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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
Audiobook20 hours

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

Written by Stephen Kinzer

Narrated by Michael Prichard and Jonathan Yen

Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

4.5/5

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About this audiobook

Half a century ago, the United States overthrew the democratically elected prime minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadegh, whose "crime" was nationalizing the country's oil industry.

In a cloak-and-dagger story of spies, saboteurs, and secret agents, Kinzer reveals the involvement of Eisenhower, Churchill, Kermit Roosevelt, and the CIA in Operation Ajax, which restored Mohammad Reza Shah to power. Reza imposed a tyranny that ultimately sparked the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which, in turn, inspired fundamentalists throughout the Muslim world, including the Taliban and terrorists who thrived under its protection.

"It is not far-fetched," Kinzer asserts, "to draw a line from Operation Ajax through the Shah's repressive regime and the Islamic Revolution to the fireballs that engulfed the World Trade Center in New York."

Editor's Note

In the news…

As tensions heat up between the US and Iran, this journalist’s account of the CIA-backed coup that overthrew the Iranian prime minister in 1953 sheds light on how the attack’s aftershocks continue to rattle relations today.

LanguageEnglish
Release dateDec 1, 2003
ISBN9781400171064
Author

Stephen Kinzer

Stephen Kinzer is the author of many books, including The True Flag, The Brothers, Overthrow, and All the Shah’s Men. An award-winning foreign correspondent, he served as the New York Times bureau chief in Nicaragua, Germany, and Turkey. He is a senior fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University, and writes a world affairs column for the Boston Globe. He lives in Boston.

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Reviews for All the Shah's Men

Rating: 4.661538461538462 out of 5 stars
4.5/5

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  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    An amazing writer, Stephen Kinzer gives a thorough explanation behind the '53 coup. He goes into great detail of the relationships between Iran, Britain, and the United States, laying out the political and socioeconomic atmosphere that led to the decisions that had been made.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Stephen Kinzer is a veteran NYT reporter covering US foreign policy around the globe, including Nicaragua in the 1980’s. In All the Shah’s Men Kinzer turns in a solid journalistic report that is also a compelling story of the CIA’s 1953 overthrow of the elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh. Kinzer sets up the coup d’état story by first briefly relating Great Britain’s sordid history in Iran. The British treated Iran as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later to be known as British Petroleum or BP for short). Nationalist movements were afoot across the globe after WW II and Iran was no exception. In 1951, Mossadegh’s government nationalized Anglo-Iranian but that achieved less than Iran had hoped and it led to a protracted struggle with the British government for control of Iranian oil. As Kinzer relates, Great Britain, especially after Churchill's return to power in 1951, refused to recognize that the sun had indeed set on the British Empire and wanted to turn the clock back by regain its prior degree of control over Iran and its oil. Failing that Churchill tried to get the US government to intervene and put a stop to nationalization before the colonial world was completely `lost'. They did not find Truman particularly receptive to the notion that saving British colonies was a vital US interest. Changing their tune, they instead trumpeted fears of a Soviet takeover. When Eisenhower won election in 1952, the Brits immediately began plotting. They found particularly responsive ears in the Dulles brothers who headed the State Department and the CIA. Kinzer closely describes the CIA efforts to turn the people against Mossadegh by creating instability and chaos - or at least making Tehran seem so. Operation Ajax was the plan hatched and implemented by Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. (TR's grandson) to discredit Mossadegh through black propaganda, mob actions, and bribery. The plot to remove Mossadegh and replace him with a general acceptable to the US and Greta Britain initially failed. Roosevelt was about to leave at the strong suggestion of his CIA bosses in Washington, but then decided to stay and try again the following days (The Shah meanwhile fled at the first sign of danger.). The coup of course succeeded on the second try. The Shah returned and soon became the real power in the Iranian government. The Shah obligingly signed very favorable terms to split oil revenue with the US and Great Britain. Mossadegh was imprisoned for three years and then kept under house arrest for the remainder of his life. One of the book's highlights is Kinzer's poignant report of his post-revolution trip he managed to make to this house in a village outside of Tehran. Kinzer's reporting is excellent and his story would be a highly enjoyable thriller except that it relates actual events and the lost possibilities. One can only wonder how the world would be different if the US had adhered more to Truman's line than Eisenhower's in its relations to the former colonial empires. A very fine book and highly recommended, especially to anyone to young to remember the revelations in the 1970s of the US government's direct role in numerous post-WW II coups around the world that began with Iran. The book probably merits five stars if evaluated solely as straight reporting and perhaps it is unfair to downgrade the book a little for not pursuing the analysis of how this coup helped set the course of US history in the Middle East. Kinzer spends only a few pages connecting the dots between the 1953 coup and the 1979 Islamic revolution and one wishes that he would have said more because he obviously had more to say. Kinzer has written a new book, Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq, that relates fourteen such episodes beginning in Hawaii in 1893 and continuing to the Iraq war (and one does not doubt that history will require a sequel).
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    I very much enjoyed listening to this detailed and honest remark of events preceding and proceeding the 1953 British-American coup in Iran. This is a great story of one man's rise to national heroism and fall as a traitor through acts of foreign conspiracy. The main character in this book is Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran in late 1940s and early 1950s. Spirited by nationalism and mourning for the well-being of Iranian people whose potential wealth was being exploited by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), he rose to power through democratic elections and managed to nationalize Iran's oil, much in the same way that the British had done to their homeland properties. The British, utterly angered at such a "loss", tried every trick possible that they found in the books, including unending and relentless attempts to persuade President Truman to act against the Iranian PM. Truman, who seems to have been a man of wisdom, countered the British and suggested they, too, come to reason and offer a more just and fair deal to the Iranians - similar to America's 50-50 deal with Saudi Arabia through Arabian American Company (Aramco). The British did not show any enthusiasm in being fair to the Iranians, whom they demeaned through their countless communications. They even blocked any attempts by Truman to deal with Iran and imposed some of the crippling economic and oil sanctions on the country.
    Things took a different turn, though, as Eisenhower took office of the President in the US and showed much more interest in cooperating with the British than his predecessor. Convinced by Churchill that Mosaddegh is leaning towards communism and that Iran may soon be occupied by the Soviets, Eisenhower allocated substantial sums of money and personnel through the CIA to conduct "Operation Ajax" (or "Operation Boot" as the British call it) to overthrow Mosaddegh.
    These detailed remarks clearly illustrate that the West's interest to appoint "friendly" leaders in oil-rich countries, as indicated in the communications between the UK and the US, isn't something new, but dates back to early-mid 20th century. Oil has always been the reason for conspiracy and war in the Middle East, but the western powers know very well that if they want to give their plots a chance to succeed, they must divert the attention from the main cause to "humane" reasons such as democracy and liberty - none of which do they care about for the people of the countries whom they invade and occupy.
    The actions of the west in such countries is always followed by unintended consequences. As clearly and eloquently stated in this book, after the success of the coup, the UK and US appointed Shah as the Iranian king who had shown high respect and dependence to them than Mosaddegh. The coward incompetent king who fled the country anytime crisis broke in Iran (so much so that he only agreed with the coup under the condition that he could flee Iran if the coup was unsuccessful - which he actually did), not only didn't have sympathy for the Iranian people, but also sought nothing but personal gain. The monarch dictator, then, became hostile to the west by bringing up the oil issue and - as history repeats itself - he, too, had to leave. This was not, however, the only unintended consequence of the 1953 coup. The 1979 Islamic Revolution brought about more chaotic circumstances in the country and the region, which and the following events (such as the hostage crisis) would have been avoided if the Americans had not intervened in Iran's affairs in 1950s.
    This, in summary, is an eye-opening book that tells the reader why Shah was not at all a good solution for Iran and why Iran (and no other country, for that matter) should never trust the West on such friendly offers like democracy and liberty.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    It was very engaging. Not only are you learning a history you're probably not aware of but you can understand what's going on during that moment in history.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This is the history of the first American intervention in Iran: the 1953 CIA coup that ousted the popular and democratically elected prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh and enabled the implementation of the quarter century brutal regime of the Shah Resa Palavi. This coup tarnished , almost sigle handedly, the up to then pristine U.S. reputation in that part of the world and it left a deep scar in the collective memory of iranians up to the present day. At a time when the western powers (an the U.S. particularly) appear to have forgotten the way Iran (or Persia, as she was then known) was treated by them in the first half of the 20th century, this is a very welcome addition to the non specialist literature.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    The British were convinced all of Persia's oil belonged to them. Then the helpful Americans got into the act, engineering the overthrow of the democratically-elected Iranian government, installing the Shah, and leading to the wonderful era of peace and secular rationalism that now flourishes.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    A clear, concise history of 50+ years in US, Iran, and UK relations and the coup that toppled Mossadegh's government, motivated by Britain's need to control Iran's oil supply and the Eisenhower administrations rising fear of potential growing communist influence. You meet the major players: Truman, Mossadegh, Churchill, the Shah, Eisenhower, the Dulles brothers, and Kermit Roosevelt, the grandson of Teddy Roosevelt and a CIA agent, who masterminded the plan. The author then takes you full circle to today when he visits Mossadegh's house at Ahmad Abad, Iran, in 2002 and confronts the confused legacy left to the Iranian people, weighing short term political gains vs. long term consequences.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    A study of the CIA's overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iran in 1952 at the urgings of Great Britian so as to restore the British control of the nationalized oil industry and reinstall the hereditary Shah.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    If this book was a mandatory reading, my country, the United States would be a better place.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    History for me is exciting and interesting. History books can be a shaky proposition, a lot are boring and dull. They read like a brochure for watching grass grow. But some history writers can really translate the power of history into a great story. Stephen Kinzer is one of those writers. All the Shah's Men is a fantastic book, I could not put it down. He not only thoroughly explains the Irainian Coup of 1953, and the West's involvement, but he paces the book like a political thriller (which it truly is). Anyone who wishes to know why the middle east is in the state it is now, and why the west in general and America specifically are despised, must read this book. I can't recommend it enough.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Packed with information and history. Told very well like a story would be. All The Shah's Men is really insightful on the coup in Iran and really explains the sentiment felt to Americans.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    This should be required reading for every American. Was even better as an audiobook than a read.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Short but good: Journalist Stephen Kinzer provides in "All the Shah's Men" a short history of the CIA-organized 1953 coup that overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh, the democratically-elected but controversial Prime Minister of Iran. Kinzer writes in a very engaging, fast-moving manner, making his book seem at times more of a drama than a history.Kinzer interweaves three main topics to construct his narrative: the coup itself, the history of British and American interest and activity in Iran, and the stories of the two main characters in the historical drama: Kermit Roosevelt Jr., the CIA agent in charge of staging the coup, and Mossadegh himself. Indeed, a nearly complete (though brief) biography of Mossadegh is given over the course of the book, while many other important actors (including the Shah) receive relatively little attention.Kinzer's historical overview focuses largely on Britain's oil interests in Iran and how the Eisenhower administration's fear of Communist expansion eventually led to Americans taking a leading role in the coup. Even more interesting were Kinzer's brief looks at some of the effects of the coup. First among these, of course, is the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which overthrew the Shah the 1953 coup restored to power. Perhaps even more important was the enthusiastic response the coup received among leading American politicians and intelligence officers, who were eager to test out similar strategies in other uncooperative countries. Kinzer presents the initial success of the 1953 Iranian coup as a main cause of the disastrous CIA-organized overthrow of the (democratically-elected) government of Guatemala one year later. Although Kinzer does not mention the topic, I couldn't help but notice many similarities between his description of the Iranian coup and recent events in Venezuela, where the United States has also shown itself eager to get rid of a controversial but democratically-elected leader.I feel I should emphasize that Kinzer does not actually present the 1953 coup as the "Roots of Middle East Terror". I suspect this unfortunately exaggerated subtitle was added by the publisher in order to increase sales. However, it cannot be denied that the coup was a very important event nonetheless. It derailed one of the Middle East's most promising democracies, set the stage for the 1979 Revolution, and helped shape America's disastrous Cold War policy of overthrowing potentially uncooperative governments and installing more accommodating dictators in their place.A book as short as "All the Shah's Men" obviously cannot be complete in its coverage and is certainly not the last word on the 1953 coup and its effects. However, it is a wonderful introduction to the topic, engaging and illuminating although brief. Strongly recommended for those with any interest in Iran, the Middle East in general, or American foreign policy during the Cold War.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Hindsight, of course, is 20/20, but this is certainly a damning indictment of the shortsightedness of American foreign policy in the Middle East.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    All the Shah's Men is a journalistic approach to the events leading up to the 1953 American installation of the Shah in Iran. The multiple causes - British and American fear of Russia in the Cold War, British attempts to regain their crumbling colonial power, Iranian ambivalence over whether to cooperate with or expel Western forces - all piled up, necessitating a drastic move in some direction or another.The book is well-written, driven less by polished political theorizing and more by the way in which Kinzer fleshes out the primary actors in the coup. His journalism is even-handed; the actions of Kermit Roosevelt, who took the lead in CIA work in Iran, may be either lauded or criticized. Similarly, Mohammad Mossadegh, the favored Iranian leader prior to the US's involvement, emerges as neither a hero nor a villain, but simply a man facing foreign adversity that must be dealt with. Kinzer merely reports the political story as cleanly as possible, and readers learn the larger-than-life personas who were involved on all sides.The book wraps up with a reflection: was the American coup ultimately a good thing or a bad thing? Truly, without knowing the other routes that history may have taken, it's impossible to say. If Russia had seized control instead (as the West was terrified they would), their control of the oil and physical location of Iran would have had a large impact on the outcome of the Cold War. On the other hand, the US coup incited such vehement dislike for Western power that one may pinpoint the beginning of present day Islamic anti-Western terrorism at the meddling of the US in 1953. However one approaches it, though, the 1953 coup stands as a critical turning point in twentieth century politics, whose impact is so far-reaching that our present understanding probably does not fully encompass it.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    A gripping history of the first covert operation by the CIA to overthrow the popularly elected government of another nation in 1953. That nation is Iran and the deposed leader is Mohammad Mosaddeq, the Iranian prime minister who dared stand up against Western imperialism. The fascinating thing about this book is that for much of Mosaddeq's reign many US leaders supported Iran's self-determination and attempts at democracy. Iran's squabble was with Great Britain, especially regarding the exploitative nature of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. When Mosaddeq nationalized Iranian oil, British leaders wanted him removed, but needed US approval which was eventually gained by the specter of Communism. A number of familiar names play a role in the plot: Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, CIA director Allan Dulles, CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. (grandson of Theodore), and Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. (father of the Desert Storm commander). Kinzer tells the story in great detail with the ultimate outcome balanced on the coming together of some very unlikely eventsKinzer concludes that the immediate result - a stable and anti-communist Iran under the Shah - was beneficial to the United States but the long-term results were disastrous. The Shah's tyrannical rule in Iran, and the knowledge that the US supported him, turned most Iranians virulently against the United States. When revolutionary Iranians took hostages at the US embassy in 1979 it was because the embassy had been a base of covert activity in 1953. Finally, it set a pattern of CIA-sponsored activities in other parts of the world that havecontributed to the loss of the USA's image as a standard-bearer of freedom.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    In-depth look at the US led coup against Mossedegh in Iraq in 1953. Well researched and well written account, with an excellent summary of thoughts about the event. John Perkins mentions the coup in _Confessions of an Economic Hit Man_ as being a watershed event leading to many other similar actions.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Easy listen. Very interesting.
    Not anything you’d learn in a history class.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Short primer on Iranian history, then fairly detailed account of the rise of the secular, populist Mossadegh and the British-spurred, American-financed coup against him. Truman sympathized with nationalist aspirations, but Eisenhower (and the Dulles brothers in charge of foreign policy) was more sympathetic to fears of Communist takeover, even though that wasn’t really what was going on in Iran. So America backed the shah, because he was friendlier to Britain’s oil interests, and bought “stability” for 25 years at the cost of brutal repression and then passionate anti-Americanism when bottled-up popular demands finally exploded. Depressing but useful history, emphasizing the mismatch between Iranian aspirations (not to be stripped of their oil for a pittance, not to be treated like lesser human beings by the British) and British/American preoccupations (global dominance, Communism).