Chuyen de 1:

S phn tu cua mt tp hop.Tp hop con

1.Mt tp hp c th c mt ,c nhiu phn tu, c v s phn tu,cng c th
khng c phn tu no.
2.Tp hp khng c phn tu no gi l tp rng.tp rng k hiu l : .
3.Nu mi phn tu cua tp hp A du thuc tp hp B th tp hp A gi l tp
hp con cua tp hp B, k hiu l AB hay B A.
Nu AB v B A th ta ni hai tp hp bng nhau,k hiu AB.

' d 4. Cho hai tp hop
A 3,4,5}; B 5,6,7,8,9,10};
a) Mi tp hop co bao nhiu phn tu?
b) Vit cac tp hop khac tp hop rng vua la tp hop con cua tp hop A vua la tp hop con cua
tp hop B.
c) Dung ki hiu d thuc hin mi quan h giua tp hop A,B va tp hop noi trong
cu b). Dung hinh v minh hoa cac tp hop do.
Giai. a) Tp hop A co 3 phn tu , tp hop B co 6 phn tu.
b) Vi s 5 la phn tu duy nht vua thuc tp hop A vua thuc tp hop B.vi vy chi co mt tp
hop C vua la tp hop con cua tp hop A ,vua la tp hop con cua tp hop B: C 5}.
c) CA va CB. biu din boi hinh v:
Bi tp:
1. Cho hai tp hop
M 0,2,4,...,96,98,100};
Q x Z N* , x la s chn ,x100};
a) Mi tp hop co bao nhiu phn tu?
b)Dung ki hiu d thuc hin mi quan h giua M va Q.

2.Cho hai tp hop
Rm Z N , 69 _ m _ 85};
Sn Z N , 69 _ n _ 91};
a) Vit cac tp hop trn;
b) Mi tp hop co bao nhiu phn tu;
c) Dung ki hiu d thuc hin mi quan h giua hai tp hop do.

3.Vit cac tp hop sau va cho bit mi tp hop co bao nhiu phn tu:
a) Tp hop A cac s tu nhin x ma 17 x 3 ;
b) Tp hop B cac s tu nhin x ma 15 y 16;
c) Tp hop C cac s tu nhin x ma 13 : z 1;
d) Tp hop D cac s tu nhin t , t Z N* ma 0:t 0;

4. Tinh s dim v mn toan trong hoc ki I . lop 6A co 40 hoc sinh dat it nht mt dim 10 ;
co 27 hoc sinh dat it nht hai dim 10 ; co 29 hoc sinh dat it nht ba dim 10 ; co 14 hoc sinh
dat it nht bn dim 10 va khng co hoc sinh nao dat duoc nm dim 10.
dung ki hiu d thuc hin mi quan h giua cac tp hop hoc sinh dat s cac dim 10 cua
lop 6A , ri tinh tng s dim 10 cua lop do.

5. Ban Nam danh s trang cua mt cun sach bng cac con s tu nhin tu 1 dn 265 .hoi ban
nam phai vit tt ca bao nhiu chu s?

6. D tinh s trang cua mt cun sach ban Vit phai vit 282 chu s. hoi cun sach do co bao
nhiu trang.

Chuyn2
Cc php ton trong N

1. Tnh cht giao hon cua php cng v php nhn.
D a + b b + a ; a.b b.a
Khi di ch cc s hng trong mt tng th tng khng di
Khi di ch cc tha s trong mt tch th tch khng di.
2. Tnh cht kt hp cua php cng v php nhn:
(a + b ) + c a + ( b + c); (a.b).c a(b.c);
Mun cng mt tng hai s vi mt s th ba , ta c th cng s th nht
vi tng cua hai s th hai v th ba.
Mun nhn mt tch hai s vi s th ba ,ta c th nhn s th nht vi
tch cua s th hai v s th ba.
3. Tnh cht phn phi cua php nhn di vi php cng.:
a(b+ c) ab + ac
Mun nhn mt s vi mt tng , ta c th nhn s d vi tng s hng cua
tng ri cng cc kt qua li.
1. Diu kin d thc hin php tr l s b| tr ln hon ho}c bng s tr.
2. Diu kin d a chia ht cho b ( a,b Z N ; b / 0) l c s t nhin p sao cho
a b.p.
3. Trong php chia c dua;
s b| chia s chia x thuong + s du ( a b.p + r)
s du bao gi cng khc 0 v nho hon s chia.



' d . a) Tinh tng cua cac sng tu nhin tu 1 dn 999;
b) Vit lin tip cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn 999 thanh mt hang ngang ,ta duoc s
123..999. tinh tng cac chu s cua s do.

Giai . a) Ta co 1 2 3 .. 997 998 999 (1 999) ( 2 998 ) (3 997 ) ...
(409 501 ) 1000.250 250000.
b) s 999 co tng cac chu s bng 27, vi th nu tach ring s 999 , ri kt hop 1 voi
998; 2 voi 997 ; 3 voi 996;. thanh tung cp d co tng bng 999, thi mi tng nhu vy du co
tng cac chu s la 27.vi vy co 499 tng nhu vy ,cng thm voi s 999 cng co tng cac chu s
bng 27.do do tng cac chu s nu trn la 27.50 13500.

' d . Tim s co hai chu s,bi rng nu vit chu s 0 xen giua hai chu cua s do thi duoc
s co ba chu s gp 9 ln s co hai chu s ban du.
Giai : goi s co hai chu s phai tim la ,- trong do a ,b la cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn 9.theo d
bai ,ta co:
- ,0 9,- hay 100a b 9( 10a b ) hay 100a b 90a 9b
Do do 5a 4b. bng phep thu truc tip ta thy trong cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn 9 chi co a 4
,b 5 thoa mn 4a 5b.
S co hai chu s phai tim la 54.
Bi tp :

1. Tinh
a) 1 7 8 15 23 .. 160;
b) 1 4 5 9 14 .. 60 97;
c) 78.31 78.24 78.17 22.72.

2.a)Hy vit lin tip 20 chu s 5 thanh mt hang ngang,ri dt du xen giua cac chu s
do d duoc tng bng 1000.
b) Hy vit lin tip tam chu s 8 thanh mt hang ngang,ri dt du xen giua cac chu s
do d duoc tng bng 1000.

3.Chia cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn 100 thanh hai lop : lop s chn va lop s le.hoi lop nao co
tng cac chu s lon hon va lon hon bao nhiu?

4. Din cac chu s thich hop vao cac chu d duoc phep tinh dung :
a) ,- 1 36 1 ,- ;
b) ,-. ,.. /-. -..

5. Cho ba chu s a,b,c voi 0 a b c ;
a) Vit tp hop A cac s co ba chu s ,mi s gm ca ba chu s a, b ,c:
b) Bit rng tng hai s nho nht trong tp hop A bng 488.tim tng cac chu
a b c.

5. Cho 1 bang vung gm 9 vung nhu hinh v.
hy din vao cac cua bang cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn 10

(mi s chi duoc vit mt ln) sao cho tng cac s o
mi hang ,mi ct ,mi duong cheo bng nhau.

6. Ki hiu n! la tich cua cac s tu nhin tu 1 dn n : n! 1.2.3.n.
Tinh : S 1.1! 2.2! 3.3! 4.4! 5.5!

7. Trong mt to giy ke vung kich thuoc 50.50 vung .trong mi nguoi ta vit mt s
tu nhin . bit rng bn tao thanh mt hinh nhu hinh v thi tng cac s trong bn do du
bng 4 .hy chung to rng mi s do du bng 1.
4
10 2
8

8.Mt s co bay chu s ,cng voi s duoc viets bay chu s do nhung theo thu tu nguoc lai thi
duoc tng la s co bay chu s.hy chung t rng tng tim duoc co it nht mt chu s chn.
9.Cho bang gm 16 vung nhu hinh v .hy din vao cac
bang cua bang cac s tu nhin le tu 1 dn 31 (mi s chi
vit mt ln.) sao cho tng cac s trong cung mt hang,
cung mt ct , cung mt duong cheo du bng nhau



10.Cho dy s 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,..( dy s phi b na xi) trong do mi s (bt du tu s thu
ba) bng tng hai s dung lin truoc no.chon trong dy s do 8 s lin tip tuy y.chung minh
rng tng cua 8 s nay khng phai la mt s cua dy d cho.

11. Mt s chn co bn chu s, trong do chu s hang trm va chu s hang chuc lp thanh mt
s gp ba ln chu s hang nghin va gp hai ln chu s hang don vi.tim s do.

12.Tim cac s a,b,c,d trong php tinh sau:
abcd abc ab a 4321 .

13.Hai nguoi choi mt tro choi ln luot bc nhung vin bi tu hai hp ra ngoai.mi nguoi dn
luot minh bc mt s vin bi tuy y .nguoi bc vin bi cui cung di voi cacr hai hp la nguoi
thng cuc.bit rng o hp thu nht co 190 vin bi ,hp thu hai co 201 vin bi.hy tim thut
choi d dam bao nguoi bc bi du tin la nguoi thng cuc.

Bi tp .Nng .G
1. Tinh gia tri cua biu thuc mt cach hop li:
A 100 98 96 .. 2 - 97 95 - .- 1 ;
B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 .- 299 330 301 302;
2. Tinh nhanh
a) 53.39 47.39 53.21 47.21.
b)2.53.12 4.6.87 3.8.40;
c) 5.7.77 7.60 49.25 15.42.
3.Tim x bit:
a) x : |( 1800600) : 30| 560 : (315 - 35);
b) | (250 25) : 15| : x (450 - 60): 130.
4. Tng cua hai s bng 78293.s lon trong hai s do co chu s hang don vi la 5 ,chu hang
chuc 1,chu s trm la 2.nu ta gach bo cac chu s do di thi ta duoc mt s bng s nho nht .tim
hai s do.
5.Mt php chia co thuong la 6 du 3 .tng cua s bi chia ,s chia va s du la 195.tim s bi
chia va s chia.
6.Tng cua hai s co a chu s la 836.chu s hang trm cua s thu nht la 5 ,cua s thu hai la 3
.nu gach bo cac chu s 5 va 3 thi s duoc hai s co hai chu s ma s nay gp 2 ln s kia.tim hai
s do.
15 29
23 5
3 17
27 9
7.Mt hoc sinh khi giai bai toan dang l phai chia 1 s cho 2 va cng thuong tim duoc voi 3
.nhung do nhm ln em do d nhn s do voi 2 va sau do ly tich tim duoc tru di 3 .mc du vy
kt qua vn dung .hoi s cn phai chia cho 2 la s nao?
8. Tim s co ba chu s .bit rng chu s hang trm bng hiu cua chu s hang chuc voi chu s
hang don vi.chia chu s hang chuc cho chu s hang don vi thi duoc thuong la 2 va du 2.tich cua
s phai tim voi 7 la 1 s co chu s tn cung la 1.
9. Tim s tu nhin a _ 200 .bit rng khi chia a cho s tu nhin b thi duoc thuong la 4 va du 35
.
10. Vit s A bt ki co 3 chu s ,vit tip 3 chu s do 1 ln nua ta duoc s B co 6 chu s.chia s
B cho 13 ta duoc s C. chia C cho 11 ta duoc s D.lai chia s D cho 7.tim thuong cua phep chia
nay.
11. Khi chia s M gm 6 chu s ging nhau cho s N gm 4 chu s ging nhau thi duoc
thuong la 233 va s du la 1 s r nao do .sau khi bo 1 chu s cua s M va 1 chu s cua s N thi
thuong khng di va s du giam di 1000.tim 2 s M va N?


.huyn 3
Ly thua ;a cc php ton

1. Ly tha bc n cua a l tch cua n tha s bng nhau,mi tha s bng a:
a
n
a.a.a ; (n tha s a, n /0).
2.Khi nhn hai ly tha cua cng co s , ta gi nguyn co s v cng cc s
m
a
m
a
n
a
(m+n)

' d .
Hy chung to rng: a) (2
2
)
3
2
2 . 3
; (3
3
)
2
3
3 . 2
; (5
4
)
3
5
4. 3
;
b) (a
m
)
n
a
m . n
; (m,n ZN).
Giai:
a) (2
2
)
3
2
2
.2
2
.2
2
2
2 22
2
6
2
2.3

tuong tu lam nhu vy tao co: (3
3
)
2
3
3 . 2
; (5
4
)
3
5
4. 3
;
b) Mt cach tng quat ta co (a
m
)
n
a
m . n
; (m,n ZN).
Vi du 9. a) Hy so sanh : 2
3
.5
3
voi (2.5)
3
; 3
2
.5
2
voi (2.5)
2
;
b) Hy chung minh rng : (a.b)
n
a
n
.b
n
; (n = 0);
Giai . a) 2
3
.5
3
8.125 1000;
(2.5)
3
10
3
1000;
Vy 2
3
.5
3
(2.5)
3

Tuong tu ta d dang chung minh duoc : (a.b)
n
a
n
.b
n
; (n = 0);
3
2
.5
2
(2.5)
2
;
Bi tp:
1. Vit cac s sau duoi dang ly thua:
a) 10 ; 100 ; 1000; 10000; 100..0; (n s 0 );
b) 5 ; 25; 625; 3125;
2.So sanh cac s sau:
a) 3
200
voi 2
3000
; b) 125
5
voi 25
7
; c)9
20
voi 27
13
d)3
54
voi 2
81
;
3.Vit cac tich sau duo dang ly thua:
a) 5.125.625 ; b) 10.100.1000 ; c) 8
4
.16
5
.32; d) 27
4
.81
10
;
4.So sanh:
a) 10
30
voi 2
100
; b) 5
40
voi 620
10
;
5.Mt hinh lp phuong co canh la 5 m.
a) tinh th tich cua hinh lp phuong;
b) nu canh cua hinh lp phuong tng ln 2 ln , 3 ln thi th tich cua hinh lp phuong tng
ln bao nhiu ln.
6. Trong cach vit o h thp phn s 2
100
co bao nhiu chu s?

C4.Tnh cht chia ht cua mt tng,mF9 hiu, mF9 9.h

1. Tnh cht 1.nu tt ca cc s hng cua mt tng du chia ht cho
cng mt s th tng chia ht cho s d :
a m ; b m ; cm a + b + c m .
2. Tnh cht 2 ,nu chi c mt s hng cua tng khng chia ht cho mt
s ,cc s hng cn li du chia ht cho s d th tng khng chia ht
cho s d:
a
.
.
m ; b m ; cm a + b + c .
.
.
m .

' d: Cho ba s tu nhin a, b, c, trong do a va b la cac s chia ht cho 5 du 3 con c la s khi
chia cho 5 du 2.
a) Chung t rng mi tng (hiu)sau: a c ; b c ; a - b ; du chia ht cho 5 .
b) Mi tng(hiu) sau: a b c ; a b c ; a c b ;co chai ht cho 5 khng?
Giai : dt a 5n 3 ; b 5m 3 ; c 5p 2 ;(n,m,p Z N)
a) tu do ta co :
a c (5n 5p 5) 5 vi cac s hang du chia ht cho 5.
Tuong tu: b c 5m 5p 5 5 ; a b 5n 5m 5
b) a b c 5n 5m 5p 8 khng chia ht cho 5 vi 8 .
.
.
5;
tuong tu: a b c .
.
.
5 ; a c b .
.
.
5.
Bi tp:
1.Tim s tu nhin x d:
a) 113 x 7
b) 113

x 13
2. Chung to rng:
,- -, 11 ; ,-. - .-, 99;
3.Chung to rng:
a) Trong ba s tu nhin lin tip , co mt va chi mt s chia ht cho 3;
b) Trong hai s tu nhin lin tip , c mt va chi mt s chia ht cho 4;
4. Chung to rng :
8
10
8
9
- 8
8
55 ; 7
6
7
5
- 7
4
11; 81
7
27
9
- 9
13
45; 10
9
10
8
- 10
7
555;
5.Chung to rng : nu s ,-./ 99 thi ,- ./ 99 va nguoc lai.
6.Chung to rng : nu s ,-./ 101 thi ,- - ./ 101 va nguoc lai
7.Chung to rng:
a) Moi s tu nhin co ba chu s ging nhau du chia ht cho 37;
b) Hiu giua s co dang 1 1,- va s duoc vit boi chinh cac s do nhung theo thu tu nguoc lai thi
chia ht cho 90.
8. Mt s co ba chu s chia ht cho 12 va chu s hang trm bng chu s hang chuc . Chung to
rng tng ba chu s cua s do chia ht cho 12.


C6. Du hiu chia ht

1. Du hiu chia ht cho 9: cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho
9 th chia ht cho 9 v chi nhng s d mi chia ht cho 9.
1. Du hiu chia ht cho 3: cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho
3 th chia ht cho 9 v chi nhng s d mi chia ht cho 3.Du
hiu chia ht cho 2 : cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s chn
th chia ht cho 2 v chi nhng s d mi chia ht cho 2.
2. Du hiu chia ht cho 5: cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s 0
ho}c 5 th chia ht cho 5 v chi nhng s d mi chia ht cho
5.
2.



' d1. Dung ba chu s 9, 0 ,5 d ghep thanh cac s co ba chu s thoa mn mt trong cac diu
kin sau:
a) S do chia ht cho 5;
b) S do chia ht cho 2 va cho 5.
Giai. a) Mt s chia ht cho 5 thi s do tn cung bng 0 hoc 5 . vy co ba s co chu s chia ht
cho 5 la: 950 ; 590 ; 905.
b)Mt s chia ht cho 2 va cho 5 thi s do tn cung bng 0 . vy co hai s co chu s chia ht cho
2 va cho 5 la: 950 ; 590 ;
' d2. Cho s 43 123 . hy thay x,y boi cac chu s d s d cho chia ht cho 3 va 5.
Giai. S 43 123 5 nn y 0 hoc y 5.
O Voi y 0 , ta co s 430 123 . s nay phai chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 2 3 x 4 3 3
hay 12 (x 1) 3 , nhung 1_ x 1 _ 10 ,nn x 1 3 ; 6 ; 9.
- Nu x 1 3 thi x 2 ,ta duoc 1232430
- Nu x 1 6 thi x 5 ,ta duoc 1235430
- Nu x 1 3 thi x ,ta duoc 1238430
Voi y 5 , ta co s 435 123 . s nay phai chia ht cho 3 , nn 1 2 3 x 4 3 5 3
hay 18 x 3 ,nn x 0 ; 3 ; 6 ; 9. ta co cac s sau : 1230435; 1233435; 1236435 va
1239435

Bai tp :
1. Din chu s vao du * d duoc s :
b) Chia ht cho 2 : 46 * 3 ; * 199 ; 1 * 20 ;
c) Chia ht cho 5 : 5 * 16 ; * 174 ; 6 * 53 ;
2. Dung ca ba s 5,6,9 d ghep thanh cac s tu nhin co ba chu s:
a) Lon nht va chia ht cho 5;
b) Nho nht va chia ht cho 2;
3. Tim tp hop cac s tu nhin n vua chia ht cho 2 vua chia ht cho 5 va
1995 _ n _2001 .
4. Chung to rng trong nm s tu nhin lin tip lun co mt s chia ht cho 5.
5. Chung to rng:
a) Trong ba s tu nhin bt ki bao gio cng chon duoc hai s co hiu chia ht cho 2;
b) Trong sau s tu nhin bt ki bao gio cng chon duoc hai s co hiu chia ht cho 5;
6. Chung to rng:
a) (5n 7 )(4n 6) 2 voi moi s tu nhin n;
b) (8n 1 )(6n 5) .
.
.
2 voi moi s tu nhin n;
7. Nguoi ta vit cac s tu nhin tuy y sao cho s cac s le gp di s cac s chn. tng cac s d
vit co chia ht cho 2 hay khng? Vi sao?
8. Co 5 to giy .nguoi ta xe to giy do thanh 6 manh . lai ly mt trong s manh giy nao do, xe
mi manh thanh 6 manh.cu nhu vy sau mt s ln , nguoi ta dm duoc 2001 manh giy.hoi
nguoi ta dm dung hay sai?
9. Cho sau chu s : 2 , 3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,9.
a) c bao nhiu s co ba chu s ,cac chu s trong mi s du khhacs nhau, duoc lp thanh tu cac
chu s trn?
b) Trong cac s duoc lp thanh co bao nhiu s nho hon 400? Bao nhiu s la s le ? bao nhiu
s chia ht cho 5?

Bi tp.Nng .G:
1.Din chu s vao du * d:
a) 2001 3 * 2 chia ht cho 3;
b) 4 * 793 * 5 chia ht cho 9;
2. Din chu s vao du * d duoc s chia ht cho 3 ma khng chia ht cho 9 :
* 51 va * 745
3.Dung ba trong 4 chu s 3,6,9,0 hy ghep thanh s tu nhin co ba chu s sao cho s do:
a) Chia ht cho 9;
b) Chia ht cho 3 ma khng chia ht cho 9.
4. Phai thay cac chu s x, y boi chu s nao d s 44 123 3
5. Tng (hiu) sau co chia ht cho 3 , cho 9 khng?
10
2001
2 ; 10
2001
1 .
6. Tim cac chu s x,y bit rng s 3 56 chia ht cho 2 va 9.
7. Tim cac chu s x,y bit rng s 1 71 chia ht cho 445.
8. Tim tt ca cac s co dang - ,14 6 , bit rng s do chai ht cho 3 , cho 4 va cho 5.
9. Tim hai s tu nhin lin tip , trong do co mt chu s chia ht cho 9 , bit rng tng cua
hai s do thoa mn cac diu kin sau:
a) La so co ba chu s;
b) La s chia ht cho 5;
c) Tng cua chu s hang trm va chu s hang don vi la s chia ht cho 9;
d) Tng cua chu s hang trm va chu s hang chuc la s chia ht cho 4;



C7 Phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t.

Phn tch mt s t nhin ra tha s nguyn t l vit s d dui dng
mt tch cc tha s nguyn t . mi s t nhin ln 1 du phn tch
duc ra tha s nguyn t.
D phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t bng cch no th cui cng
cng duc cng mt kt qua.

' d . Cho s tu nhin A a
x
b
y
c
z
trong do a, b, c, la cac s nguyn t di mt khac nhau,
con x, y ,z la cac s tu nhin khac 0 .chung to rng s uoc s cua A duoc tinh boi cng thuc :
(x 1)(y 1)(z 1).
Giai. S uoc s cua A chi chua thua s nguyn t a la x, chi chua thua s nguyn t b la y,
chi chua thua s nguyn t c la z, chi chua thua s nguyn t ab la xy, chi chua thua s
nguyn t ac la xz, chi chua thua s nguyn t bc la yz, chi chua thua s nguyn t abc la
xyz.vi A la uoc cua chinh no . do do s uoc cua A bng:
x y z xy yz xz xyz 1 x(z 1) y(z 1) xy(z 1) (z 1) (z 1)(x y
xy 1) (z 1)|(x 1) y(x 1)| (x 1)(y 1)(z 1).
Vi du : s B 2
3
3
5
5
4
thi s uoc s cua B la (3 1)(5 1)(4 1) 4.6.5 120.

Bi tp.
1. Tim s tu nhin nho nht:
a) Co 9 uoc; b) Co 15 uoc.
2. Cho s tu nhin B a
x
b
y
trong do a,b la cac s nguyn t khac nhau , x, y la cac s tu
nhin khac 0 . bit B
2
co 15 uoc . hoi B
3
co bao nhiu uoc?
3. Tim s tu nhin a , bit 105 a va 16 _ a _ 50 .
4. Mt truong co 805 hoc sinh. Cn phai xp mi hang bao nhiu hoc sinh d hoc sinh o mi
hang la nhu nhau , bit rng khng xp qua 35 hang va cng khng it hon 15 hang.
5. S tu nhin n co tng cac uoc bng n (khng k n) duoc goi la s hoan chinh (s hoan
thin , s hoan toan).
a) Chung to rng cac s 28,496 la s hoan chinh.
b) Tim s hoan chinh n , bit n p.q trong do p,q la cac s nguyn t.
6. Tim s tu nhin n, bit rng s n co 30 uoc va khi phn tich thanh thua s nguyn t thi co
dang n 2
x
3
y
trong do x y 8.



C8. .c chung v .c chung ln nht

1.c chung cua hai hay nhiu s l uc cua tt ca cc s d.
Bi chung cua hai hay nhiu s l bi cua tt ca cc s d.
..LN cua hai hay nhiu s l s ln nht trong tp hp cc uc chung
cua cc s d.
2. Mun tm .LN cua hai hay nhiu s , ta thc hin ba buc sau:
Buc 1: Phn tch mi s ra tha s nguyn t.
Buc 2 : hn cc tha s nguyn t chung.
Buc 3 : Lp tch cc tha s d , mi tha s ly vi s m nho nht cua
n.tch d l .LN phai tm.
h : Hai hay nhiu s c .LN l 1 gi l cc s nguyn t cng nhau.
Trong cc s d cho , nu s nho nht l uc cua cc s cn li th .LN
cua cc s d cho l s nho nht d.
3.Mun tm uc chung cua cc s d cho ,ta tm cc uc .LN cua cc s
d

' d1. Tim s tu nhin a bit rng khi chia 39 cho a thi du 4, con khi chia 48 cho a thi du 6.
Giai. Chia 39 cho a thi du 4 , nn a la uoc cua 39 4 35 va a ~ 4 .chia 48 cho a thi du 6 nn
a la uoc cua 48 6 42 va a ~ 6 . do do a la uoc chung cua 35 va 42 dng thng a ~ 6.
U(35) 1, 5, 7, 35} ; U(42) 1,2,3,6,7,14,21,42}.
UC(35,42) 1,7}. Vy a 7 .
' d.2 Tim hai s tu nhin c tng 432 va UCLN cua chung bng 36.
Giai. Goi hai s tu nhin phai tim la a va b . vi UCLN(a,b) 36 , nn a 36c va b 36d , (c,d)
1. theo d bai tng cua hai s bng 432 nn: a b 432 hay 36(c d) 432,do do c d 12.
nhu vy ta phai tim cac cp s c,d co tng bng 12 va (c,d) 1 . cac cp s do la 1 va 11 ; 5 va
7.cac s tu nhin cn tim la a 36 , b 396 va a 180 , b 252 hoc nguoc lai.

Bi tp:
1. Vit cac tp hop :
a) UC(8,12,24); UC(5,15,35);
b) BC(8,12,24); BC(5,15,35);
2. Tim giao cua hai tp hop :
A n Z N : n la uoc cua 18}
B m Z N : m la uoc cua 36}.
3. Tim s tu nhin a, bit rng khi chia 264 cho a thi du 24 , con khi chia363 cho a thi du 43.
4. Co 100 quyn vo va 90 but bi. C giao chu nhim mun chia s vo va but thanh mt s
phn thuong nhu nhau gm ca vo va but d phat phn thuopwngr cho hoc sinh. Nhu vy thi con
lai 4 quyn va 18 but bi khng th chia du cho cac hoc sinh.tinh s hoc sinh duoc thuong?.
5. Goi G la tp hop cac s la bi cua 3 ; H la tp hop cac s la bi cua 18. tim G Y H.
6. Co mt s sach giao khoa. Nu xp thanh tung chng 10 cun thi vua ht ,thang tung
chng 12 cun thi thua 2 cun, thanh tung chng 18 cun thi thua 8 cun .bit rng s sach trong
khoang tu 715 dn 1000 cun.tim s sach do.

Bi tp .Nng .G.
1. Tim UCLN cua ac s co 9 chu s duoc vit boi cac chu s 1 , 2, 3 ,4, 5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 va trong
mi s cac chu s du khac nhau.
2. Tim hai s tu nhin bit rng tng cua chung bng 66 , UCLN cua chung bng 12.
3. Tim 2 s tu nhin ,bit tich cua chung bng 864 va UCLN cua chung bng 6.
4. Mt lop hoc co 28 nam va 24 nu.co bao nhiu cach chia s hoc sinh cua lop thanh cac t
sao cho s nam va nu duoc chia du cho cac t.
5. Nguoi ta mun chia 240 but bi , 210 but chi va 180 tp giy thanh 1 s phn thuong nhu
nhau. Hoi co th chia duoc nhiu nht la bao nhiu phn thuong,mi phn thuong Co bao
nhiu but bi , but chi, tp giy?.
6. Bit rng 3n 1 va 5n 4 ( n Z N) la 2 s khng nguyn t cung nhau .tim UCLN cua 2
s trn.

Tit 18. Bi chung nho nht
1.BNN cua hai hay nhiu s l s nho nht khc o trong tp hp cc bi chung cua cc
s d.
2. Mun tm BNN cua hai hay nhiu s , ta thc hin 3 buc sau:
Buc 1: Phn tch mi s ra tha s nguyn t.
Buc 2: hn cc tha s nguyn t chung v ring.
Buc 3: Lp tch cc tha s d , mi tha s ly vi s m ln nht cua n.tch d l
BNN phai tm.
h : Nu cc s d cho tng di mt nguyn t cng nhau th BNN cua chng l
tch cua cc s d.
Trong cc s d cho nu s lon nht l bi cua cc s cn li th BNN cua cc s d cho
l s lon nht d.
3.Mun tm bi chung cua hai hay nhiu s , ta tm cc bi cua BNN cua cc s d.

' d: Mt s tu nhin chia cho 2, cho 3 , cho 4 , cho 5 , cho 6 du du 1 , nhung khi chia cho 7 thi khng con du.
a) Tim s nho nht co tinh cht trn.
b) Tim dang chung cua cac s co tinh cht trn.
Giai.
a) Goi x la s phai tim thi x 1 ( 2 ,3 ,4, 5 , 6) nn x 1 la bi chung cua 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
BCNN ( 2,3,4,5,6) 60
Vy x 1 nhn cac gia tri: 60 ,120,180,240,300,. do do x nhn cac gia tri: 61 ,121 ,181,241,301,.
Trong cac s trn, s nho nht chia ht cho 7 la s 301.
b) Vi x 1 la bi cua 60 nn x- 1 60n hay x 60n 1 (n Z N
*
) va x 7 .ta co : x 60n 1 7.8n 7 4
(n 2). Vi 7.8n 7 ,do do d x 7 thi phai co 4(n 2) 7 hay n 2 7 . dt n 2 7k thi n 7k 2 (k
Z N
*
).
x 60n 1 60 (7k - 2) 1 420k 119 . d tim x ta chi vic cho k cac gia tri : k 1, 2, 3, .

Bi tp.
1. Tim BCNN cua ba s sau : s nho nht co hai chu s ,s lon nht co ba chu s va s nho nht co bn chu
s.
2. Co th chi dung mt chu s 2 d lp cac s co dang : 2, 22, 22,222,.. sao cho s do:
a) la bi cua 5 duoc khng?
b) La bi cua 9 duoc khng?
3. Tim BCNN(30 , 45) va UCLN(30 ,45) . thu lai rng tich cua BCNN (30 , 45) va UCLN(30 , 45) bng tich
cua hai s 30 va 45.
4. Ba em An , Bao , Ngoc cung hoc mt truong nhung o 3 lop khac nhau .An cu 5 ngay truc nht mt ln ,
Bao 10 ngay truc nht mt ln, con Ngoc 8 nay truc nht mt ln.ln du ba em cung truc nht mt ngay
.hoi my ngay sau ba em lai cung truc nht vao cung mt ngay? Dn ngay do mi em d truc nht my
ln?
5. Ban Nam nghi mt s co ba chu s. nu bot s do di 8 thi duoc s chia ht cho 7 .nu bot di 9 thi duoc s
chia ht cho 8 ,nu bot di 10 thi duoc s chia ht cho 9. hoi ban Nam nghi s nao?




. ng hai s nguyn cng du.
Mun cng hai s nguyn cng du ta cng hai gi tr| tuyt di cua chng ri d}t truc
kt qua du cua chng

' d. tinh tng cac s nguyn x bit:
a) - 10 _ x _ - 1 ; b) 5 x 15 .
Giai . a) - 10 _ x _ - 1 nn x - 10 , - 9 , - 8 , - 7 , - 6 , - 5 , - 4 , - 3 , - 2 , - 1}. Vy tng phai tim la : A (- 10)
(- 9) (- 8) (- 7) (- 6) (- 5) (- 4) (- 3) (- 2) ( - 1)
- ( 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1) - 55
b) 5 x 15 nn x 6 ,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14} . tng phai tim la
B 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 90.
Bai tp:
1. So sanh :
a) |3 5| va |3| |5|;
b) |(- 3) (- 5)| va |- 3| |- 5|;
Tu do rut ra nhn xet gi v |a b| va |a| |b| voi a , b Z.
2. Din du , ~ vao trng mt cach thich hop:

a) 7 |- 23| 15 |- 33|

b)|- 11| 5 |- 8| |- 2|

c) |- 21||- 6| - 7
3. Tim x Z bit :
a) ( 22) ( 23) x 21 |- 24|
b) |- 3| |- 7| x 3
c) 8 |x| |- 8| 11;
d) |x| 15 - 9
4. Tim cac cp s nguyn x, y bit |x| |y| 5.
5. Cho 1 s nguyn trong do tng cua 5 s bt ki la s nguyn duong. Chung to rng tng cua 31 s do la s
nguyn duong?




ng hai s nguyn khc du.
1. Hai s nguyn di nhau c tng bng 0 .
2. Mun cng hai s nguyn khc du khng di nhau ta tm hiu hai gi tr| tuyt di cua chng (s
ln tr s nho) v d}t truc kt qua tm duc du cua s c gi tr| tuyt di ln hon.
'i mi s nguyn a ta c a + 0 0 + a a.

' d. Cho phep cng (* 15) ( * 7) trong do du * chi du ' ' hoc du ' ' . hy xac dinh du cua cac s
hang d tng bng:
a) 22 ; b) 22 ; c) 8 ; d) - 8 .
Giai . Trong cu a va b , gia tri cua tng bng tng cac gia tri tuyt di cua hai s hang nn do la phep cng hai s
nguyn cung du . du cua tng la du chung cua hai s hang do, ta co :
a) ( 15) (7) 22;
b) (- 15) (- 7) - 22
Trong cu c va d , gia tri tuyt di cua tng bng hiu hai gia tri tuyt di cua hai s hang nn do la phep cng hai
s nguyn khac du. du cua tng la du cua s co gia tri tuyt di lon hon, ta co:
c) ( 15) (- 7) 8;
d) (- 15) ( 7) - 8.

Bi tp.
1. Tinh tng |a| b , bit:
a) a - 117 , b 23;
b) a -375 , b - 725;
c) a - 425 , b - 425 .
2. Tim x Z , bit :
a) x 15 105 ( - 5);
b) x 73 (- 35) |- 55|;
c) |x| 45 |- 17| |- 28|.
3. thay du * bng chu s thich hop :
a) ( - *15) ( - 35) - 150;
b) 375 ( - 5*3) - 288;
c) 155 ( - 1**) 0.
4. Tinh tng cua hai s nguyn:
a) Lin tip va lin sau s 15;
b) Lin truoc va lin sau s - 37;
c) Lin truoc va lin sau s 0;
d) Lin truoc va lin sau s a.
5.a) Vit s - 7 thanh tng cua hai s nguyn co gia tri tuyt di khng lon hon 10.
b) Vit s - 15 thanh tng cua hai s nguyn co gia tri tuyt di khng lon hon 20.




Tnh cht cua php cng cc s nguyn.
1. Tnh cht giao hon : vi mi a , b Z Z : a + b b + a.
2. Tnh cht kt hp: vi mi a , b Z Z : a + ( b + c) (a + b) + c.
3. ng vi s 0 : vi mi a Z Z : a + 0 0 + a a.
4. ng vi s di : tng cua hai s nguyn di nhau lun lun bng 0: : vi mi a Z Z
: a + ( - a) 0 .
Nu tng cua hai s nguyn bng o th chng l hai s di nhau : : vi mi a , b Z Z
: a + b 0 th a - b b b - a.


v d: Tinh tng cua s nguyn x , bit:
a) - 10 x 10 ;
b) - 10 x _ 10 .
Giai. a) Cac s nguyn x thoa mn - 10 x 10 la x - 9 , - 8 , -7 ,..., 7 , 8 ,9.
Tng cua cac s nguyn do la:
S (- 9) (- 8) (- 7) . 7 8 9 | (- 9) 9| | (- 8) 8| |(- 7) 7| . 0.
b) Tuong tu a) , tng bng 10.
Bai tp.
1. Tinh :
a) A 1 (-3) 5 ( - 7) .. 17 ( -19);
b) B (- 2) 4 (-6) 8 . ( - 18) 20;
c) C 1 (-2) 3 (-4) .. 1999 ( - 2000) 2001;
2. Tinh tng cac s nguyn x , bit:
a) 50 x _ 50;
b) - 100 _ x 100.
3. Hy din cac s : 0 , - 2 , 2, - 4 , 4 ,- 6 , 6, 8 , 10 vao cac cua bang 3.3 9 vung ( mi s mt ) sao cho
tng ba s trn mi hang ngang , mi hang doc , mi duong cheo du bng nhau.
4. Cho cac s : - 2 , -4 , - 5 , - 6 , 7, 9 , 11. hy sp xp cac s trn sao cho co mt s dt o tm vong tron , cac
s con lai nm o trn duong tron do va cu ba s bt ki trong cac s trn du nm trn mt duong thng ma tng
cua chung bng nhau va bng 0.
5. Vit tt ca cac s nguyn co gia tri tuyt di khng vuot qua 50 theo thu tu tuy y. Sau dod cu mi s cng
voi s chi thu tu cua no d duoc mt tng. hy tinh tng cua tt ca cac tng tim duoc.


"uy tc du ngo}c.
1. "uy tc du ngo}c : khi bo du ngo}c c du ~ - ~ dng truc , ta phai di du tt
cc s hng trong du ngo}c : du ~ + ~ thnh du ~ - ~ v du ~ - ~ thnh du ~ + ~ .
Khi bo du ngo}c c du ~ + ~ dng truc th du cc s hng trong ngo}c vn gi
nguyn.
2. Tng di s: trong mt tng di s ta c th :
- Thay di ty cc s hng km theo du cua chng;
- D}t du ngo}c d nhm cc s hng mt cch ty vi ch rng nu dng truc
du ngo}c l du ~ - ~ th phai di du tt ca cc s hng trong ngo}c
' d. Tinh nhanh: A - 3752 ( 29 3632) 51.
Giai. ap dung quy tc du ngoc va tinh cht cua tng dai s ta co:
A - 3752 ( 29 3632) 51 - 3752 29 3632 51 - (3752 3632) ( 29 51)
A - 120 80 - 200.
Bi tp.
1. Tinh nhanh:
a) 4524 ( 864 999) ( 36 3999);
b) 1000 ( 137 572) ( 263 291 );
c) - 329 ( 15 101) ( 25 440).
2. Tim s nguyn x , bit :
a) 3 ( 17 x) 289 ( 36 289)
b) 25 ( x 5) - 415 ( 15 415);
c) 34 (21 x) ( 3747 30) 3746.
3. Tinh gia tri cua biu thuc a b c , bit:
a) a 45 , b 175 , c - 130;
b) a - 350, b - 285, c 85;
c) a - 720 , b - 370 , c - 250.
4. Cho n s nguyn bt ki : a
1,
a
2
,.,a
n
. chung to rng S |a
1
a
2
| |a
2
a
3
|..|a
n-1
a
n
||a
n

a
1
| la mt s chn.
5. Cho 15 s tu nhin khac nhau va khac 0 , trong do mi s khng lon hon 28. Chung to rng trong 15 s d
cho bao gio cng tim duoc it nht mt nhom gm 3 s ma s nay bng tng cua hai s con lai hoc mt
nhom gm 2 s ma s nay gp di s con lai.


"uy tc chuyn v.
1. Tnh cht cua dng thc : khi bin di cc dng thc ta thung p dng cc tnh
cht sau:
Nu a b th a + c b + c;
Nu a + c b + c th a b;
Nu a b th b a .
2. "uy tc chuyn v : khi chuyn mt s hng t v ny sang v kia cua mt dng
thc ta phai di du s hng d: du ~ + ~ thnh du ~ - ~ v du ~ - ~ thnh
du ~ + ~.

' d: Tim x Z , bit :
a) 3 x (- 21) ( - 9) , hay 3 x -21 9 hay 3 x - 12 , do do x 3 12 15.
b) x 15 17 48 hay x - 16.
Bai tp:
1. Tim y Z , bit :
a) y 25 - 63 ( - 17);
b) y 20 95 75;
c) 2y 15 -11 ( - 16);
d) - 7 2y - 37 ( - 26).
2. Cho ba s - 25; 15; x (x Z). tim x , bit :
a) Tng cua ba s trn bng 50;
b) Tng cua ba s trn bng - 35;
c) Tng cua ba s trn bng 10.
3. Cho x , y Z . Hy chung minh rng:
a) nu x y ~ 0 thi x ~ y ;
b) nu x ~ y thi x y ~ 0.
4. Cho a Z. tim s nguyn x bit:
a) a x 11 ;
b) a x 27.
Trong mi truong hop hy cho bit voi gia tri nao cua a thi x la s nguyn duong, s nguyn am , s 0?
5. Cho aZ. tim x Z bit
a) |x| a ;
b) |x a| a.


bi v uc cua mt s nguyn.

1. Bi v uc cua mt s nguyn : cho a , bZZ v b/ 0 . nu c s nguyn q sao cho
a bq th ta ni a chia ht cho b. ta cn ni a l bi cua b va b l uc cua a.
h :
O Nu a bq th ta cn ni a chia cho b duc q v vit a : b q.
O $ 0 l bi cua mi s nguyn khc 0.
O $ 0 khng phai l uc cua bt k s nguyn no.
O c s 1 v - 1 l uc cua mi s nguyn.
2. Tnh cht:
O Nu a chia ht cho b v b chia ht cho c th a cng chia ht cho c :
a b v b c a c.
O Nu a chia ht cho b th bi cua a cng chia ht cho b :
m ZZ ta c a b a am b.
O Nu hai s a ,b chai ht cho c th tng v hiu cua chng cng chia ht cho
c
a c v b c ( a + b ) c v ( a - b ) c.

' d . Tim s nguyn n , sao cho: (n - 6) ( n 1 ).
Giai . (n - 6) ( n 1 ) hay | ( n 1 ) 5| ( n 1 ) suy ra ( - 5) ( n 1 ) hay (n 1) la uoc cua ( - 5). Do do:
O Nu n 1 -1 thi n 0;
O Nu n 1 1 thi n 2;
O Nu n 1 - 5 thi n -4;
O Nu n -1 5 thi n 6.
Thu lai:
O Voi n 0 thi n 6 - 6 , n- 1 -1 va ( 6) ( - 1);
O Voi n 2 thi n 6 - 4 , n- 1 1 va ( 4) 1;
O Voi n -4 thi n 6 - 10 , n- 1 -5 va ( 10) ( - 5);
O Voi n 6 thi n 6 0 , n- 1 5 va 0 5;
vy n - 4 , 0 , 2 ,6.
Bi tp
1. Chung to rng :
a) Tng cua ba s nguyn lin tip thi chia ht cho 3;
b) Tng cua nm s nguyn lin tip thi chia ht cho 5.
2. Co hay khng mt hinh vung ma s do d dai cac canh la s nguyn va s do din tihcs bng 111.11 ; (
2001 chu s 1)?
3. Tim s nguyn n sao cho:
a) (3n 2) ( n 1 ).
b) (3n 24) ( n 4 ).
c) (n
2


5) ( n 1 ).
4. Cho x, y la cac s nguyn . chung to rng nu 6x 11y chia ht cho 31 thi x 7y cng chia ht cho 31.
diu nguoc lai co dung khng?
5. Chung to rng voi moi s nguyn n thi :
a) ( n - 1)( n 2) 12 khng chia ht cho 9;
b) ( n 2)( n 9) 21 khng chia ht cho 49;

Phn s bng nhau.
Hai phn s
-
,
v
/
.
gi l bng nhau nu : a. b c. d.

Vi du . Lp cac cp phn s bng nhau tu bn trong nm s sau: 3; 6; 12; 24; 48.
Giai. Tu nm s d cho , co ba dng thuc sau: 3. 24 6.12 ; 3.48 6.24; 6.48 12.24.
Voi dng thuc 3.24 6.12 , truoc ht ta lp mt cp phn s
6
3

24
12
(1). D lp cac cp phn s bng nhau khac
ta lam nhu sau:
O Trao di vi tri s 3 va 24 cua (1), ta duoc cp phn s
6
24

3
12
.
O Trao di vi tri s 6 va 12 cua (1), ta duoc cp phn s
12
3

24
6
.
O Trao di vi tri s 3 va 24 , 6 va 12 cua (1), ta duoc cp phn s
12
24

3
6
.
Tom lai tu dng thuc 3.24 6.12, ta lp duoc 4 cp phn s bng nhau.
Cach lam tuong tu voi hai dng thuc con lai , ta duoc 8 cp phn s bng nhau nua.
Vy co tt ca 12 cp phn s bng nhau:
6
3

24
12
;
6
24

3
12
;
12
3

24
6
;
12
24

3
6
;
6
3

24
48
;
6
48

3
24
;
24
3

48
6
;
24
48

3
6
;
12
6

48
24
;
12
48

6
24
;
24
6

48
12
;
24
48

6
12
;
' d. Tim cac cp s nguyn x, y bit :

2

3

.
Giai. Tu

2

3

, suy ra xy - 6.
D tim cac cp s nguyn x , y ta phai xet tt ca cac cach phn tich s -6 duoc dangjtichs cua hai s nguyn:
( - 6) ( - 1).6 6 .( -1) ( -2) .3 ( - 3) .2.
Vi vai tro cua x , y nhu nhau nn co 8 cp s nguyn thoa mn d bai :

x -1 6 1 -6 2 -3 -2 3
y 6 -1 -6 1 -3 2 3 -2
Bi tp.
1.Vit cac phn s sau duoi dang phn s co mu duong:

37
22

;
19
3

;
39
11

;
57
51

;
2.Tim cac s nguyn x,y bit:
a)
3

7
; b)

11
3
; c)
1

19
5

.
3. Tim cac s nguyn x , y ,z ,t bit :
6
12

3


17

9
9
.
4.Tim cac s nguyn x, y , z bit :
6
24

2
4

2
3

.
5. Lp cac cp phn s bng nhau tu bn trong sau s sau :
- 5 ; - 3 ; - 2 ; 6 ; 10 ; 15.
6. Tim cac s tu nhin a , b , bit rng a ,b la cac s nguyn t cung nhau
va
- ,
- ,
5
7

28
29
.

#t gn phn s.
1. Mun rt gn mt phn s ta chia ca tu v mu cua phn s cho mt s
uc chung ( khc 1 ho}c - 1) cua chng d duc phn s don gian hon.
2. Phn s ti gian l phn s khng th rt gn duc na. phn s
-
,
ti
gian nu |a|v|b| l hai s nguyn t cng nhau.

' d. Chung to rng phn s
2 3
3 5

3
3
la phn s ti gian voi n ZN.
Vi n ZN , nn 5n 3ZN
*
va 3n 2 ZN
*
. do vy d chung minh phn s
2 3
3 5

3
3
la phn s ti gian voi n
ZN. at phai chung minh 5n 3 va 3n 2 la hai s nguyn t cung nhau.
Goi UCLN cua 5n 3 va 3n 2 la d ( d ZN va d_ 1) , ta co 5n 3 d va 3n 2 d , do do 3(5n 3) d va 5(3n
2) d . suy ra 5(3n 2) - 3(5n 3) hay 15n 10 15n 9 d , hay 1 d , do do d 1 .vy phn s
2 3
3 5

3
3

la phn s ti gian voi n ZN.
' d . tim phn s bng phn s
211109
188887
, bit tng giua tu va mu cua phn s la 6.
Giai . ta co:
211109
188887

19
17
. Cac phn s pahir tim co dang

19
17
(k Z , k = 0).
Vi tng giua tu va mu cua phn s la 6 nn 17k 19k 6 suy ra k 3.
Vy phn s phai tim la :
3 . 19
3 . 17

57
51

Bi tp
1. Rut gon cac phn s sau: a)
5 . 3 . 2
3 . 2
2 2
3
b)
14 . 5 . 2 . 3
8 . 7 . 5 . 3 . ) 2 (
3 4
5 3 3

2. Rut gon cac phn s sau:
a)
3 2 4 12
2 6 2 2 11 2
960 . 81 10 . 6 . 2
15 . 12 . 6 16 . 6 . 5

; b)
1 25 ... 25 25
1 25 ... 25 25
2 28 30
4 24 28



3. Chung to rng voi moi s nguyn n , cac phn s sau la phn s ti gian:
a)
1 30
1 15

3
3
b)
1 3
2
2 4
3

3 3
3 3
.
4. Tim tt ca cac s nguyn d phn s
7 21
3 18

3
3
la phn s ti gian.
5. a) Cho phn s
9
13
. Phai them vao tu va mu cua phn s , s tu nhin nao d duoc phn s bng phn s
7
5
?
b) Cho phn s
44
19
. Phai thm vao tu va mu cua phn s , s tu nhin nao d duoc phn s bng phn s
47
22
?
6. Dung mt trong chin chu s tu 1 dn 9 d ghep thanh mt phn s ma mi phn s ln luot bng : 2 ,3, 4,
5,6 ,7 , 8, 9.
7. Tim phn s ti gian
-
,
, bit:
a) Cng tu voi 4 . mu voi 10 thi duoc mt phn s bng phn s d cho;
b) cng mu vao tu , cng mu vao mu thi duoc mt phn s gp 2 ln phn s d cho.
8. Tim phn s , bit :
a) Phn s do bng phn s
20
9
va BCNN cua tu va mu la 360;
b) Phn s do bng phn s
39
20
va UCLN cua tu va mu la 36.
9. Tim phn s
,-
,
, bit rng phn s do bng phn s
, 6
1
.
10. Chung to rng nu phn s
6
1 5
2
3
la s tu nhin voi n ZN thi ca phn s
2
3
va
3
3
la cac phn s ti
gian.




"uy dng mu nhiu phn s.
Mun quy dng mu nhiu phn s vi mu duong ta lm nhu sau:
Buc 1 : Tm mt bi chung cua cc mu ( thung l BNN) d lm mu chung.
Buoc 2: Tm tha s ph cua mi mu ( bng cch chia mu chung cho tng mu).
Buc 3: Nhn tu v mu cua phn s vi tha s ph tuong ng.

Vi du. Rut gon ri quy dng mu s cac phn s sau:
3 . 4 7 . 8
11 . 4 5 . 4

;
3 . 20 6 . 5
7 . 10 8 . 15

va
11 . 7 . 5 . 2
7 . 5 . 2
2 3
2 4
.
Giai. rut gon cac phn s:
3 . 4 7 . 8
11 . 4 5 . 4

) 3 7 . 2 ( 4
) 11 5 ( 4

11 . 4
16 . 4

11
16
;
3 . 20 6 . 5
7 . 10 8 . 15

) 3 . 4 6 ( 5
) 7 . 2 8 . 3 ( 5

18 . 5
10 . 5

18
10

9
5
;
11 . 7 . 5 . 2
7 . 5 . 2
2 3
2 4

11 . 7 . 7 . 5 . 2
7 . 5 . 5 . 2 . 2
3
3

11 . 7
5 . 2

77
10
.
Quy dng mu ba phn s :
11
16
;
9
5
;
77
10
.
Mu chung : 7.9.11 693.
Cac thua s phu tuong ung : 9.7 63 ; 7.11 77 va 9.
Vy :
11
16

63 . 11
63 . 16

693
1008
;
9
5

77 . 9
77 . 5

693
385
;
77
10

9 . 77
9 . 10

693
90
.
Bai tp:
1. Tim mu chung cua cac phn s sau :
a)
2 2
5 . 3 . 2
13
va
7 . 5 . 3 . 2
11
2 4
; b)
11 . 7 . 3
19
2

va
13 . 7 . 3
23
2

2. Tim tt ca ca phn s ma tu va mu du la cac s tu nhin khac 0 co mt chu s , tu kem mu 3 don vi va co
a) BC cua cac tu la 210;
b) BC cua cac mu la 210;
c) BC cua cac tu va mu la 210;
3. Tim cac chu s a , b ,c d:
a) Phn s
,-
36
a b;
b) Phn s
. - ,
1000
,-. .
4. Cho ba phn s:

2 2 3
2 2
3 . 5 5
3 . 5 5

;
11 12 4
9 5 6
6 3 . 8
120 . 6 9 . 4

;
404 1919 . 2
101 2929

Rut gon ri quy dng mu cac phn s do.
6. Tim phn s co mu bng 11 , bit rng khi cng tu voi 18, nhn mu voi
7 thi duoc mt phn s bng phn s ban du.
7. a) Tim phn s bng phn s
18
8
, co tich giua tu va mu bng 324;
b)Tim phn s bit tich cua tu va mu la 550 va mu cua phn s chi chua cac s nguyn t 2 va 5.
$o snh phn s.
1. 'i hai phn s cng mu duong , ta c :
a) Nu a < c v b > 0 th
-
,
<
-
.
.
b) Nu a > c v b > 0 th
-
,
>
-
.
.
2. Mun so snh hai phn s khng cng mu , ta vit chng dui dng hai phn
s c cng mt mu duong ri so snh cc tu vi nhau. Phn s no c tu ln
hon th phn s d lon hon.


' d: Hy tim cac phn s , thoa mn mi diu kin sau:
a) Co mu la 30 , lon hon
17
5
va nho hon
17
6
.
b) Co mu la 5 , lon hon
3
2

va nho hon
6
1

.
Trong mi truong hop trn hy sp xp cac phn s theo thu tu tu nho dn lon.
Giai. a) Goi phn s cn tim la
30
,
, trong do a Z., ta co:
17
5

30
,

17
6
, quy dng mu chung cua ba phn s ta duoc :
510
150

510
17,

510
180
; suy ra 150 17a 180 ,
do do 8 a 11 , ma a Z. nn a 8 ,10. vy co hai phn s thoa mn d bai :
30
9

10
3
;
30
10

3
1
.
Sp xp cac phn s theo thu tu tu nho dn lon :
17
5

10
3

3
1

17
6
.
b) Cach lam tuon tu : ta tim duoc ba phn s thoa mn d bai :
5
3
;
5
2
;
5
1
.
Sp xp cac phn s theo thu tu tu nho dn lon :
3
2

5
3

5
2

5
1

6
1

.
Bi tp :
1. Din s thich hop vao ch co du .
a)
23
10

23
...

23
...

23
...

23
...

23
5
;
b)
5
1

30
...

15
...

10
1
.
2. Hy tim cac phn s , sao cho :
a) Co mu la 20 , lon hon
13
4
va nho hon
13
5
;
b) Lon hon
7
5
va nho hon
6
5
.
3. a) Cho phn s
5
4
. cung cng thm 3 vao tu va mu cua phn s thi phn s tim duoc lon hon hay nho
hon
5
4
?
b) Cho phn s
4
5
. cung cng thm 3 vao tu va mu cua phn s thi phn s tim duoc lon hon hay nho hon
4
5
?
4. Cho hai phn s
6
1
va
3
2
. hy tim :
a) Nm phn s co tu va mu cung la s duong , sao cho cac phn s do lon hon
6
1
va nho hon
3
2
;
b) hai muoi phn s co tu va mu cung la s duong , sao cho cac phn s do lon hon
6
1
va nho hon
3
2
;
c) Co nhn xet gi v s cac phn s co cung tu va mu cung la s duong , sao cho cac phn s do lon hon
6
1
va
nho hon
3
2
;
5. Hy vit ba phn s co mu khac nhau , xen giua hai phn s :
2
1
va
3
1





Tnh cht co ban cua php cng phn s.
1. Tnh cht giao hon : khi di ch cc phn s trng mt tng th tng
khng di .
'i mi phn s
-
,
v
/
.
ta c :
-
,
+
/
.

/
.
+
-
,
.
2. Tnh cht kt hp : mun cng mt tng hai phn s vi phn s th
ba , ta c th cng phn s th nht vi tng hai phn s cn li.
'i mi phn s
-
,
,
/
.
,
6
5
ta c : (
-
,
+
/
.
) +
6
5

-
,
+ (
/
.
+
6
5
).
3. Tng cua mt phn s vi 0 bng chnh phn s d : 'i mi phn s
-
,
, ta c
-
,
+ 0
-
,
+ 0
-
,
.

' d : Tinh nhanh cac tng sau:
a) A
7
2

8
3

7
4

7
1

8
5

3
1
.
b) B
2
1

3
2

4
3

5
4

6
5

7
6

8
7

7
6

6
5

5
4

4
3

3
2

2
1

Giai.a) Ap dung tinh cht giao hoan va kt hop cua phep cng phn s , gp cac phn s co cung mu vao tung
nhom, ta co :
A (
7
2

7
4

7
1
) (
8
3

8
5
)
3
1

3
1
.
b)Ap dung tinh cht giao hoan va kt hop cua phep cng phn s , gp cac phn s co tng bng 0 vao tung
nhom, ta co :
B (
2
1

2
1
)(
3
2

3
2
)(
4
3

4
3
)(
5
4

5
4
)(
6
5

6
5
)(
7
6

7
6
)
8
7

B
8
7
.
Bi tp:
1.Thuc hin phep tinh mt cach hop li , tinh cac tng sau:
A
9
2

4
3

5
3

15
1

57
1

3
1

36
1

B
2
1

5
1

7
5

6
1

35
3

3
1

41
1

C
2
1

5
3

9
1

127
1

18
7

35
4

7
2

2. Tim cac s nguyn x bit :
a)
3
1

5
2

6
1

5
1
_ x
4
3

7
2

5
3

7
5

4
1
.
b)
17
5

9
4

31
20

17
12

31
11
x _
7
3

15
7

7
4

15
8

3
2

3. Cho S
51
1

52
1

53
1
..
99
1

100
1
. Hy so sanh S voi
2
1

4. Ba voi nuoc cung chay vao mt chic b khng chua nuoc. Nu mo ring tung voi thi voi thu nht chay dy b
trong 3 gio , voi thu hai chay trong 4 gio va voi thu ba trong 5 gio.Hoi:
a) Trong 1 gio, ni voi chay duoc my phn cua b?
b) Trong 1 gio,ca ba voi cung chay thi duoc my phn cua b?