Few Particle Problems: in the Nuclear Interaction

Foundation

SMALL ANGLE p-p ELASTIC SCATTERING AT ENERGIES BETWEEN 290 AND 450 MeV

D. Aebischer, B. Favier, R. Hess, A. Junod*, C. Lechanoine, J.-C. Niklés, C. Serre** and D.W. Werren,     Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire de l′Université de Genéve, Switzerland

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This chapter focuses on angular distributions for p-p elastic scattering within the angular range from 5° to 17° cms at 290, 350, 410, and 450 MeV kinetic energy using a liquid hydrogen target and multiwire proportional chambers. The importance of studying small angle scattering lies in the possibility of determining the magnitude and sign of the ratio α of the real and imaginary parts of the forward elastic amplitudes. Multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC) having a small dead time have become a very powerful tool for studying small angle scattering as they are placed in the direct beam. The data showed the measured angular distributions for 290, 350, 410, and 450 MeV kinetic energy summed over the different turn-table settings. The corrections to the distributions for the geometrical acceptance of the system were obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation taking into account Moliere multiple scattering. These data should be considered as preliminary, errors are purely statistical.

Angular distributions for p–p elastic scattering within the angular range from 5° to 17° cms at 290, 350, 410, and 450 MeV kinetic energy have been measured using a liquid hydrogen target and multiwire proportional chambers.

The importance of studying small angle scattering lies in the possibility of determining the magnitude and sign of the ratio α of the real and imaginary parts of the forward elastic amplitudes. The occurrence of an interference effect between the Coulomb and nuclear interactions, showing up around 7° cms angle in our energy region, allows us to determine α. Below 2 GeV/c, earlier experiments¹) show a rapid variation of α and are in contradiction with calculations based on dispersion relations²).

Multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC) having a small dead time have become a very powerful tool for studying small angle scattering since they can be placed in the direct beam. The experimental conditions are improved in two ways: first, no veto counter or artificial dead region in the chamber are needed, and second, high statistics can be obtained. Figure 1 shows the experimental set-up at the CERN SC. Incident protons, whose directions are determined by the MWPC’s M1 and M2, fall on a liquid hydrogen target. Its length (15 cm) is chosen so that the overall angular resolution of the system is about 5 mrad. The trajectories of the scattered protons are measured by M3, M4 and M5, where M5 is turned by 45° in order to resolve multi-track ambiguities. The MWPC’s have 128 wires with 2 mm spacing per plane. The electronics used for the read out of the MWPC’s has been described elsewhere³).

Fig. 1 Lay-out of the small angle p-p elastic scattering experiment at the CERN SC.

The system was triggered by coincidences between scintillation counters A, B and D. Additional measurement of the specific energy loss dE/dx by D and the time of flight between B and D allowed elimination of the inelastic channel pp → d+π+. This channel produces the most background since the deuterons are always produced in the very forward direction in the lab. system. The contribution of the 3 body processes pp → p+n+ ϕ+ and pp → p+p+π⁰ has been estimated to be ∼ 2 % of pp → d+π+. As a check for systematic errors, the chambers downstream of the target were mounted on a turn-table permitting data collection at different mean angles.

The decision whether a proton was scattered or not was taken by an IBM 1800 computer. A minimum scattering angle of ∼ 20 mrad was required. About 1 % of the triggers were accepted and written on magnetic tape. The full reconstruction and final selection was made off-line on the CERN CDC 6600 computers. The data taking rate was limited by the IBM 1800 to 800 events/sec, so a hardware decision logic has been developed for future use (to be published). The IBM 1800 also performs a technical control of the whole system.

Fig 2 a,b,c,d show the measured angular distributions for 290, 350, 410 and 450 MeV kinetic energy summed over the different turn-table settings. The corrections to the distributions for the geometrical acceptance of the system were obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation taking into account MoliélGre multiple scattering. These data should be considered as preliminary, errors are purely statistical. A complete study of systematic errors and the interpretation of the curves using various theoretical models is in progress.

Fig. 2 2 a,b,c,d Measured cms angular distributions at 290, 350, 410 and 450 MeV respectively. The smooth curves are obtained from the Livermore phase shifts⁴)

This work is financially supported by the CERN MSC division, the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research SIN.

References

1. See for instance the compilation UCRL-20000 NN August 1970 (p. 57).

2. Söding, P. Physics Letters. 1964; 8:285.

3. Aebischer, D., et al Nucl. Instr. Meth. 1972; 99

4. Mac Gregor, M.H., Arndt, R.A., Wright, R.M. Phys. Rev.. 1969; 182:1714.

*Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ZüUrich

**ISN, Grenoble

ON A COHERENT NON-LOCAL SEPARABLE N-N INTERACTION

E. El Baz, C. Fayard, C. Lamot, J. Meyer, R. Nahabetian and J. Pigeon,     Institut de Physique NucléAaire, UniversitéA Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

Publisher Summary

The simplification introduced in the three-body problem by the use of nonlocal separable interactions (NLSI) has focused the interest of many physicists on this kind of potential. Several attempts have, thus, been done to define NLSI leading to a correct description of the N-N elastic scattering phase shifts. When NLSI are used, the two-term potentials are indispensable to yield a correct description of the N-N phase shifts. The NLSI is directed to give a correct fit of the N-N elastic scattering phase shifts. The additional requirements are imposed to give a correct description of deuteron and of low energy parameters. NLSI gives a correct answer to several different nuclear properties.

The simplification introduced in the three-body problem by the use of non-local separable interactions (NLSI) has focused the interest of many physicists on this kind of potential. Several attempts have thus been done to define (NLSI) leading to a correct description of the N-N elastic scattering phase shifts¹). Moreover such an interaction is sometimes demanded to give a correct description of the deuteron¹) or of the infinite nuclear matter²). It is thus tempting to search for (NLSI) which give simultaneously several nuclear properties, and it is the aim of this paper to show how far we can go in this purpose.

When (NLSI) are used, it is well known that two-term potentials are indispensable to yielda correct description of the N–N phase shifts²)⁴). We shall thus write in the coupled-case :

(1)

In fact the right hand-side of the above equation depends on σ ={JTS} and the (NLSI) includes thus phenomenologically the spin-orbit and tensor effects.

Among the several form factors already proposed, we have restricted our investigations to the M-4 case introduced by T.R. Mongan¹) for its convenient algebraic form. It reads

(2)

the Fourier transform of which vL(p) (r) = rL−1 exp(−αL(p) r) is nothing but the form factor used by Th. Hammann⁴).

We note first that the above potential fulfill the usual invariance conditions and threshold behaviour. The problem is now to determine the real CL(p) and aL(p) parameters.

We can begin by asking our (NLSI) to give a correct fit of the N-N elastic scattering phase shifts. It appears then that several sets of parameters are possible. We shall use for M-4 the set defined by T. Mongan¹) since it gives very correct results up to 400 MeV. Later on will be introduced a potential denoted M-5 identical to M-4 except for the ¹SO partial wave parameters extracted from Th. Hammann⁴). The corresponding parameters are defined in Table 1. The additional requirement imposed to our potential is to give a correct description of the deuteron (binding energy and quadrupole moment) and of the low energy parameters (effective range and scattering lengths). As shown in Table 2, M-4 and M-5 give equivalently good results while the Ham-man set of parameters leads to a very bad description of the deuteron. We note however that the D-state percentage is very poorly fitted. This is presently the case for all the proposed (NLSI). As done by Tabakin²) we can then search for (NLSI) giving a correct saturation of infinite nuclear matter. A first order perturbation calculation shows immediately that M-4 does not give any saturation and must thus be eliminated. A detailed analysis shows then that this is mainly due to the ¹So wave which is too repulsive. Since the Hammann’s parameters have been determined as to give a correct first order saturation, we have used his ¹So partial wave parameters and thus elaborated the M-5 potential as previously mentionned. As expected M-5 yields a correct value of the binding energy, in infinite nuclear matter (3)

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

To go further in our investigation we have used M-5 in the three-nucleon problem, treated with the Lovelace formalism⁵). We have first evaluated the ET triton binding energy and compared it to a one term (NLSI) determination (Table 4). It appears that a strong improvement is obtained. We think however that this improvement is not very significant since our approach of the three body problem neglects the ³D1 wave. A coupled wave calculation (more complicated but now being done) will certainly give more conclusive results. We have also determined the (n-d) elastic scattering angular distributions and the same remark applies.

Table 4

¹ rate evaluated in the infinite nuclear matter calculation (20%) keeps the same value with finite nuclei. The results presented in Table 5 are in correct agreement with experimental data and eventual refinements may first concern the method of calculation.

Table 5

The last test imposed to the M-5 potential concerns the determination of the axial solutions of even-even nuclei in the 2s-1d shell. The used formalism has been extensively described by G. Ripka⁶). We have considered an oxygen-16 core and three active subshells (1d⁵/², 2s¹/², and 1d³/²). The single particle energies have been determined by a self-consistent method with the b harmonic oscillator parameter previously given. We note that the difference between the binding energies of Ca⁴⁰ and O¹⁶ served as a preliminary test of the coherence of the M-5 two-body matrix elements. We obtain −283 MeV while the experimental value is −274.09 MeV. We have then determined the Hartree-Fock energies (Table 6) and compared our results to the results of Bar-Touv⁷) obtained with a non-local Tabakin force and to the results of Ripka⁶) using a central Rosenfeld force. It appears that our results are rather close to the Ripka’s determination. This fact is confirmed by a determination of the projected solutions of Ne²⁰.

Table 6

We can say finally that the M-5 (NLSI) gives a correct answer to several different nuclear properties. Many refinements may certainly be brought to our set of parameters (concerning for instance the D-state percentage) but M-5 can serve as a starting point for a determination of a coherent non-local separable interaction. The calculations have been done on the CDC-6600 of the IN2P3 and we are indebted to Prof.

B. Castel and Prof. J. Parikh for their Hartree-Fock program.

References

1. Mongan, T.R. Phys. Rev.. 1969; 178:1597.

2. Tabakin, F. Ann. Phys. (N.Y.). 1964; 30:51.

3. F.J.D. Serduke, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California (1970)

4. Hammann, Th. Il Nuovo Cimento. 1969; 64B:356.

5. G. Lamot, E. El Baz, C. Fayard and J. Pigeon (submitted for public.)

6. Ripka, G. Advance in Nuclear Physics; 1. Plenum Press, 1968. 183.

7. Ford, W.F., Braley, R.C., Bar-Touv, J. Phys. Rev.. 1971; 46:2099.

NUCLEON-NUCLEON INTERACTION WITH YAMAGUCHI FORM FACTORS*

H.J. Faustmann, H. Oberhummer and H.F.K. Zingl,     Institut füUr Theoretische Physik der UniversitäUt Graz Graz, Austria

Publisher Summary

Separable potentials are very useful in three- and many body calculations. For the nucleon–nucleon interaction, a separable potential was taken, which has in addition to an attractive term a repulsive term for the core, a tensor force, in an adequate form. For the determination of the open parameters of potential, badness-of-fit analysis of the phase-shifts was used. Similar conclusions hold for the form factors hl that were used for the case when the phase shift of the partial wave changes sign because of the influence of the repulsive core. When results were compared with other separable potentials, there seems to be a considerable improvement.

Separable potentials are very useful in three- and many body calculations. For the nucleon-nucleon interaction we take a separable potential which has in addition to an attractive term a repulsive term for the core, a tensor force in an adequate form, and we also consider Coulombeffects. For the determination of the open parameters of our potential we use a badness-of-fit analysis of the phase-shifts.

Our potential for uncoupled partial-waves is given by

(1)

′=J+1 we use

(2)

, because of the hermiticity of the potential. The λ are the coupling constants and g and h are the form factors.

In the literature, the Yamaguchi type form factors¹) are preferred, for instance:

A) 

[ref. ²)³)⁴)⁵)]

B) 

[ref. ³)⁴)]

C) 

[ref. ⁴)⁶)]

D) 

.

Here the numerator is determined by the treshold behavior of the phase-shifts.

+1, as expected. Therefore we used case C) for uncoupled partial waves.

For coupled waves, however, case C) leads to still regular, but unphysical local potentials. For instance, in the ³S1-³D1 coupled partial wave, the tensor potential would behave like a constant for small r, when using case C).

, and the S- and D-wave functions go like r and r² ⁷)) respectively. This is what one would expect when solving the coupled SchröUdingerequation for such potentials⁸). For the special case ³S1-³D1 our choice is identical to Yamaguchi and Yamaguchi⁹).

which we only used for the case when the phase shift of the partial wave changes sign because of the influence of the repulsive core. We took the following form factors¹⁰) for uncoupled partial waves

E) 

and coupled partial waves

Till now, a rank one potential proposed by Yamaguchi⁹) and a rank two potential proposed by Tabakin²) with

(3)

was widely used. But this restriction has unphysical features:

1) The Yamaguchi-potential does not give any polarisation Px (in the notation of Moravcsik¹¹)), even though it has a tensor term¹²).

2) One cannot fit the phase-shifts and the deuteron data and simultaneously get a reasonable D-state probability¹³)

For these reasons we dropped the restriction (3).

Using our potentials (1) and (2) we calculated the phase-shifts, and for the deuteron the wave functions u(r) and w(r), the binding energy EB, the quadrupole moment Q, the D-state probability PD, and the asymptotic ³D1/³S1 wave function ratio η. These formulas are quite lengthy and will be published elsewhere.

The parameters of the potential for the ³S1-³D1 partial wave were found using a least square fit. They are:

The badness of fit parameter for the constained solution of the n-p phase-shifts of McGregor et al.¹⁴) has the value of X² = 558. The low energy parameters were found to be a = 5.26 fm and r = 1.55 fm.

The properties of the deuteron calculated from our potential are given by:

The parameters of the potential for the ¹S0 partial wave can be found in ref. ¹⁵). In that calculation we made a least square fit to the McGregor p-p phase-shifts¹⁴) and also took in account Coulomb effects. For higher partial waves the computational work has not been finished yet.

When comparing our results with other separable potentials there seems to be a considerable improvement.

References

1. Yamaguchi, Y. Phys. Rev.. 1954; 95:1628.

2. Tabakin, F. Ann. Phys. (N.Y.). 1964; 30:51.

3. Mongan, T.R. Phys. Rev.. 1968; 175:1260.

4. Mongan, T.R. Phys. Rev.. 1969; 178:1597.

5. Kahana, S., Lee, H.C., Scott, C.K. Phys. Rev.. 1969; 180:956.

6. Alt, E.O.Habilitationsschrift. Universität Mainz, 1972.

7. Burnap, C., Levinger, J.S., Siebert, B. Phys. Lett.. 1970; 33B:337.

8. Reid, R.V. Ann. Phys. (N.Y.). 1968; 50:411.

9. Yamaguchi, Y., Yamaguchi, Y. Phys. Rev.. 1954; 95:1635.

10. Mitra, A.N.Baranger, M., Vogt, E., eds. Advances in Nuclear Physics; 3. Plenum Press, New York-London, 1969. 14.

11. Moravcsik, M.J.The Two-Nucleon Interaction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

12. H. Lambacher and P. Urban, Acta Phys. Austriaca, to be published.

13. Clement, D.M., Serduke, F.J.D., Afnan, J.R. Nucl. Phys.. 1969; A139:407.

14. McGregor, M.H., Arndt, R.A., Wright, R.M. Phys. Rev.. 1969; 182:1714.

15. H. Oberhummer and H. F. K. Zingl, Fizika, to be published.

*Work supported in part by ÖUsterreichischer Forschungsrat, Projekt 1410.

A NEW APPROACH TO CALCULATING THE NUCLEAR FORCE

Franz Gross,     College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

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This chapter presents a new approach to calculate the nuclear force. The idea is to calculate the wave function for one of the two nucleons off shell, the other nucleon being on shell. That wave function is of interest because it contributes to the nucleon pole contributions to backward p-d scattering and to the electro- and photo-disintegration of the deuteron. Furthermore, the particular amplitude is ideal for treating the impulse approximation in which one particle is the spectator and remains close to its mass shell. The potentials calculated from model contain velocity operators and L·S terms. The velocity dependent terms are eliminated using the effective mass transformation and the resulting potentials are adjusted.

We will describe recent work on a new theory of the nuclear force. The approach has been described earlier[1], but this is the first time we have presented quantitative details and fits to the Reid[2] potentials.

The idea is to calculate the wave function for one of the two nucleons off shell, the other nucleon being on shell. This wave function is of interest because it contributes to the nucleon pole contributions to backward p-d scattering and electro and photodisintegration of the deuteron. Furthermore, this particular amplitude is ideal for treating the impulse approximation in which one particle is the spectator and remains close to its mass shell[3].

A covariant integral equation for this wave function can be derived in a manner similar to that used by Blankenbecler and Sugarwe take as our Green’s function (for spin