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    Ecocatalysis: A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology
    Ecocatalysis: A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology
    Ecocatalysis: A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology
    Ebook136 pages2 hours

    Ecocatalysis: A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology

    By Claude Grison, Vincent Escande and Jacques Biton

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    Reconquest of biodiversity; remediation of degraded and anthropic areas, prevention of environmental health risks; eco-innovation; Green industry ... The current French ambitions are closely related to an interdisciplinary approach to scientific ecology, all of which participate in the expected industrial renewal.Ecocatalysis explores the unusual combination of phytotechnologies adapted to pollution, ecological rehabilitation of polluted sites and enhancement of these processes through innovative green chemistry, all of which contribute to the development of scientific priorities; economic, ecological innovation and current environmental, of biomass conversion and transition from fossil fuels to renewable.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateAug 19, 2015
    ISBN9780081004753
    Ecocatalysis: A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology
    Author

    Claude Grison

    Claude Grison is Professor of Bioorganic Chemistry at the University of Montpellier in France and at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).She is a pioneer in turning plants and metallic waste into a resource through innovative technologies, namely “ecocatalysis”.

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      Book preview

      Ecocatalysis - Claude Grison

      Ecocatalysis

      A New Integrated Approach to Scientific Ecology

      Claude Grison

      Vincent Escande

      Jacques Biton

      Table of Contents

      Cover image

      Title page

      Copyright page

      Introduction: Toward an Ecology of Industrial Pollution?

      1: A New Approach to Multi-Site and Multi-Scale Rehabilitation by Phytoextraction

      Abstract

      1.1 Remedial phytoextraction on a highly contaminated former mining site: pilot site at Les Avinières

      1.2 Phytoextraction on Caledonian mining sites currently in use: toward productive rehabilitation

      2: From Phytoextraction to Green Chemistry and Vice Versa via Ecocatalysis

      Abstract

      2.1 Ecocatalysis, starting point for a new green chemistry?

      2.2 Some concrete examples of ecocatalysis

      Conclusion

      What is the overall outcome? What does the future hold?

      Bibliography

      Index

      Copyright

      First published 2015in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Press Ltd

      27-37 St George's Road

      London SW19 4EU

      UK

      www.iste.co.uk

      Elsevier Ltd

      The Boulevard, Langford Lane

      Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB

      UK

      www.elsevier.com

      Notices

      Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

      Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

      To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

      For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/

      © ISTE Press Ltd 2015

      The rights of Claude Grison, Vincent Escande and Jacques Biton to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

      A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

      ISBN 978-1-78548-030-0

      Printed and bound in the UK and US

      Introduction: Toward an Ecology of Industrial Pollution?

      Protecting the environment has become a major concern. The uncontrolled effects of multiple human activities are beginning to affect biological dynamics and biogeochemical equilibriums. Strong indicators such as climate change, erosion of biodiversity and the pollution of soils, water bodies and groundwater reveal the need to develop new strategies to protect the biosphere. Anthropogenic activities and the waste generated, whether domestic, industrial or agricultural, greatly contribute to the extent of pollution and damage to the environment. Each of us is faced with examples that highlight the need to find ways to protect nature. Examples include biocides (pesticides, rodenticides, fungicides, algicides, acaricides or herbicides), which are chemical compounds with toxicological properties used to fight against the spread of pests (insects or rodents), algae, invasive plants (weeds) or phytopathogenic fungi. The residues of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, solvents, plastics, cosmetic waste, etc., and their products of degradation are proving to be problematic pollutants. Their misuse leads to their dispersion in air, their absorption by plants or their penetration of soils, and they can enter the aquatic environment through rainwater, thus contaminating water bodies, groundwater and coastal zones.

      In addition to organic pollutants, some intensive mining activities and industrial metallurgic activities are responsible for the pollution of soils and aquatic systems in the form of metal trace elements (TEs) or heavy metals. This is incredibly worrying, since the soil plays an essential role largely determining food production and water quality. Moreover, TEs are some of the most harmful compounds. They are not biodegradable and persist in contaminated organisms and ecosystems. Although some TEs are used by the organism (Zn, Fe, Mg, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, Mn and B) as enzyme cofactors, biocatalysts or other constituents of molecules essential to life (Mg-chlorophyll and Fe-hemoglobin), they become toxic over a certain threshold amount. Others have no biological activity but are toxic even in tiny quantities (e.g. Cd, Pb, Hg, Sn, As and Tl).

      Generally speaking, the toxicity of these elements is due to their structural similarity to essential elements, resulting in them being competitively substituted. Once infiltrated, they then combine with natural ligands present in cells. For example, lead can displace calcium in bone tissue. It is stored insidiously and discretely and then released in large quantities during a fracture, trauma or stress. Infants are particularly at risk, as their digestive absorption capacities are six to eight times greater than those of an adult, but they have a lower renal clearance capacity. Their developing brain is also more sensitive. In the case of copper salts, pollution occurs with frequent use (distribution pipes, electric cables, algicides, antifungals, etc.) and the persistence of metal species. In addition to being harmful to mammals, they are also highly toxic to marine organisms [ALL 15].

      Metal pollution, therefore, has significant effects on health, including effects on the nervous system, kidneys, lungs or bone tissue. There are also significant impacts on the environment. High levels of TEs reduce biodiversity, the density and activity of flora and fauna, even at the smallest scale. The fertility of the soil is also altered; animals are contaminated upon contact by inhalation of metal dust, ingestion of contaminated water and food, etc. Metal pollutants are carried on through the food chain.

      Their consequences are clear:

      – polluting metals lead to the erosion of soils, or even the phytotoxicity of soil systems;

      – soil erosion causes TEs to migrate into soil–water systems and contaminate rivers;

      – these phenomena reduce the fertility of soils and contaminate agricultural and food products.

      The cumulative effects of climate change (droughts, short but intense rainfall, global warming, etc.) and the various forms of pollution mentioned above, associated with the overconsumption of water and agri-food products, make the depletion of vital resources a major concern in the short term.

      Damage to soils and cultivable land is worrying. With the major challenge of global food security, which is already under increasing constraints [ALL 15], we are currently faced with:

      – a demographic challenge: the increase in the world population should reach 9 billion inhabitants in 2050 with increased urbanization in line with this population (2/3 of the world's population in 2050 against 1/2

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