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    MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer
    MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer
    MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer
    Ebook285 pages3 hours

    MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer

    By A. Asundi

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    About this ebook

    The term "photomechanics" describes a suite of experimental techniques which use optics (photo) for studying problems in mechanics. The field has been in existence for some time, but has always lagged behind other experimental and numerical techniques. The main reason for this is that the interpretation of data, which whilst providing whole-field visualization, is not in a form readily amenable to the end-user. Digital image processing has become common within the photomechanics community. However, one approach does not fit all, and subtle variations in technique and method have been developed by different groups working on specific applications.



    This primer enables the user to get started with their experimental analysis quickly. It is based on the universally popular MATLAB® software, which includes dedicated and optimized functions for a variety of image processing tasks. These can readily scripted, along with the necessary mathematical expressions, for particular experimental techniques. The book provides an introduction to some of the optical techniques, and then introduces MATLAB® routines specific to the image processing in experimental mechanics. There are also case studies on particular techniques.



    As part of the book, a collection of M-files is provided on CD-ROM, which also contains example images and test code. This provides a starting point for the user, who can then easily add or edit statements or function for their own images.



    MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, visit http://www.mathworks.comhttp://www.mathworks.com

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateDec 10, 2002
    ISBN9780080535975
    MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer

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      Book preview

      MATLAB® for Photomechanics- A Primer - A. Asundi

      Technology

      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      1.1 Introduction

      Photomechanics are a suite of experimental techniques, which use optics (photo) to solve problems, in mechanics. These techniques which have been in existence for quite some time have always lagged behind other experimental techniques, notably the electrical strain gauge method. Furthermore, numerical techniques such as the Finite Element Method were developed as alternatives to experimental mechanics with great success. The main reason for the restricted use of photomechanics is the difficult interpretation of data and lack of post-processing routines and display. While the fringe pattern, the end product of the optical method, provides whole-field visualization of deformation or stress and strain, it is not presented in a form useful to an engineer. There is a need to process the fringe pattern further and display quantitative information in a manner that is best suited for the problem being solved. Both experimental and numerical means have been proposed to delineate the necessary information from the fringe patterns. In particular, over the last couple of decades, various attempts have been made to automate these techniques via software. However, in general the software is too specific, built more for the patterns and images of the developer’s laboratory. Furthermore, it cannot always be tailored or modified for the images that are obtained in the end-users experiment. Thus the onus is on the user to develop his own software. This is generally time consuming and detracts from the original intention of the user to test a particular application.

      With this in mind, this primer is written to assist the user in getting started with the experimental analysis quickly. It is based on MATLAB®, which has dedicated and optimized routines for a variety of image processing tasks. These can be readily scripted together along with some additional mathematical expressions for any specific experimental technique. This primer assumes that the reader has some background knowledge in optical methods for strain analysis. Except where necessary, no effort is made to explain basic concepts of these methods in detail. Suitable references are provided which will allow the reader to have a deeper understanding of the optical method. In particular, effort is put into explaining the concepts of some of the newer techniques, which use MATLAB® as the tool for data processing, and the particular equations that are programmed in the MATLAB® m-files. The theories in some cases are interspersed with the MATLAB® routines.

      1.2 Principles of Optical Methods(1.1)

      Optical methods offer significant advantages over their electronic counterparts for mechanical measurements. Remote, non-contact measurement and whole field visualization of deformation are the major advantages. With the growth of fiber optic sensors, the passive, dielectric and insulating properties also become important. In addition, lack of electrical power generated at the point of measurement enables precise measurement without the risk of electrical shorting, heat generation, etc. However, electrical sensors and devices that are tried and tested have a longer history. Thus for engineering measurements most of the current commercial sensors are still electrical based with the ubiquitous foil strain gauge being a prime example in engineering mechanics. Nevertheless, optical techniques are gaining in popularity as limitations of electrical sensors have been exposed in precise measurements with high spatial resolution over large areas. Furthermore, the availability of low cost off-the-shelf optical components and devices has made these optical systems more affordable and compact. Developments in lasers, optical components and devices, digital and electronic detectors and processing have given optical methods a fresh edge over electrical sensors. This has resulted in a resurgence of design and development of traditional methods. In addition, a host of new applications of optical sensing and detection are growing in the area of micro-mechanics and micro systems as well as biomedical and bioengineering.

      Optical techniques for mechanical measurement can be classified as point sensors and whole-field sensors. Point sensors measure deformation, strain, temperature or other physical quantity at discrete points. They offer high speed and high sensitivity of measurement. However, many applications require a whole-field deformation information as critical areas can be identified. Since light is used for measurement, whole field visualization and processing can proceed at very high rates. In this primer, the discussion is restricted to whole-field sensors.

      Optical methods also come in four different flavours characterized by the optical property they monitor. These are:

      Intensity Based Techniques

      External disturbances causing changes in the amplitude (intensity) of the light are the basis for these sensors. The main advantage of these sensors is that they are rugged. However, their sensitivity leaves much to be desired, although with active illumination they are finding applications in different fields. Fluctuations in the light source, especially found with laser diodes can be a problem in some applications. The suite of moiré methods using low frequency gratings are typical of examples that use active illumination to improve the sensitivity and range of applications in engineering measurement. In addition, speckle correlation methods fall into this category as well.

      Interferometric/Diffraction Based Techniques

      These form the majority of techniques used in engineering measurement. They use the wave nature of light and thus the deformation sensitivity is of the order of the wavelength of light (i.e. few 100s of nm). Many systems are available for point-wise and whole-field detection and compact systems are being developed incorporating laser diodes and fiber optics with digital imaging and processing. Moiré interferometry and Holographic Interferometry are two widely used technologies, which utilize these phenomena for engineering measurement applications. Speckle methods use these principles as well, albeit in a subtle

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