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    The Digital Mind
    The Digital Mind
    The Digital Mind
    Ebook184 pages4 hours

    The Digital Mind

    By Michael Ryan

    ()

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    About this ebook

    This book is an exploration of new age computer technology and artificial intelligence as well as the future of computer design which will bring AI into reality. This is an in depth look at the future of this technology, where its going and what it will mean for mankind.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMichael Ryan
    Release dateAug 1, 2014
    ISBN9781311763211
    The Digital Mind
    Author

    Michael Ryan

    Michael Ryan is the author of three previous books of poetry. Threats Instead of Trees won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award and was a National Book Award finalist in 1974; In Winter was a National Poetry Series selection in 1981; and God Hunger won the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in 1990. He is also the author of A Difficult Grace, a collection of essays, and a memoir, Secret Life. His new memoir was excerpted in The New Yorker and will also appear this spring. Ryan is a professor of English and creative writing at the University of California, Irvine.

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      Book preview

      The Digital Mind - Michael Ryan

      The Digital Mind

      By

      Michael Ryan

      The Digital Mind

      Michael Ryan

      Copyright Michael Ryan 2014

      Published at Smashwords

      This book is dedicated to my family, friends and everyone who has supported my work… even though they did not always understand what is was about…

      This book contains references to several products such as Siri by Apple Inc., Google Now and Google search by Google Inc. and several other products. These products are the registered trademarks of their respective companies and are included in this book purely for education purposes.

      Preface

      The future of computing lies in artificial intelligence and new age computing technologies, this book is an exploration of the technologies that will make up this future. From the time I was a boy I was always fascinated by the fictional computer technology found in books and movies and how they would one day be a reality. It is now becoming obvious that this fiction is becoming a reality. When you see how Siri on iPhones and iPads as well as Google Now on android phones and tablets allow us to not only speak to our devices, but also allow them to respond intelligently.

      There is also more advanced technology which is in its infancy but never the less is in existence, such as business A.I., Neural networks, fuzzy algorithms and so on. I have been a systems engineer and artificial intelligence researcher for years both professionally and of my own interest, and I still find it interesting where the future of computing technology is going.

      In this book I will also talk about neo-net technology, a type of A.I. technology I have researched designed and implemented in several of my computer designs and for which I am in the process of getting patented. I Hope you enjoy this book and find it educational, if you are pursuing a career in computers, A.I. technology definitely has a bright future in the computer field.

      What is A.I.

      Weak A.I. and Strong A.I.

      Interactive A.I.

      Expert Systems

      Swarm Intelligence

      Fuzzy Logic

      Neural Networks

      Cognitive Science

      Robots

      New Designs

      Quantum AI

      Neo Networks

      Turing Test

      Philosophy

      Transhumanism

      Closing Comments

      Chapter 1

      What is A.I.?

      What is A.I.? A.I. or artificial intelligence is a very broad terminology, A.I. is simply put, any computer technology that makes computers and/or robotics emulate human or animal intelligence. Artificial intelligence may one day fully emulate human or animal levels of intelligence and may in fact advance to a level in the future where it surpasses human intelligence, however artificial intelligence in most cases today usually only emulates or simulates parts of intelligence, NOT entire aspects of the human mind.

      It is true however that an intelligent computer, even one given only some pieces of intelligence and not full intelligence, in fact has various mental abilities or intelligence that goes beyond human ability. Since computer architecture is very different then the neural biology of a living being, both in design and chemical structure, computers unlike people, acquire information very quickly, process information very quickly, are able to compare information much faster than a living being and most important they never forget. This makes information far more readily available to be processed and compared with other information, then an organic neural architecture where information must be repeated several times in some cases before it is remembered or becomes learned habit.

      Because of this super-fast ability to assimilate and retain information, knowledge in a computer is so much more readily available. The ability to compare and learn from knowledge would be so much more enhanced that, intelligence in a computer could be more advanced simply as a result of this difference in speed and architecture.

      There are two types of artificial intelligence that exist which we will go into detail about later. These two types of computer intelligence that exist are called Weak A.I. and Strong A.I.. Weak A.I. is the first type of Artificial Intelligence we will discuss. It is essentially the current technology we have to make a computer intelligently interact with us but, this A.I. technology does not truly think. In fact its ability to learn is ether non-existent or limited to learn only things within the purpose of its software and programming.

      The other type of artificial intelligence technology known as Strong A.I. is a type which does not exist yet in its true form. Although it may one day be created, it will not exist for years. Strong A.I. is essentially a type of artificial intelligence that is advanced enough to be considered true intelligence. This type of computer intelligence can be considered actual thinking due to its level of complexity and learning ability. It is advanced enough in design that the computer has the ability to learn all information pertaining to its general environment, not just information limited to its particular programming and can be trained in any task.

      There are many ways to achieve both Strong A.I. and Weak A.I. both of which can be achieved using similar technology, for example neural network technology could be used to create both Strong and Weak A.I. The differences between creating a Weak A.I. or a Strong A.I., both using neural network technology are essentially a question of how complex the neural network is. We already know that neural network technology is capable of Strong A.I. because our brains are neural networks and we are also intelligent. However it is obvious that neural network intelligence is dependent on neural network complexity, thus a simple neural network is capable of Weak AI and would require a very complex one for Strong AI. There are several different types of computer technology both in hardware and software which are used in designing artificial intelligence. A few of these designs are expert systems, fuzzy logic models, neural networks, inference engines and my design for neo-net technology.

      Most of this technology is software based with the exception of neural network technology which is ether hardware or software. Neural networks are systems that are designed to emulate intelligence or intelligent data processing functionality by simulating groups of individual neurons with the intention of performing analog cascade processing. These neurons are then interconnected so that when data flows through the network of neurons, the analog neurons are triggered creating a reactive output based on a greater or less then type of calculation. On the next page is an example of a computer neural network or an artificial neural network (ANN).

      As you can see on the illustration the circles containing the number 20 in them represent neurons the 20 represents the neurons firing weight, the interconnecting lines represent the neuron connections and the numbers for on each line represent the weight firing into the neurons.

      Other types of A.I. systems such as expert systems, inference engines and fuzzy logic use complex math and or multiple sets of rules to process various pieces of information.

      This processing structure allows the computer to pull apart information in small clusters and perform mass comparison and calculations to extract patterns, and then further process the information extracted from those patterns to generate results as well as recognize, generate and learn new parameters which can be used to process future system input at a faster and more efficient rate.

      There is no set design or methodology for artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence simply put, is the technology to make a computer intelligent. This can be done in any way as long as this is the end result.

      The term artificial intelligence was invented in 1956 by John McCarthy and was defined as The science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

      Chapter 2

      Weak A.I. and Strong A.I.

      Weak A.I. is the type of artificial intelligence which is common place in the world today. Some examples of Weak A.I. are Siri found in Apple’s IOS as well as Google Search and Google Now found in Android smart phones. If you have ever visited websites which had a smart assistant built in, that is capable of answering questions about the site or business, you have used Weak A.I. software. These are simple versions of Weak A.I. systems however Weak A.I. is capable of a lot more. The term Weak A.I. describes artificial intelligence which is designed to perform intelligent data processing within the limitations of its programming, but does imply that the technology itself is limited although it sometimes can be.

      Weak A.I. is used in all types of applications such as business A.I. systems capable of learning consumer spending patterns to predict when a store is going to be busy or vacant and then schedule employee shifts accordingly, all based of past trends which can be based on anything from the day of the week to the current local weather. Another example of powerful A.I. which still falls into the category of Weak A.I. is expert systems which are capable of being asked absolutely any question and providing an answer so long as the system contains knowledge about what is being asked. These systems are also able to learn new knowledge which is ether taught by the user directly or learned from some source of information such as an article or document.

      Weak A.I., sometimes called Narrow A.I. and in some cases called Applied A.I. has many different applications. Siri is a good example of weak or narrow intelligence. Siri operates within a limited pre-defined range, there is no genuine intelligence, no self-awareness, and no life despite being a sophisticated example of weak AI. In Forbes (2011), Ted Greenwald wrote: "The iPhone/Siri marriage represents the arrival of hybrid AI, combining several narrow AI

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