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Siu dn l g ?

Thn c Hin (Vin ITIMS)

Li ni u Cht siu dn u tin c pht hin cch y hn 100 nm. K t , nhiu loi vt liu siu dn c tm ra. Gn 50 nm sau khi pht hin, cc nh khoa hc gii thch hin tng k th ny bng l thuyt vi m. Vt liu siu dn v ang c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cng nghip v i sng. Vt liu siu dn ng vai tr khng th thiu c i vi vic thit k, ch to v a vo hot ng thit b gia tc i chm hadron khng l (LHC). Nhn dp ht Higgs mi c pht hin trn thit b LHC, chng ti xin gii thiu mt cch i cng v hin tng v vt liu siu dn bn c tham kho. Ni dung 1. Cc vt liu siu dn. 2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu siu dn. 3. L thuyt lng t (BCS) gii thch hin tng siu dn. 4. Cc cht siu dn loi II. 5. ng dng vt liu siu dn trong my gia tc i chm hadron khng l (LHC). Ti liu tham kho. 1. Cc vt liu siu dn Thy ngn (Hg) l cht siu dn c Kamerlingh-Onnes (trng i hc Leiden, H Lan) pht hin u tin vo nm 1911 khi o s ph thuc in tr ca n vo nhit . Ti nhit T 4,2 K in tr ca Hg bng khng Hg chuyn t trng thi thng sang trng thi siu dn khi h nhit . Vo thi gian , Leiden l ni duy nht trn th gii ha lng c kh heli (nhit si 4.2 K). Nm 1913, gio s Kamerlingh-Onnes c tng gii Nobel v vic ha lng kh heli (He) v pht hin ra hin tng siu dn. T cho n nay, hng trm cht siu dn vi nhit chuyn pha Tc (thng - siu dn) khc nhau c pht hin (hnh 1) v nhiu cht c a vo ng dng. Nhn thy rng, cc cht siu dn l cc kim loi nguyn cht (khong 30 kim loi trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t), cc hp kim hai, ba nguyn,... Cho n gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, Tc cao nht ca cc cht siu dn l hp kim Nb3Ge vi Tc = 23,2 K. Do , cc nghin cu v ng dng siu dn phi dng n heli lng - cht him v t tin. Ngi ta gi cc cht siu dn ny l siu dn nhit thp. Nm 1986 J. G. Bednorz v A. Mller (phng th nghim hng IBM Thy s) tng hp c cht siu dn cha latan, bari, oxy v ng (Cu) vi Tc 37 K,
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v ngay sau , hng lot hp cht siu dn cha oxy v Cu c ch to vi Tc trn nhit si ca nit lng (77 K). Cc nh khoa hc gi cc vt liu ny l siu dn nhit cao (hnh 1), v c th dng nit lng (kh d tin gi bia hi) nghin cu v ng dng. Mt s phng th nghim Vit nam c c hi nghin cu cc cht siu dn nhit cao t cui nhng nm 80 ca th k trc.

150 140 130 120

Nhit

(K)

~ 155K
Di p xut

HgBaCaCuO TlBaCaCuO

Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox 110 100 YBa2Cu3O7-d 90 80 70 Cc cht SD nhit 60 thp 50 Di p xut Bednorz and Muller 40 (La,Ba)CuO NbAlSi 30 Ba(K,Bi)O NbGe V Sn 20 NbN Nb Sn Vt liu hu c Pb Nb Ba(Pb,Bi)O 10 - Hg NbO 0 3 3 3 3 3

Siu dn Tc cao cha Cu

Ni t lng

MgB2 39K Doped buckyballs A3C60 He lng


1995 2000 2005

Siu dn cha Fe (2008) Tc = 57K

1910

1930

1950

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

Hnh 1. S v pht hin cc cht siu dn theo thi gian

Mt nm sau khi pht hin cht siu dn lai mi (1987) Bednorz v Mller c trao gii Nobel v pht minh c tnh t ph ny. Mi nm li y, ngi ta cn thy cc hp cht cha C60 (fullerene) chuyn sang trng thi siu dn nhit di 40 K v ng nano cacbon tr thnh siu dn vng nhit thp. Ngai ra, cc nh khoa hc cn pht hin ra siu dn mt s cht hu c vi nhit chuyn pha cao nht khong 12 K (hnh 1). Trc y, cc cht siu dn c Tc 40 K u cha cc nguyn t ng (gi l siu dn loi cuprate) nhng cch y khng lu ngi ta thy cc hp cht khng cha Cu l siu dn nh MgB2 (Tc=39 K) v hp cht cha st (Tc = 57 K) (hnh 1). Vic nghin cu tm ra cc cht siu dn mi vi hy vng nng cao nhit Tc v cc c tnh u vit khc vn c nhiu phng th nghim trn th gii thc hin. 2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu siu dn Nh trn thy, cc cht siu dn l rt a dng v thnh phn, cu trc, dn in trng thi thng v phng php ch to. Tuy nhin, vt liu siu dn phi c 2 tnh cht rt c trng l, ti nhit di nhit Tc (i vi tng cht) in tr sut (hay in tr) bng khng v t trng (hay cm ng t) bn trong cht siu dn bng khng. Ta hy xt mt cch chi tit hn 2 c tnh ny.
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2.1 in tr bng khng

in tr sut
0 0

D/3

Nhit (K)

Hnh 2.1. S ph thuc in tr sut vo nhit ca cc kim loi sch v khng sch

Hnh 2.2. Nhit chuyn pha siu dn ca thic sch v khng sch

in tr ca kim loi gim dn khi h nhit . Ti 0 K kim loai c tp cht xut hin in sut tr d (0), cn vi kim loi sch, khng c khuyt tt, in tr sut d bng khng (hnh 2.1), nhng y khng phi l cht siu dn, ch l cht dn in l tng m thi. Vi cht siu dn, in tr sut bng khng di nhit Tc (Tc > 0 K). Tuy nhin, suy gim in tr sut v khng gn nhit chuyn pha ph thuc vo sch ca vt liu (hnh 2.2). Nh vy l, ta c th ngh ngay n vic dng cht siu dn ti in khng c hao ph nng lng do hin tng ta nhit (W = RI2t). Thc t, cc cht siu dn c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: ti in, bin th, m t siu dn, tch in nng, to t trng cao trong phng th nghim, cun dy siu dn to t trng trong thit b chp nh bng cng hng t (MRI), to t trng trong thit b gia tc cc ht in tch,... 2. 2. Hiu ng Meissner - siu dn l cht nghch t l tng Mt c tnh quan trng khc v cng l iu kin xc nh vt liu l siu dn hay khng l, t trng (hay cm ng t) bn trong vt liu siu dn bng khng, ni mt cch khc, t trng b y ra ngoi cht siu dn (hnh 3.1) . l hiu ng Meissner, do W. Meissner v R. Ochsenfeld pht hin hiu ng ny vo nm 1933. Thc ra, sau ny, bng thc nghim v l thuyt in - t c in ngi ta tm thy, t trng thm t bn ngoi vo trong cht siu dn vi thm su London (L). Ti 0 K, L ca cc cht c gi tr khong 10-5 10-6cm v tng theo nhit . Ti T = Tc, L , ngha l, t trng chon ton b mu siu dn ging nh cc kim loi thng.

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C hai loi vt liu siu dn, siu dn loa I (bao gm hu ht cc kim loi nguyn cht) v siu dn loi II (gm cc hp kim v hp cht). Hiu ng Meissner c quan st y i vi cc cht siu dn loi I.
H H

B=0

Hnh 3.1. T trng b y ra ngoi cht siu dn loai I

Hnh 3.2. Nam chm ni trn mu siu dn nhit cao

Khi cm ng t bn trong vt liu bng khng, ta c: B = H0 + 4I = 0 cm t: s.d =


1 , 4

(1) (2)

( h CGS)

Nh vy l, cm t ca cht siu dn c gi tr tuyt i ln gp 4-5 bc so vi cc cht nghch t thng thng (Cu, Ag, Au,..), nn siu dn c gi l cht nghch t l tng. Ta bit rng, t cht nghch t vo trong t trng n s b y ra do hiu ng cm ng in t. Vi cht siu dn, do cm t c gi tr tuyt i ln nn hiu ng trn xy ra mnh hn nhiu. Di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, trn b mt cht siu dn xut hin cc dng in cm ng (siu dng) to nn t trng ngc v b tr vi tr trng ngoi bn trong cht siu dn v nam chm vnh cu c th ni trn cht siu dn (hnh 3.2). Tnh cht ny ca cc cht siu dn c ng dng to cc ng c in khng tip xc, nghin cu ch to v th nghim tu ha chy trn m t (Magnetic Levitation MAG-LEV) tc cao, khng nhim mi trng,... Cn lu rng, trng thi siu dn ca cc cht ch xut hin di nhit ti hn (Tc), t trng tc dng nh hn t trng ti hn (Hc) v dng in qua dy dn nh hn dng in ti hn (Jc). Cc thng s trn c trng cho tng cht. 3. L thuyt lng t (BCS) gii thch hin tng siu dn

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Ngoi hai c tnh c bn nu trn, bng thc nghim, cc cht siu dn cn c cc tnh cht c bit khc lm c s gii thch hin tng siu dn. 3.1 Cc c tnh khc ca cht siu dn * Nhit dung in t. Ti nhit T = Tc, nhit dung cht siu dn c d thng, l chuyn pha loi II. Phn tch kt qu o nhit dung ca mt s cht siu dn thy, nu nh T >Tc nhit dung in t ph thuc tuyn tnh vo nhit (biu thc 3) nhng khi T < Tc thnh phn ny li gim v khng theo hm m (biu thc 4).
T Cn = A + T D
3

(3)

T Cs = A + ae b / kBT D

(4)

Thnh phn th nht v th hai v phi ca hai biu thc trn l nhit dung mng tinh th v nhit dung in t, tng ng, trong A, a, b, l cc hng s i vi tng kim loi, D l nhit Debye. R rng l, mng tinh th khng c bin i khi qua nhit chuyn pha Tc,trong khi tnh cht ca in t dn thay i khi chuyn t trng thi thng sang trng thi siu dn. *Trt t xa. Cc nghin cu v bin ngn cch trng thi thng v siu dn ca cc cht thy, cc in t trng thi siu dn c lin kt vi nhau khang cch c10-4cm (104 mng tinh th), gi l di kt hp (). iu ny chng t hin tng siu dn l hiu ng tp th v trt t xa ca cc in t dn. *Hiu ng ng v. Thc nghim ch ra rng, Tc ca cc cht siu dn c cc ng v khc nhau th khc nhau, trong nhiu trng hp, Tc t l nghch vi cn bc 2 ca khi lng cht ng v (Tc ~ m-1/2). Vy l, mng tinh th c lin quan ti nhit chuyn pha siu dn ca vt liu. *Khe nng lng. Trng thi siu dn b ph v chuyn sang trng thi thng khi t t trng tc dng c cng H Hc (t trng ti hn). Vi cc cht siu dn loi I, Hc c gi tr nh (c vi trm Oe) cn cc cht siu dn loi II, Hc c gi tr ln, i khi ln ti hng chc Tesla ( 1Tesla (T) = 104 Oe). o phn x v hp th sng siu cao tn ca mt s cht siu dn loi I gm kim loi Hg,Ta v In thy, ti T = 1,3 K vi tn s trn 3.1011Hz, cc cht siu dn ny chuyn sang trng thi thng.

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T cc kt qu nu trn, c th gi nh rng, trong cht siu dn tn ti khe nng lng ca cc phn t ti in. 3.2 L thuyt vi m gii thch hin tng siu dn - l thuyt BCS Cui nhng nm 50 ca th k trc ba nh khoa hc M l J. Bardeen, L.N.Cooper v J.R. Schrieffer (BCS) thnh cng trong vic gii thch hin tng siu dn bng l thuyt vi m v c tng gii Nobel vo nm 1972. Nh trn cp, mng tinh th ca cht siu dn khng thay i khi chuyn t trng thi thng sang siu dn. Tuy nhin, theo BCS, mng tinh th li ng vai tr cc k quan trong trong vic to nn lin kt gia cc in t dn vi nhau. Cc in t dn trong kim loi trng thi thng c mt vo c 1023 in t /cm3 khng tng tc vi nhau c gi l kh in t t do. Theo BCS, trng thi siu dn xut hin trong kim loi l do c s tng tc (ht) gia cc in t dn thng qua vic trao i phonon (lng t dao ng mng). Hnh 4 l m hnh tng tc gia 2 in t A v B do mng tinh th lm trung gian. Trong mng tinh th, cc nt mng l ion dng dao ng quanh v tr cn bng. Vng ln cn nt mng l cc in t t do chuyn ng. Mt trong cc in t (in t A chng hn) tng tc vi nt mng (lc Coulomb) lm tng mt in tch dng trong vng, xut hin phonon v lan truyn trong mng. Mt in t khc (in t B) trong vng hp th phonon do int A to nn. Theo l thuyt lng t, xung lng in t A ban u trng thi k 1 bc x phonon q , chuyn sang trng thi k 1 q , xung lng in t B ban u trng thi k 2 hp th phonon q chuyn sang trng thi k 2 + q .

Hnh 4. M hnh tng tc gia in t- mng (ion dng) - in t

Xung lng ca h c bo ton trc v sau khi trao i phonon. Kt qu l, hai in t A v B ht nhau tao thnh mt cp Cooper vi spin ngc nhau. Cp Cooper in t c spin bng khng l ht Bose tun theo thng k Bose - Einstein. Trong cc iu kin xc nh, hin tng trn xy ra tng t i vi cc cp in

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t khc trong cht siu dn, tuy nhin, ch c cc in t c nng lng gn mc Fermi mi tham gia to cp. n y chng ta nh li l, cht lng He-4 di nhit 2,17 K tr thnh siu chy (khi chy, khng c ma st vi thnh bnh cha cht lng) do hin tng ngng t Bose- Einstein ca He-4; cht lng He-3 (ha lng nhit 3,2 K), do ngng t Bose-Einstein ca cp nguyn t He-3 tr nn siu chy nhit siu thp (di 2.10-3 K). Ti T < Tc cc cp Cooper in t tun theo thng k Bose-Einstein v ngng t cng mt trng thi vi nng lng thp nht. Trn nhit Tc cc in t dn c spin bng v tun theo thng k Fermi Dirac. iu ny chng t c tnh ca in t trong cht siu dn khi thay i khi chuyn qua Tc nh trn nu. Ti 0 K, hm sng ca cc cp in t c cng trng thi c th biu din theo biu thc (5): G(r1,r2,...,rns) = (r1,r2) (r3,r4)... (rns-1,rns) , (5)

Vi nS/2 l tng s cp, rn l to (xnynzn) ca in t th n, l hm sng cho tt c cc cp (ging nhau), cc in t cc cp c th trao i nhau to cp. L thuyt BCS ch ra rng, hm sng cp n in t c tnh m khng gian vi di kt hp () khong 10-4 cm v c th quan nim cp Cooper ging nh mt phn t c di ln, c 10-4 cm. Cc tnh ton thy, ti 0K trong th tch 3 c khong 107 cp Cooper (1cm3 cha khong 1019 cp). Vi kim loi thng, cc in t t do khng c tng tc vi nhau, khi chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng, do va chm vi nt mng v tp cht, xung lng khng c bo ton xut hin in tr khi ti dng in. Cn trng thi siu dn, cc cp Cooper in t tn x vi nhau, song tng xung lng cc cp l khng i, khi chuyn ng to nn dng in khng c trao i nng lng v do cng dng in khng thay i v in tr bng khng. Khe nng lng v nhit ti hn: Nh trn cp, bng thc nghim chng t cht siu dn c tn tai khe nng lng. Hnh 5 l s vng nng lng ca cht siu dn v ca kim loi ( so snh). Nng lng lin kt gia cc in t to nn khe nng lng trong cht siu dn. Khe nng lng Eg = 2, l nng lng gia mc nng lng thp nht c in t v mc kch thch u tin cn trng (vng gi ht, hnh 5.a). Di tc dng ca cc yu t bn ngoi (sng siu cao tn, t trng, nhit ,) m nng lng Eg, cp Cooper b ph v (in t b tch cp). Khi y, cc in t khng cn lin kt v to thnh cc gi ht (hnh 5.a), trng thi siu dn chuyn sang trng thi thng. Theo BCS, khe nng lng () tnh theo biu thc sau: = 2hL exp[-{N(EF)V}-1] , (6)

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Trong , h l hng s Planck,L l tn s Debye, V: ma trn tng tc in t, N(EF): mt trng thi ca in t mc EF .

Hnh 5. S vng nng lng ca cc in t trng thi siu dn (5.a) v vng nng lng ca kim loi trng thi thng (5.b). EF :nng lng Fermi, Eg : khe nng lng ca cht siu dn

Khi tng nhit , tng tc gia cc in t thng qua mng tinh th to cp Cooper gim i, khe nng lng gim, kt qu l, cc gi ht trong cht siu dn tng ln. Khe nng lng tip tc gim n nhit Tc. Ti Tc khe nng lng khng cn na ( = 0) , cht siu dn hon ton chuyn sang trng thi thng.

Hnh 6. ln t i ca khe nng lng ph thuc vo nhit ca mt s cht siu dn

Hnh 6 biu din s ph thuc vo nhit ca khe nng lng t i theo l thuyt BCS vi Eg = 2 = f(T). Dng ca ng cong ny c minh chng bng thc nghim i vi mt s cht siu dn.
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L thuyt BCS cng tin on s ph thuc ca Tc v nng lng khe ti 0 K theo biu thc sau: (7) Eg(0) = 2(0) =3,5 kBTc , kB: hng s Boltzmann, 2(0): khe nng lng 0 K Kt qu thc nghim v s ph thuc vo Tc ca khe nng lng ca mt s kim loi siu dn bng vic o hp th ca sng hng ngoi ca mt s cht siu dn a ra hnh 7.

Hnh 7. S ph thuc ca khe nng lng vo Tc ca cc cht siu dn theo biu thc ( 7)

T biu thc (6) v biu thc (7) suy ra (8): 3,5 kBTc = 4hL exp[-{N(F)V}-1] (8) Bit rng, L m-1/2, m l khi lng ca cht ng v. R rng l Tc m-1/2 , ph hp vi nhiu cht siu dn. 4. Cc cht siu dn loi II Cc hp kim v hp cht c t trng ti hn (Hc) cao v dng dng in ti hn (Jc) ln thng l cc cht siu dn loi II, c ng dng nhiu. Cc cun dy siu dn to t trng trong thit b LHC s dung dy hp kim Nb-Ti (s vit phn sau) l cht siu dn loi II. L thuyt v siu dn loi II do cc nh khoa hc X - Vit (trc y) trong c V.L.Ginzburg, L.D.Landau v A.A. Abrikosov a ra vo nm 1957. Nm 2003 Abrikosov v Ginzburg c gii thng Nobel v thnh tu trn. L. Landau c nhn gii Nobel v l thuyt siu chy ca heli lng nm 1962.

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Theo cc tc gi trn, trong cht siu dn tn ti mt ngn cch gia vng siu dn v vng khng siu dn (thng). Cc tnh ton ch ra rng, vi cht siu dn loi I (kim loi tinh khit), nng lng mt ngn cch l dng, cn cc cht siu dn loi II (cc hp kim, hp cht) nng lng mt ngn cch ny li l m. Do , khi t tng ngoi tc dng ln cht siu dn loi II c cng > Hc1 mt cch thun li v nng lng, t trng ngoi thm vo bn trong cht siu dn loi II bng cc xoy t, ti , cht siu dn chuyn sang trng thi thng. Cng t trng tng, cc xoy t thm vo mu siu dn tng ln, bn ngoi cc xoy t, mu vn trng thi siu dn. Lc ny cht siu dn trng thi trung gian : va c trng thi thng, va c trng thi siu dn (hnh 8 v 9), in tr ca cht siu dn vn bng khng. T thng cc xoy t () l lng t ha v c ln bng s nguyn ln lng t t thng o. 0 = h/2e 2,07.10-15 Weber.
Siu dn loi II
Cc ng sc t
Trng thi thng Trng thi siu dn Cc xoy t

Fro m Pri nci pl es o f El ectro n i c M ateri al s an d D evi ces, T h i rd Ed i ti o n , S.O . K asap ( M cG raw -H i l l ,2005)

Hnh 8. Trng thi trung gian ca siu dn loi II theo Ginzburg Landau

Hnh 9 l gin pha ca cht siu dn loi I (9.a) v cht siu dn loi II (9.b). Cc cht siu dn loi I c 2 trng thi thng v siu dn (trng thi Meissner). Cc cht siu dn loi II c 3 trng thi thng, trung gian v Messner. Cn c vo t s gia thm su L v di kt hp l ( L/ l hng s Ginzburg-Landau) phn bit vt liu l siu dn loi I v loi II: < 1/ 2 , l cht siu dn loi I. > 1/ 2 , l cht siu dn loi II. Nu nh cht siu dn loi I c 1 mt t trng ti han l Hc th siu dn loi II c 2 t trng ti hn Hc1 v Hc2. Khi cng t trng ngoi H Hc1 , t trng ngoi bt u thm vo trong cht siu dn, v H = Hc2 trng thi siu dn b ph v. Ti 4,2K, Hc ca cc cht siu dn lai I vo c 104 A/m (1 A/m = 4.10-3Oe) trong khi Hc2 ca mt s cht c th t n hng triu A/m. iu ny c ngha quan trng trong thc t ti dng in ln v to t trng cao.

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10

Siu dn loi I
Gin pha (H,T)
H

Siu dn lai II
H

Gin pha (H,T)

Trng thi trung gian

Hc2
Trng thi trung gian

Trng thi Meissner


Hc Trng thi th ng Trng thi Meissner T

Hc1

Trng thi thng

Throng
Throng thi Meissner

Akira Tonomura (Hitachi, Japan)

Tc
Image courtesy: Joseph Bernstein

Akira Tonomura (Hitachi, Japan) Image courtesy: Joseph Bernstein

Tc

a)

b)

Hnh 9. Gin pha ca cht siu dn loi I (a) v siu dn loi II (b)

5. ng dng vt liu siu dn trong my gia tc i chm hardon khng l (LHC) LHC l thit b dng gia tc v to s va chm cc ht tch in nng lng cao. Di y, chng ti ch xin nu mt s thng tin lin quan ti vic s dng dy siu dn to t trng trong LHC. Thit b LHC c t trong mt ng hm vng trn chu vi 27 km vi ng knh hm l 3,8 m, nm su t 50 n 175 m di mt t. ng hm cha LHC c hai ng dn chm tia proton st nhau, chuyn ng quanh vng trn theo hai hng ngc nhau. Hai ng trn giao nhau 4 im to s va chm cc chm tia. ng nng ca cc ht proton c gia tng t 450 GeV ln n 7 TeV ng vi cng t trng ca cc lng cc t siu dn tng t 0,54 ln 8,3 tesla (T). Cc chm proton mi ng dn chuyn ng c tc gn bng tc nh sng , nng lng trc khi va chm l 7 TeV. Nh vy, nng lng va chm cc chm tia t ti 14 TeV. in trng v t trng tc dng ln in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc V mt lc l:
u r u r u r u r F = qE + V B

( 9)

in trng gia tc chm tia theo chuyn ng thng, c nng lng 7 TeV cn tc dng in p ti 7 TV. Lc t trng tc dng vung gc vi chuyn ng ca chm tia lm un cong qu o chm tia theo ng trn chu vi 27 km. t yu cu trn, LHC s dng ti hn 8.000 nam chm siu dn, tm phn lm 3 loi vi chc nng khc nhau nh sau: * Loi th nht gm 1232 nam chm siu dn lng cc t (dipole t) c chc nng li chm tia theo vng trn. Mi mt dipole t ca LHC cha 2 ng dy to

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11

t trng vi cng bng nhau nhng ngc chiu nhau tc dng ln 2 chm tia proton chuyn ng i song song trong ng hm. Hnh 6.1 l s qun dy cp siu dn trong mt dipole to t trng vung gc vi chiu chuyn ng chm tia trong ng c ng knh 56mm. Mi mt dipole t c chiu di 14,3 mt, vi dng in 11.850 A t trng t cng 8,33T ( gp khong 100.000 ln t trng tri t).

a)

b)

Hnh 10. a) S qun dy cp siu dn dipole t. ng knh ng cha chm tia l 56mm, dy cp siu dn c qun 2 lp ngoi v lp trong. b) Tit din ca dipole t siu dn

Hnh 11 l s tit din ngang ca dipole t siu dn. Hai cun dy siu dn c bao bi vng m phi t v li st t, tt c t trong bnh thp cha heli lng. Cc b phn trn c cch nhit vi bn ngoi bng chn khng.

Li st t Cc vng m phi t

Cun dy siu dn ng chm tia Bnh thp cha He lng Chn khng cch nhit V bnh chn khng Gi Mt dipole t di ~ 15m trng lng (nam chm + bnh cha He) ~ 30 tn
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Hnh 11. S tit din ngang ca dipole t gm 2 cun dy siu dn v cc cu trc km theo

* Loi th hai gm 400 nam chm siu dn t cc t (quadrupole t) c chc nng hi t chm tia v to c hi va chm chm tia 4 im giao nhau trong ng hm. Mi mt quadrupole t gm 4 nam chm siu dn vi cc cc t mc
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ni tip nhau. Quadrupole t c di 3,1 mt, to gradient t trng 233T/m ti dng in 11.850 A. * Lai th ba l cc nam chm siu dn a cc t b tr trng lch trong cc nam chm chnh gm khong 3.600 chic v cc cc t hiu chnh qu o v cc thng s chm tia gm khong 2.800 chic. Cc loi nam chm siu dn ny c chiu di t 0,15 n 1,5 mt vi dng in 50 -550 A to cng t trng t 0,1 n 3T. Hnh 12 l nh dy cp siu dn dng to t trng trong LHC. Cc dy cp siu dn c ch to t hp kim Nb-Ti (47% trng lng Ti). Mi dy cp c chiu ngang 15mm cha ti 8.800 dy Nb-Ti nh xu vi ng knh 7m bn cng dy ng tng ti a truyn nhit v gim ti thiu hin tng ta nhit khi siu dn chuyn sang trng thi thng. Hp kim Nb-Ti l siu dn loi II vi cc thng s c bn sau: - di kt hp (0 K) = 0,005m. - thm su London L(0 K) = 0,3m. - Hng s Ginzburg - Landau = 60. - Nhit chuyn pha Tc = 9,25 K. - T trng ti hn Hc1 (0 K) = 0,01T. - T trng ti hn Hc2 (0 K) = 14T. Ngoi ra, hp kim Nb-Ti c c tnh tt, d gia cng thnh cc si nh.

Hnh 12.. Dy cp siu dn dng to cc loi t trng trong LHC

S dy cp siu dn s dng trong cc nam chm siu dn cho LHC di ti 7000 km vi trng lng Nb -Ti l khong 400 tn. Ngi ta lm php tnh nh sau, nu ni tt c cc dy siu dn nh xu (7m) dng trong 1232 dipole t th tng chiu di ln ti 1,38.1012 mt, tc l gp 9 ln khong cch t tri t ti mt tri. Nu tnh c cc dy siu dn dng trong cc nam chm khc ca LHC th di dy s gp 10 ln khong cch trn. Cc nam chm siu dn cn ti gn 96 tn He lng lm lnh v 12 triu lt nit lng lm lnh s b ban u cho 31.000 tn vt liu ca LHC . Nhm tng dng in v t trng ti hn ca dy cp siu dn, ngi ta h nhit si ca heli lng t 4,2 K xung trng thi siu chy (1,9 K). Ti nhit ny, dy siu
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dn Nb -Ti c th ti c dng in ti 2.500 A /mm2 (gp hng trm ln dy ng), v c th chu c t trng ln ti 10 T.

Hnh 13. Hnh nh cc nam chm siu dn lp t trong ng hm LHC

Chi ph cho h thng nam chm siu dn ti gi thnh LHC v phi ti 10 nm nghin cu, th nghim. Hnh nh cc nam chm siu dn t trong ng hm ca LHC (hnh 13). Ti liu tham kho 1. Thn c Hin, Nhp mn v Siu dn ( Vt liu, Tnh cht v ng dng), NXB Bch Khoa H Ni (2008) 2. D. Larbalestier, Superconductivity from Physics to the Applications, (http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/teachers/resources/emergentlabs/doc uments/supernet-larbalestier.ppt) 3. Kazimierz Conder, 101 Years of Superconductivity, (http://www2.fzjuelich.de/ikp/cgswhp/cgswhp12/program/files_batumi/14-082012/3_Cazimierz_Conder_101YearsSuperconductivityFinal.ppt) 4. Marco Buzio, Superconducting LHC magnets- Characterisics and Qualification in SM18 Test Station. (http://appliedsc.epfl.ch/course/notes/magnet_seminar_Marco_Buzio.pdf) 5. Ch.Meuris and J-M. Riflet. Superconducting magnets for the LHC. (http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs56/pdfgb/Clefs%2056_p04_09_MeurisGB.pdf) H Ni, thng 10 nm 2012

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