 1 vo h th cc phng
tha mn.
z = 4
+ 3z = 7 v
+ z = 2
trnh ca h u
V d 2.2. H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht lun c t nht mt

nghim x1 = x2 = = xn = 0 v nghim ny c gi l nghim tm
thng ca h.
nh l 2.1. i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut th

ch c mt trong ba trng hp nghim xy ra l: hoc c nghim
duy nht hoc c v s nghim hoc v nghim.
Cng ging nh phng trnh, vic tm cc phng php gii h

phng trnh thc y s pht trin ca Ton hc. Hin nay, chng
60
2.2. PHNG PHP KH GAUSS

ta t nhiu kt qu rt mnh v l thuyt cng nh ng dng, c
bit l cc vn v h phi tuyn. Tic l trong khun kh bi ging
ny cng nh v kin thc thc ti, tc gi cha th gii thiu cho bn
c. Xin hn mt ngy khng xa.
khng mt nhiu thi gian, chng ta s tin hnh tm hiu mt
vi phng php gii h tuyn tnh n gin c pht trin trc
th k XX.
2.2 Phng php kh Gauss

Phng php kh Gauss c xy dng da vo nhn xt sau: Nu thc
hin trn h 2.1 cc php bin i s cp sau:
i ch cc phng trnh ca h 2.1 (tng ng di dj ).
Nhn mt s khc khng vo mt phng trnh ca h (di di
vi = 0).
Cng mt phng trnh vo mt phng trnh khc c nhn
mt s (tng ng vi di di + dj ).
th ta s c mt h phng trnh mi tng ng vi h 2.1.
Phng php kh Gauss c thc hin nh sau: Khng mt tng
qut, chng ta lun gi thuyt a11 = 0. ma trn A c dng bc thang,
u tin, chng ta lm cho cc phn t ct th nht, dng th hai tr
ai1
i bin thnh 0 bng cch nhn dng mt vi
ri cng vo dng
a11
i (i = 2, 3, . . . , m), sau m 1 php bin i nh vy chng ta thu c h
phng trnh tng ng
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . .
+ a22 x2 + . . .
..
+ am2 x2 + . . .
trong aij = aij
+ a1n xn
+ a2n xn
= b1
= b2
(2.2)
+ amn xn = bm
ai1
ai1
a1j ; bi = bi
b1 .
a11
a11
y, ta cn ni kh n x1 , tip theo bng cch tng t chng ta

kh n x2 t phng trnh th ba tr i i vi h 2.2. Sau , ta li
kh n x3 t phng trnh th t tr i (nu c). . . Qu trnh kh n
trn s dng li sau hu hn bc bin i.
61

Nhn xt 2.1. Trong qu trnh bin i, nu trong h xut hin phng
trnh dng 0x1 + 0x2 + + 0xn = 0 th ta c th loi b phng trnh
ny ra khi h phng trnh.
V mt thc hnh, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng phng
php kh n Gauss, ta lm nh sau:
Xc nh ma trn h s m rng A = (A|B).

S dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng bin i sao cho
ma trn h s m rng chuyn thnh dng bc thang.
Gii h phng trnh bng qu trnh ngc.
V d 2.3. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php kh Gauss
2x1 + x2 3x3 = 4
x
2x2 + x3 = 0
1
3x1
2x3 = 1
Gii. Ta lp ma trn h s m rng A
2 1 3 4
A = (A|B) = 1 2 1
0 .
3 0 2 1
Bin i A v dng bc thang
2 1 3 4
1
d1 d2
A = (A|B) =
1 2 1
0
2
3 0 2 1
3
1
1 2 1
0
d3 d3 65 d2
d2 d2 2d1
0
0 5 5 4
d3 d3 3d1
0 6 5 1
0
2 1
0
1 3 4
0 2 1
2 1
0
5 5
4 .
29
0
1
5
Ta khi phc li h phng trnh
x 2x2 + x3 =
0
1
5x2 5x3 =
4
29
x3 =
5
62
2.2. PHNG PHP KH GAUSS

Gii h trn ta c nghim x1 =
19
24
29
; x2 = ; x3 = .
5
5
5
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 4
2x1 3x2 + 5x3 + 7x4 = 11
3x1 + x2 6x3 + 5x4 = 3
4x + 3x + 3x 3x = 6
1
2
3
4
1 1
2 3
A = (A|B) =
3 1
4 3
1
1 4
5
7 11
.
6 5 3
3 3 6
4
1 1
1
1 4
1 1
1
1
d d 2d
7 11 d23 d23 3d11 0 5 3

5
3
2 3 5

3 1 6 5 3 d4 d4 4d1 0 2 9 2 9
4 3
3 3 6
0 1 1 7 9
4
1 1
1
1
3
5
3
d3 5d3 2d2 0 5

d4 5d4 d2 0
0 51 0 51
0 0 8 40 48
4
1 1
1
1
3
5
3
d4 51d4 8d3 0 5

0
51
0 0 51
0 0
0 2040 2040
Ta khi phc h phng trnh
x1 + x2 + x3 +
x4
5x2 + 3x3 +
5x4
51x3
2040x4
=
4
=
3
= 51
= 2040
Gii h trn ta c nghim x1 = 1; x2 = 1; x3 = 1; x4 = 1.

x + 2y 3z + 5t = 1
x + 3y z + t = 2
2x + 5y 4t + 6z = 1
63

1 2 3 5 1
A = (A|B) = 1 3 1 1 2 .
2 5 4 6 1
1
1
1 2 3 5
1 2 3 5
d2 d2 d1
d3 d3 d2
A
0 1 2 4 3
0 1 2 4 3
d3 d3 2d1
0 1 2 4 3
0 0 0
0
0
Khi phc li ta c h phng trnh
{
x + 2y 3z + 5t = 1
y + 2z 4t = 3
(2.3)
H trn gm c hai phng trnh v bn n nn ta c th chn x, y

lm n chnh; y, t lm n ph.
t z = ; t = th vo h 2.3 ta c
{
x = 7 + 7 14
y = 3 2 + 4
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim
x = 7 + 7 14; y = 3 2 + 4; z = ; t =
vi ; R.
2.3 Phng php Cramer

nh ngha 2.4. H Cramer l mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c
s phng trnh bng vi s n (tc l m = n) v ma trn h s ca
h khng suy bin. C th hn, mt h c gi l Cramer nu n c
dng sau
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + . . . + a2n xn = b2

(2.4)
..
an1 x1 + an2 x2 + . . . + ann xn = bn

trong det A = 0 vi A = (aij )n Mn (R).
64
2.3. PHNG PHP CRAMER

V d 2.6.
x
a.
2x
3x
2x
b.
x
Trong cc h phng trnh sau y, h no l h Cramer?
+ y + z = 3
x + y + z = 3
c.
+ 3y + 4z = 9
x + y + z = 3
+ 4y + 5z = 12
x + y + z = 3
+ y z = 2
5x + y + z = 7
d.
+ 3y + z = 5
10x + 2y + 2z = 14
+ 4y + 8z = 13
3x + 4y + 5z = 12
Gii. Phng n c chn l phng n b.

V d 2.7. Cho h phng trnh
x1 + a1 x2 + a21 x3 + . . .
x1 + a2 x2 + a2 x3 + . . .
2
..
x1 + an x2 + a2n x3 + . . .
+ a1n1 xn = b1
+ a2n1 xn = b2
(2.5)
+ ann1 xn = bn
Tm iu kin ca cc h s a1 ; a2 ; . . . ; an h 2.5 l h Cramer.

Gii. Gi A l ma trn h s ca h 2.5, khi
1 a1
a21 . . . an1
1
n1
2
1 a2
a
.
.
.
a
2
2
..
..
..
A = ...
.
.
.
n1
1 an1 a2n1 . . . an1
1
a2n
an
...
ann1
H 2.5 l h Cramer khi v ch khi det A = 0, hay

n1
2
1 a1
a
.
.
.
a
1
1

n1
2
1 a2
a
.
.
.
a
2
2

..
..
..
.. = 0.
.
.
.
.

n1
1 an1 a2
n1 . . . an1

1 a
a2 . . . an1
n
(2.6)
V tri ca bt ng thc 2.6 c gi l nh thc Vandermonde.

tnh nh thc ny chng ta ch cn p dng cc tnh cht c bn
ca nh thc nn xin nhng cho bn c, kt qu c th nh sau

1 a1
a21 . . . an1
1

n1
2
1 a2
.
.
.
a
a
2
2

..
..
..
.. = (a a ) .
(2.7)
.
j
i
.
.
.

n1
1i<jn
1 an1 a2
n1 . . . an1

1 a
a2n . . . an1
n
n
65

T 2.7 bt ng thc 2.6 xy ra khi v ch khi b n s a1 ; a2 ; . . . ; an
i mt khc nhau.
Vy h 2.5 l h Cramer khi v ch khi cc h s a1 ; a2 ; . . . ; an i mt
khc nhau.
nh l 2.2. (Phng php Cramer). H 2.4 c nghim duy nht

det Aj
l xj =
, j = 1, n, trong ma trn Aj nhn c bng cch
det A
thay ct th j ca ma trn A bng ct cc h s t do ca h 2.4.
V d 2.8. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Cramer
x + 2y + z = 4
x 3y + 6z = 4
5x y + z = 5
Gii. Ta c
1 2 1
A = 1 3 6 det A = 75.
5 1 1
4 2 1
A1 = 4 3 6 det A1 = 75.
5 1 1
1 4 1
A2 = 1 4 6 det A2 = 75.
5 5 1
1 2 4
A3 = 1 3 4 det A3 = 75.
5 1 5
Vy h c nghim x =
75
75
75
= 1; y =
= 1; z =
= 1.
75
75
75
V d 2.9. Gii h phng trnh
2
3
x + ay + a z = a
x + by + b2 z = b3
x + cy + c2 z = c3
66
2.3. PHNG PHP CRAMER

bng phng php Cramer, trong cc s thc a, b, c i mt khc
nhau.
Gii. p dng 2.7 ta c
1 a a2
A = 1 b b2 det A = (c b) (c a) (b a).
1 c c2
a3 a a 2
A1 = b3 b b2 det A1 = abc (c b) (c a) (b a).
c3 c c 2
1 a3 a2
A2 = 1 b3 b2 det A2 = (c b) (c a) (b a) (ab + bc + ca).
1 c3 c2
1 a a3
A3 = 1 b b3 det A2 = (c b) (c a) (b a) (a + b + c).
1 c c3
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l
x=
det A1
= abc.
det A
y=
det A2
= (ab + bc + ca).
det A
z=
det A3
= a + b + c.
det A
H phng trnh trn s v s nghim trong trng hp b ba s

a, b, c c t nht hai s bng nhau.

Tip theo, ta s m rng nh l 2.2 cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh
m s n v s phng trnh bng nhau (h Cramer l mt trng hp
ring ca lp h ny).
nh l 2.3. Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX = B vi A = (aij )n .

Khi ,
Nu det A = 0 th h c nghim duy nht xj =
67
det Aj
, j = 1, n.
det A
Nu det A = 0 v tn ti j {1; 2; . . . ; n} sao cho det Aj = 0 th

h v nghim.
Nu det A = 0 v det Aj = 0 vi mi j {1; 2; . . . ; n} th h v
nghim hoc v s nghim.
Ch 2.1. i vi trng hp det A = 0 v det Aj = 0 vi mi j

{1; 2; . . . ; n}, mun bit h v nghim hay v s nghim (v gii tm
nghim) th ta phi gii trc tip bng phng php Gauss.
V d 2.10. Bin lun s nghim ca h phng trnh sau theo m
mx + y + z = 3
x + my + z = 3
x + y + mz = 3
Gii. Ta lp ma trn h s A ca h
m 1 1
A = 1 m 1 .
1 1 m
{
Nu det A = 0 m3 3m + 2 = 0
m = 1
m = 2
th h c nghim duy
nht.
Nu m = 1 th h tr thnh
x + y + z = 3
x + y + z = 3 x + y + z = 3.
x+y+z =3
H trn c v s nghim v nghim c biu din nh sau
x = 3
y=
z=
Nu m = 2 th h tr thnh
2x + y + z = 3
x 2y + z = 3
x + y 2z = 3
68
2.4. PHNG PHP PHN R LU

Cng tng v ba phng trnh ca h ta c 0x + 0y + 0z = 9, iu
ny l v l. Vy trong trng hp ny h v nghim.
H qu 2.1. Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX = On1

vi A = (aij )n . Khi ,
Nu det A = 0 th h ch c nghim tm thng xj = 0, j = 1, n.
Nu det A = 0 th h c v s nghim (tc h c nghim khng
tm thng).
x
+ y + (1 m) z = 0
V d 2.11. Tm m h
(1 + m) x y +
2z
= 0 c
2x
my +
3z
= 0
v s nghim.
1
1 1m
Gii. Ma trn h s ca h l A = 1 + m 1
2 .
2
m
3
V h phng trnh trn l h thun nht nn n c v s nghim

khi v ch khi det A = 0. Tc l

m=0
1

1
1
1 + m 1

2 = 0 m3 4m = 0 m = 2 .

2

m
3
m=2
2.4
Phng php phn r LU
Xt li h phng trnh AX = B vi A = (aij )n . Gi s ma trn A c th

biu din di dng A = LU trong
u11 u12 u1n

l11 0 0
0 u22 u2n
l21 l22 0
L = ..
.. . .
.. .
.. . .
.. ; U = ..
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
0
0 unn
ln1 ln2 lnn
Khi ta c B = AX = LU X = LY vi Y = U X.
{
LY = B
Vy h ban u s c phn r thnh hai h
.
UX = Y
69

Vn gii cc h phng trnh trn rt n gin, u tin l gii
h LY = B tm Y , sau vi Y va tm c ta gii h U X = Y
tm X.
Sau y ta i vo mt s trng hp thng gp ca phng php
phn r LU .
2.4.1
Phng php Crout
Vi phng php Crout th ta cho uii = 1, i = 1, n, t tm cc phn t

cn li ca ma trn L v U .
Sau y ta s dng phng php Crout phn r ma trn cp 3.
Ta c
a11
a21
a31
a11
a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23 =
a33
a13
a23 =
a33
l11
l21
l31
l11
l21
l31
0 0
1 u12 u13
l22 0 0 1 u23
l32 l33
0 0
1
l11 u12
l11 u13
.
l21 u12 + l22
l21 u13 + l22 u23
l31 u12 + l32 l31 u13 + l32 u23 + l33
T y ta suy ra
l11 = a11 ,
l21 = a21 ,
l31 = a31 ,
a12
l11 u12 = a12 u12 =
,
l11
l21 u12 + l22 = a22 l22 = a22 l21 u12 ,
l31 u12 + l32 = a32 l32 = a32 l31 u12 ,
a13
,
l11 u13 = a13 u13 =
l11
a23 l21 u13
l21 u13 + l22 u23 = a23 u23 =
,
l22
l31 u13 + l32 u23 + l33 = a33 l33 = a33 l31 u13 l32 u23 .
Bng cch tng t, ta c th phn r ma trn vung cp n. C th

70

hn, nu A l mt ma trn vung cp n c cho bi
a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
A = ..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
an1 an2 ann
th cc phn t ca hai ma trn L, U c xc nh nh sau:
li1 = ai1 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n;
a1j
u1j =
, j = 2, 3, . . . , n;
l11
j1
lij = aij
lik ukj vi 1 < j i n;
( k=1 i1
)
1
uij =
aij
lik ukj vi 1 < i < j n.
lii
k=1
V d 2.12. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Crout
2x1 x2 + x3 = 4
4x + 3x2 x3 = 6
1
3x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 15
2 1 1
Gii. H phng trnh trn c ma trn h s A = 4 3 1 .
3 2
2
p dng phng php Crout phn r ma A ta c
2 0
L=
4 5
3 27
1 12 12
0
0 ; U = 0 1 35 .
13
0 0
1
5
Trc ht ta gii h
LY = B
4
3
y1
y2
y3
0
4
y1
0 y2 = 6
7
13
15
y3
2
5
2
= 2 .
5
4
0
5
71

Tip theo, ta gii h
0
0
x1
x2
x3
UX = Y

21 12
x1
2
1 53 x2 = 25
0
1
x
4
3
1
= 2 .
4
Vy h cho c nghim l x1 = 1; x2 = 2; x3 = 4.
V d 2.13. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Crout
1
3 2 4
1 2 1 1
1
2 1 1
0
1 2 2
x
y
z
t
10
1
5
5
Gii. p dng phng php Crout ta c
A=
1
3 2 4
1 2 1 1
1
2 1 1
0
1 2 2
1
0
0
0
1 1
0
0
1 1 2
0
0
1 1 2
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
2
3
1
0
4
5
1
1
Trc ht ta gii h phng trnh
LY = B
1
0
0
1 1
0
1 1 2
0 1 1
10
y1

y2 9
=
y3 2
1
y4
Tip theo, ta gii h

72
0
0
0
2
y1
y2
y3
y4
10
1
5
5
= LU.
UX = Y
1
0
0
0
x1
x2
x3
x4
3
1
0
0
2
3
1
0
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
x1
x2
x3
x4
10
9
2
1
Vy h cho c nghim l x1 = 1; x2 = 1; x3 = 1; x4 = 1.
2.4.2
Phng php Doolittle
Vi phng php Doolittle th ta cho lii = 1, i = 1, n, t tm cc phn

t cn li ca ma trn L v U .
Sau y
3. Ta c
a11
a21
a31
a11
a21
a31
ta s dng phng php Doolittle phn r ma trn cp

a12
a22
a32
a12
a22
a32
1 0
a13
l21 1
a23
=
l
a33
31 l32
a13
u11
a23
l21 u11
=
a33
l31 u11
0
u11 u12 u13
0 0 u22 u23
1
0
0 u33
u12
u13
.
l21 u12 + u22
l21 u13 + u23
l31 u12 + l32 u22 l31 u13 + l32 u23 + u33
T y ta suy ra
u11 = a11 ,
u12 = a12 ,
u13 = a13 ,
a21
,
l21 u11 = a21 l21 =
u11
a31
,
l31 u11 = a31 l31 =
u11
l21 u12 + u22 = a22 u22 = a22 l21 u12 ,
l21 u13 + u23 = a23 u23 = a23 l21 u13 ,
1
l31 u12 + l32 u22 = a32 l32 =
(a32 l31 u12 ) ,
u22
l31 u13 + l32 u23 + u33 = a33 u33 = a33 l31 u13 l32 u23 .
73

Bng cch tng t, ta c th phn r ma trn vung cp n. C th
hn, nu A l mt ma trn vung cp n c cho bi
a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
A = ..
..
.
.
..
..
.
.
an1 an2 ann
th cc phn t ca hai ma trn L, U c xc nh nh sau:
u1j = a1j , j = 1, 2, . . . , n;
ai1
li1 =
, i = 2, 3, . . . , n;
u11
i1
uij = aij
lik ukj vi 1 < i j n;
( k=1 j1
)
1
lij =
aij
lik ukj vi 1 < j < i n.
ujj
k=1
V d 2.14. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Doolittle
x1 + 4x2 + 5x5 = 10
3x + x2 + 2x3 = 6
1
4x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 7
Gii. H phng trnh trn c ma trn h s l
1 4 5
A = 3 1 2 .
4 2 1
p dng phng php Doolittle phn r ma trn A ta c
1 0 0
1 4
5
L = 3 1 0 ; U = 0 11 13 .
27
4 14
0 0
11
1
11
Trc ht ta gii h
LY = B
3
4
y1
y2
y3
0
10
y1
0 y2 = 6
14
7
y3
1
11
10
= 24 .
27
11
0
1
74

Tip theo ta gii h
10
x1
1 4
5
0 11 13 x2 = 24
x3
27
0 0
27
11
11
x1
1
x2 = 1 .
x3
1
UX = Y
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l x1 = 1; x2 = 1; x3 = 1.

V d 2.15. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Doolittle
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 = 6
2x1 + 3x2 + 8x3 + 9x4 = 13
3x1 + 7x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 = 19
4x + 6x + 16x + 19x = 26
1
2
3
4
Gii. H phng trnh trn c ma trn h s l
1 2 3 4
2 3 8 9
A=
.
3 7 9 11
4 6 16 19
p dng phng php Doolittle phn r ma trn A ta c
1 0 0 0
1 2 3 4
2 1 0 0
0 1 2 1
L=
;U =
.
3 1 1 0
0 0 2 0
4 2 0 1
0 0 0 1
Trc ht ta gii h
LY = B
1
2
3
4
y1
y2
y3
y4
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
0
75
0
0
0
1
6
1
2
0
y1
y2
y3
y4
6
13
19
26

Tip theo ta gii h
UX = Y
1
0
0
0
x1
x2
x3
x4
2
1
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
x1
x2
x3
x4
6
1
2
0
Vy h cho c nghim l x1 = 1; x2 = 1; x3 = 1; x4 = 0.
2.5
iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh

tuyn tnh tng qut
i khi vic gii mt h phng trnh khng quan trng bng vic xem
xt h phng trnh v nghim hay c nghim. Nu c nghim th
nghim l duy nht hay v s nghim. Nh bit, nh l 2.3 gip
chng ta bin lun s nghim ca h trong trng hp h c s n bng
s phng trnh, tuy nhin cch lm khng thun li khi h c s
n ln (vic tnh nh thc s rt kh khn) hoc h c s n khc s
phng trnh. Kt qu sau y l mt cng c rt hiu qu khc
phc nhng kh khn trn.
nh l 2.4. (nh l Kronecker - Capelli) Nu A = (A|B) l

ma trn h s m rng ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX = B th
r(A) r(A). Hn na,
Nu r(A) > r(A) th h v nghim.
Nu r(A) = r(A) = n th h c nghim duy nht ( y n l s
n ca h).
Nu r(A) = r(A) < n th h c v s nghim.
V d 2.16. Tm m h phng trnh sau c v s nghim
= 1
x + 2y + z
2x + 5y + 3z = 5
3x + 7y + m2 z = 6
76
2.5. IU KIN C NGHIM CA H PHNG TRNH TUYN

TNH TNG QUT
Gii. Lp ma trn h s m rng ca h
1 2 1 1
A = (A|B) = 2 5 3 5 .
3 7 m2 6
Ta bin i A v dng bc thang
1 2
1
1
1 2
1
1
d2 d2 2d1
d3 d3 d2
A
0 1
0 1
1
3
1
3 .
d3 d3 3d1
0 1 m2 3 3
0 0 m2 4 0
{
Nu m2 4 = 0
m = 2
m = 2
( )
th r (A) = r A = 3. Khi , h c
nghim duy nht.

[
( )
m=2
Nu
th r (A) = r A = 2. Khi , h c v s nghim.
m = 2
[
m=2
Vy
tha iu kin bi.
m = 2
V d 2.17. Tm m h phng trnh sau v nghim
z
= 1
x + 3y +
2x 6y + (m 1) z = 4
4x + 12y + (3 + m2 ) z = m 3
Gii. Lp ma trn h s m rng ca h
1
3
1
1
A = (A|B) = 2 6 m 1
4 .
2
4 12 m + 3 m 3
1 3
d2 d2 +2d1
A
0 0
d3 d3 4d1
0 0
1
d3 d3 (m1)d2
0
0
1
1
m+1
2
2
m 1 m+1
1
3
1
0 m+1
2 .
0
0
3m
( )
Nu m = 3 th r (A) = r A = 2. Khi , h cho c v s nghim.
77

( )
Nu m = 1 th r (A) = 1 < r A = 2. Khi , h cho c v
nghim.
{
( )
m = 1
Nu
th r (A) = 2 < r A = 3. H cho v nghim.
m = 3
Vy m = 3 tha yu cu bi.
2.6 H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht

Trong cc phn trc, ta tm hiu s lc mt vi tnh cht s ng
ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht, chng hn nh h qu 2.1.
c ci nhn tng qut v su sc hn, chng ta s dnh ring mc
ny xy dng phng php tm s nghim ca h thun nht, cch
biu din nghim ca h thng qua khi nim nghim c bn v.v...
thun tin cho vic trnh by, chng ta s nu li mt s nh
ngha quan trng.
nh ngha 2.5. H phng

phng trnh c dng sau
a11 x1 + a12 x2
a21 x1 + a22 x2
..
am1 x1 + am2 x2
trnh tuyn tnh thun nht l h
+ ...
+ ...
+ a1n xn
+ a2n xn
= 0
= 0
+ ...
+ amn xn = 0
(2.8)
H 2.8 c th vit di dng ma trn AX = Om1 vi
A=
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
am1 am2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
..
.
.
. . . amn
,X =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
, Om1 =
0
0
..
.
Nh bit, h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht lun c nghim

tm thng x1 = x2 = = xn = 0. Mt cu hi t ra l khi no h
ch c nghim tm thng, khi no h c nghim khng tm thng (v
s nghim). Kt qu sau y c th xem nh mt h qu trc tip ca
nh l 2.4.
78
2.6. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT
nh l 2.5. Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX =

Om1 . Khi ,
Nu r(A) = n th h ch c nghim tm thng.
Nu r(A) < n th h c nghim khng tm thng (v s
nghim).
V d 2.18. Tm m h phng trnh sau ch c nghim tm thng
mx + y + z = 0
2mx + y + 2z = 0
3x + y z = 0
Gii. Ta lp ma trn h s ca h
m 1 1
A = 2m 1 2 .
3 1 1
H ch c nghim tm thng khi v ch khi det A = 0, iu ny

tng ng vi

m 1 1

2m 1 2 = 0 m + 3 = 0 m = 3.

3 1 1
V d 2.19. Tm m h phng
thng
x + my
mx + m2 y
2
mx + y
trnh sau c nghim khng tm

+ m2 z = 0
+ z
= 0
+ mz = 0
1 m m2
A = m m2 1 .
m2 1 m
79

H c nghim khng tm thng khi v ch khi r(A) < 3 hay det A =
0. iu ny tng ng vi

1 m m2

(
)
m m2 1 = 0 (m 1)2 m2 + m + 1 2 = 0 m = 1.

m2 1 m
Vy m = 1 l kt qu cn tm.
V d 2.20. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim khng tm

thng
mx
+ (m + 1) y (m2 + 1) z +
5t
= 0
2
(m 1) x + (m 5) y +
z
+ (3m 1) t = 0
2
x
+ (m + 1) y (m 4) z +
6mt
= 0
m
m + 1 (m2 + 1)
5
A = m2 1 m 5
1
3m 1 .
1
m2 + 1 (m 4)
6m
V A l mt ma trn c cp 3 4 nn r(A) 3. H phng trnh trn

c bn n nn ta suy ra h lun c nghim khng tm thng vi mi
tham s m.

Nhn xt 2.2. Trong trng hp h c nghim khng tm thng,
tm nghim tng qut ca h chng ta dng phng php kh Gauss.
C th hn, nu r(A) = r < n th nghim tng qut ca h 2.8 c dng
x1 = 1 (1 , 2 , . . . , nr )
x2 = 2 (1 , 2 , . . . , nr )
..
.
xr = r (1 , 2 , . . . , nr )
xr+1 = 1
..
xn = nr
trong 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , nr l cc s thc ty .
Thay 1 = 1, 2 = 0, . . . , nr = 0 vo 2.9 ta c nghim X1 .
80
(2.9)
2.6. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT

Thay 1 = 0, 2 = 1, . . . , nr = 0 vo 2.9 ta c nghim X2 .
Mt cch tng t, ta thay 1 = 0, . . . , i = 1, . . . , nr = 0, vi
i = 1, n r, vo 2.9 ta c nghim Xnr .
Vi cch xy dng nh trn cc nghim Xi vi i = 1, n r c dng
1 (0, . . . , 1, . . . , 0)
{z
}
|
V tr th i bng 1
2 (0, . . . , 1, . . . , 0)
..
r (0, . . . , 1, . . . , 0)
Xi =
0
..
|{z}
hng th r+i
..
.
0
nh ngha 2.6. H nghim X1 , X2 , . . . , Xnr c gi l h nghim

c bn ca h 2.8.
nh l 2.6. Nghim tng qut ca h 2.8 c th biu din di dng

1 X1 + 2 X2 + + nr Xnr vi 1 , 2 , . . . , nr l cc s thc ty .
V d 2.21. Tm h nghim c bn v nghim tng qut ca h

{
x + y + z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
Gii. Lp ma trn h s ca h v bin i v dng bc thang
(
)
(
)
1 1 1
1 1 1
d2 d2 2d1
A=
.
2 3 4
0 1 2
Khi phc h ta c
{
x + y + z = 0
y + 2z = 0
81
(2.10)
1
Cho z = 1 ta c mt nghim c bn l X1 = 2 . V h 2.10 gm
1
hai phng trnh v ba n nn h {X1 } cng l h nghim c bn ca
h 2.10. Vy nghim tng qut ca h l X = X1 hay
x
1
x =
X = y = 2 y = 2 .
z
1
z=
V d 2.22. Tm h nghim c bn v nghim tng qut ca h
{
x + y + z + 2t = 0
2x y 2z + t = 0
Gii. Lp ma trn h s ca h v bin i v dng bc thang
(
)
(
)
1 1
1 2
1 1
1
2
d2 d2 2d1
A=
.
2 1 2 1
0 3 4 3
Khi phc h ta c
{
x + y + z + 2t = 0
3y 4z 3t = 0
Ln lt cho z = 1, t = 0 v z = 0, t = 1 ta c hai nghim c bn
ca h l
X1 =
1
3
4
3
1
0
; X2 =
H {X1 , X2 } cng chnh l h nghim c bn ca h cho. Do ,

nghim tng qut ca h l
1
3
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 = 1
+ 2
1
1
1
0
1
Vy h c nghim x = 31 1 2 ; y = 43 1 2 ; z = 1 ; t = 2 .
82
2.7. CU TRC NGHIM CA H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

TNG QUT
2.7 Cu trc nghim ca h phng trnh

tuyn tnh tng qut
nh ngha 2.7. H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht AX =
Om1 c gi l h thun nht lin kt vi h phng trnh tuyn
tnh tng qut AX = B.
{
x
V d 2.23. H phng trnh
x
{
x + 2y + z
nht lin kt l
x 3y 2z
=
=
2y + z = 3
c h thun
3y 2z = 2
0
.
0
nh l 2.7. Nu X0 l nghim ring ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh

tng qut AX = B v X l nghim tng qut ca h thun nht lin
e = X + X0 l nghim tng qut ca h phng
kt AX = Om1 th X
trnh tuyn tnh AX = B.
V d 2.24. Gii h phng trnh

{
x + y + z + 2t = 4
2x y 2z + t = 2
Gii. Xt h phng trnh thun nht lin kt vi h 2.11
{
x + y + z + 2t = 0
2x y 2z + t = 0
(2.11)
(2.12)
Trong v d trn ta bit h 2.11 c nghim tng qut X = 1 X1 +

2 X2 vi
1
1
34
3
1
X1 =
.
; X2 =
1
0
1
0

0

0
Mt khc, h 2.11 c mt nghim ring l X0 = .
0
2
83

Vy nghim tng qut ca h 2.11 l
e = X + X0 = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + X0
X
hay
1
1
34

3
1
e
X = 1
+
+ 2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
x = 1 2
y = 3 1 2 .
z = 1
t = 2 + 2
Bi tp chng 2
Phn t lun
Bi tp 2.1. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca cc h phng trnh tuyn
tnh sau:
{
1.
{
2.
{
3.
{
4.
{
5.
(m 1) x + (m 1) y = 1
x
+
my
= 0
(m + 1) x + (m + 1) y = 0
x
+
my
= 0
2 (m + 1) x + (m + 10) y = m
mx
+ (m + 2) y = 2m
x sin + y cos = m
x cos y sin = 2m
mx
+ 2y = 1
(m + 1) x + 3y = 1
2x + 2y 4z = m
6.
3x + 5y z = 3
4x 4y + 8z = 2
x + y + z = 0
7.
x + 2y mz = 1
2x + 3y + 2z = 1
84

TNG QUT
3
2x + 2y z =
8.
2x + 5y 2z =
7
6x + 6y 3z = 2m + 1
x + 2y 2z = 0
9.
2x + 4y 5z = 1
3x + 6y + mz = 1
x + 2y 2z = 2
10.
3x + 7y z = 5
2x + 4y + mz = 7
7
4x + 3y + z =
11.
2x + 4y 2z = m + 7
x + 2y z =
4
3x y + 2z = 3
12.
2x + y 2z = m
x 2y + 4z = 4
z
= 1
2x + 3y
13.
4x + 7y +
2z
= 2
8x + 12y + (m + 6)z = 5
z
= 1
2x + 3y
14.
4x + 7y +
2z
= 2
8x + 12y + (m + 6)z = 4
3y
z
=
1
2x +
15.
4x + (m + 5)y + (m 3)z = m + 1
8x + (m + 11)y + (m 5)z = m + 4
my
+
z
=
m
x +
16.
x +
2y
+
2z
=
1
2
2
2x + (m + 2)y + (m + 2)z = m + m
my
+ z =
m
x +
17.
x +
2y
+ 2z =
1
2x + (m + 2)y + 3z = m + 2
my
+ z =
m
x +
18.
x +
2y
+ 2z =
1
2x + (m + 2)y + z = m + 2
85
x + 2y + (7 m)z = 2
19.
2x + 4y
5z
= 1
5x + 10y + (m 5)z = 4
mx + y + z = 1
20.
x + my + z = m
x + y + mz = m2
Bi tp 2.2. Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau bng phng
php kh Gauss
{
1.
{
2.
2x + 3y 2z = 5
2x + 5y 2z = 7
3x y + 2z = 3
2x + y 2z = 7
x + 4y + 5z = 1
3.
2x + 7y 11z = 2
3x + 11y 6z = 0
x + y z = 2
4.
2x + y 3z = 1
3x + 2y 4x = 3
4x + 3y + z = 7
5.
2x + 4y 2z = 7
x + 2y z = 4
3x y + 2z = 3
6.
2x + y 2z = 0
x 2y + 4z = 4
2x + 3y z = 1
7.
4x + 7y + 2z = 2
8x + 12y + 2z = 5
Bi tp 2.3. Tm m hai h phng trnh sau c nghim chung:
{
1.
{
2.
2x + 3y 2z = 5
v
2x + 5y 2z = 7
x + y 2z = 1
v
mx + 2y + z = 3
86
3x y + 2z = 3
2x + y mz = 7
x 2y + 5z = 8
2x + y mz = m

TNG QUT
{
3.
x + y + z = 1
v
x + y + mz = m
3x 2y + 5z = 8
2x + y + z = m
Bi tp 2.4. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php Crout
x1 + 7x2 +
1.
3x + 5x2
1
7x1 + 6x2 +
x1 + 2x2 +
3x1 + 2x2
2.
2x1 + 5x2
x + 6x +
1
2
x3 y 4 z 2 t6 = 27
2 6 89
x y z t =9
3.
x4 y 2 z 4 t2 = 81
x6 y 4 z 8 t = 729
2x3 = 17
x3 = 12
x3 = 20
5x3
x3
x3
7x3
2x4
x4
+ 5x4
x4
= 8
= 4
= 6
= 14
Bi tp 2.5. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php Doolittle
4x1
1.
2x
1
x1
x1
5x1
2.
3x1
2x
1
+ 7x2 + 2x3 = 20
+ 9x2 x3 = 19
+ 5x2 + 2x3 = 13
+ 5x2
+ x2
+ 5x2
+ 2x2
+
+
5x3
2x3
3x3
2x3
+ 2x4
x4
5x4
+ 5x4
= 11
= 8
= 5
= 6
2 4 8
x y z =4
3.
x6 y 3 z 6 = 64
2 6 4
x y z =4
x3 y 4 z 2 t6 = 81
2 6 89
x y z t = 729
4.
x4 y 2 z 4 t2 = 9
x6 y 4 z 8 t = 81
x1 + 2x2 x3
4x1 x2 + 5x3
5.
2x1 + x2 + 6x3
x + 4x x
1
2
3
+ 5x4
+ x4
+ x4
+ 8x4
+ x5
+ 4x5
x5
+ x5
87
= 8
= 13
= 9
= 13
Phn trc nghim

Bi tp 2.6. Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht
= 1
x + 2y + z
2x + 5y + 3z = 5
3x + 7y + m2 z = 6
a. m = 2
b. m = 2
c. m = 2
d. m = 2
Bi tp 2.7. Tm m h sau c v s nghim
z
= 1
x + 3y +
2x 6y + (m 1) z =
4
2
4x + 12y + (3 + m ) z = m 3
c. m = 1
d. @m
x + y + z = 0
Bi tp 2.8. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
2x + 2y z = 1 .
3x + 4y + 3z = 1
a. m = 3
b. m = 1
a. x = 1, y = 1, z = 0
b. x = a b, y = a, z = b; a, b R
c. x = a + b, y = a, z = b; a, b R
d. x = 1 a, y = 1, z = a; a R
Bi tp 2.9. Tm m h sau y c nghim khng tm thng
mx + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + y z = 0
3mx y + 2z = 0
a. m = 0
c. m = 1
b. m = 1
d. m
Bi tp 2.10. Tm m h sau y c v s nghim
+ 2y
z
+ 4t = 0
x
2x y +
z
+ 3t = 0
2
3mx y + 2m z
= 0
a. m = 0
Bi tp 2.11. Vi gi tr no
nghim khng tm thng
x +
2x +
3x +
a. m = 0
c. m = 1
b. m = 1
d. m
ca m th h phng trnh sau y c

2y + z = 0
y + 3z = 0
3y + mz = 0
b. m = 3
c. m = 4
88
d. m = 5

TNG QUT
Bi tp 2.12. Tm tt c cc gi tr m h sau y c v s nghim
x + y +
2z
=
1
2x + 2y + (m + 6) z =
4
2
3x 3y + (m 10) z = m 1
a. m = 6
c. m = 2
b. m = 2
Bi tp 2.13. Tm tt c cc gi tr m
nht
mx + y + z
x + my + z
x + y + mz
a. m = 1; m = 2
b. m = 2; m = 1
h sau y c nghim duy

= 0
= 0
= 0
c. m = 1; m = 2
d. m = 2; m = 1
Bi tp 2.14. Tm tt c
nghim
x +
2x
4x +
a. m = 1
d. @m
cc gi tr m h phng trnh sau y v

3y +
z
= 1
6y + (m 1) z =
4
2
12y + (3 + m ) z = m 3
c. m = 1
b. m = 1
d. @m
Bi tp 2.15. Tm tt c cc gi tr m h phng trnh sau y c

nghim duy nht
2011t
= 1
5x + 3y + 6z +
2
x + 6y z + 13 (m + 1) t = 6
4x 6y + 56z + (m4 1) t = 9
a. m = 0
b. m = 0
Bi tp 2.16. Tm tt
nht
2x
3x
4x
a. m =
14
3
c. m
d. @m
c cc gi tr m h sau y c nghim duy

+ y + z
+ 3y + 4z
+ y + 2z
+ 6y + 3z
b. m =
+ t
t
+ 5t
+ mt
c. m
14
3
89
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
d. @m

Bi tp 2.17. Tm tt c cc gi tr m h c nghim duy nht
z
t =
1
x + y +
2x + 3y
z
+ 2t =
2
2
3
mx + y + (m + 1) z 2t = m + 1
a. m = 0
b. m = 1
c. m = 1
d. @m
Bi tp 2.18. Tm tt c cc gi tr m h phng trnh sau v nghim
z
=
1
x + y +
2x + 3y
z
=
4
2
3x + 3y + (m + 4) z = m + 2
a. m
b. m = 1
c. m = 1
d. @m
Bi tp 2.19. Gii h phng trnh
x + y + z t = 0
2x + 3y + z
= 0
3x + 3y + 2z + t = 0
a. x = 5a, y = 2a, z = 4a, t = a; a R
b. x = 5a, y = 2a, z = 4a, t = a; a R
c. x = 5a, y = 3a, z = 2a, t = a; a R
d. Cc cu a,b,c u sai
Bi tp 2.20. H phng trnh tuyn tnh
{
(m 1) x + (m 1) y = 1
x
+
my
= 0
v nghim khi v ch khi

a. m = 1
c. m = 1
b. m = 0
d. m = 1

{
(m + 1) x + (m + 1) y = 1
x
+
my
= 0
v nghim khi v ch khi

a. m = 1
c. m = 1
b. m = 0
90
d. m = 1

TNG QUT
{
2 (m + 1) x + (m + 10) y = m
mx
+ (m + 2) y = 2m
c duy nht mt nghim khi v ch khi
a. m = 2
b. m = 2
c. m = 2
d. m = 2
Bi tp 2.23. H phng trnh

{
mx + (6m 9) y = 2m2 + 3m + 2
x +
my
=
m3 + 1
c duy nht nghim khi
a. m = 3
b. m = 3
c. m = 3
Bi tp 2.24. Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh

{
4x y = m + 1
10x + 3y = 6m 3
Chn khng nh ng
a. H trn v nghim vi mi m.
b. H trn v s nghim vi mi m.
c. H trn c nghim duy nht vi mi m.
d. Cc khng nh trn vi mi m.
Bi tp 2.25. Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh
{
mx + y = 1
x + my = m
a. H trn c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi m = 1.
b. H trn v nghim khi m = 1.
c. H c nghim khi v ch khi m = 1.
d. H trn c nghim vi mi m.
Bi tp 2.26. Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh
{
mx + y = 1
x + my = m
a. H trn c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi m = 1.
b. H trn v nghim khi m = 1.
c. H c nghim khi v ch khi m = 1.
d. H trn c nghim vi mi m.
91
d. m = 3
92
Chng 3
Khng gian vector
3.1 Khi nim khng gian vector
nh ngha 3.1. Tp hp V = c gi l mt khng gian vector
trn R nu n c trang b hai php ton, gm
1. Php cng vector
+: VV
V
(X1 , X2 ) 7 X1 + X2
2. Php nhn vector vi v hng
: RV V
(, X) 7 .X = X
Cc php ton ny tha nhng iu kin (hoc tin ) sau:
1. X1 + X2 = X2 + X1 ; X1 , X2 V.
2. (X1 + X2 ) + X3 = X1 + (X2 + X3 ) ; X1 , X2 , X3 V.
3. 0V V : X + 0V = 0V + X = X; X V.
4. X V, X V : X + X = X + X = 0V .
5. ( + ) X = X + X; , R, X V.
6. (X1 + X2 ) = X1 + X2 ; R, X1 , X2 V.
7. (X) = () X; , R, X V.
8. 1X = X; X V.
93
CHNG 3. KHNG GIAN VECTOR

V d 3.1. Gi Rn l tp hp tt c cc b s thc c n thnh phn (c
tnh th t), Rn = {X : X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ; xi R} . nh ngha trn
Rn hai php ton sau:
+ : Rn Rn
(X, Y )
: R Rn
(, X)
Rn
7 X + Y = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , . . . , xn + yn )
Rn
7 X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
Vi vic trang b hai php ton trn th tp Rn tr thnh mt khng

gian vector.
Vector khng l 0Rn = (0, 0, . . . , 0).
Vector i l X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
V d 3.2. Gi Pn [x] l tp hp cc a thc theo bin x, bc nh hn
hoc bng n, h s thc. Mt phn t f Pn [x] c dng f = a0 + a1 x +
a2 x2 + + an xn (ai R). nh ngha trn Pn [x] hai php ton:
+ : Pn [x] Pn [x]
(f, g)
: R Pn [x]
(, f )
Pn [x]
7 f + g = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 ) x + + (an + bn ) xn
Pn [x]
7 f = a0 + (a1 ) x + + (an ) xn
Vi vic trang b hai php ton trn th tp Pn [x] tr thnh mt

khng gian vector.
Vector khng l 0Pn [x] = 0 + 0x + 0x2 + + 0xn .
Vector i l f = a0 + (a1 ) x + (a2 ) x2 + + (an ) xn .
Ch 3.1. Hai khng gian vector Rn v Pn [x] l rt quan trng (c
bit khi n = 2 v n = 3), c tc gi s dng nhiu trong bi ging ny
nn xin lu bn c nghin cu k cc v d 3.1 v v d 3.2
V d 3.3. Gi C[a, b] l tp hp tt c cc hm s f (t) lin tc trn
on [a, b]. nh ngha cc php ton trong C[a, b] nh sau:
Nu f, g C[a, b] th
(f + g)(t) = f (t) + g(t), t [a, b].
(f )(t) = f (t), t [a, b].
Vi vic trang b hai php ton trn, tp C[a, b] tr thnh mt khng
gian vector.
94
3.2. T HP TUYN TNH V BIU TH TUYN TNH

Vector khng 0C[a,b] l hm s ng nht khng, tc bng khng vi
mi t [a, b].
Vector i l f c tnh cht (f )(t) = f (t), t [a, b].
V d 3.4. Gi Rn l tp hp tt c cc ct nthnh phn thc
x2
Rn = . : x i R .
..
xn
Rn cng lp nn mt khng gian vector vi hai php ton sau y:
x1
y1
x1 + y1
x2 y2 x2 + y2
. + . =
.
.
..
.. ..
xn
yn
x n + yn
x1
ax1
x2 ax2
a . = . .
.. ..
xn
axn
V d 3.5. Tp Mmn (R) gm tt c cc ma trn cp m n cng php

ton cng hai ma trn v php nhn v hng mt s thc vi mt ma
trn to thnh mt khng gian vector.
3.2
T hp tuyn tnh v biu th tuyn tnh
nh ngha 3.2. Mt t hp tuyn tnh cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm

m
V l mt biu thc c dng

i Xi = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + + m Xm vi
i R, i = 1, m.
i=1
nh ngha 3.3. Cho m vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm V. Vector X V

c gi l biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm )
nu tn ti m s thc i R, i = 1, m sao cho X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 +
+ m Xm .
95

V d 3.6. Vector X = (3, 2) c th biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector
(X1 , X2 ) hay khng, bit X1 = (1, 1), X2 = (0, 1)?
Gii. Xt ng thc
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2
(3, 2) = 1 (1, 1) + 2 (0, 1)
{
{
1
= 3
1 = 3
1 + 2 = 2
2 = 1
Vy vector X biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector (X1 , X2 ).
V d 3.7. Vector X = (1, 7, 4) c th biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector

(X1 , X2 ) hay khng, bit X1 = (1, 3, 2) , X2 = (2, 1, 1)?
Gii. Gi s vector X = (1, 7, 4) c biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector (X1 , X2 ), tc tn ti 1 , 2 sao cho
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2
(1, 7, 4) = 1 (1, 3, 2) + 2 (2, 1, 1)
+ 22 = 1
1
31 2 = 7
21 + 2 = 4
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c 1 = 3, 2 = 2.
Vy vector X c th biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector (X1 , X2 ).
V d 3.8. Tm m vector X = (1, m, 5) c biu th tuyn tnh qua

h vector (X1 , X2 ) c cho trong v d 3.7.
Gii. Gi s vector X = (1, m, 5) c biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector
(X1 , X2 ), tc tn ti 1 , 2 sao cho
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2
(1, m, 5) = 1 (1, 3, 2) + 2 (2, 1, 1)
+ 22 = 1
1
31 2 = m
21 + 2 = 5
T phng trnh th nht v th ba, ta tm c 1 = 3, 2 = 1,
thay vo phng trnh th hai ta tm c m = 8.

96
3.2. T HP TUYN TNH V BIU TH TUYN TNH

V d 3.9. Cho vector f = 2x2 + 3x 4 trong khng gian P2 [x]. Vector
f c th biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector (u, v) vi u = 3x2 + x 1, v =
x2 5x + 7 hay khng?
Gii. Gi s vector f = 2x2 + 3x 4 c biu th tuyn tnh qua h
vector (u, v), tc tn ti 1 , 2 sao cho
f = 1 u + 2 v
2x2 + 3x 4 = 1 (3x2 + x 1) + 2 (x2 5x + 7)
2x2 + 3x 4 = (31 2 ) x2 + (1 52 ) x 1 + 72
31 2 = 2
52 = 3
1
1 + 72 = 4
{
1 = 12
2 = 12
Vy vector f biu th c qua h vector (u, v).
V d 3.10. Tm iu kin ca a, b, c vector X = (a, b, c) l t hp

tuyn tnh ca h vector (X1 = (1, 2, 1) , X2 = (1, 1, 2)).
Gii. Xt ng thc
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2
(a, b, c) = 1 (1, 2, 1) + 2 (1, 1, 2)
1 + 2 = a
21 + 2 = b
1 + 22 = c
Ta lp ma trn h s m rng ca h phng trnh v bin i v
dng bc thang
1 1 a
1 1
a
d2 d2 2d1
A = 2 1 b
0 1 b 2a
d3 d3 d1
1 2 c
0 1 ca
1 1
a
d3 d3 +d2
0 1
b 2a
0 0 c + b 3a
( )
H c nghim khi v ch khi r (A) = r A hay c + b 3a = 0.
97
3.3 c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn

tnh
nh ngha 3.4. H vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) ca khng gian
vector V c gi l c lp tuyn tnh nu ng thc 1 X1 + 2 X2 +
+ m Xm = 0V xy ra khi v ch khi 1 = 2 = = m = 0.

vector V c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu P khng c lp tuyn
tnh.
Ch 3.2. Nu h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) c lp (hoc ph thuc)

tuyn tnh, ta cng ni cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm c lp (hoc ph
thuc) tuyn tnh.
ng thc 1 X1 + 2 X2 + + m Xm = 0V c gi l mt s rng
buc tuyn tnh gia cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm . Nu 1 = 2 = =
m = 0 th ta gi rng buc l tm thng. Theo nh ngha, h
(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi mi rng buc tuyn
tnh gia cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm u l rng buc tm thng. H
(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi tn ti cc s thc
1 , 2 , . . . , m khng ng thi bng khng sao cho ng thc 1 X1 +
2 X2 + + m Xm = 0V c tha mn, ngha l c mt s rng buc
tuyn tnh khng tm thng gia cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm .
V d 3.11. Trong khng gian cc vector t do ca hnh hc s cp, h
hai vector c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi chng khng cng phng,
h ba vector c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi chng khng ng phng,
h bn vector lun lun ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 3.12. Trong khng gian R2 , hai vector e1 = (1, 0) , e2 = (0, 1) l
c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, xt rng buc tuyn tnh
1 e1 + 2 e2 = 0R2
1 (1, 0) + 2 (0, 1) = (0, 0)
(
{ 1 , 2 ) = (0, 0)
1 = 0
2 = 0
98
3.3. C LP TUYN TNH V PH THUC TUYN TNH

V d 3.13. Trong R3 , ba vector X1 = (1, 1, 0) , X2 = (1, 0, 1) , X3 =
(0, 1, 1) l c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, xt rng buc tuyn tnh
1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3 X3 = 0R3
1 (1, 1, 0) + 2 (1, 0, 1) + 3 (0, 1, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
(1 + 2 , 1 + 3 , 2 + 3 ) = (0, 0, 0)
1 + 2 = 0
+ 3 = 0 1 = 2 = 3 = 0
1
2 + 3 = 0
V d 3.14. Trong R3 , ba vector X1 = (1, 2, 3) , X2 = (2, 3, 4) , X3 =
(3, 4, 5) l ph thuc tuyn tnh. Tht vy, xt rng buc tuyn tnh
1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3 X3 = 0R3
1 (1, 2, 3) + 2 (2, 3, 4) + 3 (3, 4, 5) = (0, 0, 0)
(1 + 22 + 33 , 21 + 32 + 43 , 31 + 42 + 53 ) = (0, 0, 0)
1 + 22 + 33 = 0
21 + 32 + 43 = 0
31 + 42 + 53 = 0
H phng trnh trn l h tuyn tnh thun nht c nh thc ca
ma trn h s bng khng nn h c nghim khng tm thng. Ta suy
ra h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 3.15. Trong R2 , xt hai vector X1 = (1, 3) , X2 = (2, m). Tm tham
s m h vector (X1 , X2 ) l c lp tuyn tnh.
Gii. Xt rng buc tuyn tnh
1 X1 + 2 X2 = 0R2
1 (1, 3) + 2 (2, m) = (0, 0)
(1 + 22 , 31 + m2 ) = (0, 0)
{
1 + 22 = 0
31 + m2 = 0
H vector (X1 , X2 ) c lp tuyn tnh khi

1 3

2 m = 0 m = 6
Vy m = 6 l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 3.16. Trong R3 , xt ba vector X1 = (m, 1, 1) , X2 = (1, m, 1) , X3 =

(1, 1, m). Tm m h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
99

1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3 X3 = 0R3
1 (m, 1, 1) + 2 (1, m, 1) + 3 (1, 1, m) = (0, 0, 0)
m1 + 2 + 3 = 0
+ m2 + 3 = 0
1
1 + 2 + m3 = 0
H vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi

{
m 1 1

m=1
1 m 1 =0

m = 2
1 1 m
Vy m = 1 v m = 2 l hai gi tr cn tm.
V d 3.17. Trong khng gian P2 [x] cho ba vector f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 .

Chng minh rng h vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ) c lp tuyn tnh.
1 f1 + 2 f2 + 3 f3 = 0P2 [x]
1 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 = 0 + 0x + 0x2
1 = 0
=0
2
3 = 0
Vy h vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ) c lp tuyn tnh.
V d 3.18. Trong P2 [x] cho ba vector f1 = 2x2 ; f2 = x2 + x + 1; f3 =

x2 x + m. Tm m h vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
1 f1 + 2 f2 + 3 f3 = 0P2 [x]
1 2x2 + 2 (x2 + x + 1) + 3 (x2 x + m) = 0 + 0x + 0x2
(21 + 2 + 3 ) x2 + (2 3 ) x + 2 + m3 = 0 + 0x + 0x2
21 + 2 + 3 = 0
2 3 = 0
2 + m3 = 0
H vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi h phng
trnh trn c nghim khng tm thng, tc l

2 1 1

0 1 1 = 0 2 (m + 1) = 0 m = 1

0 1 m
100

Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
Tnh cht
1. H mt vector (X) ph thuc tuyn tnh nu v ch nu X = 0V .
2. H con ca mt h vector c lp tuyn tnh cng l mt mt h
c lp tuyn tnh.
3. H vector c cha mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh l mt h ph
thuc tuyn tnh. Ni ring, h vector cha vector khng l mt
h ph thuc tuyn tnh.
4. Gi s h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) c lp tuyn tnh. Khi h
(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm , X) l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu v ch nu X biu
th tuyn tnh qua h (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ).
Ma trn vector dng
nh ngha 3.6. Cho h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) cha trong khng

gian vector Rn . Gi s Xi = (ai1 , ai2 , . . . , ain ) , i = 1, m, khi ma trn
A=
X1
X2
..
.
Xm
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
am1 am2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
..
.
.
. . . amn
c gi l ma trn vector dng ca h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ).
nh l 3.1. Cho h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) cha trong khng gian

vector Rn . Gi s A l ma trn vector dng ca h (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ),
khi
H vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
r (A) = m.
H vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
r (A) < m.
101

V d 3.19. Trong R4 , ba vector X1 = (1, 1, 1, 1) , X2 = (1, 2, 3, 4) , X3 =
(1, 3, 1, 0) l c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, ta lp ma trn vector dng
ca h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 )
1 1 1 1
A= 1 2 3 4
1 3 1 0
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
d3 d3 2d2
d2 d2 d1
0 1 2
A
0 1 2
3
3
d3 d3 d1
0 0 6 7
0 2 2 1
Ta suy ra r (A) = 3. Do , h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) l c lp tuyn

tnh.
V d 3.20. Trong khng gian R4 , ba vector X1 = (1, 1, 1, 1) , X2 =
(2, 1, 2, 1) , X3 = (0, 1, 4, 3) l ph thuc tuyn tnh. Tht vy, ta lp
ma trn vector dng ca h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 )
1 1 1 1
A = 2 1 2 1
0
1 4 3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
d2 d2 +2d1
d3 d3 d2
A
0 1 4 3
0 1 4 3
0 1 4 3
0 0 0 0
Ta suy ra r (A) = 2 < 3. Do , h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) l ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
V d 3.21. Trong R3 , cho ba vector X1 = (1, 1, 1) , X2 = (1, 2, 3) , X3 =
(1, 1, m). Tm m h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h vector
1 1 1
A= 1 2 3
1 1 m
102

Ta a A ma trn v dng bc thang
1 1
1
d2 d2 d1
A
0 1
2
d3 d2 d1
0 0 m1
H (X1 , X2 , X3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
r (A) < 3 m 1 = 0 m = 1
Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm.
nh ngha 3.7. Cho h vector (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ) cha trong khng gian

khng vector Pn [x]. Gi s fi = ai0 + ai1 x + ai2 x2 + + ain xn , i = 1, m,
khi ma trn
f1
a10 a11 . . . a1n
f2 a20 a21 . . . a2n
A= . = .
..
..
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
fm
am0 am1 . . . amn
c gi l ma trn vector dng ca h vector (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ).
nh l 3.2. Cho h vector (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ) cha trong khng gian

vector Pn [x]. Gi s A l ma trn vector dng ca h (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ).
Khi ,
H vector (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ) c lp tuyn tnh khi r (A) = m.
H vector (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ) ph thuc tuyn tnh khi r (A) < m.
V d 3.22. Tm m h vector
(
f1 = x2 + x + 1, f2 = x + m, f3 = x2 x + m
ca P2 [x] ph thuc tuyn tnh.

103

Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h vector
1 1 1
A= m 1 0
m 1 1
H vector (f1 , f2 , f3 )
tc l

1 1

m 1

m 1
Vy m =
1
3
ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi det A = 0,

1
0
1

= 0 3m + 1 = 0 m = 1

3

l gi tr cn tm.
3.4 C s v s chiu ca khng gian vector

nh ngha 3.8. Mt h vector ca V c gi l c lp tuyn tnh
cc i (ti i) nu h c lp tuyn tnh v nu ta thm bt k mt
vector no ca V vo h th c mt h vector ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 3.23. Trong R2 , h vector (e1 = (1, 0) , e2 = (0, 1)) nh bit l

h c lp tuyn tnh. Mt khc, nu ta ly bt k vector X R2 th h
vector (X, e1 , e2 ) l ph thuc tuyn tnh. Tht vy, gi s X = (x1 , x2 ),
khi
X x1 e1 x2 e2 = 0R2
Rng buc tuyn tnh trn chng t h (X, e1 , e2 ) ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
V d 3.24. Trong R3 h hai vector (X1 = (1, 1, 1) , X2 = (0, 1, 1)) l c
lp tuyn tnh nhng khng phi l c lp tuyn tnh ti i. Tht
vy, nu ta ly X3 = (0, 0, 1) th h ba vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) cng c lp
tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, h ba vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) li l c lp tuyn tnh
ti i. Tht vy, ta ly bt k vector X R3 , gi s X = (a, b, c), ta s
chng t h (X1 , X2 , X3 , X) ph thuc tuyn tnh. Ta lp ma trn vector
dng ca h (X1 , X2 , X3 , X)
1 1 1
0 1 1
A=
0 0 1
a b c
104
3.4. C S V S CHIU CA KHNG GIAN VECTOR

V ma trn A c cp 4 3 nn r (A) 3 < 4, suy ra h (X1 , X2 , X3 , X)
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d 3.25. Trong P2 [x], h vector (f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 ) l c lp
tuyn tnh. Mt khc, nu ta ly bt k vector f P2 [x] th h vector
(f1 , f2 , f3 , f ) l ph thuc tuyn tnh. Tht vy, gi s f = a0 +a1 x+a2 x2 ,
khi
f a0 f1 a1 f2 a2 f3 = 0P2 [x]
Ta suy ra h (f1 , f2 , f3 , f ) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Vy h vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ) l c lp tuyn tnh cc i.
nh ngha 3.9. Hng ca h vector P trong khng gian vector V
l s vector c lp tuyn tnh cc i ca h vector , k hiu r(P ).
V d 3.26. Trong R3 cho h vector
(X1 = (1, 2, 3) , X2 = (2, 3, 4) , X3 = (3, 4, 5))
Tm hng ca h vector trn.
Gii. Ta thy h hai vector (X1 , X2 ) l c lp tuyn tnh. Xt rng
buc tuyn tnh
1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3 X3 = 0R3
1 (1, 2, 3) + 2 (2, 3, 4) + 3 (3, 4, 5) = (0, 0, 0)
1 + 22 + 33 = 0
21 + 32 + 43 = 0
31 + 42 + 53 = 0
H phng trnh trn c nh thc ma trn h s bng khng nn h
c nghim khng tm thng. Vy h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) l ph thuc
tuyn tnh. Do r (X1 , X2 , X3 ) = 2.

V d 3.27. Tm hng ca h vector (f1 = x2 , f2 = 2x2 , f3 = x2 + x) trong
khng gian vector P2 [x].
Gii. H hai vector (f1 , f3 ) l c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, xt ng
thc
f1 + f3 = 0P2 [x]
x2 + (x2 + x) = 0
( + ) x2 + x = 0 + 0x + 0x2
{
{
+ = 0
=0
= 0
=0
105

Tip theo, ta xt h ba vector (f1 , f2 , f3 ). Ta c
2f1 f2 + 0f3 = 0P2 [x]
iu ny chng t h (f1 , f2 , f3 ) ph thuc tuyn tnh. Ta suy ra
r (f1 , f2 , f3 ) = 2.

nh l 3.3. Cho h vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) trong khng gian
Rn . Khi r(P ) = r(A) vi A l ma trn vector dng ca h P .
nh l 3.4. Cho h vector P = (f1 , f2 , . . . , fm ) trong khng gian

Pn [x]. Khi r(P ) = r(A) vi A l ma trn vector dng ca h P .
V d 3.28. Tm hng ca h vector (X1 = (1, 1, 2) , X2 = (1, 2, 5) , X3 =

(0, 1, 3)) trong R3 .
Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h (X1 , X2 , X3 )
1 1 2
A= 1 2 5
0 1 3
Bin i A v dng bc thang ta c
1 1 2
1 1 2
d2 d2 d1
d3 d3 d1
A
0 1 3
0 1 3
0 1 3
0 0 0
Vy r (A) = 2, suy ra r (X1 , X2 , X3 ) = 2.
V d 3.29. Trong P2 [x], tm hng ca h vector P = (f1 = x2 + 2x +

2; f2 = x2 ; f3 = x + 1).
Gii. Ta lp ma trn
bc thang
A=
0
1
vector dng ca h vector P v bin i v dng
1 2 2
2 1
d3 2d3 d1
0 0 1
0 1
0 0 1
1 0
1 2 2
d3 d3 +d2
0 0 1
0 0 0
106

Ta suy ra r (A) = 2 hay r (f1 , f2 , f3 ) = 2.
nh ngha 3.10. Mt h vector ca V c gi mt h sinh ca V

nu mi vector ca V u biu th tuyn tnh c qua h . C th
hn, h vector P V c gi l h sinh ca V nu vi mi X V,
i R, i = 1, m sao cho
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + + m Xm
vi X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm P . Ta cng ni V sinh bi P . K hiu V = P .
Nu P ch gm hu hn phn t th khng gian vector V c gi
l hu hn sinh.
V d 3.30. H vector (e1 = (1, 0) , e2 = (0, 1)) l mt h sinh ca R2 hay

R2 = (e1 , e2 ) .Tht vy, ly bt k vector X R2 , gi s X = (a, b), khi
X = ae1 + be2 .
V d 3.31. H vector (X1 = (1, 1) , X2 = (1, 2) , X3 = (1, 3)) cng l mt
h sinh ca R2 . Tht vy, ly bt k vector X R2 , gi s X = (a, b), xt
ng thc
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3 X3
(a, b) = 1 (1, 1) + 2 (1, 2) + 3 (1, 3)
{
1 + 2 + 3 = a
1 + 22 + 33 = b
H phng trnh trn c ma trn h s m rng
)
(
)
(
1 1 1
1 1 1 a
a
d2 d2 d1
A=
1 2 3 b
0 1 2 ba
( )
Ta thy r A = r (A) = 2, chng t h trn c v s nghim. Ta
suy ra X c biu th tuyn tnh qua h vector (X1 , X2 , X3 ) hay R2 =
((1, 1) , (1, 2) , (1, 3)).
V d 3.32. H vector X1 = (1, 1, 1) , X2 = (0, 1, 1) khng l h sinh ca
R3 . Tht vy, ly vector X = (0, 0, 1), xt ng thc
X = 1 X1 + 2 X2
(0, 0, 1) = 1 (1, 1, 1) + 2 (0, 1, 1)
= 0
1
+ 2 = 0
1
1 + 2 = 1
107

H phng trnh trn v nghim, chng t h vector (X1 , X2 ) khng
l h sinh ca R3 .
V d 3.33. H vector (f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 ) l h sinh ca P2 [x]
nhng khng l h sinh ca P3 [x] (ti sao?).

vector V c gi mt c s ca V nu P l h sinh ca V v h vector
P c lp tuyn tnh.
V d 3.34. H vector (e1 = (1, 0) , e2 = (0, 1)) l c s ca R2 . H vector

X1 = (1, 1) , X2 = (1, 2) cng l c s ca R2 .
H (X1 = (1, 1) , X2 = (1, 2) , X3 = (1, 3)) l mt h sinh ca R2 nhng
khng phi l mt c s ca R2 .
H (X1 = (1, 1, 0) , X2 = (1, 0, 0)) l mt h c lp tuyn tnh nhng
khng phi l c s ca R3 .
H (f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 ) l mt c s ca P2 [x]. H (g1 = 1, g2 =
x + 1, g3 = x2 + 1) cng l mt c s ca P2 [x] (ti sao?).
H (f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 , f4 = 2x2 ) l mt h sinh ca P2 [x] nhng
khng phi l c s ca P2 [x].
H (f1 = 1, f2 = x, f3 = x2 ) l mt h c lp tuyn tnh nhng n
khng phi l c s ca P3 [x].
H (e1 = (1, 0, 0, 0) , e2 = (0, 1, 0, 0) , e3 = (0, 0, 1, 0) , e4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)) l
mt c s ca R4 v c gi l c s chnh tc ca R4 , k hiu E4 .
H (e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0) , e2 = (0, 1, . . . , 0) , . . . , en = (0, 0, . . . , 1)) c gi
l c s chnh tc ca khng gian Rn , k hiu En .

0
0
1
0
1
0
H u1 = . , u2 = . , . . . , un = . l c s khng gian
.
.
..
.
.
0
0
Rn v c gi l c s chnh tc.
nh ngha 3.12. S vector trong mt c s ca khng gian vector

V c gi l s chiu ca V, k hiu dim V.
108

Tnh cht
1. Trong khng gian V, c s khng tn ti duy nht nhng s vector
trong c s th lun lun bng nhau.
2. Nu dim V = n th mi h gm n vector c lp tuyn tnh ca V
u l c s ca V. Mi h nhiu hn n vector u l h ph thuc.
3. Nu dim V = n v P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l h gm n vector ca V.
Khi , P l c s ca V khi v ch khi r (P ) = n.
4. T cc v d trn ta t c mt s kt qu sau:
dim Rn = n; dim Pn [x] = n + 1; dim Rn = n
V d 3.35. Trong R3 , cho h vector P = ((2, 1, 1) , (3, 2, 5) , (1, 1, m)).
Tm m h P l mt c s ca R3 .
Gii. P l c s ca R3 khi v ch khi r (P ) = 3, tc l

2 1 1

3 2 5 =

0 m 10 = 0 m = 10
1 1 m
Vy vi m = 10 th P l c s ca R3 .
V d 3.36. Trong R4 , cho h vector

P = ((1, 1, 1, m) , (1, 1, 0, 1) , (1, 0, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1, 1))
Tm m h P l mt c s ca R4 .
Gii. P l mt c s ca R4 khi v ch khi r (P ) = 4, tc l

1 1
1 1 1 m
1
m

0 0 1 1 m
1 1 0 1
= 0
= 0

0 1 0 1 m
1 0 1 1

0 1
0 1 1 1
1
1
2m 3 = 0 m = 23
Vy vi m =
3
2
th P l c s ca R4 .
V d 3.37. Tm m h vector P = (f1 = x2 + x + 1, f2 = 2x2 + 1, f3 =

x2 x + m) l c s ca P2 [x].
109

Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h vector P = (f1 , f2 , f3 )
1 1 1
A= 1 0 2
m 1 1
H P l c s ca P2 [x] khi v ch khi

1 1 1

1 0 2 =

0 2m = 0 m = 0
m 1 1
Vy vi m = 0 th P l c s ca P2 [x].
3.5 Ta ca vector. Ma trn chuyn c

s
nh ngha 3.13. Gi s V l mt khng gian vector n chiu v
P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l mt c s ca n. Ly X l mt vector ty
ca V, nu X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + + n Xn , i R, i = 1, n th b
(1 , 2 , . . . , n ) c gi l ta ca vector X trong c s P , mi
i , i = 1, n gi l ta th i, k hiu
1
2
[X]P = .
.
.
n
Trng hp V = Rn v P En th ta dng k hiu [X] thay cho [X]En .
V d 3.38. Trong Rn xt c s chnh tc

En = (e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0) , e2 = (0, 1, . . . , 0) , . . . , en = (0, 0, . . . , 1))
Ly mt vector X Rn . Gi s X = (1 , 2 , . . . , n ), khi ta c
X = 1 e1 + 2 e2 + + n en
110
3.5. TA CA VECTOR. MA TRN CHUYN C S
1
2

Vy [X] = . .
..
n
V d 3.39. Trong Pn [x] xt c s
E = (f1 = 1, f2 = x, . . . , fn+1 = xn )
Ly mt vector f Pn [x]. Gi s f = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn , khi
ta c
f = a0 f1 + a1 f2 + a2 f3 + + an fn+1

a0
a1

Vy [f ]E = . .
..
an
V d 3.40. Trong R3 , h vector P = ((1, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1) , (0, 0, 1)) l mt c
s. Tm ta ca vector X = (1, 2, 3) trong c s P .
Gii. Xt ng thc
(1, 2, 3) = 1 (1, 1, 1) + 2 (0, 1, 1) + 3 (0, 0, 1)
(1, 2, 3) = (1 , 1 + 2 , 1 + 2 + 3 )
= 1
1
1 = 1
=1
+ 2
= 2
1
2
1 + 2 + 3 = 3
3 = 1

1
Vy [X]P = 1.
1
V d 3.41. Trong khng gian P2 [x] cho h vector

(
)
P = f1 = x2 + x + 1, f2 = 2x + 1, f3 = 3
Chng t rng P l mt c s ca P2 [x] v hy tm ta ca vector
f = 2x2 x + 1 trong c s ny.
Gii. Trc ht ta chng t P l mt c s ca P2 [x]. Tht vy, xt ma
trn vector dng ca h vector P
1 1 1
A= 1 2 0
3 0 0
111

Tip theo, ta tm ta ca vector f = 2x2 x + 1 trong c s ny.
Xt ng thc
f = 1 f1 + 2 f2 + 3 f3
2x2 x + 1 = 1 (x2 + x + 1) + 2 (2x + 1) + 3 3
= 2
1
1 = 2
+ 22
= 1
= 3
1
2 1 2
1 + 2 + 33 = 1
3 = 6
2
Vy [f ]P = 23 .
1
6
V d 3.42. Trong khng gian P2 [x] cho h vector

P = (f1 = 1, f2 = (x 1) , f3 = (x 1)2 )
Chng t rng P l mt c s ca P2 [x] v hy tm ta ca vector
f = x2 + x + 1 trong c s ny.
Gii. Trc ht ta chng t P l mt c s ca P2 [x]. Tht vy, ta xt
ma trn vector dng ca h vector P .
1
0 0
A = 1 1 0
1 2 1
Ta thy det A = 1 = 0 nn P l mt c s ca P2 [x].

Tip theo, ta tm ta ca vector f = x2 + x + 1 trong c s ny. Xt
ng thc
f = 1 f1 + 2 f2 + 3 f3
x2 + x + 1 = 1 1 + 2 (x 1) + 3 (x 1)2
= 1
1 = 3
3
=3
23
= 1
2
2
3 = 1
1 2 + 3 = 1

3
Vy [f ]P = 3.
1
112
nh ngha 3.14. Trong khng gian vector n chiu V cho hai c s

P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) v P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ). Gi s
[ ]
Xj P =
c1j
c2j
..
.
, j = 1, n
cnj
Khi ma trn
c11 c12
c21 c22
C = ([X1 ]P [X2 ]P . . . [Xn ]P ) = .

..
..
.
cn1 cn2
. . . c1n
. . . c2n
..
..
. .
. . . cnn
c gi l ma trn chuyn c s t P sang P , k hiu l CP P hoc

P ass (P, P ).
nh l 3.5. Trong khng gian vector n chiu V cho hai c s P =

(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) v P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ). Ly X V, gi s
[X]P =
1
2
..
.
, [X]P =
1
2
..
.
Khi ta c mi lin h sau:

[X]P = CP P [X]P
Cng thc 3.1 c gi l cng i ta t P sang P .
V d 3.43. Trong R3 cho hai c s

P = ((1, 1, 0) , (0, 1, 1) , (1, 0, 1))
P = ((0, 0, 1) , (1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 1))
Xc nh CP P .
113
(3.1)

Gii. Trc ht ta tm [(0, 0, 1)]P . Xt ng thc
(0, 0, 1) = 1 (1, 1, 0) + 2 (0, 1, 1) + 3 (1, 0, 1)
1
3 = 0
1 +
1 = 2
=1
+ 2
= 0
1
2 21
3 = 2
2 + 3 = 1
1
2
1
Vy [(0, 0, 1)]P =
.
2
1
2
Tng t ta tm c
1
0
2
[(1, 1, 0)]P = 1 ; [(1, 1, 1)]P = 12
1
1
2
Vy CP P
1
2 0
= 12 1
1
1
2
1
2
1
.
2
1
2
V d 3.44. Trong R3 cho hai h vector

P = ((1, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 2) , (1, 2, 3))
P = ((2, 1, 1) , (3, 2, 5) , (1, 1, m))
1. Chng minh P l c s ca R3 .
2. Tm m P l c s ca R3 .
3. Tm CP P ng vi m = 1.

1 1 1

Gii. 1. Ta c 1 1 2 = 2 = 0, do P l c s ca R3 .
1 2 3
2. P l c s ca R3 khi v ch khi

2 1 1

=
3 2
5
0 m + 20 = 0 m = 20

1 1 m
114

3. Khi m = 1 th P = ((2, 1, 1) , (3, 2, 5) , (1, 1, 1)), ta tnh c
4
0
[(2, 1, 1)]P = 1 ; [(3, 2, 5)]P = 4
1
1
[(1, 1, 1)]P =
4
2
Vy CP P
4
0 1
= 1 4
4 .
1 1 2
nh l 3.6. Trong khng gian vector n chiu V cho ba c s

P, P , P , khi
CP P = In .
CP P = CP1P .
CP P = CP P CP P .
H qu 3.1. Trong khng gian vector Rn , ta xt ba c s P, P v En

(c s chnh tc), khi
CP P = CP En CEP = CE1n P CEn P
V d 3.45. Trong R3 cho hai c s

P = ((1, 1, 0) , (0, 1, 1) , (1, 0, 1))
P = ((0, 0, 1) , (1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 1))
Tm CP P .
Gii. Ta c
0 1 1
1 0 1
= 1 1 0 ; CE3 P = 0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
CE3 P
115

p dng h qu 3.1 ta c
CP P = CE1P CE3 P
3
1 0
= 1 1
0 1
1
2
= 1
2
1
2
Vy CP P =
21
1
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0 1 1
0 0 1 1
1
1 0 1
1
0 2
1 12
1 12
V d 3.46. Trong R3 cho hai c s P, P v CP P
1. Bit [X]P
1 2 1
= 1 3 0 .
1 5 0

1
= 1. Hy tm [X]P .
2
2. Bit [X]P = 1. Hy tm [X]P .

2
Gii.
1. p dng cng thc 3.1 ta c
[X]P = CP P [X]P

1
1
1 2 1
=
=
4
1
1 3 0
6
2
1 5 0
2. Ta c
[X]P = CP P [X]P
[X]P
Vy [X]P =
1 1
2
0
1 2 1
= CP1P [X]P = 1 3 0 1 = 12
1
2
1 5 0
2
12
1
2
1
2
116
3.6. KHNG GIAN VECTOR CON
3.6 Khng gian vector con

nh ngha 3.15. Tp con khc rng W ca khng gian vector V
c gi l mt khng gian vector con (hay khng gian con) ca V
nu hai tnh cht sau c tha:
X, Y W, X + Y W.
R, X W, X W.
V d 3.47. {0V } v V l hai khng gian vector con ca V. Chng c

gi l cc khng gian vector con tm thng ca V.
V d 3.48. Gi s m n. Khi , tp cc vector (x1 , . . . , xm , 0, . . . , 0) l
mt khng gian vector con ca Rn .
V d 3.49. Nu m n th Pm [x] l mt khng gian vector con ca Pn [x].
V d 3.50. Khng gian C 1 [a, b] cc hm kh vi lin tc trong on [a, b]
l mt khng gian vector con ca khng gian C[a, b].
Ch 3.3. Nu W l khng gian vector con ca V th W cng l khng
gian vector. Do , ta cng c cc khi nim c s, ta , s chiu trn
khng gian W.
nh l 3.7. Nu W l khng gian vector con ca V th dim W
dim V, ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi W = V.
3.6.1
Khng gian con sinh bi mt tp hp
Trc khi i vo ni dung chnh, chng ta tm hiu nh l sau:
nh l 3.8. Giao ca mt h bt k cc khng gian vector con ca

V l mt khng gian vector con ca V. C th hn, nu {W }I l
mt h cc khng gian vector con ca V th

W l mt khng gian
I
vector con ca V.
117
nh ngha 3.16. Trong khng gian vector V cho h vector P . Giao

ca tt c cc khng gian vector con ca V cha P c gi l khng
gian vector con ca V sinh bi P , k hiu P .
Nhn xt 3.1. H cc khng gian vector con ca V cha P lun khc

rng v lun cha t nht mt phn t chnh l khng gian V.
T nh ngha 3.16 v nh l 3.8 ta suy ra P l khng gian vector
con nh nht ca V cha P .
Hai trng hp c bit l = {0V } v W = W i vi mi khng
gian vector con W ca V.
nh l 3.9. Trong khng gian vector V cho h vector P
(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ). Khi
P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) = {1 X1 + 2 X2 + + m Xm |i R}
dimP = r(P )
C s ca khng gian vector con P l h vector c lp tuyn
tnh ti i trong P .
V d 3.51. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con W trong R3 cho

bi W = P vi P = ((1, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 3) , (2, 3, 4)).
Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h vector P
1 1 1
A= 1 2 3
2 3 4
Ta bin i ma trn A v dng bc thang
1 1 1
1 1 1
d2 d2 d1
d3 d3 d2
A
0 1 2
0 1 2
d3 d3 2d1
0 1 2
0 0 0
Vy khng gian vector con W c c s l h ((1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3)). T y
ta cng suy ra dim W = 2.

118

V d 3.52. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con W trong R4 cho
bi W = P vi P = ((1, 0, 0, 1) , (2, 1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 1, 1)).
1 0 0 1
A= 2 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
d3 d3 d2
d2 d2 2d1
0 1 1 2
A
0 1 1 2
d3 d3 d1
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 2
Vy khng gian vector con W c c s l h ((1, 0, 0, 1) , (2, 1, 1, 0)).
T y ta cng suy ra dim W = 2.

V d 3.53. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con W ca P2 [x] cho
bi W = P vi P = (x2 + x 1, x 1, x2 + 2x 2, 2x2 + x 1).
1 1 1
1 1 0
A=
2 2 1
1 1 2
1 1 1
c1 c3 0 1 1 d3 d3 d1
A

1 2 2 d4 d4 2d1
2 1 1
1 1 1
d3 d3 d2 0 1 1

d4 d4 +d2 0 0
0
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
Vy khng gian W c c s l h vector (x2 + x 1, x 1). T y ta

cng suy ra dim W = 2.

V d 3.54. Tm m khng gian con W ca R3 c s chiu l 2 vi
W = ((1, 2, 1) , (1, m, m + 1) , (2, m + 1, m + 4)).
119

Gii. Ta lp ma trn vector dng
1
2
1
A= 1
m
m+1
2 m+1 m+4
Ta c dim W = 2 khi v ch khi r (A) = 2. Ta bin i ma trn A nh
sau
1
2
1
d2 d2 d1
A
0 m 2
m = A
d3 d3 2d1
0 m3 m2
1 2 1
Nu m = 2 th A = 0 0 2. Khi r (A ) = 3, suy ra r (A) = 3.
0 1 0
Vy m = 2 khng tha yu cu bi.
Nu m = 2 th ta tip tc bin i
1
2
1
2
1
m3
d3 d3 m2
d2
0 m2
0 m 2
m
0
0
0 m3 m2
1
m
m+4
m2
Ta thy r (A) = 2 khi v ch khi m + 4 = 0 m = 4.
3.6.2 Khng gian con nghim

Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn = 0
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + . . . + a2n xn = 0

..
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0
m1 1
m2 2
mn n
(3.2)
hay vit di dng ma trn l

AX = Om1
(3.3)
Nh bit, h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht 3.2 lun tn ti

nghim. Gi W l tp tt c cc nghim ca h 3.2, khi ta c cc
kt qu sau:
120
nh l 3.10. W l khng gian vector con ca khng gian vector Rn

v c gi l khng gian con nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn
tnh thun nht 3.2.
nh l 3.11. Khng gian con nghim W c s chiu dim W = n r

v c s l h nghim c bn (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xnr ) ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht 3.2, y r = r(A).
V d 3.55. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con nghim W ca h

phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht sau
{
3x + 2y + z = 0
2x + 5y 3z = 0
Gii. Lp ma trn h s ca h phng trnh
(
)
3 2 1
A=
2 5 3
d2 3d2 2d1
3 2
1
0 11 11
Ta suy ra r (A) = 2 v dim W = 1.
1
Cho z = 1 ta tm c nghim c bn ca h l X1 = 1 v y
1
cng chnh l c s ca khng gian con nghim W.
V d 3.56. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian con nghim W ca h

phng trnh thun nht sau
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 3x4 + 5x5 = 0
6x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 + 7x5 = 0
9x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 + 7x4 + 9x5 = 0
3x + 2x + 4x + 4x + 8x = 0
1
2
3
4
5
121

3 2
6 4
A=
9 6
3 2
1
3
5
4
3
5
7
4
Bin i ma trn A v dng bc thang
3 2 1
d2 d2 2d1 0 0 1
A

d3 d3 3d1 0 0 2
d4 d4 d1
0 0 3
3 2 1
d3 d3 2d2 0 0 1

d4 d4 3d2 0 0 0
0 0 0
3 2 1
Xa dng 3
0 0 1
0 0 0
5
7
9
8
3
1
2
1
3
1
0
4
3
1
4
6
3
5
0
12
5
3
12
Ta suy ra r (A) = 3 v dim W = 2.

tm c s ca khng gian W ta khi phc h phng trnh
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 3x4 + 5x5 = 0

x3 x4 3x5 = 0
4x4 + 12x5 = 0
Ln lt cho x1 = 1, x5 = 0 v x1 = 0, x5 = 1
c bn ca h
0
1
2
3
X1 = 0 ; X2 = 0
3
0
1
0
ta tm c h nghim
v y cng chnh l c s ca khng gian con nghim W.
3.7 Khng gian vector Euclide

122
3.7. KHNG GIAN VECTOR EUCLIDE
nh ngha 3.17. Cho V l mt khng gian vector n chiu. Khi ,

V c gi l khng gian vector Euclide nu cho
1. Quy tc
.|. : V V R
(X, Y ) 7 X|Y
gi l tch v hng ca hai vector X v Y .
2. Quy tc tha mn bn yu cu:
X|Y = Y |X ; X, Y V.
X + Y |Z = X|Z + Y |Z ; X, Y, Z V.
X|Y = X|Y = X|Y ; X, Y V, R.
X|X 0; X V v X|X = 0 khi v ch khi X = 0V .
V d 3.57. Khng gian cc vector t do hc hnh hc s cp l mt

khng gian vector Euclide vi tch v hng thng thng
u |
v = |
u | |
v | cos (
u ,
v)
V d 3.58. Gi s V l khng gian vector n chiu v (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l
mt c s ca n. C th nh ngha mt tch v hng trn V nh sau:
n
n
n
Nu X =
xi Xi v Y =
yi Xi th ta t X|Y =
xi yi .
i=1
i=1
i=1
Ni ring, nu V = Rn (hoc V = Rn ) v (e1 , e2 , . . . , en ) l mt c s

chnh tc ca n th tch v hng ca hai vector X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) v
n
Y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ) c nh ngha X|Y =

xi yi v c gi l tch
i=1
v hng chnh tc trn R .

n
Nhn xt rng theo cch ny th mi c s ca V xc nh mt tch

v hng trn V. Hai tch v hng xc nh bi hai c s khc nhau th
khc nhau.
V d 3.59. Trong khng gian vector C[a, b] xt nh x
.|. : C [a, b] C [a, b] R
(f, g)
7 f |g =
f (t) g (t) dt
Ta thy nh x .|. tha mn c bn yu cu ca nh ngha nn n

l mt tch v hng trn C[a, b].
123
nh ngha 3.18. Gi s V l mt khng gian vector Euclide vi

tch v hng .|.. Khi ,
di (hay chun) ca vectorX, k hiu
bi X, l s thc khng m X|X, ngha l X = X|X.
nh l 3.12. (Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz). Gi s V l

mt khng gian vector Euclide vi tch v hng .|.. Khi vi mi
X, Y V ta lun c X|Y 2 X2 Y 2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch
khi X = Y vi R.
V d 3.60. Trong khng gian Rn vi tch v hng chnh tc, bt ng

thc Cauchy-Schwarz c dng
v

v
u n
n
n

u
u
u

t
2t
xi
yi2
xi yi

i=1
i=1
i=1
vi xi , yi R; i = 1, n.
nh l 3.13. Gi s V l mt khng gian vector Euclide

vi tch v
+
hng .|.. nh x : V R xc nh bi X = X|X tha
mn cc tnh cht sau y:
X = || X ; X V, R.
X = 0 X = 0V .
X + Y X + Y ; X, Y V. ng thc xy ra khi v ch
khi tn ti s 0 sao cho X = Y hoc Y = X.
nh ngha 3.19. Gi s X, Y l hai vector khc khng ca khng

gian vector Euclide V. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
|X|Y |
1
X Y
124
T y suy ra tn ti duy nht mt gc [0, ] sao cho

cos =
|X|Y |
X Y
\
Ta gi l gc gia cc vector X v Y , k hiu = (X,
Y ).
Nhn xt 3.2. Gc gia vector 0V v X c th c xem l ty .
3.7.1
C s trc giao, c s trc chun. Trc chun

ha Gram-Schmidt
nh ngha 3.20. Cho V l mt khng gian Euclide vi tch v

hng .|.. Ta ni
Hai vector X, Y V l trc giao nu X|Y = 0.
H vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) l h trc giao nu chng trc giao
tng i mt.
H vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ) l h trc chun nu n trc giao v
Xi = 1 vi mi i = 1, m.
V d 3.61. Trong R2 vi tch v hng chnh tc, hai vector X1 =

(2, 1) , X2 = (1, 2) l trc giao vi nhau v X1 |X2 = 2. (1) + 1.2 = 0.
V d 3.62. Trong R3 vi tch v hng chnh tc, h ba vector X1 =
(
)
(
)
(1, 1, 1), X2 = 31 , 13 , 32 , X3 = 12 , 12 , 0 lp thnh mt h trc giao.
V d 3.63. Trong Rn vi tch v hng chnh tc, c s En lp thnh
mt h trc chun.
nh l 3.14. H vector trc giao trong khng gian Euclide V khng

cha vector khng l mt h c lp tuyn tnh.
125
nh ngha 3.21. Trong khng gian vector Euclide V c n chiu, h

gm n vector khc khng, trc giao tng i mt to thnh mt c s
ca V v ta gi l c s trc giao. H gm n vector khc khng c
gi l c s trc chun ca V nu n l mt c s trc giao v mi
vector ca h c di bng mt.
nh l 3.15. Mi khng gian vector Euclide V vi s chiu n u

tn ti c s trc chun.
Thut ton trc chun ha Gram-Schmidt

Gi s h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l c s ca khng gian Euclide
V c trang b tch v hng .|.. H vector (Y1 , Y2 , . . . , Yn ) c
thit lp bi cng thc
Y1 = X1
X2 |Y1
Y2 = X2
Y1
Y1 |Y1
..
.
Xi |Y1
Xi |Y2
Xi |Yi1
Y1
Y2
Yi1
Yi = Xi
Y1 |Y1
Y2 |Y2
Yi1 |Yi1
..
Xn |Y2
Xn |Yn1
Xn |Y1
Y1
Y2
Yn1
Yn = Xn
Y1 |Y1
Y2 |Y2
Yn1 |Yn1
l mt c s trc giao ca V. Khi , h vector (Z1 , Z2 , . . . , Zn ) c
thit lp bi cng thc
Y1
Z
=
Y1
Z2 = 2
Y2
..
Yn
Zn =
Yn
l mt c s trc chun ca V.
126

V d 3.64. Bit h vector (X1 = (1, 1, 1) , X2 = (0, 1, 1) , X3 = (1, 2, 2))
l mt c s ca R3 . Trc chun ha Gram Schmidt h ny.
Gii. p dng phng php Gram Schmidt ta c
Y = X1 = (1, 1, 1)
X2 |Y1
Y1 = (0, 1, 1)
Y2 = X2
Y1 |Y1
)
(
X3 |Y1
X3 |Y2
2 1 1
Y3 = X3
Y1
Y2 = , ,
Y1 |Y1
Y2 |Y2
3 3 3
Khi h vector (Y1 , Y2 , Y3 ) l c s trc giao ca R3 . Hn na, nu
ta t
(
)
Y1
1 1 1
Z1 =
= , ,
Y1
3 3 3
(
)
1 1
Y2
= 0, ,
Z2 =
Y2
2 2
(
)
Y3
2 1 1
= , ,
Z3 =
Y3
6 6 6
th h vector (Z1 , Z2 , Z3 ) l mt c s trc chun ca R3 .

V d 3.65. Trc chun ha Gram Schmidt h vector sau y
P = (X1 = (1, 1, 0, 0) , X2 = (0, 1, 1, 0) , X3 = (0, 0, 1, 1) , X4 = (1, 0, 0, 1))
Gii. p dng phng php Gram Schmidt ta c
Y1 = X1 = (1, 1, 0, 0)
(
)
X2 |Y1
1 1
Y2 = X2
Y1 = , , 1, 0
Y1 |Y1
2 2
(
)
X
|Y
X
|Y
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
Y3 = X3
Y1
Y2 =
, , ,0
Y1 |Y1
Y2 |Y2
3 3 3
X4 |Y1
X4 |Y2
X4 |Y3
Y1
Y2
Y3 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
Y4 = X4
Y1 |Y1
Y2 |Y2
Y3 |Y3
Khi h vector (Y1 , Y2 , Y3 , Y4 ) l c s trc giao ca R4 . Hn na,
nu ta t
(
)
1 1
Y1
= , , 0, 0
Z1 =
Y1
2 2
(
)
Y2
1 1 2
= , , , 0
Z2 =
Y2
6 6 6
(
)
1
Y
1 1
3
= , , , 0
Z3 =
Y3
3
3 3
Z4 = 4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
Y4
127

th h vector (Z1 , Z2 , Z3 , Z4 ) l mt c s trc chun ca R4 .
Bi tp chng 3
Phn t lun
Bi tp 3.1. Xc nh iu kin vector x l mt t hp tuyn tnh
ca h (u, v, w):
1. x = (1, m, 1);u = (1, 1, 0) , v = (2, 1, 1) , w = (3, 2, 1).
2. x = (2, m + 4, m + 6);u = (1, 2, 3) , v = (3, 8, 11) , w = (1, 3, 4).
3. x = (2, m 4, m);u = (1, 2, 3) , v = (2, 3, 4) , w = (1, 3, 5).
4. x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );u = (1, 2, 3) , v = (2, 4, 5) , w = (3, 6, 7)
5. x = (1, m, 1);u = (1, 2, 4) , v = (2, 1, 5) , w = (3, 6, 12).
Bi tp 3.2. Xc nh iu kin vector x khng phi l mt t hp
tuyn tnh ca h (u, v, w):
1. x = (11, m 9, 17);u = (1, 1, 3) , v = (2, 2, 5) , w = (3, 4, 3).
2. x = (1, m + 2, m + 4);u = (1, 2, 3) , v = (3, 7, 10) , w = (2, 4, 6).
3. x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );u = (1, 2, 1) , v = (1, 1, 0) , w = (3, 6, 3).
4. x = (x1 , x2 , x3 );u = (1, 2, 1) , v = (1, 1, 0) , w = (3, 6, 4).
Bi tp 3.3. Xc nh m h vector sau y ph thuc tuyn tnh:
1. u = (1, 2, m) , v = (0, 2, m) , w = (0, 0, 3).
2. u = (m + 1, m, m 1) , v = (2, m, 1) , w = (1, m, m 1).
3. u = (m, 1, 3, 4) , v = (m, m, m + 2, 6) , w = (2m, 2, 6, m + 10).
4. u = (m, 1, 3, 4) , v = (m, m, m + 4, 6) , w = (2m, 2, 6, m + 10).
4. u = (m, 1, 1, 4) , v = (m, m, m, 6) , w = (2m, 2, 2, m + 10).
Bi tp 3.4. Xc nh m h vector sau y c lp tuyn tnh:
1. u = (2, 1, 1, m) , v = (2, 1, m, m) , w = (m + 2, 1, 0, 0).
2. u = (2, 1, 1, m) , v = (2, 1, 1, m) , w = (10, 5, 1, 5m).
3. u1 = (2, 3, 1, 4) , u2 = (3, 7, 5, 1) , u3 = (8, 17, 11, m) , u4 = (1, 4, 4, 3).
Bi tp 3.5. H vect no sau y to thnh mt c s ca R3 v R4 ?
1. u1 = (1, 2, 1) , u2 = (2, 0, 1) , u3 = (1, 1, 0).
128

2. u2 = (1, 1, 0, 1) , u2 = (2, 2, 1, 1) , u3 = (1, 2, 5, 0) , u4 = (0, 1, 1, 2).
Bi tp 3.6. Tm m h vect sau to thnh mt c s ca R3 :
1. u = (1, 2, m) , v = (1, m, 0) , w = (m, 1, 0).
2. u = (m, 1, 1) , v = (1, m, 1) , w = (1, 1, m).
Bi tp 3.7. Tm m h vect sau to thnh mt c s ca R4 :
1. u1 = (3, 1, 2, m 1) , u2 = (0, 0, m, 0) , u3 = (2, 1, 4, 0) , u4 = (3, 2, 7, 0).
2. u1 = (1, 2, 3, 4) , u2 = (2, 3, 4, 5) , u3 = (3, 4, 5, 6) , u4 = (4, 5, 6, m).
Bi tp 3.8. H vector no to thnh mt c s ca khng gian con W
ca R3 sinh bi cc vect sau:
1. u1 = (2, 3, 4) , u2 = (2, 6, 0) , u3 = (4, 6, 8).
2. u1 = (2, 3, 4) , u2 = (5, 4, 0) , u3 = (7, 1, 5).
Bi tp 3.9. H vect no to thnh mt c s ca khng gian con W
ca R4 sinh bi cc vect sau:
1. u1 = (1, 2, 3, 4) , u2 = (0, 2, 6, 0) , u3 = (0, 0, 1, 0) , u4 = (0, 2, 4, 4).
2. u1 = (1, 2, 3, 4) , u2 = (0, 2, 6, 0) , u3 = (0, 0, 1, 0) , u4 = (1, 2, 4, 4).
Bi tp 3.10. Tm s chiu dim W ca khng gian con W ca R4 sinh
bi cc vect sau:
1. u1 = (1, 2, 3, 4) , u2 = (2, 3, 4, 5) , u3 = (3, 4, 5, 6) , u4 = (4, 5, 6, 7).
2. u1 = (3, 1, 5, 7) , u2 = (4, 1, 2, 2) , u3 = (1, 1, 8, 1) , u4 = (1, 2, 1, 2).
Bi tp 3.11. Tm hng ca cc h vect sau:
1. u1 = (2, 3, 5, 7) , u2 = (4, 1, 3, 2) , u3 = (8, 7, 13, 16) , u4 = (6, 4, 8, 9).
2. u1 = (1, 1, 5, 7) , u2 = (6, 2, 2, 2) , u3 = (13, 1, 8, 17) , u4 = (0, 1, 1, 2).
Bi tp 3.12. nh m h sau c hng bng 2:
1. u = (1, 3, 1) , v = (1, m + 3, 3) , w = (1, m + 6, m + 3).
2. u = (m, 1, 0, 2) , v = (m, m + 1, 1, 2) , w = (2m, m + 2, 1, 5).
3. u = (m, 1, 1) , v = (1, m, 1) , w = (1, 1, m).
Bi tp 3.13. Tm ta ca vector u trong c s (u1 , u2 , u3 ):
1. u = (1, 2, 4);u1 = (1, 0, 0) , u2 = (0, 1, 0) , u3 = (0, 0, 1).
2. u = (m, 0, 1);u1 = (0, 0, 1) , u2 = (0, 1, 0) , u3 = (1, 0, 0).
3. u = (2, 3, 6);u1 = (1, 2, 3) , u2 = (1, 3, 4) , u3 = (2, 4, 7).
129

4. u = (m, 0, 1) ;u1 = (1, 0, 0) , u2 = (1, 1, 0) , u3 = (0, 1, 1).
5. u = (m, m, 4m);u1 = (1, 2, 3) , u2 = (3, 7, 9) , u3 = (5, 10, 16).
6. u = (1, 2m, 2);u1 = (1, 0, 0) , u2 = (0, 2, 0) , u3 = (2, 1, 1).
Bi tp 3.14. Trong khng gian R3 cho tp hp
W = {u = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 + 3x2 x3 = 0}
1. Chng minh W l khng gian vector con ca R3 .
2. Tm mt c s ca W.
3. Chng minh vector u = (1, 2, 7) thuc W. Xc nh ta ca u
i vi c s va tm c cu 2.
Bi tp 3.15. Trong khng gian R2 cho h vect P = (u1 , u2 ). Tm ma
trn chuyn c s t c s chnh tc E2 sang c s P = (u1 , u2 ) v ngc
li.
1. u1 = (2, 1) , u2 = (1, 1).
2. u1 = (2, 1) , u2 = (1, 1).
3. u1 = (1, 0) , u2 = (0, 1).
4. u1 = (1, 2) , u2 = (3, 4).
Bi tp 3.16. Trong khng gian R3 cho h vect P = (u1 , u2 , u3 ).Tm
ma trn chuyn c s, t c s chnh tc E3 sang c s P = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) v
ngc li.
1. u1 = (1, 0, 1) , u2 = (0, 1, 1) , u3 = (0, 0, 1).
2. u1 = (0, 1, 1) , u2 = (1, 0, 1) , u3 = (1, 1, 0).
3. u1 = (1, 2, 1) , u2 = (1, 1, 1) , u3 = (0, 1, 1).
4. u1 = (4, 2, 1) , u2 = (0, 1, 2) , u3 = (1, 2, 1).
Bi tp 3.17. Trong khng gian R2 , tm ma trn chuyn c s P1 =
(u1 , u2 ) sang c s P2 = (v1 , v2 ) v ngc li.
1. u1 = (2, 1) , u2 = (1, 1) ; v1 = (1, 0) , v2 = (0, 1).
2. u1 = (2, 1) , u2 = (3, 2) ; v1 = (1, 7) , v2 = (8, 1).
3. u1 = (12, 13) , u2 = (1, 1) ; v1 = (1, 1) , v2 = (3, 1).
Bi tp 3.18. Trong khng gian R3 , tm ma trn chuyn c s P1 =
(u1 , u2 , u3 ) sang c s P2 = (v1 , v2 , v3 ) v ngc li.
130

1. u1 = (1, 0, 0) , u2 = (0, 1, 0) , u3 = (0, 0, 1) ; v1 = (1, 0, 1) , v2 =
(0, 1, 1) , v3 = (0, 0, 1).
2. u1 = (1, 2, 0) , u2 = (1, 1, 3) , u3 = (1, 1, 1) ; v1 = (1, 1, 0) , v2 =
(1, 0, 1) , v3 = (0, 1, 1).
3. u1 = (1, 2, 1) , u2 = (1, 1, 3) , u3 = (1, 1, 1) ; v1 = (1, 1, 3) , v2 =
(1, 1, 1) , v3 = (7, 1, 1).
Bi tp 3.19. Cho bit ma trn chuyn c s t c s B sang c s chnh
tc E3 ca R3 l
1
1
2
P = 0 1 0
1 1 1
Tm ta ca vector u = (1, 0, 1) theo c s B.
tc E3 ca R3 l
1 1 2
P = 3 1 7
1 1 1
tc E3 ca R3 l
1
1
2
P = 1 1 4
1 1 1
Bi tp 3.22. Cho bit ma trn chuyn c s t c s B1 sang c s B2
ca R3 l
1
0 0
P = 0
1 0
1 1 1
v ta ca vector u theo c s B1 l x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 0. Tm [u]B2 .
ca R3 l
1
2 3
P = 0
1 4
1 1 0
131

ca R3 l
1 2 3
P = 0 1 4
1 1 0
Bi tp 3.25. Trong khng gian R3 cho h vector (u1 = (1, 0, 0) , u2 =
(0, 1, 0) , u3 = (0, 0, 1)). Cho bit ma trn chuyn c s t c s B1
sang c s B2 = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) ca R3 l
1
0 0
P = 0
1 0
1 1 1
v ta vect u theo c s B1 l x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 0. Tm vect u.
Bi tp 3.26. 1. Trong khng gian P5 [x] cho c s
(
)
F = 1, x, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
Tm [p(x) = x5 1]F .
2. Trong khng gian P5 [x] cho c s
(
)
F = 1, x 1, (x 1)2 , (x 1)3 , (x 1)4 , (x 1)5
Xc nh [p(x) = x5 + 4x4 + 3x 1]F .
(
)
F = 1, x 1, (x 1)2 , (x 1)3 , (x 1)4 , (x 1)5
Xc nh [p(x) = x5 + 4x4 + 3x3 + x2 + x 5]F .
(
)
(x 1)2 (x 1)3 (x 1)4 (x 1)5
F = 1, x 1,
,
,
,
2!
3!
4!
5!
Xc nh [p(x) = 6x5 + 4x4 + 3x3 + x2 + 4x 5]F .
(
)
3
4
5
2
(x 1) (x 1) (x 1) (x 1)
,
,
,
F = 1, x 1,
2
3
4
5
Xc nh [p(x) = 6x5 + 14x4 3x3 + x2 + 4x 5]F .
132

Bi tp 3.27. 1. Trong khng gian vector cc a thc c bc khng vt
qu bn P4 [x] cho hai c s
{
}
(
)
E = 1, x, x2 , x3 , x4 ; F = 1, x 1, (x 1)2 , (x 1)3 , (x 1)4
Tm CEF v CF E .
2. Trong khng gian vector cc a thc c bc khng vt qu bn
P4 [x] cho hai c s
)
(
2
3
4
{
}
(x
1)
(x
1)
(x
1)
,
,
E = 1, x, x2 , x3 , x4 F = 1, x 1,
2!
3!
4!
Tm CEF v CF E .
Phn trc nghim

Bi tp 3.28. Cho V l mt khng gian c s chiu bng bn. Khng
nh no sau y l ng?
a. Mi tp c mt phn t u c lp tuyn tnh.
b. Mi tp c bn phn t l tp sinh.
c. Mi tp c nm phn t l tp sinh.
d. Cc cu a, b, c u sai.
Bi tp 3.29. Tm [x2 + 2x 2]B vi B = (f1 = x2 + x + 1, f2 = x, f3 = 1).
1
a. 1
3
1
b. 1
3
1
c. 1
3
1
d. 1
3
Bi tp 3.30. Trong R2 cho hai c s P1 = ((1, 1) , (2, 3)) v P2 = ((1, 1) , (1, 0)).
( )
1
Bit [x]P1 =
, hy xc nh [x]P2 .
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
5
8
2
1
a.
b.
c.
d.
8
5
1
2
Bi tp 3.31. Cho W = ((1, 1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 2, 3) , (3, 4, 1, m)), vi gi tr
no ca m th W c s chiu ln hn 1?
a. m = 0
b. m = 1
c. khng c m
d. m
Bi tp 3.32. Trong R3 cho W = ((1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 2)), P = ((1, 0, 0) , (2, 2, m))

vi gi no ca m th P l c s ca W?
a. m = 0
b. m = 1
c. khng c m
133
d. m

Bi tp 3.33. Trong R3 cho W = ((1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 1) , (3, 5, m)). Vi gi
tr no ca m th W c s chiu l 2?
a. m = 0
b. m = 1
c. m = 2
d. m = 4
Bi tp 3.34. Trong khng gian P2 [x] cho cc vector

f1 = x2 + x + 1, f2 = 2x + 1, f3 = 3x2 + 2x + m
Vi gi tr no ca m th h vector P = (f1 , f2 , f3 ) sinh ra P2 [x].
5
5
a. m = 1
b. m = 1
c. m =
d. m =
2
2
Bi tp 3.35. Trong R3 cho hai c s
P = ((1, 2, 3) , (3, 4, 5) , (2, 1, 4))
P = ((1, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 0) , (1, 0, 0))
1
Bit rng [X]P = 2 . Hy tm [X]P .
1

1
4
1
c.
b.
a.
5
5
5
2
1
4
3
d. 3
4
Bi tp 3.36. Cho khng gian vector V c s chiu l ba. Khng nh

no sau y l ng?
a. Mi tp sinh phi c nhiu hn ba phn t.
b. Mi tp c lp tuyn tnh phi c ba phn t.
c. Mi tp sinh ca V c ba phn t u l c s ca V.
d. Mi tp sinh ca V phi c ng ba phn t.
Bi tp 3.37. Trong R3 cho khng gian vector con
W = {(a, a + b, a b) : a, b R}
a. ((1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1)) l c s ca W.
b. ((1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1)) l tp sinh ca W.
c. ((1, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1)) l c s ca W.
d. Cc cu trn u sai.
134

Bi tp 3.38. Trong R3 cho W = ((1, 1, 1) , (2, 1, 3) , (3, 3, 5)) v X =
(3, 2, m). Tm m X
/ W.
14
14
a. m
b. Khng c m
c. m =
d. m =
3
3
Bi tp 3.39. Trong P2 [x] xt hai c s
P = (x2 + x + 1, 7x 2, 2)
P = (x2 , 3x, 3)
2
Bit rng [p (x)]P = 1 . Hy tm [p (x)]P .
3
2
2
2
c. 2
b. 3
a. 3
3
2
2
1
d. 1
4
Bi tp 3.40. Trong R4 cho h vector

P = ((1, 1, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 3, 4) , (0, 0, 0, 0) , (2, 3, 4, 5))
a. r(P ) = 2
b. P l c s ca R4
c. r(P ) = 3
d. P sinh ra R4
Bi tp 3.41. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m h vector
(
)
P = x2 + x + 1, 2x + 1, x2 + 2x + m
l c s ca P2 [x].
3
3
d. m =
2
2
Bi tp 3.42. Cho W = (1, 1, 1) , (1, 2, 1) v P = ((1, 1, 1) , (1, 1, m)).
Tm m P l c s ca W.
a. m = 3
b. m = 3
c. m =
a. m = 0
b. m = 1
c. khng c m
Bi tp 3.43. Trong R3 cho khng gian con

W = ((1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 1) , (5, 1, 2))
Tm mt c s P ca W v dim W.
a. dim W = 2, P = ((1, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1)).
b. dim W = 2, P = ((1, 1, 1) , (0, 0, 1)).
c. dim W = 3, P = ((1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 1) , (5, 1, 2)).
d. Cc cu trn u sai.
135
d. m

Bi tp 3.44. Trong R3 cho khng gian con W = {(x, y, z) : x + y z = 0}.
a. dim W = 1, P = ((1, 1, 1)).
b. dim W = 2, P = ((1, 1, 0) , (1, 0, 1)).
c. dim W = 2, P = ((1, 1, 2) , (2, 2, 4)).
d. dim W = 3, P = ((1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)).
{
W=
{
(x, y, z, t) :
x + y + z + t = 0
2x + 3y z + t = 0
a. dim W = 2, P = ((4, 3, 1, 0) , (2, 1, 0, 1)).
b. dim W = 2, P = ((1, 1, 1, 1) , (2, 3, 1, 1)).
c. dim W = 3, P = ((1, 1, 1, 1) , (4, 3, 1, 0) , (2, 1, 0, 1)).
d. Cc cu kia u sai.
Bi tp 3.46. Trong R3 cho
W = ((1, 1, 1) , (0, 1, 1)) ; U = ((2, 2, 2) , (1, 2, m))
Vi gi tr no ca m th W = U?
b. m = 0
a. m = 0
c. m = 1
d. m = 1
Bi tp 3.47. Vi gi tr no ca m th khng gian con ca h
x + y + 2z t = 0
2x + 2y + z + t = 0
x + y + z + mt = 0
c s chiu ln hn 1.
a. m = 5
c. m = 7
b. m = 7
d. m

W = {(x, y, z) : mx1 + x3 = 0}
Tm tt c m dim W = 2
a. m = 0
b. m = 0
c. m = 1
136
d. m

Bi tp 3.49. Cho khng gian con W = {(x, my, z) : x, y, z R}. Tm tt
c m W = R3 .
a. m = 0
b. m = 0
c. m = 1
d. m = 1
Bi tp 3.50. Cho khng gian con

W = {((m + 1) x, y, (m + 2) z) : x, y, z R}
Tm tt c m W = R3 .
a. m = 1 v m = 2.
b. m = 1 m = 2.
c. m.
d. Cc cu trn u sai.
Bi tp 3.51. Trong R2 cho quy tc
X|Y = x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + mx2 y2
vi X = (x1 , x2 ) , Y = (y1 , y2 ). Tm m X|Y l tch v hng.
a. m > 1
b. m < 1
c. m = 1
d. m = 1
Bi tp 3.52. Trong R2 cho tch v hng

X|Y = 3x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x2 y2
v Z = (1, 2). Tm di vector Z.
b. Z = 5
a. Z = 11
c. Z = 11
d. Z = 5
Bi tp 3.53. Trong R2 cho tch v hng

X|Y = 2x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 + x2 y2
v Z = (1, 1) , T = (2, m). Tm m ZT .
a. m = 3
c. m = 2
b. m = 2
d. m = 1
Bi tp 3.54. Trong R4 vi tch v hng chnh tc, cho h vector

P = ((1, 1, 1, 1) , (0, 0, 0, 0) , (2, 1, 1, m))
Tm m P l h trc giao.
a. m = 4
b. m
c. m = 3
137
d. m = 0
138
Chng 4
nh x tuyn tnh
4.1 nh ngha v cc tnh cht cn bn
nh ngha 4.1. Cho hai khng gian vector V, V . nh x f : V V
c gi l mt nh x tuyn tnh nu hai iu kin sau y c
tha:
f (X + Y ) = f (X) + f (Y ) ; X, Y V.
f (X) = f (X) ; R, X V.
V d 4.1. nh x
f : R2 R2
(x, y) 7 (x + y, x y)
l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, ta ly hai vector X, Y R2 , gi s
X = (x1 , x2 ) v Y = (y1 , y2 ), khi
f (X + Y ) = f (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) = (x1 + y1 + x2 + y2 , x1 + y1 x2 y2 )
Mt khc
f (X) + f (Y ) = (x1 + x2 , x1 x2 ) + (y1 + y2 , y1 y2 )
= (x1 + y1 + x2 + y2 , x1 + y1 x2 y2 )
T y suy ra f (X + Y ) = f (X) + f (Y ), X R2 .
139
CHNG 4. NH X TUYN TNH

Hn na, vi mi R v mi X R2 , ta c
f (X) = f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + x2 , x1 x2 ) = f (X)
Vy f l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
V d 4.2. nh x
f : R3
R3
(x, y, z) 7 (x + y + x, x y + 3z, x z)
cng l mt nh x tuyn tnh (chng minh tng t nh v d 4.1)
Tnh cht
Sau y l mt s tnh cht ca nh x tuyn tnh m ta c th suy ra
trc tip t nh ngha
1. f (0V ) = 0V .
2. f (X) = f (X) ; X V.
3. Hai iu kin trong nh ngha c th thay th bng iu kin
tng ng sau
f (X + Y ) = f (X) + f (Y ) ; X, Y V, , R
(4.1)
Cc tnh cht 1,2 v 3 thng c s dng chng t hay bc b

mt nh x c l nh x tuyn tnh. Ta xt mt vi v d sau y:
V d 4.3. Cho khng gian vector V, nh x ng nht
IdV : V V
X 7 X
l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, X, Y V, , R ta c
IdV (X + Y ) = X + Y = IdV (X) + IdV (Y )
V d 4.4. nh x
f : Pn [x] Pn [x]
p (x) 7 p (x)
l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Tht vy, p (x) , q (x) Pn [x] , R ta c
f (p (x) + q (x)) = (p (x) + q (x)) = p (x) + q (x)
= f (p (x)) + f (q (x))
140
4.1. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT CN BN

V d 4.5. nh x
f : R3
R2
(x, y, z) 7 (2x y + 3z, x y + 5z + 1)
khng l nh x tuyn tnh v f (0R3 ) = f (0, 0, 0) = (0, 1) = 0R2 .
nh l 4.1. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V V v W l mt khng
gian vector con ca V, khi
Tp hp f (W) = {f (X) : X W} l mt khng gian vector con
ca V .
Nu W = P th f (W) = f (P ).
H qu 4.1. f (V) l mt khng gian vector con ca V v c gi

l nh ca f , k hiu Im f .
nh l 4.2. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V V v W l mt khng

gian vector con ca V . Khi tp hp
f 1 (W ) = {X V : f (X) W }
l mt khng gian vector con ca V.
H qu 4.2. Tp hp f 1 (0V ) = {X V : f (X) = 0V } l mt khng

gian vector con ca V v c gi l ht nhn ca f , k hiu ker f .
nh l 4.3. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V V vi V l mt khng

gian vector hu hn chiu. Khi Im f v ker f cng hu hn chiu,
ng thi
dim Im f + dim ker f = dim V
141

Ch 4.1. dim Im f cn c gi l hng ca nh x f , k hiu r(f ).
dim ker f c gi l s khuyt ca nh x f , k hiu d (f ).
V d 4.6. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R2 xc nh bi
f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + z, x y 4z)
Tm mt c s v s chiu ca ker f v Im f .
Gii. Ta c ker f = {(x, y, z) : f (x, y, z) = 0R2 } hay ker f chnh l khng
gian con nghim ca h phng trnh
{
x + 2y + z = 0
x y 4z = 0
Ta lp ma trn h s ca h v a v dng bc thang
(
)
(
)
1 2
1
1 2
1
d2 d2 d1
A=
0 3 5
1 1 4
Khi phc h ta c
{
x + 2y + z = 0
3y 5z = 0
H phng trnh trn c mt n ph z, cho z = 1 ta tm c mt

nghim c bn
7
3
X1 = 35
1
v h P = (X1 ) cng chnh l c s ca ker f , suy ra dim ker f = 1.
Tip theo, ta tm c s v s chiu ca Im f
f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + z, x y 4z) = x (1, 1) + y (2, 1) + z (1, 4)
Ta suy ra Im f = P vi P = ((1, 1) , (2, 1) , (1, 4)).
Lp ma trn vector dng ca h P v bin i v dng bc thang
1 1
1 1
1 1
d2 d2 2d1
d3 3d3 5d2
A = 2 1
0 3
0 3
d3 d3 d1
1 4
0 5
0 0
Ta suy ra dim Im f = 2 v Im f c c s l h P = ((1, 1) , (2, 1)).
142
4.1. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT CN BN

V d 4.7. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : P3 [x] P3 [x] xc nh nh sau
(
)
f a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 = a1 + (a0 2a3 ) x + (2a3 a1 ) x2 + (a0 a1 ) x3
Tm c s v s chiu ca ker f v Im f .
Gii. Ta c
{
}
ker f = {p (x) P3 [x] : f (p (x)) = 0P3 [x]
}
3
i
2
3
=
ai x : a1 + (a0 2a3 ) x + (2a3 a1 ) x + (a0 a1 ) x = 0
i=0
ng thc a1 + (a0 2a3 ) x + (2a3 a1 ) x2 + (a0 a1 ) x3 = 0 tng

ng vi
a1
=0
a0 = 0
a0 2a3 = 0
a =0
1
2a3 a1 = 0
a3 = 0
a a =0
0
1
Ta suy ra ker f = {a2 x2 : a2 R}.
Vy dim ker f = 1 v ker f c c s l h vector P = (x2 ).
Tip theo, ta xc nh c s v s chiu ca Im f .
V dim ker f = 1 nn ta suy ra
dim Im f = dim P3 [x] dim ker f = 4 1 = 3
Mt khc
a1 + (a0 2a3 ) x + (2a3 a1 ) x2 + (a0 a1 ) x3
= a0 (x + x3 ) + a1 (1 x2 x3 ) + a3 (2x + 2x2 )
Vy Im f = P vi P = (x + x3 , 1 x2 x3 , 2x + 2x2 ).
Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h P
0 1
0
1
A = 1 0 1 1
0 2 2
0
Ta thy r (A) = 3 nn h P chnh l c s ca Im f .

143

f (x, y, z) = (x + y 4mz, 3x + 5y + 2z, 4x + 7y + (m + 1) z)
1. Tm m ker f = {0R3 }.
2. Khi ker f = {0R3 }, hy tm c s, s chiu ca ker f v Im f .
Gii. 1. ker f chnh l khng gian con nghim ca h phng trnh
4mz
= 0
x + y
(4.2)
3x + 5y +
2z
= 0
4x + 7y + (m + 1) z = 0
Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h 4.2 v bin i v dng bc thang
1
1 1 4m
d2 d2 3d1
A= 3 5
2 0
d3 d3 4d1
0
4 7 m+1
1
d3 2d3 3d2
0
0
1
2
3
1
2
0
4m
2 + 12m
17m + 1
4m
2 + 12m
2m 4
ker f = {0R3 } khi v ch khi r (A) < 3 hay 2m 4 = 0 m = 2.

2. Vi m = 2 th r (A) = 2, ta suy ra dim ker f = 3 2 = 1 v h 4.2
c th vit li nh sau
{
x + y + 8z = 0
(4.3)
2y 22z = 0
H 4.3 c mt n ph z. Cho z = 1 ta tm c mt nghim c bn l
19
X1 = 11
1
v h P = (X1 ) cng chnh l c s ca ker f .
Mt khc, vi m = 2 ta cng suy ra c
f (x, y, z) = (x + y + 8z, 3x + 5y + 2z, 4x + 7y z)
= x (1, 3, 4) + y (1, 5, 7) + z (8, 2, 1)
Do , Imf = P vi P = ((1, 3, 4) , (1, 5, 7) , (8, 2, 1)).
144
4.2. N CU, TON CU, NG CU

V dim ker f = 1 nn ta c
dim Im f = dim R3 dim ker f = 3 1 = 2
tm c s ca Im f ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h P v bin
i v dng bc thang
1 3 4
1
d2 d2 d1
A=
1 5 7
0
d3 d3 8d1
8 2 1
0
1
d3 d2 +11d2
0
0
3
4
2
3
22 33
3 4
2 3
0 0
Vy Imf c c s l h vector P = ((1, 3, 4) , (1, 5, 7)).
4.2
4.2.1
n cu, ton cu, ng cu

n cu
nh ngha 4.2. nh x tuyn tnh f : V V c gi l n cu

nu f (X) = f (Y ); X, Y V, X = Y .
nh l 4.4. nh x tuyn tnh f : V V n cu khi v ch khi

ker f = {0V }.
V d 4.9. Cc nh x tuyn tnh no sau y l n cu:

1. f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) = (x + y, x y).
2. g : R2 R3 xc nh bi g (x, y) = (x + 2y, x + 3y, 2x y)
3. h : R3 R3 xc nh bi
h (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x + 2x + 3z, 2x + 3y + 4z)
145

Gii. 1. Ta c
ker f = {X R : f (X) = 0R2 } =

2
{
Gii h phng trnh
{
(x, y) :
x + y = 0
x y = 0
x + y = 0
c nghim
x y = 0
x=0
.
y=0
Ta suy ra ker f = {(0, 0)} = {0R2 }. Vy f l n cu.

2. Tng t nh trn ta tm c
x + y = 0
ker g = (x, y) :
= {(0, 0)} = {0R2 }
x + 2y = 0
2x y = 0
Vy g l n cu.
3. Ta thy
x + y + z = 0
ker h = (x, y, z) :
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
H phng trnh
x + y + z = 0
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
c nh thc ca ma trn h s bng khng nn h c nghim khng
tm thng, tc ker h = {(0, 0, 0)} = {0R3 }. Vy h khng l n cu.
f (x, y) = (x + y, x + my)
Tm m f l n cu.
Gii. Ta c
{
ker f =
{
(x, y) :
x + y = 0
x + my = 0
nh x tuyn tnh f l n cu khi v ch khi h phng trnh

{
x + y = 0
x + my = 0
146

ch c nghim tm thng, tc l

1 1

1 m = 0 m = 1
Vy vi m = 1 th f l mt n cu.

f (x, y, z) = (mx + y + z, x + my + z, x + y + mz)
Tm m f khng l mt n cu.
Gii. Ta c
mx + y + z = 0
ker f = (x, y, z) :
x + my + z = 0
x + y + mz = 0
nh x tuyn tnh f khng n cu khi v ch khi ker f = {0R3 }, hay

h phng trnh
mx + y + z = 0
x + my + z = 0
x + y + mz = 0
c nghim khng tm thng. Khi

m 1 1

1 m 1

1 1 m

[

m=1
=0

m = 2

Vy vi m = 1; m = 2 th f l khng l n cu.
4.2.2
Ton cu
nh ngha 4.3. nh x tuyn tnh f : V V c gi l ton cu

nu Im f = V .
147
nh l 4.5. nh x tuyn tnh f : V V ton cu khi v ch khi

dim Im f = dim V
V d 4.12. Cc nh x tuyn tnh no sau y l ton cu?

2. g : R2 R3 xc nh bi g (x, y) = (x + 2y, x + 3y, 2x y).
h (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x + 2x + 3z, 2x + 3y + 4z)
Gii. 1. Ta c
Im f = {f (x, y) : (x, y) R2 } = {(x + y, x y) : (x, y) R2 }
= {x (1, 1) + y (1, 1) : (x, y) R2 } = (1, 1) , (1, 1)
Khi dim Im f = r ((1, 1) , (1, 1)) = 2. Vy f l ton cu.
2. Tng t nh cu 1. ta c Im g = (1, 1, 2) , (2, 3, 1).
Khi dim Im g = r((1, 1, 2) , (2, 3, 1)) = 2. Vy g khng l mt ton
cu.
3. Ta c Im h = (1, 1, 2) , (1, 2, 3) , (1, 3, 4).
Khi dim Im h = r((1, 1, 2) , (1, 2, 3) , (1, 3, 4)) = 2. Vy h khng l
ton cu.

f (x, y) = (x + my, mx + y)
Tm m f l ton cu.
Gii. Ta c Im f = (1, m) , (m, 1).
nh x tuyn tnh f l ton cu khi v ch khi dim Im f = 2 hay

1 m

m 1 = 0 m = 1
Vy vi m = 1 th f l mt ton cu.
148

(
)
f (x, y) = x + my, m2 x + 2y, x + (m 1) y
Tm m f l mt ton nh.
Gii. Ta gii bi ny theo hai cch
Cch 1. Ta c Im f = ((1, m) , (m2 , 2) , (1, m 1)). nh x tuyn tnh
f ton nh khi v ch khi
(
(
)
)
dim Im f = r (1, m) , m2 , 2 , (1, m 1) = 3
Ta lp ma trn vector dng ca h vector ((1, m) , (m2 , 2) , (1, m 1))
1
m
A = m2
2
1 m1
V A l ma trn cp 3 2 nn r (A) 2. Vy f khng th l mt ton
nh vi mi m.
Cch 2. Ta c dim Im f + dim ker f = dim R2 = 2.
V dim ker f 0 nn dim Im f 2 < 3.
Vy f khng th l ton nh vi mi m R.
4.2.3
ng cu
nh ngha 4.4. nh x tuyn tnh f : V V c gi l ng cu

nu f va n cu va ton cu.
nh l 4.6. Cho V v V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu,

nh x tuyn tnh f : V V . Khi , nu f l ng cu th dim V =
dim V . Ngc li, nu dim V = dim V th f l ng cu khi mt trong
hai iu kin sau y xy ra:
f l n cu.
f l ton cu.
149

V d 4.15. Cc nh x tuyn tnh no sau y l ng cu?
2. g : R2 R3 xc nh bi g (x, y) = (x + 2y, x + 3y, 2x y).
h (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x + 2x + 3z, 2x + 3y + 4z)
Gii. Da vo kt qu cc v d 4.9, 4.12 v nh l 4.6 ta khng nh
nh x f l ng cu, cc nh x g, h khng phi l ng cu.

Tm m f l mt ng cu.
Gii. p dng nh l 4.6, f l ng cu khi v ch khi f l n cu.
Theo v d 4.11, f n cu khi v ch khi m = 1, m = 2. Vy f ng
cu khi m = 1, m = 2.
4.3 Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

nh ngha 4.5. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu
vi dim V = n, dim V = m v f : V V l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
Gi P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l c s ca V; P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm
) l c
s ca V . Gi s
a1j
a2j
[f (Xj )]P = . ; j = 1, n
.
.
amj
Khi , ma trn
A = ([f (X1 )]P [f (X2 )]P . . . [f (Xn )]P ) =
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
am1 am2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
..
.
.
. . . amn
c gi l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong cp c s (P, P ),
k hiu A = [f ]PP .
150
4.3. MA TRN CA NH X TUYN TNH
Nu V = V v P P th ta dng k hiu A = [f ]P thay cho

A = [f ]PP .
Nu V = V = Rn v P P En th dng k hiu A = [f ] thay
cho A = [f ]En .
nh l 4.7. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu vi

dim V = n, dim V = m v f : V V l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Gi
P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l c s ca V; P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm
) l c s
ca V . Khi , X V ta c
[f (X)]P = [f ]PP [X]P

v
r (f ) = dim Im f = r([f ]PP )
V d 4.17. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) =

(x y, x + y). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s P = ((1, 1) , (1, 2)), t
tnh s chiu ca Im f .
Gii. Ta c
f (1, 1) = (0, 2)
f (1, 2) = (1, 3)
Tip theo, ta tm ta ca cc vector (0, 2) ; (1, 3) i vi c s P .
Xt ng thc
(0,
{ 2) = (1, 1) + (1, 2)
+ =0
{ + 2 = 2
= 2
=2
( )
2
Vy [(0, 2)]P =
.
2
( )
5
Tng t ta tnh c [(1, 3)]P =
4
151

Vy ma trn ca f i vi c s P = {(1, 1) , (1, 2)} l
(
)
2 5
A = [f ]P =
2
4
T y ta cng suy ra dim Im f = r (A) = 2.

f (x, y, z, t) = (x 2y, y 2z, z 2t)
Tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s (P, P ) xc nh nh sau:
P = ((1, 1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1, 1) , (0, 0, 0, 1))
P = ((1, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 0) , (1, 0, 0))
Gii. Ta c
f (1, 1, 0, 0) = (3, 1, 0)
f (0, 1, 1, 0) = (2, 3, 1)
f (0, 0, 1, 1) = (0, 2, 3)
f (0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 2)
Ta tnh c
1
0
= 1 ; [(2, 3, 1)]P = 4
5
4
2
3
= 5 ; [(0, 0, 2)]P = 2
0
2
[(3, 1, 0)]P
[(0, 2, 3)]P
Vy ma trn ca f i vi cp c s (P, P ) l
0 1 3 2
A = [f ]PP = 1 4 5 2
4 5 2
0
Khng kh ch ra rng r(A) = 3 nn f l mt ton cu.
nh l 4.8. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector v P =
(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l mt c s bt k ca V, h vector (Y1 , Y2 , . . . , Yn )
ty cha trong V . Khi , tn ti duy nht nh x tuyn tnh
f : V V tha mn f (Xi ) = Yi , i = 1, n.
152

V d 4.19. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi: f (1, 2) =
(0, 1) , f (1, 1) = (1, 0). Hy xc nh f (x1 , x2 ) v [f ].
Gii. H vector P = ((1, 2) , (1, 1)) l c s ca R2 . Ta tin hnh tm ta
ca vector X = (x1 , x2 ) i vi c s P . Xt biu th tuyn tnh
X = (1, 2) + (1, 1)
{
(x1 , x2 ) = ( + , 2 + )
+ = x1
{ 2 + = x2
= x2 x1
= 2x1 x2
Khi
f (x1 , x2 ) = f ((x2 x1 ) (1, 2) + (2x1 x2 ) (1, 1))
= (x2 x1 ) f (1, 2) + (2x1 x2 ) f (1, 1)
= (x2 x1 ) (0, 1) + (2x1 x2 ) (1, 0) = (2x1 x2 , x2 x1 )
T y ta suy ra
(
[f ] =
2 1
1 1
)
Nhn xt 4.1. V d 4.19 c th c gii da vo kt qu sau y (suy

ra trc tip t nh l 4.7)
nh l 4.9. nh x tuyn tnh f : Rn Rm lun c dng tng qut

( n
)
n
n
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) =
a1j xj ,
a2j xj , . . . ,
amj xj
j=1
j=1
j=1
By gi ta s gii v d 4.19 theo hng s dng nh l 4.9.

V f : R2 R2 nn biu thc ca f (x1 , x2 ) c dng
f (x1 , x2 ) = (ax1 + bx2 , cx1 + dx2 )
Khi
f (1, 2) = (a + 2b, c + 2d) = (0, 1)

f (1, 1) = (a + b, c + d) = (1, 0)
153

H trn tng ng vi
+ 2b = 0
+ b = 1
+ 2d = 1
+ d = 0
a = 2
b = 1
c = 1
d=1
Vy f (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 x2 , x1 + x2 ) v
(
[f ] =
2 1
1 1

f (1, 1, 2) = (1, 1) , f (0, 2, 3) = (4, 5) , f (1, 0, 2) = (1, 2)
2
Xc nh f (x, y, z) v [f ]E
E3 .
Gii. V f : R3 R2 nn biu thc ca f (x, y, z) c dng

f (x, y, z) = (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z, a2 x + b2 y + c2 z)
Khi
f (1, 1, 2) = (a1 b1 + 2c1 , a2 b2 + 2c2 ) = (1, 1)

f (0, 2, 3) = (2b1 + 3c1 , 2b2 + 3c2 ) = (4, 5)
f (1, 0, 2) = (a1 2c1 , a2 2c2 ) = (1, 2)

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c
a1 = 1
a2 = 0
b1 = 2 ; b2 = 1
c1 = 0
c2 = 1
Vy f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y, y + z) v
2
[f ]E
E3
(
)
1 2 0
=
.
0 1 1
V d 4.21. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 c ma trn ca f i vi

(
)
1 1
c s P = ((1, 1) , (1, 2)) l A =
. Xc nh f (x, y).
0 2
154

Gii. V f : R2 R2 nn biu thc ca f (x, y) c dng
f (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy)
{
Khi
f (1, 1) = (a + b, c + d)
f (1, 2) = (a + 2b, c + 2d)
V ([f (1, 1)]P [f (1, 2)]P ) = A nn ta suy ra

{
(a + b, c + d) = 1 (1, 1) + 0 (1, 2) = (1, 1)
(a + 2b, c + 2d) = 1 (1, 1) + 2 (1, 2) = (1, 3)
Gii h trn ta c a = 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = 2.
Vy f (x, y) = (x, x + 2y).
nh l 4.10. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu v

f : V V l nh x tuyn tnh. Gi s P1 , P2 l hai c s ca V v
P 1 , P 2 l hai c s ca V . Khi ta c ng thc
(
)
P
P
[f ]P22 = CP1 P [f ]P11 CP1 P2
1
Nu V = V , P1 P1 P , P2 P 2 P th [f ]P = C 1 ([f ]P ) C
vi C = CP P .
3
V d 4.22. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R3 c [f ]E
E2
1 3
= 0 2 .
4 3
Tm [f ]PP , bit hai c s P, P xc nh nh sau:

P = ((1, 1) , (1, 2))
P = ((1, 0, 1) , (1, 1, 1) , (1, 0, 0))
Gii. Ta c
1
)
1 3 (
1 1 1
1
1
= 0 1 0 0 2
1 2
4 3
1 1 0
5
6
= 2
4 .
9 15
3
[f ]PP = CE13 P [f ]E
E2 CE2 P
155
nh l 4.11. Cho V, V , V l ba khng gian vector hu hn chiu,

hai nh x tuyn tnh f : V V , g : V V . Gi s P, P , P ln
lt l c s ca V, V , V . Khi nh x g f : V V xc nh
bi (g f ) (x) = g [f (x)] l mt nh x tuyn tnh t V ti V v
[g f ]PP = [g]PP [f ]PP .
V d 4.23. Cho hai nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 v g : R2 R2 xc

nh bi
f (x, y) = (x + y, x + 2y)
g (x, y) = (2x y, 2x + y)
1. Hy xc nh [g f ].
2. Bit h vector P = ((1, 1) , (0, 1)) l c s ca R2 . Hy xc nh
[g f ]P .
Gii. 1. p dng nh l 4.11 ta c
(
)(
) (
)
2 1
1 1
1 0
[g f ] = [g] [f ] =
=
2 1
1 2
3 4
2. Tip tc p dng nh l 4.11 ta c
(
)(
) (
)
1 1
2 1
1 0
[g f ]P = [g]P [f ]P =
=
.
2 2
1 1
6 4
nh ngha 4.6. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu,

f : V V l mt ng cu tuyn tnh. Khi , tn ti nh x tuyn
tnh g : V V tha f g = IdV v g f = IdV . nh x tuyn tnh g
c gi l nh x ngc ca f , k hiu g = f 1 .
nh l 4.12. Cho V, V l hai khng gian vector hu hn chiu,

f : V V l mt ng cu tuyn tnh, P, P ln lt l c s ca V
v V . Khi ta c
(
)
[ 1 ]P
1
f P = [f ]PP
156
4.4. GI TR RING, VECTOR RING CA MA TRN VUNG V

TON T TUYN TNH. VN CHO HA MT MA TRN
VUNG
V d 4.24. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) =
(x + y, x + 2y).
1. Tm ma trn ca nh x ngc f 1 : R2 R2 i vi c s chnh
tc. T xc nh biu thc ca f 1 (x, y).
2. Tm ma trn ca nh x ngc f 1 : R2 R2 i vi c s B =
((1, 1) , (0, 1)).
Gii. 1. p dng nh l 4.12 ta c
[ 1 ]
f
= [f ]1 =
1 1
1 2
)1
(
=
2 1
1 1
Khi
( ) (
)( ) (
)
[ 1
] [ 1 ] x
2 1
x
2x y
f (x, y) = f
=
=
y
1 1
y
x + y
Ta suy ra f 1 (x, y) = (2x y, x + y).
2. p dng nh l 4.12 ln na ta c
(
)1 (
)
2 1
1 1
1
1
[f ]P = [f ]P =
=
.
1 1
1 2
4.4
4.4.1
Gi tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn

vung v ton t tuyn tnh. Vn cho
ha mt ma trn vung
Hai ma trn ng dng
nh ngha 4.7. Hai ma trn A, B Mn (R) c gi l ng dng

vi nhau nu tn ti ma trn kh nghch P Mn (R) sao cho B =
P 1 AP .
)
(
)
( 1
1 2
3 23
l ng dng
V d 4.25. Hai ma trn A =
v B =
7
8
0 1
3
3
(
)
1 2
1
vi nhau v B = P AP vi ma trn P =
.
2 1
157
1 3 1
1 2 3
V d 4.26. Hai ma trn A = 0 1 2 v B = 2 3 4 khng
0 0 2
1 1 1
ng dng vi nhau. Tht vy, nu A v B ng dng th tn ti ma trn
kh nghch P sao cho A = P 1 BP . Khi det A = det (P 1 BP ) = det B.
iu ny v l v t bi ta d dng tnh c det A = 1 = det B = 0.
4.4.2 a thc c trng ca ma trn vung v ton

t tuyn tnh
nh ngha 4.8. Cho V l mt khng gian vector. Khi , nh x
tuyn tnh f : V V c gi l ton t tuyn tnh trn V.
nh ngha 4.9. Cho A Mn (R), a thc det (In A) c gi l

a thc c trng ca ma trn A, k hiu PA ().
(
3 4
1 3
)
c a thc c trng

3 4
PA () = det (I2 A) =
1 3

= 2 6 + 5

0 1 1
V d 4.28. Ma trn A = 1 0 1 c a thc c trng
1 1 0

1 1

PA () = det (I3 A) = 1 1 = 3 3 2
1 1
nh l 4.13. Cho hai ma trn A, B Mn (R), nu A, B ng dng

vi nhau th PA () PB ().
158

VUNG
nh ngha 4.10. Cho V l mt khng gian vector n chiu vi f

l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn V v P l mt c s ca V, a thc
det (In [f ]P ) c gi l a thc c trng ca ton t tuyn tnh
f , k hiu Pf ().
Ch 4.2. a thc Pf () khng ph thuc vo vic chn c s P . Tht

vy, nu ly trong khng gian vector V mt c s P khc P th theo
nh l 4.10 ta c
[f ]P = C 1 ([f ]P ) C
(4.4)
vi CP P .
Cng thc 4.4 chng t hai ma trn [f ]P , [f ]P ng dng vi nhau,
iu ny cho thy tnh xc nh ca nh ngha 4.10 ng thi ta lun
c
Pf () = PA ()
vi A l ma trn biu din ca f i vi mt c s P ca khng gian
vector V.
V d 4.29. Cho ton t tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) =
(x + y, x 2y). Tm Pf ().
Gii. V a thc Pf () khng ph thuc vo cch chn c s nn ta s
biu din ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh f i vi c s chnh tc E2 .
Ta c
(
)
1 1
[f ] =
1 2

1 1
Ta suy ra Pf () = det (I2 [f ]) =
1 + 2
Vy Pf () = 2 + 3.

= 2 + 3.

V d 4.30. Cho ton t tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 xc nh bi f (x, y, z) =

(2x, x y, 2x + y z). Tm Pf ().
Gii. V a thc Pf () khng ph thuc vo cch chn c s nn ta s
biu din ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh f i vi c s chnh tc E3 .
Ta c
2 0
0
[f ] = 1 1 0
2 1 1
159

Ta suy ra

2
0
0

Pf () = det (I3 [f ]) = 1 + 1
0
2
1 + 1

= ( 2) ( + 1)2 .

Vy Pf () = ( 2) ( + 1)2 .
nh l 4.14. (nh l Cayley-Hamilton). Cho f l mt ton t

tuyn tnh trn khng gian V vi s chiu n. Gi s A l ma trn
biu din ca f trong mt c s P ca V. Khi , ta c Pf (A) = Onn
(hoc PA (A) = Onn ).
H qu 4.3. Cho A Mn (R) v Q () l mt a thc vi h s thc.

Gi s a thc c trng ca A l
PA () = n + an1 n1 + an2 n2 + + a1 + a0
Thc hin php chia Q () cho PA () ta c
Q () = q () PA () + R ()
trong R () l a thc c bc nh hn n. p dng nh l CaleyHamilton ta c ng thc sau
Q (A) = R (A)
H qu 4.4. Cho A Mn (R), gi s a thc c trng ca A l

PA () = n + an1 n1 + an2 n2 + + a1 + a0
Ma trn A kh nghch khi v ch khi a0 = 0. Khi , ma trn nghch
o ca A l
A1 =
)
1 ( n1
A
+ an1 An2 + an2 An3 + + a1 In
a0
160

VUNG
1 1 0
V d 4.31. Cho ma trn A = 0 1 0 .
5 3 2
1. Tnh Q (A), bit rng Q (x) = x8 + 3x6 3x5 + 3x3 x.
2. Tnh A1 .
Gii. 1. Ma trn A c a thc c trng l

1 1
0

PA () = det (I3 A) = 0
1
0
5
3 + 2

= 3 3 + 2

Chia Q () cho PA () ta c thng q () = 5 2 v d l R () =

22 .
1 3 0
Do , Q (A) = R (A) = 2A2 A = 0 1 0 .
15 1 10
2. p dng h qu 4.4 ta c
A1
2

1 1 0
3 0 0
1
1
= (3I3 A2 ) = 0 3 0 0 1 0
2
2
0 0 3
5 3 2
1 1 0
= 0 1
0
5
1 12
2
Vic s dng phng php trn tm A1 ch mang ngha l

thuyt v kh phc tp, ngay c nhng ma trn cp thp.
4.4.3
Gi tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn vung

v ton t tuyn tnh
nh ngha 4.11. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian

vector V. S c gi l gi tr ring ca f nu tn ti mt vector
X V\ {0V } sao cho f (X) = X. Vector X c gi l vector ring
ca f ng vi gi tr ring .
161

V d 4.32. Ton t tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) =
(x, x + 2y) c = 2 l mt gi tr ring. Tht vy, ly X = (0, 2), ta thy
X = 0R2 v
f (X) = f (0, 2) = (0, 4) = 2(0, 2) = 2X
nh ngha 4.12. Cho ma trn A Mn (R). S c gi l gi tr

ring ca A nu tn ti vector X Rn \ {0Rn } sao cho A[X] = [X].
Vector X c gi l vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring .
(
)
2 4
c = 4 l mt gi tr ring. Tht
1 2
vy, ly X = (2, 1), ta thy X = 0R2 v
(
)( ) ( )
( )
2 4
2
8
2
A[X] =
=
=4
= 4[X]
1 2
1
4
1
nh l 4.15. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector

hu hn chiu V, P l mt c s ca V. Khi , gi tr ring ca
ton t f l nghim ca a thc c trng Pf (). Ngc li, nu
l nghim ca a thc c trng Pf () th l mt gi tr ring ca
ton t f .
H qu 4.5. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector

hu hn chiu V, P l mt c s ca V. Khi tp gi tr ring ca
ton t f v ma trn [f ]P l nh nhau.
(
V d 4.34. Tm cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A =
3 4
1 3
Gii. Lp a thc c trng ca ma trn A

3 4
PA () = det (I2 A) =
1 3
2
= 6 + 5
)
.
Phng trnh PA () = 0 c hai nghim = 1, = 5. Vy ma trn A

c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 5.

162

VUNG
1 3 2
V d 4.35. Tm cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A = 0 2 3 .
0 3 2

1 3
2

PA () = det (I3 A) = 0
2 3
0
3 2
2
= ( 1) ( 4 5)
Phng trnh PA () = 0 c ba nghim = 1, = 1, = 5. Vy ma

trn A c ba gi tr ring l = 1, = 1, = 5.

V d 4.36. Tm cc gi tr ring ca ton t tuyn tnh f : R2 R2
xc nh bi f (x, y) = (x + y, 3x y).
Gii. Trc ht, ta tm ma trn biu din ca ton t f i vi c s
chnh tc E2
(
)
(
)
1 1
[f ] = [f (1, 0)] [f (0, 1)] =
3 1
Lp a thc c trng ca ton t f

1 1
Pf () = det (I2 [f ]) =
3 + 1

= 2 4

Phng trnh Pf () = 0 c hai nghim = 2, = 2. Vy ton t f


V d 4.37. Tm cc gi tr ring ca ton t tuyn tnh f : R3 R3
xc nh bi f (x, y, z) = (2x + y + z, x 2y + z, x + y 2z).
chnh tc E3
2 1
1
(
)
[f ] = [f (1, 0, 0)] [f (0, 1, 0)] [f (0, 0, 1)] = 1 2 1
1
1 2
Lp a thc c trng ca ton t f

+ 2 1
1

Pf () = det (I3 [f ]) = 1 + 2 1
1
1 + 2

= ( + 3)2

Phng trnh Pf () = 0 c hai nghim = 2, = 2. Vy ton t f


163
4.4.4 Khng gian con ring
nh l 4.16. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng

gian vector V v l mt gi tr ring ca f . Khi , tp hp
{X V : f (X) = X}, k hiu E(), l mt khng gian vector con
ca V, ng thi dim E() 1. Khng gian E() c gi khng
gian con ring ca V ng vi gi tr ring .
Nhn xt 4.2. Da vo nh l 4.16 ta suy ra E () \ {0V } l tp tt c

cc vector ring ca f ng vi gi tr ring v E() = ker(IdV f ).

V c s chiu n, h vector P l c s ca V. Gi s l mt gi tr
ring ca f . Khi
E() = {X V : [f ]P [X]P = [X]P }
= {X V : (In [f ]P )[X]P = On1 }
Thut ton tm gi tr ring v khng gian con ring ca ton

t tuyn tnh f : V V ( y V l khng gian vector c n chiu)
1. Tm ma trn biu din A ca f i vi c s ty P =

(X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) ca V (ch A = [f ]P ).
2. Xc nh a thc c trng ca ton t f : Pf ()
det (In A).
3. Gii phng trnh c trng Pf () = 0 tm tt c cc gi tr

ring ca ton t f .
4. Gi s l mt gi tr ring ca ton t f . Ta xt h phng
trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
(In A)[X]P = On1
164
(4.5)

VUNG
Nu [X]P =
1
2
..
.
l mt nghim khng tm thng ca h
n
4.5 th vector X = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + + n Xn l vector ring ca
f ng vi gi tr ring . Hn na,
E () = 1 X1 + 2 X2 + . . . + n Xn : .. W
n
trong W l khng gian con nghim ca h 4.5.
Nhn xt 4.3. Sau y l mt s nhn xt rt ra t thut ton trn:

H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht 4.5 c th vit li di
dng c th hn nh sau
( a11 ) x1
a12 x2
...
a1n xn
= 0
a21 x1
+ ( a22 ) x2 . . .
a2n xn
= 0
.
..
an1 x1
an2 x2
. . . + ( ann ) xn = 0
vi A = (aij )n .
Nu V = Rn th ta thng chn P En . Khi , nu khng gian
con nghim W ca h 4.5 c c s l h vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xl )
th E() c c s l h vector P = (X1T , X2T , . . . , XlT ).
nh l 4.17. Cho ma trn A Mn (R) v l mt gi tr ring

ca A. Khi , tp hp {X Rn : A[X] = [X]}, k hiu E(), l mt
khng gian vector con ca Rn , ng thi dim E() 1. Khng gian
E() c gi l khng gian con ring ca Rn ng vi gi tr ring .
165

Thut ton tm gi tr ring v khng gian con ring ca ma
trn A Mn (R)
1. Xc nh a thc c trng ca A: PA () = det (In A).

2. Gii phng trnh c trng PA () = 0 tm tt c cc gi tr
ring ca ma trn A.
3. Gi s l mt gi tr ring ca ma trn A. Ta xt h phng
trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
(In A)[X] = On1
Nu [X] =
1
2
..
.
(4.6)
l mt nghim khng tm thng ca h
n
4.6 th vector X = (1 , 2 , . . . , n ) l mt vector ring ca ma
trn A ng vi gi tr ring . Hn na,
E () = (1 , 2 , . . . , n ) : .. W
n
trong W l khng gian con nghim ca h 4.6.
Nhn xt 4.4. Da vo nh l 4.17 ta suy ra E () \ {0Rn } l tp tt c

cc vector ring ca ma trn A ng vi gi tr ring .
V d 4.38. Tm tt c cc gi tr ring v vector ring ca ma trn
(
)
2 3
A=
.
1 4

2
3
PA () = det (I2 A) =
1
4

= 2 6 + 5

a thc c trng PA () c hai nghim = 1, = 5. Vy ma trn A

166

VUNG
tm vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring = 1 ta tm nghim
khng tm thng ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
(I2 A) [X] = O21
{
x1 + 3x2 = 0
x1 3x2 = 0
Gii h trn ta c nghim x1 = 3, x2 = . Do , tp vector ring
ca A ng vi gi tr ring = 1 c dng {(3, ) : R\{0}}.
Mt cch tng t, tp vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring = 5
c dng {(, ) : R\ {0}}.

V d 4.39. Tm tt c cc gi tr ring v vector ring ca ma trn
2 0 1
A = 2 1 2 .
1 0 2

2
0
1

PA () = det (I3 A) = 2 1
2
1
0
2

= ( 1)2 ( 3)

a thc c trng PA () = 0 c hai nghim = 1, = 3. Vy ma

trn A c hai gi tr ring l = 1 v = 3.
tm vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring = 1 ta tm nghim
khng tm thng ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
(I3 A) [X] = O31
x1 + x3 = 0
2x1 + 2x3 = 0
x1
x3 = 0
H trn c nghim x1 = , x2 = , x3 = . Do , tp vector ring ca
A ng vi gi tr ring = 1 c dng {(, , ) : , R, 2 + 2 = 0}.
Mt cch tng t, tp vector ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring = 3
c dng {(, 2, ) : R\ {0}}.

V d 4.40. Tm gi tr ring, khng gian con ring ca ton t tuyn
tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) = (2x y, x + 4y).
167

Gii. Trc ht, ta xc nh ma trn biu din A ca ton t f i vi
c s chnh tc E2
A=
[f (1, 0)] [f (0, 1)]
(
=
2 1
1 4
Lp a thc c trng ca ma trn A

2
1

PA () = det (I2 A) =
= ( 3)2

1 4
Phng trnh c trng PA () = 0 c nghim duy nht = 3. Do ,
ma trn A c duy nht mt gi tr ring = 3.
Tip theo, ta xc nh khng gian con ring E(3). Ta c
{
{
}
x1 + x2 = 0
E (3) = (x1 , x2 ) :
x1 x2 = 0
= {(x1 , x2 ) : x1 + x2 = 0}
= {(, ) : R}
Ta thy khng gian E(3) c c s l h vector P = ((1, 1)).
3 2

1 4
3 3
ring ca ton t tuyn tnh f trn R3
0
0 . Tm gi tr ring v vector
1
c ma trn biu din l A trong
1. C s chnh tc E3 .
2. C s B = ((1, 1, 0) , (1, 0, 1) , (0, 1, 1)).
Gii. 1. Lp a thc c trng ca ma trn A

3 2
0

Pf () = det (I3 A) = 1 4
0
3
3 1
= ( 1) ( 2) ( 5)
a thc c trng Pf () c ba nghim = 1, = 2, = 5. Do ,
ton t f c ba gi tr ring l = 1, = 2, = 5.
168

VUNG
ng vi gi tr ring = 1, ta xc nh khng gian con ring E(1).
Ta c
2x1 2x2 = 0
E (1) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 3x2 = 0
3x1 3x2 = 0
= {(0, 0, ) : R}
Ta thy khng gian E(1) c c s l h vector P1 = ((0, 0, 1)).
Ta c
= 0
x1 2x2
E (2) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 2x2
= 0
3x1 3x2 + x3 = 0
= {(2, , 3) : R}
Ta c
= 0
2x1 2x2
E (5) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 + x2
= 0
3x
3x
+
4x
=
0
1
2
3
{(
)
}
3
=
, , : R
2
2. V gi tr ring ca f khng ph thuc vo vic chn c s nn trong
trng hp ny f vn c cc gi tr ring l = 1, = 2, = 5.
cho tin cho vic trnh by, ta t X1 = (1, 1, 0), X2 = (1, 0, 1) v
X3 = (0, 1, 1).
Ta c
2x1 2x2 = 0
E (1) = x1 X1 + x2 X2 + x3 X3 :
x1 3x2 = 0
3x1 3x2 = 0
= {0X1 + 0X2 + X3 : R}
= { (0, 1, 1) : R}
169

Ta c
= 0
x1 2x2
E (2) = x1 X1 + x2 X2 + x3 X3 :
x1 2x2
= 0
3x1 3x2 + x3 = 0
= {2X1 + X2 3X3 : R}
= {(1, 5, 2) : R}
Ta c
= 0
2x1 2x2
E (5) = x1 X1 + x2 X2 + x3 X3 :
x1 + x2
= 0
3x
{
} 1 3x2 + 4x3 = 0
3
= X1 + X2 + X3 : R
2
5 5
= {(2, , ) : R}
2 2
4.4.5 Cho ha ma trn vung v ton t tuyn tnh

nh ngha 4.13. Ma trn A Mn (R) c gi l cho ha c
nu n ng dng vi mt ma trn cho D, tc l tn ti ma trn
S Mn (R) khng suy bin sao cho D = S 1 AS. Khi y, ta gi S l
ma trn lm cho ha ma trn A.
nh ngha 4.14. Cho V l khng gian vector hu hn chiu, f l

mt ton t tuyn tnh trn V. Ton t f c gi l cho ha c
nu tn ti mt c s P ca V sao cho [f ]P l mt ma trn cho.
nh l 4.18. Cho f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector

hu hn chiu V. Khi , ton t f cho ha c khi v ch khi trong
V tn ti mt c s gm ton cc vector ring ca f .
170

VUNG

V vi s chiu n. Gi s 1 , 2 , . . . , k l cc gi tr ring ca ton t
f , cc vector X1 , X2 , . . . , Xk ln lt l cc vector ring ca f ng vi
cc gi tr ring ny. Khi , h vector (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xk ) l h c lp
tuyn tnh. T suy ra nu ton t f c n gi tr ring phn bit
th cho ha c.
nh l 4.19. Nu a thc c trng PA () ca ma trn A Mn (R)

c n nghim phn bit th ma trn A cho ha c.
(
)
3 2
cho ha c v a thc c trng
1 2
PA () = 2 5 + 4 c hai nghim phn bit = 1, = 4.
3 1 a
V d 4.43. Tm a, b ma trn A = 0 2 b cho ha c.
0 0 1
Gii. Ma trn A c a thc c trng PA () c xc nh bi

3 1

a

PA () = det (I3 A) = 0
2 b
0
0
1
= ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
a thc c trng PA () c ba nghim phn bit = 1, = 2, = 3
nn ma trn A cho ha c vi mi a, b R.

V d 4.44. Chng t rng ton t tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 xc nh bi
f (x, y) = (3x 5y, x + 3y) l cho ha c.
chnh tc E2 . Ta c
[f ] =
[f (1, 0)] [f (0, 1)]

171
(
=
3 5
1
3

a thc c trng ca ton t tuyn tnh f c dng

+3

5
= 2 4
Pf () = det (I2 [f ]) =
1 3
Ta thy phng trnh c trng Pf () = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
= 2 nn ton t tuyn tnh f cho ha c.

f (x, y, z) = (x 2y, x + 4y, x + y + 4z) l cho ha c.
chnh tc E3 . Ta c
1 2 0
(
)
[f ] = [f (1, 0, 0)] [f (0, 1, 0)] [f (0, 0, 1)] = 1
4 0
1 1 4
Pf () = det (I3 [f ]) = ( 2) ( 3) ( 4)
Ta thy phng trnh Pf () = 0 c ba nghim = 2, = 3, = 4 nn
ton t tuyn tnh f cho ha c.
nh ngha 4.15. Cho P (x) l mt a thc v m l mt s nguyn

dng. S thc a c gi l nghim bi bc m (hay gi tt l bi
m) ca P (x) nu P (x) = (x a)m Q(x) vi Q(x) l mt a thc khng
nhn a lm nghim.
V d 4.46. Cho a thc P (x) = (x 1)(x 4)3 . Ta thy x = 1 l nghim

bi bc 1 ca a thc P (x), cn x = 4 l nghim bi bc 3 ca a thc
P (x).
nh l 4.20. Cho V l mt khng gian vector c n chiu, f l mt

ton t tuyn tnh trn V. Gi 1 , 2 , . . . , k l tt c cc gi tr ring
i mt khc nhau ca f , n1 , n2 , . . . , nk ln lt l bi ca cc nghim
1 , 2 , . . . , k trong a thc Pf (). Khi , ton t f cho ha c
khi v ch khi n1 + n2 + + nk = n v dim E(1 ) = n1 , dim E(2 ) =
n2 , . . . , dim E(k ) = nk .
172

VUNG
nh l 4.21. Gi 1 , 2 , . . . , k l tt c cc gi tr ring i mt
khc nhau ca A Mn (R), n1 , n2 , . . . , nk ln lt l bi ca cc
nghim 1 , 2 , . . . , k trong a thc PA (). Khi , ma trn A cho ha
c khi v ch khi n1 +n2 + +nk = n v dim E(1 ) = n1 , dim E(2 ) =
n2 , . . . , dim E(k ) = nk .
2 0 1
V d 4.47. Chng t ma trn A = 2 1 2 l cho ha c.
1 0 2
Gii. Trong v d 4.39 ta bit A c hai gi tr ring = 1 v = 3
vi bi ln lt l 2 v 1.
Mt khc cng t v d 4.39 ta c dim E(1) = 2 v dim E(3) = 1.
p dng nh l 4.21 ta suy ra ma trn A cho ha c.

f (x, y, z) = (x 2y, x + 4y, x + y + 3z) l cho ha c.
chnh tc E3 . Ta c
1 2 0
(
)
[f ] = [f (1, 0, 0)] [f (0, 1, 0)] [f (0, 0, 1)] = 1
4 0
1 1 3
Pf () = det (I3 [f ]) = ( 2) ( 3)2
Phng trnh c trng Pf () = 0 c hai nghim = 2 v = 3 vi
bi ln lt l 1 v 2. Do , ton t f c hai gi tr ring = 2 v = 3.
Ta c
= 0
x1 + 2x2
E (2) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 2x2
= 0
x1 x2 x3 = 0
= {(2, , 3) : R}
Do dim E(2) = 1.
173

Ta c
2x1 + 2x2 = 0
E (3) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 x2 = 0
x1 x2 = 0
= {(, , ) : , R}
Khng gian E(3) c c s l h vector P2 = ((1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)). Do
dim E(3) = 2.
p dng nh l 4.20 ta khng nh ton t f cho ha c.
nh l 4.22. Cho V l mt khng gian vector c n chiu, f l mt

ton t tuyn tnh cho ha c trn V. Gi 1 , 2 , . . . , k l tt c
cc gi tr ring i mt khc nhau ca f , n1 , n2 , . . . , nk ln lt l
bi ca cc nghim 1 , 2 , . . . , k trong a thc Pf (). Gi s cc h
vector P1 , P2 , . . . , Pk ln lt l c s ca cc khng gian con ring
E(1 ), E(2 ), . . . , E(k ). Khi , h vector P = P1 P2 Pk l mt
c s gm cc vector ring ca f , ng thi [f ]P s l mt ma trn
cho gm ton cc gi tr ring ca ton t f , s ln xut hin cc
gi tr ring bng vi s chiu ca khng gian con ring E().
nh l 4.23. Gi 1 , 2 , . . . , k l tt c cc gi tr ring i mt
khc nhau ca ma trn cho ha c A Mn (R), n1 , n2 , . . . , nk
ln lt l bi ca cc nghim 1 , 2 , . . . , k trong a thc PA ().
Gi s cc h vector P1 , P2 , . . . , Pk ln lt l c s ca cc khng
gian con ring E(1 ), E(2 ), . . . , E(k ). Khi , h vector P = P1
P Pk = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l c s ca Rn v nu t S =
(2
)
[X1 ] [X2 ] . . . [Xn ] th S l ma trn lm cho ha ma trn A.
Hn na, ma trn cho D = S 1 AS ton cc gi tr ring ca ma
trn A, s ln xut hin cc gi tr ring bng vi s chiu ca
khng gian con ring E().
2 5 3
V d 4.49. Cho ha ma trn A = 0 3 4 .
0 0 6
174

VUNG
Gii. Ma trn A c a thc c trng PA () = ( 2) ( 3) ( + 6).
Ta thy phng trnh c trng c ba nghim phn bit 1 = 2, 2 =
3, 3 = 6. Do , ma trn A cho ha c.
Ta c
5x2 3x3 = 0
E (2) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x2 4x3 = 0
8x3 = 0
= {(, 0, 0) : R}
Khng gian E(2) c c s l h vector P1 = ((1, 0, 0)).
Ta c
x1 5x2 3x3 = 0
E (3) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
4x3 = 0
9x3 = 0
= {(5, , 0) : R}
Khng gian E(3) c c s l h vector P2 = (5, 1, 0).
ng vi gi tr ring = 6, ta xc nh khng gian con ring
E(6). Ta c
{
8x1 5x2 3x3 = 0

E (6) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
}
9x2 4x3 = 0
{(
)
7
4
=
, , : R
72
9
Khng gian E(6) c c s l h vector P3 = ((7, 32, 72)).
1 5 7
Theo nh l 4.23, ma trn S = 0 1 32 l ma trn lm
0 0
72
cho ca ma trn A. Hn na,
2 0 0
D = S 1 AS = 0 3 0
0 0 6

175

V d 4.50. Cho ha ton t tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 xc nh bi
f (x, y, z) = (x 2y, x + 4y, x 2y + 2z).
chnh tc E3 . Ta c
1 2 0
(
)
[f ] = [f (1, 0, 0)] [f (0, 1, 0)] [f (0, 0, 1)] = 1
4 0
1 2 2
Pf () = det (I3 [f ]) = ( 2)2 ( 3)
Phng trnh c trng Pf () = 0 c hai nghim = 2 v = 3 vi
bi ln lt l 2 v 1. Do , ton t f c hai gi tr ring = 2 v = 3.
Ta c
x1 + 2x2 = 0
E (2) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 2x2 = 0
x1 + 2x2 = 0
= {(2, , ) : , R}
Khng gian E(2) c c s l h vector P1 = ((2, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)). Do
dim E(2) = 2
Ta c
= 0
2x1 + 2x2
E (3) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1 x2
= 0
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0
= {(, , ) : R}
Khng gian E(3) c c s l h vector P2 = ((1, 1, 1)). Do ,
dim E(3) = 1.
Ta thy dim E (2) + dim E (3) = 3 nn ton t f cho ha c.
t P = P1 P2 = ((2, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1) , (1, 1, 1)), ta suy ra P l mt
c s ca R3 gm cc vector ring ca f . Hn na,
2 0 0
[f ]P = 0 2 0
0 0 3

176

VUNG
Bi tp chng 4
Phn t lun
Bi tp 4.1. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 , ma trn ca f i vi
(
)
1 2
c s B = ((1, 1), (1, 0)) l
. Tm biu thc ca f .
3 4
Bi tp 4.2. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 nh bi f (x1 , x2 ) =
(x1 + 3x2 , 2x1 + 4x2 ). Tm ma trn ca nh x ngc f 1 : R2 R2 i
vi c s chnh tc.
Bi tp 4.3. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 nh bi f (x, y) =
(4x, 4x y). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s B = ((1, 1), (1, 1)).
Bi tp 4.4. Cho hai nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 nh bi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + x3 , x1 + x2 x3 , x1 x2 x3 )
v g : R3 R3 nh bi
g(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 x2 x3 , x1 + x2 x3 , x1 x2 + x3 )
Xc nh biu thc nh x hp g f : R3 R3 .
(x + y, x y). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s B = ((1, 1), (1, 0)).
Bi tp 4.6. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 . Ma trn ca f i vi
(
)
1 3
c s B = ((0, 1), (1, 0)) l
. Tm biu thc ca f .
2 4
(x y, x y). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s B = ((1, 1), (1, 2)).
(
)
1 1
c s B = ((0, 1), (1, 0)) l
. Tm biu thc ca f .
3 4
(
)
1 0
c s B = ((1, 1), (1, 1)) l
. Tm biu thc ca f .
0 1
Bi tp 4.10. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 , ma trn ca f i
(
)
1 3
vi c s E2 l
. Tm biu thc ca nh x ngc f 1 : R2 R2 .
2 5
177

Bi tp 4.11. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 nh bi f (x, y, z) =
(x y, y z, x + z). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s E3 .
(x y, y z, x + z). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s chnh tc.
(x + y, y + z, x + z). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s chnh tc.
(x + y + z, x y + z, x + y + 3z). Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s B =
((1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)).
Bi tp 4.15. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 , bit ma trn ca f
1 1 1
i vi c s B = ((1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)) l 2 1 1.
1 0 1
1. Tm biu thc ca f .
2. Tm biu thc ca f 1 (nu c).
Bi tp 4.16. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 , bit
i vi c s B = ((1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)) l

2
1
ma trn ca f
1 1
1 4.
3 1
1. Tm biu thc ca f .
2. Tm biu thc ca f 1 (nu c).
Bi tp 4.17. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 nh bi
f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + x3 , x1 x2 + x3 , x1 + x2 x3 )
Tm ma trn ca nh x ngc f 1 : R3 R3 i vi c s chnh tc.
f (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x y + z, x + y z)
Tm biu thc ca nh x ngc f 1 : R3 R3 .
f (x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, x + z)
Tm biu thc ca nh x ngc f 1 : R3 R3 .
178

VUNG
Bi tp 4.20. Xc nh m nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 nh bi
c nh x ngc f 1 : R3 R3 .
Bi tp 4.21. Xc nh m nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 nh bi
khng c nh x ngc f 1 : R3 R3 .
Bi tp 4.22. Cho nh x f : R3 R3 nh bi
f (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x + 2y + z, x + y + 3z)
1. Chng minh f l ng cu.
2. Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s chnh tc ca R3 .
3. Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s B = ((1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1))
(gii bng hai phng php).
Bi tp 4.23. Tm a thc c trng ca cc ma trn sau
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
1 1 2
A=
,B =
,C =
0 0 2 3
0 0 2 3
1 0 2
0 0 0 2
0 1 2 2
1 1 0
3
2
Bi tp 4.24. Tm gi tr ring ca cc ma trn
1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1 0
A = 4 1 0 , B = 1 2 2 , C = 1 1 1
1
1 1
2 2 4
0
0 3
Bi tp 4.25. 1. Vi gi tr no ca m th vector X = (m, 1) l vector

(
)
2 0
ring ca ma trn A =
.
0 2
2. Vi gi tr no ca m th vector X = (m, m) l vector ring ca ma
(
)
0 2
trn A =
.
3 0
3. Vi gi tr no ca m th vector X = (m, m, m) l vector ring ca
5 0 0
ma trn A = 0 5 0.
0 0 5
179

Bi tp 4.26. 1. Tm cc vector ring ng vi tr ring = 1 ca ma
(
)
0 1
trn A =
.
1 0
( 2. Tm) cc vector ring ng vi tr ring = 2 ca ma trn A =
27 5
.
5 3
3. Tm cc vector ring ng vi tr ring = 0 ca ma trn A =
2 0 0
0 0 0.
0 0 0
4. Tm cc vector ring ng vi tr ring = 2 ca ma trn A =
2 0 0
0 0 0.
0 0 0
Bi tp 4.27. Vector X = (2, 2) l vector ring ca ma trn A =
(
)
0 1
ng vi tr ring no?
1 0
1 0 0
Bi tp 4.28. Cho ma trn A = 2 1 0. ng vi tr ring = 1, ma
7 2 1
trn A c bao nhiu vector ring c lp tuyn tnh?
(
)
1 2
Bi tp 4.29. Vector X = (2, 2) l vector ring ca ma trn
4 3
ng vi tr ring no?
(
)(
)(
)
5 2
3 2
1 2
Bi tp 4.30. Ma trn
c cc tr ring no?
3 1
0 3
3 5
(
)
1 1
Bi tp 4.31. Vector X = (7, 7) l vector ring ca
ng vi tr
1 1
ring no?
(
)(
)(
)
1 1
7 2
2 1
. Ma trn A
1 2
0 7
1 1
c cc tr ring no?
(
)
1 2
Bi tp 4.33. Vector X = (2, 4) l vector ring ca ma trn
ng
2 4
vi tr ring no?
(
)(
)(
)
1 1
17 28
2 1
. Ma trn
1 2
0 14
1 1
A c cc tr ring no?
180

VUNG
(
2 1
1 1
)(
)(
)
7 0
1 1
. Ma trn
12 14
1 2
A c cc tr ring no?
Bi tp 4.36. Cho ha cc ma trn sau (nu c):
1 1 0
1 1
a. A = 4 1 0
c. B = 1 2
0
0 3
2 2
1 1
1
3 1
b. C =
d. D = 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
2
4
1
1
1
Phn trc nghim

Bi tp 4.37. Trong cc nh x sau, nh x no l nh x tuyn tnh
t R2 R2 ?
a. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + 3x2 + 1, 2x1 + 4x2 ).
b. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 x2 , 2x1 + 4x2 ).
c. f (x1 , x2 ) = (6x1 2x2 , 2x1 x2 ).
d. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 2 , x2 ).
t R2 R2 ?
a. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + 3x2 + 1, 2x1 + 4x2 ).
b. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 x2 , 2x1 + 4x2 ).
c. f (x1 , x2 ) = (6x1 2x2 , 2x1 3 x2 ).
d. f (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 , x1 x2 ).
t R2 R2 ?
a. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + 3x2 + 1, 2x1 + 4x2 ).
b. f (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + x2 , 2x1 + 4x2 ).
c. f (x1 , x2 ) = (6x1 2x2 , 2x1 3 x2 ).
d. f (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 + 4, x1 x2 ).
1 0
m 0
sau y ng?
181
)
vi m R. Khng nh no

a. A cho ho c khi v ch khi m = 0.
b. A khng cho ho c khi v ch khi m = 0.
c. A cho ha c vi mi m.
d. A ch c mt tr ring.
(
0 m
m 0
)
vi m R. Khng nh no
sau y ng?
a. A cho ho c khi v ch khi m = 0.
b. A khng cho ho c khi v ch khi m = 0.
c. A cho ha c vi mi m.
d. A khng c mt tr ring no.
1 1 a
Bi tp 4.42. Cho ma trn A = 0 2 b vi a, b R. Khng nh
0 0 3
no sau y ng?
a. A cho ho c khi v ch khi a = 0, b = 0.
b. A cho ho c khi v ch khi a = 0.
c. A cho ha c vi mi a, b.
d. A khng cho ha c vi mi a, b.
0 1 a
Bi tp 4.43. Cho ma trn A = 0 1 0 vi a R. Khng nh no
0 0 1
sau y ng?
a. A cho ho c khi v ch khi a = 0.
b. A cho ho c khi v ch khi a = 1.
c. A cho ha c vi mi a.
d. A khng cho ha c vi mi a.
Bi tp 4.44. Gi s A l mt ma trn vung cp 3 c 3 vector ring
l (1, 2, 1) ; (1, 0, 1) ; (1, 0, 0) ln lt ng vi cc tr ring l 1, 2 v 3. t
1 1 1
P = 2 0 0. Khng nh no sau y ng?
1 1 0
182

VUNG
1
1
a. A c cho ha v P AP = 0
0
2
1
b. A c cho ha v P AP = 0
0
3
1
c. A c cho ha v P AP = 0
0
0 0
2 0.
0 3
0 0
1 0.
0 3
0 0
2 0.
0 1
d. Cc khng nh trn u ng.

Bi tp 4.45. Gi s A l mt ma trn vung cp 3 c 3 vector ring
l (2, 2, 1) ; (1, 1, 1) ; (2, 0, 0) ln lt ng vi cc tr ring l 3, 2 v 4. Ma
3 0 0
trn P no sau y tha ng thc P 1 AP = 0 2 0.
0 0 4
2 1 2
2 2 1
c. P = 2 1 0
a. P = 1 1 1
1 1 0
2 0 0
2 1 2
1 2 2
d. P = 0 1 2
b. P = 1 2 0
1 1 0
0 1 1
Bi tp 4.46. Gi s A l mt ma trn vung cp 3 c a thc c trng
l () = ( 2) ( 4). Khng nh no sau y ng?
a. A cho ha c.
b. A cho ha c khi v ch khi ng vi tr ring 0, A c hai vector
ring c lp tuyn tnh.
c. A cho ha c khi v ch khi ng vi tr ring 2, A c hai vector
ring c lp tuyn tnh.
d. Acho ha c khi v ch khi ng vi tr ring 4, A c hai vector
ring c lp tuyn tnh.
Bi tp 4.47. Gi s A l mt ma trn vung cp 3 c a thc c trng
l () = ( 2)2 ( 4).Khng nh no sau y ng?
a. A khng cho ha c v A khng c hai tr ring phn bit.
b. A cho ha c.
c. A cho ha c khi v ch khi ng vi tr ring 2, A c hai vector
c lp tuyn tnh.
183

d. A Cc khng nh trn u sai.
Bi tp 4.48. Cho f l nh x tuyn tnh t R2 R2 xc nh bi
f (x, y) = (x + y, 2x + 3y).
a. f l song nh.
b. f l n nh nhng khng l ton nh.
c. f l ton nh nhng khng l n nh.
d. Cc cu kia u sai.
4 5 2
Bi tp 4.49. Cho ma trn A = 5 7 3. Khng nh no sau y
6 9 4
l ng?
a. (1, 2, 3) l vector ring ca A.
b. (1, 2, 1) l vector ring ca A.
c. (0, 0, 0) l vector ring ca A.
d. (0, 1, 1) l vector ring ca A.
2 1 1
Bi tp 4.50. Tm tt c cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A = 0 3 1 .
0 0 2
a. 1 = 2, 2 = 3, 3 = 0
b. = 2
c. 1 = 2, 2 = 3
d. = 3
(
)
1 0
. Tm cc tr ring ca ma trn
2 3
A3 .
a. 1 = 1, 2 = 6
b. 1 = 1, 2 = 27
c. 1 = 1, 2 = 9
d. Cc cu trn u sai
(
)
1 2
. Tm cc tr ring ca ma trn
4 3
A3 .
a. 1 = 1, 2 = 125
b. 1 = 1, 2 = 15
c. 1 = 1, 2 = 5
d. Cc cu trn u sai
4 1 2
Bi tp 4.53. Cho A = 2 1 2, bit A c ba gi tr ring thc
1 1 1
1 , 2 , 3 . Tm I = 1 + 2 + 3 .
184

VUNG
a. I = 6
b. I = 7
c. I = 8
d. I = 9
Bi tp 4.54. Trong cc nh x tuyn tnh sau, nh x no c nhn

sinh ra bi hai vector (1, 1, 0) v (1, 0, 1)?
i. f : R3 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, 0).
ii. f : R3 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y, z) = (x + y, x + z).
iii. f : R3 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, 2x + 2y + 2z).
a. Ch c i.
b. Ch c i v ii
c. C ba nh x
d. Khng c nh x no
Bi tp 4.55. Trong cc nh x sau, nh x no c nh sinh ra bi hai

vector (1, 1) , (1, 2)?
i. f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) = (x, y).
ii. f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) = (0, x).
iii. f : R2 R2 xc nh bi f (x, y) = (2x + y, 2x + y).
a. C ba nh x
b. Ch c iii
c. Ch c i v ii
d. Ch c i
Bi tp 4.56. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 xc nh bi f (x, y, z) =

(x + y + z, x + y, x + z). Khng nh no sau y l ng?
a. dim ker f = 0, dim Im f = 3
b. dim ker f = 0, dim Im f = 2
c. dim ker f = 1, dim Im f = 2

d. dim ker f = 1, dim Im f = 3
Bi tp 4.57. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R2 bit

f (1, 1, 1) = (1, 2)
f (1, 1, 0) = (1, 1)
f (1, 0, 0) = (0, 1)
Tm f (2, 1, 1).
a. (1, 1)
b. (3, 3)
c. (1, 2)
d. (2, 1)

f (1, 1) = (1, 0)
f (2, 1) = (1, 1)
Tm f (8, 5).
a. (1, 3)
b. (3, 1)
c. (2, 1)
185
d. (2, 1)

f (1, 1, 1) = (1, 1, 1)
f (1, 2, 1) = (1, 1, 0)
f (2, 2, 0) = (2, 1, 1)
Vi gi tr no ca m th X = (1, 2, m) Im f ?
a. m = 1
b. m = 1
c. m = 0
d. m = 0

f (1, 1) = (1, 1)
f (1, 0) = (3, 3)
Vi gi tr no ca m th X = (1, m + 1) Im f ?
a. m
b. m = 2
c. m = 2
186
d. m = 0
Chng 5
Dng song tuyn tnh v dng
ton phng
5.1 Khi nim dng song tuyn tnh v dng
ton phng
5.1.1
Dng song tuyn tnh
nh ngha 5.1. Gi s V l mt khng gian vector, nh x

:VV
R
(X, Y ) 7 (X, Y )
c gi l dng song tuyn tnh trn V nu tuyn tnh theo tng
bin X, Y , ngha l X, Y, X , Y V, , R ta c
(X + X , Y ) = (X, Y ) + (X , Y ).
(X, Y + Y ) = (X, Y ) + (X, Y ).
Dng song tuyn tnh trn V c gi l i xng nu
(X, Y ) = (Y, X)
vi mi X, Y V.
187
CHNG 5. DNG SONG TUYN TNH V DNG TON PHNG

V d 5.1. nh x : R2 R2 R xc nh bi (X, Y ) = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2
vi X = (x1 , x2 ), Y = (y1 , y2 ) l mt dng song tuyn tnh i xng trn
R2 . Tht vy, nu ly hai vector bt k X = (x1 , x2 ), Y = (y1 , y2 ) thuc
R2 th vi mi , R ta c
(X + X , Y ) = (x1 + x1 ) y1 + 2 (x2 + x2 ) y2
= (x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 ) + (x1 y1 + x2 y2 )
= (X, Y ) + (X , Y )
v
(X, Y + Y ) = x1 (y1 + y1 ) + 2x2 (y2 + y2 )

= (x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 ) + (x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 )
= (X, Y ) + (X, Y )
Hai ng thc trn chng t l mt dng song tuyn tnh trn R2 .

Hn na, ta thy (X, Y ) = (Y, X) nn l mt dng song tuyn tnh
i xng trn R2 .
V d 5.2. nh x : R3 R3 R xc nh bi
(X, Y ) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 2x1 y2
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) l mt dng song tuyn tnh nhng
khng i xng trn R3 .
V d 5.3. nh x : C[a, b] C[a, b] R xc nh bi
b
f (t) g (t) dt
(f, g) =
a
vi f, g C[a, b] l dng song tuyn tnh i xng trn C[a, b].

V d 5.4. Cho V l mt khng gian vector Euclide vi tch v hng
.|.. nh x : V V R xc nh bi (X, Y ) = X|Y l mt dng
song tuyn tnh i xng trn V.
Tnh cht
Sau y l mt s tnh cht ca dng song tuyn tnh m ta suy trc
tip t nh ngha
1. (0V , 0V ) = 0.
188
5.1. KHI NIM DNG SONG TUYN TNH V DNG TON

PHNG
2. Hai iu kin trong nh ngha c th c thay th bng iu
kin tng ng sau
(1 X1 + 2 X2 , 1 Y1 + 2 Y2 ) = 1 1 (X1 , Y1 ) + 1 2 (X1 , Y2 ) +
2 1 (X2 , Y1 ) + 2 2 (X2 , Y2 )
vi mi 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 R; X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 V.
V d 5.5. nh x : R2 R2 R xc nh bi
(X, Y ) = x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y2 + 1
khng l dng song tuyn tnh v (0R2 , 0R2 ) = 1.
nh l 5.1. Cho V l mt khng gian vector n chiu v l dng
song tuyn tnh trn V. Gi s h vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l mt
c s ca V. Khi , vi hai vector bt k X, Y V ta c
(X, Y ) =
n
n
aij xi yj
(5.1)
i=1 j=1
vi [X]P =
x1
x2
..
.
; [Y ]P =
y1
y2
..
.
v aij = (Xi , Xj ) ; i, j = 1, n.
xn
yn
Ma trn A = (aij )n c gi l ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh
i vi c s P , k hiu A = []P (trng hp V = Rn v P En th
ta k hiu A = []).
Cng thc 5.1 c gi l biu thc ta ca dng song tuyn tnh
trong c s P .
Ta c th vit dng song tuyn tnh di dng ma trn
(X, Y ) = [X]TP []P [Y ]P
Nhn xt 5.1. Mt s nhn xt rt ra t nh l 5.1:

Nu dng song tuyn tnh trn V c biu thc ta trong c s
P c cho bi cng thc 5.1 th
a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
[]P = .
.. . .
..
..
.
.
.
an1 an2 . . . ann
189

Ngc li, nu ta bit c ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh
i vi c s P th hon ton c xc nh bi cng thc
(X, Y ) = [X]TP []P [Y ]P ; X, Y V
H qu 5.1. Nu l dng song tuyn tnh trn Rn th c xc

nh bi
aij xi yj
(5.2)
(X, Y ) =
1i,jn
vi X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ), Y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ). Hn na, t cng thc 5.2

ta suy ra ma trn ca i vi c s chnh tc En c dng
a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
[] = .
.
.
.
..
. . ..
..
an1 an2 . . . ann
V d 5.6. Cho dng song tuyn tnh : R2 R2 R xc nh bi

(X, Y ) = x1 y2 + x2 y1
vi X = (x1 , x2 ), Y = (y1 , y2 ). Hy xc nh ma trn ca i vi
1. C s chnh tc E2 .
2. C s P = ((1, 1), (2, 1)). T xy dng biu thc ta ca i
vi c s P .
Gii. tin trnh by ta t X1 = (1, 1), X2 = (2, 1).
1. Ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh i vi c s chnh tc E2 l
(
)
0 1
[] =
1 0
2. Ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh i vi c s P l
(
) (
)
(X1 , X1 ) (X1 , X2 )
2 3
[]P =
=
(X2 , X1 ) (X2 , X2 )
3 4
Biu thc ta ca i vi c s P
(X, Y ) = 2x1 y1 + 3x1 y2 + 3x2 y1 + 4x2 y2
190

PHNG
x1
y1
vi [X]P = x2 ; [Y ]P = y2 .
x3
y3
V d 5.7. Cho dng song tuyn tnh

vi c s P = ((1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)) l
1 2
[]P =
1 1
0 2
: R3 R3 R c ma trn i
0
3
2
1. Xc nh biu thc ta ca trong c s P .

2. Tnh (X, Y ) vi X = (1, 2, 3), Y = (1, 3, 5).
3. Xc nh biu thc (X, Y ) vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ).
4. Xc nh ma trn ca i vi c s chnh tc E3 .
Gii. 1. Biu thc ta ca trong c s P c dng
(X, Y ) = [X]TP []P [Y ]P
= x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 x2 y1 + x2 y2 + 2x3 y2 2x3 y3
x1
y1
vi [X]P = x2 ; [Y ]P = y2 .
x3
y3

1
1
2. Ta tnh c [(1, 2, 3)]P =

1 ; [(1, 3, 5)]P =
2 .
2
1
Do (X, Y ) = 6.
y1
x1
3. Ta c [X]P = x2 x1 ; [Y ]P = y2 y1 .
y3 y2
x3 x2
Do
(X, Y ) = [X]TP []P [Y ]P
y1
1 2 0
=
x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 1 1 3 y2 y1
y3 y2
0 2 2
= x1 y1 2x3 y1 + 4x1 y2 6x2 y2 +
4x3 y2 3x1 y3 + 5x2 y3 2x3 y3
(
4. Ma trn ca i vi c s chnh tc E3
191
1
4 3
[] = 0 6 5 .
2 4 2
5.1.2
Dng ton phng
nh ngha 5.2. Ma trn vung A c gi l i xng nu A = AT .
Nhn xt 5.2. Gi s A = (aij )n , khi ma trn A l i xng khi v

ch khi aij = aji ; i, j = 1, n.
(
)
1 4 5
2 1
V d 5.8. Cc ma trn A =
; B = 4 1 2 l cc ma
1 3
5 2 2
trn i xng.
V d 5.9. Ma trn n v In l mt ma trn i xng. Ma trn khng
Onn cng l mt ma trn i xng.
nh l 5.2. Cho l dng song tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector
hu hn chiu V. Khi , nu i xng th ma trn ca i vi
c s ty P ca khng gian V l mt ma trn i xng. Ngc li,
nu tn ti mt c s P ca V sao cho ma trn ca i vi P l i
xng th l dng song tuyn tnh i xng.
nh ngha 5.3. Cho l dng song tuyn tnh i xng trn khng
gian vector V. nh x
q: V
R
X 7 (X, X)
c gi l dng ton phng trn V ng vi .
V d 5.10. Cho dng song tuyn tnh : R2 R2 R xc nh bi

(X, Y ) = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 3x2 y1 x2 y2
192

PHNG
vi X = (x1 , x2 ), Y = (y1 , y2 ). Dng ton phng q ng vi c dng
q (X) = (X, X) = x21 + 5x1 x2 x22
vi X = (x1 , x2 ).
V d 5.11. Cho dng song tuyn tnh : C[a, b] C[a, b] R xc nh
bi
b
(f, g) = f (t) g (t) dt
a
vi f, g C[a, b]. Dng ton phng q ng vi c dng

b
f 2 (t) dt
q (f ) = (f, f ) =
a
vi f C [a, b].
V d 5.12. Gi C (n) [a, b] l tp hp tt c cc hm s kh vi cp n lin
tc trn [a, b]. Khi , nh x : C (n) [a, b] C (n) [a, b] R xc nh bi
(f, g) =
b (
n
a
)
f (i) (t) g (i) (t) dt
i=0
vi f, g C (n) [a, b] l dng song tuyn tnh trn C (n) [a, b]. Dng ton
phng q ng vi c dng
q (f ) = (f, f ) =
b (
n
a
)
]
2
f (i) (t)
dt
i=0
vi f C (n) [a, b].

V d 5.13. Cho V l khng gian vector Euclide vi tch v hng .|..
Dng song tuyn tnh : V V R xc nh bi
(X, Y ) = X|Y ; X, Y V
c dng ton phng q cho bi cng thc
q (X) = (X, Y ) = X|X = X2
Nhn xt 5.3. Nu A l ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh i xng
i vi mt c s P no th A cng c gi l ma trn ca dng ton
193

phng q i vi c s y, k hiu A = [q]P . Ta thy [q]P l mt ma trn
i xng v
q (X) = [X]TP [q]P [X]P ; X V
Dng song tuyn tnh i xng hon ton c xc nh nu ta
bit dng ton phng q ng vi . Tht vy, vi mi X, Y V ta c
q (X + Y ) = (X + Y, X + Y ) = (X, X) + 2 (X, Y ) + (Y, Y )
= q (X) + 2 (X, Y ) + q (Y )
T ng thc trn ta suy ra
(X, Y ) =
1
[q (X + Y ) q (X) q (Y )]
2
V th, cn c gi l dng cc ca dng ton phng q.
nh l 5.3. Cho V l mt khng gian vector n chiu, l dng song

tuyn tnh i xng trn V v q l dng ton phng ng vi . Gi
s h vector P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) l mt c s ca V. Khi ,
q (X) =
=
aij xi xj
1i,jn
a11 x21 +
a22 x22 + . . . + ann x2n + 2
aij xi xj
(5.3)
1i<jn
vi aij = (Xi , Xj ) v [X]P =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
Cng thc 5.3 c gi l biu thc ta ca dng ton phng q
trong c s P .
Nhn xt 5.4. Nu dng ton phng q trn V c biu thc ta trong

c s P c cho bi cng thc 5.3 th
Ma trn ca q i vi c s P l
a11
a21
[q]P = .
..
an1
194
a12 . . . a1n
a22 . . . a2n
.. . .
..
.
.
.
an2 . . . ann

PHNG
Dng cc ca dng ton phng q c biu thc ta trong c
s P l
(X, Y ) =
i=1
vi [X]P =
aij (xi yj + xj yi )
1i<jn
y1
y2
; [Y ]P = ..
.
yn
xn
x1
x2
..
.
aii xi yi +
H qu 5.2. Nu q l dng ton phng trn Rn th q c xc nh

bi
q(X) = a11 x21 + a22 x22 + . . . + ann x2n + 2

aij xi xj
(5.4)
1i<jn
vi X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ). Hn na, t cng thc 5.4 ta suy ra ma trn

ca q i vi c s chnh tc En c dng
a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
[q] = .
.
.
.
..
. . ..
..
an1 an2 . . . ann
V d 5.14. Cho dng ton phng q trn R3 xc nh bi

q (X) = x21 + 3x22 2x23 + 2x1 x2 4x1 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
1. Xc nh ma trn ca q i vi c s chnh tc E3 .
2. Xc nh ma trn ca q i vi c s P = ((1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)).
Gii. 1. Ma trn ca i vi c s chnh tc E3
1 1 2
[q] = 1 3 0
2 0 2
2. Dng cc ca dng ton phng q c xc nh bi
(X, Y ) = x1 y1 + 3x2 y2 2x3 y3 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 2x1 y3 2x3 y1
195

vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ).
t X1 = (1, 1, 0), X2 = (1, 0, 1), X3
s P c dng
(X1 , X1 )
[q]P = []P = (X2 , X1 )
(X3 , X1 )
6 0
2
= 0 5 3
2 3 1
= (0, 1, 1), ma trn ca q i vi c
(X1 , X2 ) (X1 , X3 )
(X2 , X2 ) (X2 , X3 )
(X , X ) (X3 , X3 )
3 2
5.1.3 i c s cho dng song tuyn tnh v dng

ton phng
nh l 5.4. Cho l dng song tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector
hu hn chiu V, P v P l hai c s ca V. Khi ,
[]P = CPT P []P CP P
H qu 5.3. Cho q l dng ton phng trn khng gian vector hu

hn chiu V, P v P l hai c s ca V. Khi ,
[q]P = CPT P [q]P CP P
V d 5.15. Cho dng ton phng q trn R3 xc nh bi

q (X) = 2x21 + 3x22 x23 + 4x1 x2 8x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
1. Xc nh ma trn ca q i vi c s chnh tc E3 .
2. Xc nh ma trn ca q trong c s P = ((1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)).
Gii. 1. Ma trn ca q i vi c s chnh tc E3
2 2
0
[q] = 2 3 4
0 4 1
196
5.2. DNG CHNH TC CA DNG TON PHNG. A DNG

TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC
2. Ma trn ca q i vi c s P
[q]P = CET 3 P [q] CE3 P
T
2 2
0
1 0 0
1 1 1
= 0 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 0
0 0 1
0 4 1
1 1 1
0 4 5
=
4 6 5
5 5 1

V d 5.16. Cho dng ton phng q trn R3 . Bit ma trn ca q i vi
c s P = ((1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (0, 0, 1)) c dng
3 1 3
[q]P = 1 1 0
3 0 2
Xc nh biu thc q(X) vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).

Gii. Trc ht, ta tm ma trn ca q i vi c s chnh tc E3 . Ta c
(
)T
[q] = CPT E3 [q]P CP E3 = CE13 P [q]P CE13 P
21 21 8
= 21 20 7
8
7 2
T y ta suy ra
q (X) = 21x21 + 20x22 + 2x23 42x1 x2 + 16x1 x3 14x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
5.2
5.2.1
Dng chnh tc ca dng ton phng.

a dng ton phng v dng chnh
tc
Dng chnh tc ca dng ton phng
197
nh ngha 5.4. Cho V l khng gian vector n chiu, q l dng ton

phng trn V. Nu P l mt c s ca V sao cho biu thc ta
ca q trong c s P c dng
q (X) = 1 x21 + 2 x22 + . . . + n x2n
vi [X]P =
x1
x2
..
.
th ta ni q c dng chnh tc.
xn
Cc h s 1 , 2 , . . . , n c gi l cc h s chnh tc; c s P c
gi l mt c s qchnh tc.
Nhn xt 5.5. Nu P l mt c s qchnh tc th ma trn ca q i vi

c s P c dng cho, tc l
[q]P =
1 0
0 2
..
..
.
.
0 0
...
...
..
.
0
0
..
.
. . . n
vi 1 , 2 , . . . , n l cc h s chnh tc.
Ngc li, nu tn ti c s P ca V sao cho []P c dng cho th
biu thc ta ca q trong c s P c dng chnh tc.
nh l 5.5. Cho q l dng ton phng trn khng gian vector n

chiu V, B l mt c s ca V. Khi , tn ti c s P ca V sao cho
T
CBP
[]B CBP l mt ma trn cho, hay biu thc ca q trong c s
P c dng chnh tc.
H qu 5.4. Cho q l dng ton phng trn khng gian vector Rn .

Khi , tn ti c s P ca Rn sao cho CET n P [] CEn P l mt ma
trn cho, hay biu thc ca q trong c s P c dng chnh tc.
198

5.2.2 a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc

Theo nh l 5.5, nu q l dng ton phng th ta lun tm c mt c
s qchnh tc. Vic tm mt c s qchnh tc ca V c gi l php
a dng ton phng q v dng chnh tc. Sau y ta s tm hiu mt
s phng php a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc.
Phng php Lagrange

Cho V l khng gian vector n chiu, q l dng ton phng trn V. Gi
s biu thc ta ca q trong c s B = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) no c dng
q (X) = a11 x21 + a22 x22 + . . . + ann x2n + 2
aij xi xj
1i<jn
vi [X]B =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
tng ca phng php Lagrange l tm mt c s P1 ca V sao
cho biu thc ta q i vi P1 c dng
q (X) = 1 y1 + q1 (y2 , y3 , . . . , yn )
2
vi [X]TP1 =
(5.5)
)
y1 y2 . . . yn .
Tip theo, t biu thc 5.5 ta tm c s P2 ca V sao cho biu thc

ta ca q trong c s P2 c dng
q(X) = 1 y1 + 2 y2 + q2 (y3 , y4 , . . . , yn )
2
vi [X]TP2 =
y1 y2 . . . yn
v y1 = y1 .
C tip tc nh th cho cc bc tip theo, gi s sau k (k n) bc

q s c dng chnh tc. Khi , ma trn chuyn t c s B sang c s
qchnh tc c dng CBP1 CP1 P2 . . . CPk1 Pk . Trong qu trnh bin i
dng ton phng q (v cho cc dng ton phng q1 , q2 , . . . ) ta s gp
mt trong hai trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: aii = 0 vi mi i thuc tp {1, 2, . . . , n}.
Nu a12 = a13 = = a1n = 0 th dng ton phng q ch c n 1
bin v chuyn qua x l cho q1 (x2 , x3 , . . . , xn ).
Nu ngc li th tn ti a1i = 0 vi gi tr i no thuc {1, 2, . . . , n}.
199

Khng gim tng qut ta gi s a12 = 0. Thc hin php bin i
x1 = x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
x3 = x3
..
x = x
n
n
(5.6)
Php bin i 5.6 c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau
x1
x2
x3
..
.
xn
1 1 0 ...
1 1 0 . . .
0 0 1 ...
.. .. .. . .
.
. . .
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
..
.
x1
x2
x3
..
.
xn
Ta thy ma trn ca php bin i 5.6 l khng suy bin v c nh

thc bng 2. Do , h vector B = (X1 + X2 , X1 X2 , X3 , . . . , Xn ) l
mt c s V, ng thi
CBB
1 1 0 ...
1 1 0 . . .
0 0 1 ...
.. .. .. . .
.
. . .
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
..
.
Biu thc ta ca q trong c s B c dng
q (X) =
2
2a12 x1
2
2a12 x2
aij xi xj
i,j=2
vi [X]B
x1
x2
..
.
xn
Vy vi php bin i 5.6, trng hp 1 c th a v trng hp 2.

Trng hp 2: C t nht mt aii = 0 vi i no thuc tp
{1, 2, . . . , n}.
200

Khng mt tng qut, gi s a11 = 0. Khi ,
n
q(X) = a11 x21 + 2a12 x1 x2 + + 2a1n x1 xn +

aij xi xj
i,j=2
[
) (
)2 ]
(
a
a
a
a
12
1n
12
1n
x2 + +
xn +
x2 + +
xn
= a11 x21 + 2x1
a11
a11
a11
a11
(
)2
n
a12
a1n
a11
x2 + +
xn +
aij xi xj
a11
a11
i,j=2
(
)2
a12
a1n
a12
a1n
2
= a11 (x1 +
x2 + +
xn ) a11
x2 + +
xn +
a11
a11
a11
a11
n
aij xi xj
i,j=2
t 1 = a11 v
a12
a1n
y1 = x1 +
x2 + +
xn
a11
a11
y2 = x2
y3 = x3
..

yn = x n
(5.7)
Khi dng ton q c th vit li di dng

q (X) = 1 y1 + q1 (y2 , y3 , . . . , yn )
2
vi
(
q1 (y2 , y3 , . . . , yn )
= a11
a1n
a12
y2 + +
y
a11
a11 n
(5.8)
)2
+
aij yi yj
i,j=2
Bin i 5.7 v dng
a1n
a12 a13
y2
y3
y
x1 = y 1
a11
a11
a11 n
x = y
2
x3 = y3
..
.
(5.9)
xn = yn
Php bin i 5.9 c th vit li di dng ma trn nh sau

a1n
1 aa12
.
.
.
x1
y
1
a11
11
x2 0

1
...
0

y2
.. = ..
..
.. ..
...
. .
.
. .
xn
yn
0
0
...
1
201

Ta thy ma trn ca php bin i 5.9 l khng suy bin v c nh
thc bng 1. Do , h vector
)
(
a13
a1n
a12
X1 , X3
X1 , . . . , Xn
X1
P1 = X1 , X2
a11
a11
a11
l c s ca V, ng thi
CBP1 =
1 aa12
. . . aa1n
11
11
0
1
...
0
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
0
0
...
1
Biu thc ta ca q trong c s P1 c dng 5.8.

Tip tc thut ton trn, sau ti a n bc ta s a dng ton
phng q v dng chnh tc.
V d 5.17. Cho q l dng ton phng trn R3 xc nh bi
q (X) = x21 + 3x22 + 6x23 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 2x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
a dng ton phng q v dng chnh tc bng phng php Lagrange v xc nh mt c s qchnh tc.
Gii. Ta bin i q nh sau
[
]
q (X) = x21 + 2x1 (x2 + x3 ) + (x2 + x3 )2 + 2x22 4x2 x3 + 5x23
= (x1 + x2 + x3 )2 + 2x22 4x2 x3 + 5x23
Ta thc hin php i bin
x1 = y1 y2 y3
y1 = x1 + x2 + x3
x = y2
y = x2
2
2
x3 = y3
y3 = x3
(5.10)
Php i bin 5.10 c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau

y1
1 1 1
x1
x2 = 0 1
0 y2
x3
y3
Do , trong c s P1 = ((1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)) biu thc ta

ca q c dng
2
2
2
(5.11)
q (X) = y1 + 2y2 4y2 y3 + 5y3
202

vi [X]TP1 =
)
y1 y2 y3 .
Ta tip tc bin i biu thc 5.11

(
)
q (X) = y1 2 + 2 y2 2 2y2 y3 + y3 2 + 3y3 2
= y1 2 + 2(y2 y3 )2 + 3y3 2
Thc hin php i bin

y1 = y1
y1 = y1
y = y2 y3
y2 = y2 + y3
2
y3 = y3
y3 = y3
(5.12)
Php i bin 5.12 c th vit di dng ma trn

1 0 0
y1
y1
y2 = 0 1 1 y2
0 0 1
y3
y3
Khi , trong c s P2 = ((1, 0, 0) , (1, 1, 0) , (2, 1, 1)) biu thc ta
ca q c dng
2
2
2
q (X) = (y1 ) + 2(y2 ) + 3(y3 )
(5.13)
(
)
vi [X]TP2 = y1 y2 y3 .
Biu thc 5.13 c dng chnh tc nn thut ton dng y, c s
qchnh tc l c s P2 .

Nhn xt 5.6. V d 5.10 c th c gii ngn gn theo cch sau:
Bin i dng ton phng q v dng
q (X) = x21 + 3x22 + 6x23 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 2x2 x3
]
[
= x21 + 2x1 (x2 + x3 ) + (x2 + x3 )2 + 2x22 4x2 x3 + 5x32
= (x1 + x2 + x3 )2 + 2 (x22 2x2 x3 + x23 ) + 3x23
= (x1 + x2 + x3 )2 + 2(x2 x3 )2 + 3x23
Ta thc hin php i bin
x1 = y1 y2 2y3
y1 = x1 + x2 + x3
x = y2 + y3
y = x2 x3
2
2
x3 = y3
y3 = x 3
Php i bin 5.14 c th vit di dng ma trn
y1
1 1 2
x1
x2 = 0 1 1 y2
x3
0
203
y3
(5.14)

Vi php bin i 5.14, dng ton phng q s c dng chnh tc
q (X) = y12 + 2y22 + 3y32 v c s qchnh tc chnh l c s P2 .
q (X) = 2x1 x2 + 4x1 x3 8x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
a dng ton phng q v dng chnh tc bng phng php Lagrange v xc nh mt c s qchnh tc.
Gii. Trc ht, ta thc hin php i bin

z1
x1
1 1 0
x1 = z1 + z2
x = z1 z2 x2 = 1 1 0 z2
2
x3 = z3
0 0 1
z3
x3
Vi php i bin trn th dng ton phng q c biu thc
trong [X]TPz
q (X) = 2z12 2z22 4z1 z3 + 12z2 z3

(5.15)
(
)
= z1 z2 z3 ; Pz = ((1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)).
Ta bin i biu thc 5.15 v dng

q (X) = 2z12 2z22 4z1 z3 + 12z2 z3
= 2 (z12 2z1 z3 + z32 ) 2 (z22 6z2 z3 + 9z32 ) + 16z32
= 2(z1 z3 )2 2(z2 3z3 )2 + 16z32
Thc hin php i bin
z1 = y1 + y3
y 1 = z1 z3
z = y2 + 3y3
y = z2 3z3
2
2
z3 = y3
y 3 = z3
(5.16)
Vit di dng ma trn php i bin 5.16
y1
1 0 1
z1
z2 = 0 1 3 y2
y3
0 0 1
z3
Vi php i bin 5.16, dng ton phng q s c dng chnh tc
q (X) = 2y12 2y22 + 16y32
v c s qchnh tc l Py = ((1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (4, 2, 1)).
204

Phng php Jacobi
Cho V l khng gian vector n chiu, q l dng ton phng trn V. Gi
s biu thc ta ca q trong c s B = (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) c dng
q (X) = a11 x21 + a22 x22 + . . . + ann x2n + 2

aij xi xj
1i<jn
vi [X]B =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
nh ngha 5.5. Cho ma trn A = (aij )n Mn (R). Khi , cc ma

trn Ak = (aij )k vi 1 k n c gi l cc ma trn con chnh ca
ma trn A.
nh l 5.6. (nh l Jacobi) Nu det Ak = 0; k = 1, n th tn ti

mt c s P ca V sao cho biu thc ca dng ton phng q trong
c s P c dng chnh tc
q (X) = det A1 y12 +
vi [X]P =
y1
y2
..
.
det A2 2
det An 2
y2 + . . . +
y
det A1
det An1 n
yn
Nhn xt 5.7. C s P ca khng gian

xc nh nh sau:
1 c21 c31 . . .
0 1 c
32 . . .
0 0
1 ...
CBP =
.
.
.. . .
. .
.
.
. .
0 ...
0 0
0 0
0 ...
205
vector V tha nh l 5.6 c
c(n1)1
c(n1)2
c(n1)3
..
.
cn1
cn2
cn3
..
.
1
0
cn(n1)
1

trong
cij = (1)i+j
det A(i1)j
;1 j < i n
det Ai1
vi A(i1)j l ma trn con ca A to bi cc dng th 1, 2, . . . , i 1 v cc

ct th 1, . . . , j 1, j + 1, . . . , i.
q (X) = x21 + 2x22 + 3x23 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 4x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
a dng ton phng q v dng chnh tc bng phng php Jacobi
v xc nh mt c s qchnh tc.
Gii. Ma trn ca dng ton phng q
1 1
[q] =
1 2
1 2
trong c s chnh tc
1
2
3
Ma trn [q] c ba ma trn con chnh

(
)
1 1
A1 = (1) ; A2 =
; A3 = [q]
1 2
Ta thy det A1 = 1; det A2 = 1; det A3 = 1 u l cc s khc khng
nn phng php Jacobi s dng c.
p dng nh l 5.6, tn ti c s P ca R3 sao cho biu thc ca q
trong c s P c dng chnh tc
q (X) = det A1 y12 +
det A2 2 det A3 2
y +
y
det A1 2 det A2 3
= y12 + y22 + y32
y1
vi [X]P = y2 .
y3
Tip theo ta cn xc nh c s P . Theo Nhn xt 5.7 ta c
1 c21 c31
CE3 P = 0 1 c32
0 0
1
trong
206

det A11
det (1)
=
= 1
det A1
1
(
)
1 1
det
2 2
3+1 det A21
=
= (1)
=0
det A2
1
(
)
1 1
det
1 2
3+2 det A22
= (1)
=
= 1
det A2
1
c21 = (1)2+1
c31
c32
T y ta suy ra
1 1 0
= 0 1 1
0 0
1
CE3 P
Do P = ((0, 0, 1) , (0, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 0)).
Phng php cho ha trc giao

Cho V l khng gian vector Euclide n chiu vi tch v hng .|. (nu
V = Rn v tch v hng khng c ni r th ta hiu l tch v
hng chnh tc), dng ton phng q trong c s B ca V c biu thc
ta
q (X) = a11 x21 + a22 x22 + . . . + ann x2n + 2

aij xi xj
1i<jn
vi [X]B =
x1
x2
..
.
xn
T
Theo nh l 5.5, lun tn ti c s P ca V sao cho CBP
[]B CBP
l mt ma trn cho (hay dng ton phng q trong c s P c dng
chnh tc). Vn t ra l lm th no xc nh ma trn CBP (t
xc nh c c s P ), cc phng php Lagrange v Jacobi gip
ta tr li cu hi trn nhng gi chng ta s theo hng tip cn khc
da vo khi nim ma trn trc giao.
nh ngha 5.6. Ma trn A Mn (R) c gi l ma trn trc giao

nu AAT = In . Ni mt cch tng ng, ma trn A Mn (R) c
207
gi l ma trn trc giao nu h vector dng ca A l mt c s trc

chun trong Rn .
(
1
2
12
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
0
0
12
)
l ma trn trc giao.
1
2
0 cng l ma trn trc giao.
1
2
nh l 5.7. Cho P v P l hai c s trc chun ca khng gian

vector Euclide n chiu V. Khi , cc ma trn chuyn c s CP P v
CP P l cc ma trn trc giao.
nh l 5.8. Cho ma trn A = (aij )n Mn (R). Khi , cc tnh cht

sau l tng ng:
1. A l ma trn trc giao.
2. A kh nghch v A1 = AT .
3. H vector dng ca A l mt h trc chun trong Rn .
V d 5.22. Tm cc gi tr x, y, z(z > 0) ma trn
x 0 x
A= 0 z 0
y 0 x
l ma trn trc giao.

Gii. Xt h vector dng ca ma trn A
P = (X1 = (x, 0, x) , X2 = (0, z, 0) , X3 = (y, 0, x))
208

V A l ma trn trc giao nn h vector P l mt c s trc chun
ca R3 , do
{
X1 |X2 = X2 |X3 = X1 |X3 = 0

X1 2 = X2 2 = X3 2 = 1
{
xy + x2 = 0
2x2 = z 2 = x2 + y 2 = 1
)
(
1
1
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c x = ; y = ; z = 1 v
2
2
)
(
1
1
x = ; y = ; z = 1 .

2
2
Tip theo ta s tm hiu cu trc ca ma trn [q]B , xc nh mi
quan h ca ma trn [q]B vi ma trn trc giao dn ti thut ton
cn tm. V q l dng ton phng nn ma trn [q]B l mt ma trn thc,
i xng. Vi cc ma trn i xng ta c mt s kt qu quan trong sau
y :
nh l 5.9. Nu X, Y l hai vector ring ng vi hai gi tr ring

khc nhau ca ma trn i xng A th X|Y = 0.
nh l 5.10. Nu A Mn (R) l mt ma trn i xng th A cho

ha c. Hn na, lun tn ti mt ma trn trc giao C sao cho
C T AC l mt ma trn cho vi cc phn t nm trn ng cho
chnh l cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A.
Nhn xt 5.8. Ta gi s ma trn [q]B c cc gi tr ring 1 , 2 , . . . , k

vi bi tng ng l n1 , n2 , . . . , nk . V ma trn [q]B cho ha c nn
{
n1 + n2 + . . . + nk = n
dim E (i ) = ni ; i = 1, k
p dng nh l 5.9 chng ta chng t c cc khng gian con

ring E(i ); i = 1, k i mt trc giao vi nhau. Gi s cc h vector
P1 , P2 , . . . , Pk ln lt l c s ca cc khng gian con ring E(i ); i = 1, k.
Khi , cc c s P1 , P2 , . . . , Pk cng i mt trc giao vi nhau.
209

Tin hnh trc chun ha Gram-Schmidt cc c s Pi ; i = 1, k ta s
c cc c s trc chun Pi ; i = 1, k. Khi , h vector
P =
Pi = (Z1 , Z2 , . . . , Zn )
i=1
bao gm cc vector ring ca ma trn [q]B ng thi l c s trc chun

ca khng gian Rn .
(
)
Do , nu ta t C = [Z1 ] [Z2 ] . . . [Zn ] th C l ma trn lm
cho ca ma trn [q]B ng thi l ma trn trc giao. Ta suy ra ma
trn C T [q]B C = C 1 [q]B C l mt ma trn cho vi cc phn t nm trn
ng cho chnh l cc gi tr ring ca [q]B .
V C kh nghch nn tn ti c s P ca V sao cho C = CBP . Khi
, ta nhn thy rng P l mt c s qchnh tc.
q (X) = 2x21 + 2x22 + 2x23 2x1 x2 2x1 x3 2x2 x3
vi X = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
a dng ton phng q v dng chnh tc bng phng php cho
ha trc giao v tm mt c s qchnh tc.
Gii. Ma trn ca dng ton phng q trong c s chnh tc E3
2 1 1
[q] = 1 2 1
1 1 2
a thc c trng ca ma trn [q]
P[q] () = det (I3 [q]) = ( 3)2
a thc c trng P[q] () c hai nghim = 0 v = 3 vi bi tng
ng l 1 v 2.
Ta c
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
E (0) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x1
2x2 + x3 = 0
x1
+ x2 2x3 = 0
= {(, , ) : R}
210
5.3. BI TP CHNG 5
Khng gian con ring E(0) c c s l h vector P1 = ((1, 1, 1)).
Trc ((
chun ha Gram-Schmidt
c s P1 ta c c s trc chun
))
1
1
1
, ,
P1 =
.
3 3 3
Ta c
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
E (3) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) :
x + x2 + x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
= {( , , ) : , R}
Khng gian con ring E(3) c c s l h vector
P2 = ((1, 1, 0) , (1, 0, 1))
Trc chun ha Gram-Schmidt c s P2 ta c c s trc chun
) (
))
((
1
1 2
1 1
P2 =
, , 0 , , ,
2 2
6
6 6
Ta suy ra, biu thc ta ca q trong c s trc chun
((
) (
) (
))
1 1 1
1 1
1
1 2
, , , , , 0 , , ,
P =
3 3 3
2 2
6
6 6
c dng chnh tc
y1
vi [X]P = y2 .
y3
5.3
q (X) = 0y12 + 3y22 + 3y32

Bi tp chng 5
Bi tp 5.1. a cc dng ton phng sau v dng chnh tc bng c

ba phng php (phng php Lagrange, phng php Jacobi, phng
php cho ha trc giao):
1. q(X) = 2x1 2 + 8x1 x2 + 8x2 2 .
2. q(X) = 3x1 2 + 2x2 2 + x3 2 + 4x1 x2 + 4x2 x3 .
211

3. q(X) = 7x1 2 + 10x2 2 + 7x3 2 4x1 x2 4x2 x3 + 2x1 x3 .
4. q(X) = x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x1 x3 .
5. q(X) = 6x1 2 + 3x2 2 + 3x3 2 + 4x1 x2 8x2 x3 + 4x1 x3 .
6. q(X) = x1 x2 x2 x3 + x1 x3 .
Bi tp 5.2. Cho dng ton phng q(X) = x1 2 + x2 2 + 4x3 2 + 2x1 x2 +
4x2 x3 + 4x1 x3 . i vi c s trc chun
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
1 1
1
1 1 2
1
f1 = , , 0 , f 2 = , , , f 3 = , ,
2
2
3 3
3
6 6 6
dng ton phng trn c th a v dng chnh tc no?
212
Ti liu tham kho

[1]
Ng Thu Lng, Nguyn Minh Hng; 1997, Bi tp Ton cao

cp 2, T sch trng i hc i cng Tp. HCM, 406 Tr.
[2]
Nguyn Vit ng, L Th Thin Hng, Nguyn Anh Tun,

L Anh V; 2009, Bi tp ton cao cp II, NXB Gio dc, 280 Tr.
[3]
Bi Xun Hi; 2001, i s tuyn tnh, NXB i hc Quc Gia

TP. HCM, 315Tr.
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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

BI GING TON CAO CP A2 - C2

TPHCM - Ngy 16 thng 12 nm 2013

2 H phng trnh tuyn tnh

3 Khng gian vector

5 Dng song tuyn tnh v dng ton phng

Cc khi nim v ma trn

K hiu: A = (aij )mn =

am1 am2 . . . amn

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

4. Ma trn cho cp n c tt c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh

5. Ma trn vung A = (aij )n c gi l ma trn tam gic trn

a11 a12 . . . a1n

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

Dng khng (nu c) nm di dng khc khng.

V d 1.3. Cc ma trn bc thang:

1.1.2 Cc php ton trn ma trn

nh ngha 1.1. Hai ma trn c gi l bng nhau nu chng

Cho hai ma trn A = (aij )mn , B = (bij )mn . Khi ,

bng nhau khi v ch khi

T cc ng thc trn ta gii ra c x = 2, y = 1, z = 0, t = 4.

nh ngha 1.2. Nhn mt s vi mt ma trn l nhn s vi tt

Cho A = (aij )mn th vi mi k R ta c kA = (kaij )mn .

nh ngha 1.3. Cng hai ma trn cng cp l cng cc phn t

Nu A = (aij )mn v B = (bij )mn th

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

nh ngha 1.4. Cho ma trn A = (aij )mn , ma trn c cp n m

Nhn xt 1.1. Mt s kt qu quan trng ta c th suy ra t nh ngha

Php nhn hai ma trn

nh ngha 1.5. Cho hai ma trn A = (aij )mn v B = (bij )np .

Nhn xt 1.2. Tch hai ma trn tn ti khi s ct ca ma trn ng

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

Nhn xt 1.3. Nu A Mn (R) th AA lun lun tn ti v khi ta

2011 2011 2011 . . .

2011 2011 2011 . . .

2011 2011 2011 . . . 2011

T biu thc ca A2 ta tnh c phn t dng 2 ct 3 l:

32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010

32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010

32010 32010 32010 . . . 32010

T biu thc ca A2 ta tnh phn t dng 3 ct 2011 nh sau:

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

V d 1.16. Cho ma trn

Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn

Chng ta c ba php bin i s cp trn ma trn. C th nh sau:

i ch hai dng (ct) bt k ca ma trn.

Cc php bin i s cp chim mt v tr quan trng trong bin

nh l 1.1. Mi ma trn bt k u c th chuyn v dng bc

V d 1.17. Dng cc php bin i s cp chuyn ma trn

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

Ma trn cui ca php bin i l ma trn dng bc thang rt gn

3. Nu s cc nghch th trong mt hon v bng khng hoc l

nh l 1.2. Cho l mt hon v ca tp ch s {1, 2, . . . , n}. Xt

V d 1.23. Xt tnh chn l ca hon v = (2, 3, 1, 4).

CHNG 1. MA TRN V NH THC

1.2.2 nh ngha nh thc ca ma trn vung

u tin, chng ta lp mt tch gm n phn t ca ma trn A, nm

nh ngha 1.6. Tng ca n! tch s dng () c gi l nh thc

Qui c: Nu A = (a) th det A = a.

V d 1.24. S dng nh ngha xy dng cng thc tnh nh thc

V d 1.25. S dng nh ngha xy dng cng thc tnh nh thc

a11 a12 a13

nh thc ca nhng ma trn cp cao hn c th xy dng theo cch