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The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible
The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible
The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible
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The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible

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An estimated twelve to fifteen million people now reside illegally in the United States, posing a major social and legal challenge to the nation. Americans are divided over the best course of action in dealing with these illegal immigrants, and Christians are using the Bible to stake out different positions.

The Immigration Crisis addresses this complex issue through a comprehensive look at the Bible. By a careful study of relevant materials in the Old Testament, in combination with archaeological and sociological materials, the author forms a clear definition of an alien in Israelite society. This understanding is an important starting point in the current debate.

The book concludes by suggesting how the Bible might assist Christians in thinking about the problem of legal and illegal immigrants, and in developing the implications of the biblical teaching for public policy.

LanguageEnglish
Release dateApr 1, 2009
ISBN9781433523137
The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible
Author

James K. Hoffmeier

James K. Hoffmeier (PhD, University of Toronto), taught at the undergraduate and graduate levels for more than thirty years. He most recently served as professor of Old Testament and Near Eastern archaeology at Trinity International University. Born and raised in Egypt, he has been a refugee from war and an alien in two different countries, making him sensitive to immigration issues.

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  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    It has been almost a year now since one of the most high profile elections of recent history. With all the news in recent months about the economy and the debates over climate change, we forget that eleven months ago one of the hottest topics in the news was immigration reform. Many of us Midwesterners may have moved on to other debates, but I imagine that for many of our fellow Americans to the south immigration is still a daily concern.Concerned citizens have listened to the arguments from both the conservative and liberal points of view. But how should we who hold to a Biblical worldview look at this debate? Dr. James K. Hoffmeier, professor of Old Testament and Near Eastern archaeology at Trinity International University has recently added an under-represented perspective in his book The Immigration Crisis: Immigrants, Aliens, and the Bible.In this very helpful book Hoffmeier surveys the practices of Ancient Near Eastern peoples as well as relevant Old Testament texts as a guide to how 'immigration' was handled in those days. One of the themes that recurs throughout Hoffmeier's discussion is the distinction that is made between legal and illegal immigrants in the Bible. The laws and traditions of the Ancient Israelites and their neighbors reveal that immigration was as a complex issue then as it remains to be today.Not only does Hoffmeier offer a comprehensive overview from both ancient texts and archaeology, he also presents his conclusions with great wisdom in how they might be applied today. Obviously nations such as our own would be unwise to adopt every law and practice of these ancient theocratic systems. Yet it is hard not to see how adopting some of these principles might move this country forward in finding a solution for the current crisis.Pick up a copy of The Immigration Crisis at your local Christian bookstore or order it from your favorite online retailer.
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    While Hoffmeier clearly looks closely at the Biblical issue of the alien and applies it to the current immigration crisis in a thoughtful way, I found myself pretty disappointed by this book. While his archaeological and exegetical work were sound, I was disappointed by Hoffmeier's hermeneutic, with how he interpreted the Biblical material to today's crisis. I found his book way too short, and not really dealing with the complexities of the issue. Christine Pohl's book Making Room, though not directly about immigration, is, I think, a much better text for approaching this issue from a theological perspective.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Hoffmeier carefully treads were few have ventured. Dr Hoffmeier has provided the careful exegetical basis for an informed decision on the Immigration crisis that is seen in the United States and mirrored, though in various forms, in most nations in the world. He is not afraid to challenge, graciously, the apparent non-biblical positions that pervade the current dialog on the matter.Hoffmeier use of ancient texts, maps, archaeological and anthropological data, in support of his biblical exegesis, makes this work not only useful, but an enjoyable trek through time.I commend this work to anyone who has engaged in the debate over a biblical approach to contemporary immigration policies and to those who are in positions to teach a biblical viewpoint.Excellent work, enjoyable read!!
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    To preface this review I want to note that I came to this book not necessarily as a fan of Hoffmeier's work(in fact I've read nothing else of his and was not really familiar with him), but rather for the subject matter which seemed to imply application of the Bible's teachings towards this modern dilemma/issue/controversy/etc. This was a book that I received as an early review copy from Crossway Books as part of librarything.com's Early Reviewers books. While I certainly entered with my opinion fairly established on the topic, I was not even sure of what stance Hoffmeier took, and so approached it with an openness to hear someone take a fairly definitive stance largely because of their interpretation of Scripture(and if they disagreed, I was ready to dialogue with the information and not simply write it off).All that said, however, I believe what Hoffmeier has actually done here is research any and all references to immigration/aliens in the Bible and directly apply them to today's standards without giving proper consideration to what the issue really is today. Although we are meant to feel as if we have an impartial author on this issue because he is an immigrant himself and has many relations with immigrants, there is not much given to personalize the plight of the immigrant. Instead we are given all these references to legal immigrants(ger) and the rights they claimed and are told that these same standards should be applied today. I think most people would agree that any legal immigrant/citizen of a country is entitled to certain rights, so this seemed like an unnecessary point that distracted from what is really the contentious issue.We are left at the end of the book with an extremely short chapter which seeks to wrap up the research and provide an answer for today, but instead we seem to be left with a cold, impersonal response that all are supposed to acquiesce to the laws of the governing nations. It really is a disservice to all the work of the rest of the book to bring everything to this synopsis which seems so undeveloped. Much could be gained from understanding immigrants more and really seeking to understand what is meant by Romans 13 rather than simply taking it at face value. I may still not have agreed with the interpretation, but it really deserves to be a much longer book that really digs deeper into this issue. It feels like we just got half of what the book's title implies, so I hope for the sake of expanding this conversation he will go further with this topic to provide a strong support for his stance. As Christians we all need to welcome dialogue and see outside of ourselves, but we need to be ready to give a clear explanation.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This book provides a biblical/historical view of immigration. It is clear throughout the book that the author is scholarly and thorough in his approach. The book offers a very thorough assessment of immigration issues throughout the bible, including an understanding of the relevant hebrew words and traditions. One complaint I had about the book (and the reason for 4 stars rather than 5) is that the book was either poorly named or fell short at addressing the topic. The author seems handy with the current issue of what Christians are to think about immigrants to America, both legal and illegal, and while he seems to introduce the text (via title and introduction) to address this issue, the book barely enters the discussion. Rather it is an academic survey of biblical immigration (some historical, some theological). And while the implications of the theology therein may relate to the discussion of the "crisis of immigration" in America today, the author only briefly makes a few arguments to the point. Therefore, I believe the book may be more aptly titled "A Biblical, Historical and Theological View of Immigration" or, the content of the book should have dealt more thoroughly with "The Immigration Crisis" at hand.Bottom line: a well written book by an authority on the subject, though perhaps deceptive with its title.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    The introduction shows why the author has some interest and authority in the topic of immigration. Then the author establishes the foundation for the issues. Next he shows how resident aliens and foreigners are differentiated and treated in the Old Testament history and law. He also provides suggestions and conclusions about how these factors should guide our thinking about immigration issues.I found the book very interesting. The distinction between resident aliens and foreigners was helpful, as was the description of the many benefits afforded resident aliens in Israel. I have recently read the Pentateuch but was surprised to see how often the aliens were included in the laws, including social benefits like gleaning and receiving part of the tithe, as well as participating in the feasts and offerings. He discusses Matthew 25:31-46 so well that it caused me to go reread it and rethink how I have applied it. I also agree with his discussion on the practice of sanctuary.I recommend the book as a study of the topic and how it addresses the treatment of legal immigrants and gives some good thought toward how we should treat the concept and the reality of illegal immigrants.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I liked this book. Now considering it is really more of a Biblical study than an indepth analysis of the issue of immigration, that is saying something. No one can accuse Hoffmeier of not being thorough in his examination of the texts. I was really impressed at how he laid out his assumptions regarding the text and carried that throughout the whole book. He has some good critiques of the ways that social justice advocates treat the texts of scripture, and while he deconstructs their proof texting he does not trash their projects - rather he simply points out where their projects extend beyond the reasonable application of the texts. I think this is a very healthy approach to the issue.My opening statement about the focus of this text, as a biblical study, does not mean that Hoffmeier fails to tackle the issue of immigration. In fact the opening chapters show an intimate connection to the issue as well as outlining what is at stake. His discussion of illegal versus legal aliens is worth pondering. But even more attention should be paid to his discussions of how we treat the aliens in our midst. I wish he had spent more time on his treatment of Christians as aliens. But still this book is a solid work and a very worthwhile read.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    In a time of rapid demographic changes caused by rampant illegal immigration and laxly enforced immigration policies, as well as escalating political infighting on such issues which have further clouded the situation, it is with great joy that someone gets back to the basics of the conversation. What are the basics you ask, well the bible for one. Inside this outstanding book you will discover that the bible has a great deal to say about what an alien (legal), and a foreigner (illegal) are and how they are to be treated. You will discover what the true "sanctuary city" is and why the modern model is a farce, as well as learn what the true purpose of such an institution was. You will, once finishing the book, have a clearer understanding of what is required by God of you towards aliens and foreigners and how countries have a right to protect themselves from unwanted intrusions from outside. I was happy to see that my own thoughts on the matter at hand have been vindicated in this book and hope that those who are on the fence about the subject will have their minds opened up to the truth. Immigration reform will only begin when people are rightly informed about what God intended for them to know and do. Only then can the people of God make the difference by influencing the law to make it closer to God's law thereby settling the argument for good.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Of the modern political controversies, the question surrounding illegal immigration is the one that causes me the most self-doubt. I have long held that contempt of law should never be rewarded and that amnesty is not the proper response. However, in the last few years, God has taught me to love justice. My compassion for the immigrant wars with the clear sense of right and wrong concerning the law. So, a while back (read a year and a half) I elected to receive an early review galley copy of a book on the subject. I shamefully have just gotten around to reading it.The book is written by an Old Testament scholar at Trinity International University and attempts to collect the biblical evidence that might be applied to the issue of illegal immigration in an easy to ready format. I generally appreciate the books narrative structure, essentially tracing the story of Israel from Abraham to the Exile and then jumping to Jesus before concluding. Unfortunately, this narrative approach does not pay the dividends one might expect. Hoffmeier’s book contains lengthy paraphrasing of biblical stories set off by inordinately long block quotes of biblical text. He largely fails to actually make an argument when he works through this material instead choosing to leave his points only loosely connected to the present discussion.Hoffmeier also makes several interpretive arguments that are more assertions than arguments. For example, he attempts to align certain Hebrew words with legal resident and non-legal resident arguing that the text makes an important distinction between them. This might be the case, but Hoffmeier offers no philological evidence to back up his claim with the exception of noting that the LXX uses proselytos indicating a religious understanding of the term for some. He does provide footnotes for this material, but he does not incorporate the arguments apparently given by the texts he cites. More troubling is Hoffmeier’s tendency to seamlessly weave together archeological material with the text of the Old Testament to make his arguments. Much of the information he provides is interesting but ultimately irrelevant, and awkwardly pins the text to the archeological material treating them as if they are the same sort of thing.Hoffmeier’s consideration of the New Testament is extremely terse, and one wonders at the wisdom of spending six chapters on the Old Testament and rushing through the New Testament material. His points are generally fine, his argument based on Romans 13 is largely agreeable, but he makes awkward material choices. He spends a long time arguing that the “least of these” in Matthew 25 should only apply to Christians or disciples of Jesus , leaving us to infer that this means that the text cannot apply to illegal immigrants. Then, in the next chapter, he points out that the vast majority of illegal immigrants are Christians. I was left scratching my head at his logical inconsistency.Ultimately, I largely agree with Hoffmeier’s conclusions, but I cannot help but say that he has done a poor job arguing them. Perhaps the great shortcomings of the book should be attributed to its obvious orientation to lay readers, but the book fails if it is read as a primer for ethical reflection on the issue of illegal immigration. If you want an easy to read book that will discuss some of the issues in a lay-friendly manner and do not mind its hasty conclusions, then this book would at least make a decent starting point. If you are hoping for substantive exegesis and ethical argumentation, look elsewhere.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    The Immigration Crisis thoughtfully analyzes the ethical dilemma of illegal immigration and what the Christian response should be through a study of the Old and New Testaments. After a brief introduction to the moral and legal complexities involving the practices of "sanctuary" and amnesty toward illegal immigrants, Hoffmeier presents readers with various hermeneutical options in the application of biblical laws for today. He maintains that having a biblical worldview is the best way to evaluate contemporary problems; thus, the author spends the majority of the book exploring all the cases in the Bible that pertain to immigration and the treatment of immigrants.While readers can get lost in the lexical discussion of words such as alien, foreigner, sojourner, and resident, it is helpful to know how the Law views each of these people. This sets the tone for the rest of the book by establishing the difference between aliens (permanent residents, sojourners or legal immigrants) and foreigners (travellers, invading enemies or illegal immigrants), indicating that illegal immigrants are not to be treated the same as legal immigrants, which is logical and does not require much argument. Furthermore, Hoffmeier effectively demonstrates how the practice of "sanctuary" as carried out today has no biblical basis after an examination of the parameters surrounding the cities of refuge in Israel.However, after spending much time in the Old Testament, it is unfortunate that the last two chapters about the Christian perspective are so short in comparison. The author does explain why the New Testament is largely silent on how we are to regard aliens and foreigners but the reader is left wanting more analysis and clarification on the immigration crisis specifically and not just on general legal matters. This book offers the perspective that Christians are to treat others with God’s justice, yet it does not fully develop the concept of how Christians are to extend this justice and mercy to illegal immigrants, other than to ask these people to apply for immigration status legally. This teaching may be an ideal principle but it still does not address the practicalities that face countless suffering immigrants on a daily basis.

Book preview

The Immigration Crisis - James K. Hoffmeier

(2005)

PREFACE

George was shivering. I thought perhaps it was because it was a cold, snowy night in Toronto; after all, he was from the Caribbean. But when he started to tell me his story, I understood his trepidation. At the time I was a landed immigrant, which meant I had the equivalent of a green card in Canada. He had sought me out at a church we both attended; I was on the leadership team for the college and career group. George was trembling because he had overstayed his visitor’s visa and feared deportation. He desperately wanted to stay and seek the better life that Canada afforded him. The law required George to apply for immigrant status outside of the country, but he felt that if he left he might not get it. He also knew that if he were deported, he would never get back in. So he came to me for counsel. What should I do? he asked.

I felt for George. His dilemma was real. My instincts told me he should do what was right and legal and trust that things would work out for him. So I helped him think through his options and encouraged him to leave Canada and apply for landed status. I never saw George again. I was not sure if he had gone underground or left the country. More than a decade later I met a mutual friend and asked him, What happened to George? He told me that George did indeed get his resident status and was living in western Canada. It was good to hear that he did the right thing, followed the law, and things had worked out for him.

Since my encounter with George I have had occasion to advise others about their legal status in the U.S.A. One reason I understand some of the issues for aliens is that I have spent many years of my life living as an immigrant. As I already mentioned, I was a legal immigrant in Canada, a standing I had for more than a decade. Prior to that, I had spent most of my first sixteen years in Egypt. My parents were missionaries, and we lived in a small village in which we were the only foreigners. The closest expatriates were a half-hour drive away! In my first school I was the only non-Egyptian. So I grew up knowing what it is like to be alone, different, a foreigner in an alien land.

The attitude of my family toward our host nation always was that we were guests and needed to be sensitive to the laws and social mores of the land. Our permit to live in Egypt had to be renewed periodically, and there was no guarantee we could stay. As the 1967 war was about to begin, we were forced to leave on short notice with only a suitcase, and we became refugees in Cyprus where we lived in tents for two months. My parents never returned to Egypt, and as a family we never saw our possessions left in Egypt again, except for a few items.

Fortunately I have been to Egypt regularly since the 1970s, and for the past ten years I have been directing an archaeological excavation in Sinai, Egypt (see my website, www.tellelborg.org). Regularly I talk with friends in Egypt who want to immigrate to the USA, Canada, or Australia. They ask for advice, and they tell me of the endless process involved in getting the needed documentation to move to a new country. I have also had friends who were denied visitor’s visas to the West. What especially galls immigrants (and those whose applications are in progress) who go through the legal requirements to become immigrants in America is when people do not follow the rules. They think it is unjust that while they go through the legal process that can take years, many foreigners enter or stay in a country illegally and benefit from their illegality, being employed, getting social and medical benefits, and seeing their children getting free public education.

I am keenly aware of the challenges that immigrants face in a new land. I know of this firsthand from my wife’s family and parents, Alfred and Miriam Tom, in whose memory this book is dedicated. They were Chinese Americans who worked hard and sacrificed so their three children could receive a college education, a privilege they themselves could not afford when they graduated from high school. My wife and I have two children who are of mixed race, and our daughter married a first-generation immigrant from the Philippines.

It goes without saying that because I have been a refugee and an alien in two countries, and I am married to a woman of Chinese heritage who is the granddaughter of immigrants, I am sensitive to the plight of immigrants. As one who daily watches the news on TV, listens to it on the radio, and reads press reports, I have closely followed the immigration debate in America.

At the same time, I have been teaching Bible, particularly Old Testament, in colleges and for the past decade at a seminary. I was aware that many characters in the pages of the Bible were immigrants and that a significant number of laws in the legal code dealt with aliens. Given the national debate on immigration that has been ongoing in America for some years now and has spilled over into the church, I was surprised that little serious study of relevant biblical data has occurred that might address the ethical and legal questions surrounding the illegal immigrant. In the final stages of writing this book, I learned of a book by M. Daniel Carroll R., another Old Testament professor, from Denver Seminary, Christians on the Border (Baker Academic, 2008), that covers some of the same Scriptures and issues that I do in this book. Carroll takes a slightly different approach than I do. My book is not intended to be a response to Christians on the Border as it was nearly complete when I saw Carroll’s book. I will, however, address some points of departure. Readers are encouraged to carefully read both books and decide for themselves how best to integrate the teachings of Scripture with current immigration problems.

What I have attempted to do in this book is to take a comprehensive look at the Bible to see how it directly and indirectly tackles the issues surrounding aliens or immigrants. I have made every effort to understand the biblical passages in their historical and cultural context and to consider these through the lens of Christian ethics and the theological affirmation that immigrants are people made in the image of God. Then I attempt to look at the role that law plays and the obligation of citizens in general and Christians in particular, not to mention immigrants, to the rule of law.

Throughout the book I frequently quote the Bible passages under study so that the reader can see the text under discussion. These passages will be from the New International Version unless otherwise stated. Hopefully by examining critical texts and discussing their contextual meaning, light will be shed on the pressing issues faced by this nation and its churches.

I am grateful to the editors at Crossway for their professionalism in the production of this book, especially Ted Griffin, Justin Taylor, and Allan Fisher.

chapter 1

CRISIS AT

THE BORDER

You only need to turn on the news to realize that we have a problem. Some might even label it a crisis. It is not just an American issue—illegal immigration has become the major social and legal challenge facing the western world in the twenty-first century. By the middle of 2006, over eight thousand West Africans had sailed in small boats to the Spanish Canary Islands off the coast of Morocco, hoping to settle in Spain.¹ On June 20, 2006, a group of Afghan asylum-seekers took sanctuary in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin and began a hunger strike to draw attention to their demands, threatening suicide if the police tried to remove them. Neighboring Britain believes there are more than a half million illegal immigrants within its borders. And in Germany reports indicate there are more than one million illegals. Even distant Australia is experiencing what CNN.com called a tide of illegal immigrants.

But in America the numbers are even more staggering. An estimated twelve to fifteen million (some reports are as high as twenty million) now reside illegally in the U.S.A. In one border state, Arizona, 10 percent of the population is now made up of illegal aliens.² In April and May of 2006, millions of immigrants and their supporters took to the streets of New York, Los Angeles, and other American cities to demand the rights of citizens. In the eyes of many, this was a polarizing development because illegal immigrants came out of the shadows in droves to press Congress for legal recognition and to protest a law passed by the House of Representatives that made entering America illegally a felony.

In 2007 the Senate, with the prompting of President George Bush, tried to pass a comprehensive immigration bill that sought a legal solution to the undocumented millions. That summer, however, the measure failed due to an outcry from angry constituents who did not want to give amnesty to those who enter America illegally, while others thought that the path to legalization was too severe and would pose excessive financial hardship on poor people. These polar opposite positions indicated just how divided the American people are on the problem of illegal aliens.

This is not the place to debate the problems or the merits of immigration for America. The pressing issue is what to do with the millions of illegal aliens already here. Furthermore, politicians have had a difficult time agreeing on how or whether to defend the southern border, although a consensus has emerged that defending that border is a necessary first step. The world’s longest undefended border, that between Canada and the U.S.A., has not been an issue because there has not been an onslaught of illegal entries from the north. Consequently, most of the current debate surrounds the border between the U.S. and Mexico.

While some argue over the economic issues of immigration, that is, whether it is good or bad for the economy, others focus on the moral and legal questions. As a result, the nation as a whole and politicians in particular are divided. Republicans in the House and the Senate support diametrically opposing bills on how to handle the status of illegal immigrants—amnesty versus none. Democrat leaders are less divided, but there are differences among them nonetheless. Similarly, the Christian community is also at odds regarding the proper response to the immigration problem. Christianity Today magazine in a recent article offered this gripping subtitle: Evangelical leaders divided over moral, policy questions on immigration.³ No doubt people who consider the Bible to be a source of moral and ethical authority want to know what it has to say on how the nation should respond to the presence of illegal immigrants.

We live in times when the clamor to separate church from state has become shrill. Appealing to the Bible to help arbitrate the rather hostile national discourse may not seem like the obvious thing to do at this time in our nation’s history. After all, some might appeal to the Bible because they wish to impose biblical law on America, an anathema to secularists who represent the opposite extreme and don’t want the Bible to have any role in public policy or law. Such objections notwithstanding, the reality is that various communities, human rights organizations, and churches are appealing to teachings, laws, principles, and practices from the Bible or are quoting Scripture as the basis for the positions they advocate regarding immigration and the treatment of illegal aliens.

As already mentioned, some churches offer sanctuary to illegal aliens within their walls, and some individuals occupy churches in hopes of obtaining asylum. One well-publicized case in the U.S. was that of Elvira Arellano, a woman who had been ordered deported by a judge because of her undocumented status. Along with her son who was born in the U.S.A., she took sanctuary in a Methodist church in Chicago for a year. The pastor of Adalberto United Methodist Church, Rev. Walter Coleman, posted a lengthy statement on the church website condemning American immigration laws and suggesting that Ms. Arellano’s sanctuary was divine protection. He explained that God has protected Elvira from deportation so that the light of truth and love might come into this debate and replace both the vicious self-degradation of hate and the arrogant self-righteousness of paternalism. In August 2007, however, she emerged from the precinct, was arrested a short time later, and was expatriated. The reaction was telling: some wept, others cheered.

Some city councils—San Francisco, Denver, Minneapolis, New York, New Haven to name a few—have declared their community to be a sanctuary city. This means that the city will not cooperate with or assist federal officials who want to arrest and deport aliens. The practice of sanctuary—a place of legal protection—is rooted in laws of the Torah or Old Testament law. Sanctuary is not a modern practice invented to aid illegal immigrants. It goes back over three thousands years! So whether people realize it or not, the Bible is influencing the immigration debate and even inspiring the actions taken by some individuals, organizations, and municipalities. A crucial question must be asked, however: Is the Bible being used correctly by those who offer and practice sanctuary? This matter will be addressed in Chapter 4.

Those who support illegal immigrants on moral grounds, like Christians for Comprehensive Immigration Reform and the Sojourners, appeal to Bible verses like When a stranger resides with you in your land, you shall not oppress the stranger. The stranger who resides with you shall be to you as the citizen among you. You shall love the stranger as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt. I am the LORD your God (Lev. 19:33–34). In fact this verse is posted on their website.

Meanwhile the law-and-order camp appeals to St. Paul’s teachings

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