The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior: Victim and Offender Perspectives

The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior

Victim and Offender Perspectives

Editors

Wayne Petherick

Grant Sinnamon

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Dedication

Copyright

About the Authors

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Psychopathology as a Mediator of Antisocial and Criminal Behavior

Introduction

What Is Psychopathology?

Mental Illness and Criminality

Personality Disorders and Criminality

Psychotic Disorders and Criminality

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 2. Catathymia and Compulsive Homicide: A Psychological Perspective

Introduction

Catathymic Crisis

Compulsive Homicide

Sadistic Aggression

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 3. Victimology and Predicting Victims of Personal Violence

Introduction

The Emergence of Victimology and Its Pioneers

The Concepts of Victim Precipitation and Victim Blaming

Contemporary Concepts

Victim Characteristics and Motivations

Victims of Interpersonal Violence: Explaining Victim Characteristics and Motivations

Understanding Victim Motivations and Behavior Through Typologies

Empirical Evidence of a Seven-Factor Victim Typology

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 4. Threat and Violence Intervention: Influenced by Victim and Offender Perspectives

Introduction

The Construct of Human Violent Behavior and Its Assessment and Link to Interventions

Interventions

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 5. Profiling in Violent Crimes: The Perpetrator and the Victim in Cases of Filicide

Introduction

Background History

Definition of Filicide

The Legal Concept of Filicide

Classification Systems of Filicide

Incidence, Prevalence and Statistical Problems

Criminal and Forensic Characteristics of Filicide

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 6. Risk Assessment in Youth Justice: A Child-Centered Approach to Managing Interventions

Introduction

Risk Assessment: How Does It Work?

Consequences of Risk Assessment: The False-Positive/False-Negative Paradox

Risk in Youth Justice: What Are We Assessing and What Do We Do With It?

Toward a More-Inclusive System of Youth Justice: Risk Assessment and Restorative Approaches

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 7. Reciprocity and Exchange: Perspectives of Male Victims of Family Violence

Introduction

Defining Violence in Families

The Gender Paradigm and Gender Symmetry

Forms of Violence Against Men

Precipitating Factors in Family Violence

Reportability

Impacts of Domestic Violence

Repercussions of Gender Bias

Victim Precipitation

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 8. Stalking

Introduction

What is Stalking?

Stalking Behaviors

A Brief History of Stalking and Stalking Legislation

Incidence and Prevalence of Stalking

Stalking Typologies and Stalking Risk Assessment

Physical and Psychological Effects of Stalking

Stalking Among Subpopulations

Serial Stalking and Recidivism

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 9. Stalking Public Figures: The Fixated Loner

Introduction

The Stalking of Private Citizens and Public Figures

Structured Risk Assessment in Stalking

The Convergence of Stalking and Public Figure Threat Assessment

Key Concepts From the Fixated Research

Threat Assessment and Management Services for Fixated Persons

The Fixated Threat Assessment Center – United Kingdom

Queensland Fixated Threat Assessment Center – Queensland, Australia

The Effectiveness of Fixated Threat Assessment Agencies

Fixated Persons at Major Events

The Fixated Model in Other Areas of Targeted Violence

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 10. Circumscribing Cyberbullying: Toward a Mutual Definition and Characterizations of Aggression, Assault, and Recklessness via Telecommunications Technology

Introduction

Background

Reaching Consensus: The Importance of First Things First

Cyberbullying? Online Aggression? Internet Harassment? It’s All in the Name

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 11. Domestic Violence: Psychological Issues Related to the Victim and Offender

Introductory Aspects: Framework of a Social Scourge Named Domestic Violence

The Offender, Victim, and Context: Risk Factors Identification

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 12. Honor Killings and Domestic Violence: The Same or Different?

Introduction

Domestic Violence

Honor Killings

Discussion

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 13. Homicide in Australia

Introduction

Impact of Homicide in Australia

Why People Kill

Changes in Homicide Trends

Australian Data

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

Chapter 14. Victims of Child Sexual Abuse: The Psychology of Victims

Introduction

Difficulties Defining and Conceptualizing Child Sexual Abuse

Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse

Common Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Victims

Misconceptions of Child Sexual Abuse

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 15. Child Sexual Offenders: The Psychology of Offending

Introduction

Misconceptions of Child Sexual Offenders

Female Child Sexual Offenders

How and Why Individuals Offend

Crime Scripts

Online Child Predators

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 16. The Psychology of Adult Sexual Grooming: Sinnamon’s Seven-Stage Model of Adult Sexual Grooming

Introduction

The Grooming Process

Stages of the Grooming Process

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 17. Searching for the Spectrum of the Querulous

The Querulous Spectrum

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Chapter 18. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Internet Love Scams: Implications for Law Enforcement

A Multidisciplinary Approach

Behavioral Characteristics Pertaining to Internet Love Scam

Recommendations

Summary

Questions

Chapter 19. Firesetters: A Review of Theory, Facts, and Treatment

Costs

Prevalence and Clearance Rates

Explanatory Theories

Firesetter Profiles

Programs Designed to Reduce Recidivism

Future Directions in Firesetter Research

Summary

Questions

Chapter 20. Cults

Introduction

What is a Cult?

What is the Attraction to Cults?

Conclusions

Summary

Questions

Index

Dedication

To Natalie. The love of my life: friend, wife, lover, and muse. Partner in all things but my own folly, from which you rescue me often. To paraphrase the immortal words of Robert Burns: To know you is to love you, love but you, and love forever.

Grant Sinnamon

Copyright

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About the Authors

Fatima Almeida

Fatima holds a master’s degree in forensic psychology from the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. She also has a master’s in legal medicine and forensic sciences from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Portugal, where her thesis was about profiling in violent crimes. Fatima is currently a PhD student of forensic sciences at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Oporto (where she studies serial sexual offenders, serial killers, and filicide). She is currently associate professor of forensic psychology at Instituto de Educação e Cidadania and is also the Psychology Branch Coordinator of the ICATE project as well as a member of the Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Portugal). Fatima has authored numerous books and articles about criminal profiling and forensic psychology.

Gaelle Brotto

Gaelle Brotto has a bachelor’s of psychology degree from the University of Lille 3 in France and a master’s of criminology degree from Bond University in Australia. Her research interests are in the areas of victimology, criminal motivations, and the utility and application of typologies. She is a doctoral scholar in the Faculty of Society and Design at Bond University and is about to submit her PhD thesis, which has developed a victim motivational typology based on behaviors, motivations, and personality traits in order to better understand victimization.

James S. Cawood

Dr. James S. Cawood is president of Factor One, a California-based corporation specializing in threat assessment and management, violence risk assessment, behavioral analysis, security consulting, and investigations.

He currently serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Threat Assessment and Management (American Psychological Association) and is the former president of the Association of Threat Assessment Professionals (ATAP). He has also served as the association’s second vice president and president of the Northern California Chapter of ATAP; on the ASIS International Foundation Board and was secretary of the board; as the chairman of the board of the California Association of Licensed Investigators and has served as chairman of their Legislative Committee; and as a board member for the Association of Workplace Investigators.

Dr. Cawood is a graduate of UC Berkeley, holds a master’s degree in forensic psychology from Argosy University, and a PhD in psychology from Northcentral University. He has served on the faculties of Golden Gate University, in their security management degree program and the University of California, Santa Cruz extension, teaching threat management. He is a Certified Protection Professional, Professional Certified Investigator, Physical Security Professional, Certified Fraud Examiner, Certified Security Professional, Certified Professional Investigator, Certified International Investigator, and Certified Threat Manager. He has also written articles and book chapters for various professional publications.

Larissa Christensen

Larissa S. Christensen has recently submitted her PhD (psychology) at Deakin University, Melbourne. Her main research/academic interest is the attrition of child sexual abuse cases from the criminal justice process, in particular, exploring the case characteristics associated with the attrition of child sexual abuse cases in the early stages of the criminal justice process. Her work has led to the identification of a number of recommendations to prevent the unnecessary attrition of child sexual abuse cases. She is currently a sessional academic in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Griffith University, Queensland, and has been awarded for her teaching excellence. She is currently working on a range of projects for the Queensland Police Service. Her recent work has been published in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law and is currently in press with the International Journal of Police Science and Management.

Therese Ellis-Smith

Therese Ellis-Smith is a forensic psychologist who has worked in correctional services for over 25  years. She has developed criminogenic programs and correctional policy, in addition to holding senior management roles, in several Australian jurisdictions. Therese is currently completing a doctor of philosophy program at Bond University. Her current research interests include arson profiling and the assessment and treatment of arsonists, particularly those from indigenous communities. Therese is also a member of the Australian Psychological Society College of Forensic Psychologists national committee. She supervises provisional psychologists, operates a private practice, presents at local and international conferences, and is an adjunct teaching fellow at Bond University.

Gwyn Griffith

Dr. Gwyn Griffith is the service manager of a Youth Offending Team based in Aberystwyth, United Kingdom. He originally trained as a mathematical biologist gaining a PhD from the University of Wales, Cardiff, in 1989. He then worked as a research scientist up to 2001 when he retrained as a probation officer. From 2001 to 2008 he worked for the National Probation Service delivering rehabilitation programs to adult offenders. He then switched over to youth justice. He has an interest in applying research findings in actual practice with young people.

Majeed Khader

Majeed Khader is the director of the Home Team Behavioural Sciences Centre under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Singapore. Dr. Majeed is also the chief psychologist of the Singapore Police Force. A trained hostage negotiator, his previous operational duties include being the ex-deputy commander of the crisis negotiation unit and a trainer with the negotiation unit. He teaches criminal psychology part time as an assistant professor (adjunct) at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Nanyang Technology University. For the past 23  years, Dr. Majeed has overseen the development of psychological services in the areas of stress, resilience, employee selection, deception psychology, leadership, crisis negotiations, crime profiling, and crisis psychology. For his work, he was awarded the National Day Public Administration Award (Bronze) in 2006 by the President of Singapore and once again the Public Administration Award (Silver) in 2014. Majeed holds a master’s degree (with distinction) in forensic psychology from the University of Leicester, United Kingdom, and a PhD in psychology (specializing in personality and crisis leadership) from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. He also holds a degree in Economics and Sociology from the University of London. Majeed has been invited as a speaker to organizations in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Canada, Hong Kong, and the United States to share information on crime psychology, terrorism, and leadership. He has also presented at the FBI, NCIS, and the RCMP. He has been the chairman of three major international conferences held in Singapore titled the Asian Conference of Criminal and Operations Psychology. He has been the Asian director and sits on the board of the US-based Society of Police and Criminal Psychology. He is a registered psychologist with the Singapore Psychological Society, and a member of the British and American psychological societies.

Andrea Lee

Andrea is a postgraduate scholar in the Faculty of Society and Design and the Faculty of Law at Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia. Her research interests address issues facing male victims of partner violence and the assessment and management of partner violence risk. Contact: andrea.lee@student.bond.edu.au.

Grant Lester

Dr. Lester is a consultant forensic psychiatrist whose public practice is with the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Victoria. His public practice has been in high-security mental health facilities and prisons. He is also a sitting member of Victoria’s Mental Health Tribunal.

His private work and research interest has been into querulent and vexatious complainants and litigants and he has researched with Ombudsman’s Offices and Courts throughout Australia. He currently presents and trains staff of courts, government and private organizations in the management of unreasonable complainant or litigant behavior including both administrative techniques as well as risk assessment and management of aggressive and violent behaviors.

Robyn Lincoln

Robyn Lincoln is assistant professor in criminology at Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia. Her research and publications have centered on violence in Aboriginal communities, forensic interviewing techniques, and wrongful convictions. She recently completed two federally funded research projects on the consequences of naming indigenous youth involved in justice proceedings and a year-long industry-partnered study to examine violence against urban bus drivers. Contact: rlincoln@bond.edu.au.

Amber McKinley

Dr. Amber McKinley is an applied victimologist and subject coordinator for JST311 Evidence and Investigation and JST345 Police and Victims at Charles Sturt University’s Australian Graduate School of Policing and Security. She holds bachelor of liberal studies, master’s of criminal justice, and doctor of philosophy degrees. Her thesis investigated Homicide Solvability Factors and Applied Victimology in New South Wales from 1994 to 2013. Amber is also a squadron leader (specialist reserve) in the Royal Australian Air Force and consults with the Australia Defense Force Investigative Service. She teaches and researches an array of topics, including applied and forensic victimology, homicide, solvability and clearance rates, criminal behaviors, police investigations of serious crimes, and the changing typologies of Australian homicide. Amber’s current research projects are focused on aspects of multiagency and trauma-informed victim care in police investigations.

Gareth Norris

Dr. Gareth Norris is a senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology at Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom. He is a graduate of the MSc Investigative Psychology course from Liverpool University and was awarded his PhD from Bond University, Australia, on the topic of the authoritarian personality. Gareth has a general interest in the application of psychology in legal contexts and in particular the use of technology in the courtroom. He has published in a number of high-profile journals and presented at international conferences, including the American Bar Association and National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. One of the main areas of his research focus is in the interpretation and application of statistical evidence, and the use of such information, such as risk assessment inventories, in guiding legal decision-making.

Heather Norris

Heather Norris is a teaching fellow in the Department of Law and Criminology at Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom. After graduating from Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, United States, she studied criminology in Australia, where she found her interest in youth justice. She is particularly interested in the psychological impact of restorative justice (RJ) on participants in the youth justice system, and her doctoral thesis is an interdisciplinary approach evaluating the impact of RJ on happiness, school engagement, and self-esteem in young people. Further interests include mental health and the criminal justice system, as well as pedagogical research.

Michele Pathé

Michele is a senior forensic psychiatrist with the Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service and an adjunct professor at the Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance at Queensland’s Griffith University. She was formerly a consultant psychiatrist and assistant clinical director at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health and the director of Threat Management, a private clinic for victims of stalking. Dr. Pathé is currently the consulting psychiatrist to the Queensland Fixated Threat Assessment Centre (QFTAC), a joint police-mental health intelligence agency for high-risk, often mentally ill, fixated persons. She is a member of the Fixated Research Group, whose original studies commissioned by the British Home Office gave rise to the foundational FTAC in London in 2006.

For the past 25  years, Dr Pathé has had a clinical and research interest in stalking, threats, and public figure fixation and has collaborated with local, interstate, and international law enforcement and intelligence agencies to develop risk mitigation strategies in these areas. She has lectured extensively in this field, authoring and coauthoring three books, over 70 research articles, book chapters, a doctoral thesis, and risk assessment tools.

Mauro Paulino

Mauro Paulino is currently a coordinator at Mind, Institute of Clinical and Forensic Psychology (Lisbon, Portugal). He is also a forensic psychologist consultant at the Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, IP (Gabinete Médico-Legal e Forense Península Setúbal) and a clinical director of Pelo Sonho - Cooperativa de Solidariedade Social, supervising shelter and care center for victims of spousal violence. Mauro received his master’s degree in legal medicine and forensic sciences at the University of Lisbon, School of Medicine, completing his research in the field of spousal violence. He is an author and coordinator of several books, namely Abusadores Sexuais de Crianças: A Verdade Escondida (Child Sexual Offender: The Hidden Truth edited by Prime Books), Profiling, Vitimologia & Ciências Forenses: Perspetivas Atuais (Profiling, Victimology & Forensic Sciences: Today’s Perspectives, 2nd ed., edited by Pactor), O Inimigo Em Casa: Dar Voz Aos Silêncios da Violência Doméstica (The Enemy at Home: Giving Voice to the Silence of Domestic Violence, 2nd edition, edited by Prime Books), Psicologia, Justiça & Ciências Forenses: Perspetivas Atuais (Psychology, Justice & Forensic Sciences: Current Perspectives edited by Pactor), and Forensic Psychology of Spousal Violence: Psychodynamics, Forensic Mental Health Issues and Research (edited by Elsevier Academic Press). He is a guest lecturer at various national and international universities and training sessions on spousal violence.

Wayne Petherick

Wayne is associate professor of criminology in the Faculty of Society and Design at Bond University, Queensland, Australia. He is author or editor of Profiling and Serial Crime (3rd ed.), Applied Crime Analysis, and Forensic Criminology. At Bond, Wayne teaches in the subjects Criminal Profiling, Applied Crime Analysis, Criminal Motivations, Crime and Deviance, and Profiling and Crime Analysis (postgraduate), and Forensic Criminology (postgraduate). Wayne’s research interests include statement analysis and the detection of deception, case linkage analysis, risky online behaviors for children and adolescents, and victim and offender motivation.

Wayne is also principal of Forensic Analytic, offering training and consultancy on applied crime analysis, an area he has pioneered, stalking, risk assessment and threat management, homicide, arson, stalking, sexual assaults, and false reports. He has lectured in Australia and in the United States, also consulting on cases in both countries. He is a frequent commentator in both the print and electronic media on stalking, violent crime, risk and threat, and other areas of criminological interest.

Wayne can be contacted on wayne@forensicanalytic.com or wpetheri@staff.bond.edu.au.

Yolande Robinson

Yolande’s research is being overseen by esteemed criminologist professor Ross Homel, AO, Foundation Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University. The intention of Yolande’s PhD is to improve outcomes for children and youth at risk in disadvantaged communities, with specific focus on current and best practices for including community members in the dissemination of evidenced-based, quality crime prevention programs and initiatives. Yolande has recently informed a major project for the Department of Justice and Attorney General (Youth Justice), and regularly addresses a wide range of groups and organizations on issues related to her research interests, which include community mechanisms for crime prevention, social control and community development, reducing youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, and improving outcomes for children and families in disadvantaged areas, online sexual predation of children, and bullying and harassment.

Poh Shu Yun

Poh Shu Yun graduated from Nanyang Technological University in 2015 with an honors degree in psychology. She is currently working as a child protection officer with the Ministry of Social and Family Development in Singapore.

Grant Sinnamon

Grant Sinnamon, BPsych (Hons), MCouns, MPsych (Clinical), PhD (Medicine: Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience). Grant is married to Natalie and together they have four children. Grant is the creator of the REPAIR Model: a six-step intervention model for working with children and adults with complex needs. The model is an evidence-based intervention platform that emphasizes the need to recognize, manage, and address the systemic neurofunctional challenges associated with complex trauma, mental illness, and developmental disorders. With an interest in regenerational and translational mental and neurophysiological health, Grant is involved in clinical practice and teaching, and has a number of active research projects in the areas of clinical, neuro, and developmental psychology, criminology, and the emerging field of clinical psychoneuroimmunology. Grant’s work encompasses two great passions: the psychoneuroimmunology of childhood onset autoimmune diseases and their complications; and developmental neurobiology and the structural, systemic, and functional impact of early life experiences on the growing brain and on later-life health and well-being. Grant’s interest in criminology stems from an interest in the impact of early life adversity on neurodevelopmental trajectory and personality formation, and the consequences for adult neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological function. In his clinical research, Grant was among the first researchers to characterize the extent and nature of clinical affective disorders in children with type 1 diabetes, and to quantify and report the impact of depression on cognitive function in youth. Grant is also the cofounder of the HART-BEAT research alliance, which is a collaborative group established to create translational research links between the basic, social, and clinical sciences, and clinical, community, and educational practice. As well as authoring a number of scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, Grant has contributed psychological content chapters to books in the areas of serial crime and criminal profiling, and applied crime analysis.

Duarte Nuno Vieira

Duarte is the dean and a full professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra (Portugal) and a visiting professor in several other European and South American universities. He is president of the European Council of Legal Medicine, of the Forensic Advisory Board of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, of the Ibero-American Network of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Science Institutions, of the Portuguese Association for Bodily Injury Assessment, and vice president of the European Confederation of Experts on Evaluation and Repair of Bodily Injury. He is chairman of the Thematic Federation on Legal and Forensic Medicine of the European Union of Medical Specialists and a member of the Executive Committee of the Working Group in Forensic Pathology and Forensic Anthropology of the Permanent Committee of INTERPOL on Disaster Victim Identification. He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the Portuguese National Mechanism for the Prevention of Torture. He has been president of the International Academy of Legal Medicine, of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, of the World Association of Police Medical Officers, of the Mediterranean Academy of Forensic Sciences, and of the Latin American Association of Medical Law. Duarte has also been president of the Portuguese National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences and of the Portuguese Medico-Legal Council. He works on a regular basis as forensic consultant for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and he is a member of the Forensic Advisory Board of the International Committee of the Red Cross and a member of the Forensic Expert Group of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims. He has published over 250 scientific papers, he is editor or coeditor of nine books, and serves on the editorial boards of several international leading scientific publications of his area of medical expertise, as well as on the editorial boards of national forensic scientific journals from 18 different European, American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and African countries. He is chief executive editor of the Journal of Forensic Research (edited by Taylor & Francis), international associate editor of the Spanish Journal of Legal Medicine (edited by Elsevier), and chief editor of the Portuguese Journal of Personal Injury. He received honorary fellowships from 18 universities, scientific associations and academies from Europe, Central and South America, Africa, and Asia, and also has been awarded with distinctions from different governments and municipalities, and received 15 scientific prizes. He was awarded by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, in 2014, with the Douglas Lucas Medal Award, the most prestigious international award in the area of legal and forensic medicine. Professor Vieira also participated in more than 35 international missions promoted by the International Amnesty, European Commission, International Red Cross, United Nations, USAID, and others, especially in the field of human rights in countries from Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, Australasia, and Asia, and intervened as expert witness in legal proceedings in countries from Europe, American, African, and Asian continents (one of his main fields of work is the investigation and documentation of torture and ill-treatment).

Carletta Xavier

Carletta Xavier is a graduate of the University of Tasmania (2014) and has a master’s of criminology from Bond University (2016). Growing up, she was captivated by crime shows such as Criminal Minds, and Crime Scene Investigation (CSI). Whilst understanding that TV portrayals remain unrealistic, forensic examinations and looking into the criminal’s psyche intrigued her. This naturally led her studies to involve psychology and criminology, and influenced her research interests to predominately consider perpetrators of crime and criminal behavior. In the future, Carletta wishes to work within the area of human intelligence gathering and analysis.

When not studying, she can be found enjoying time spent with friends and family, including social functions and adventuring.

Foreword

Traditionally the foreword of a book is written by a subject matter expert or someone else who may be in a position to extol the virtues of the editor(s), author(s), and book. This is done to help with the promotion of the book and to lend credibility to the title.

But a foreword doesn’t always have to be written by a third party, and the author or editor will sometimes write their own piece for a variety of reasons, as we have done here. Our reason for doing so began nearly 30  years ago.

We first met at Immanuel Lutheran College on the Queensland’s Sunshine Coast. Grant was a year ahead but was known through mutual friends and a cousin. He was sporty and academic (while Wayne was neither!). We progressed through our school years with no idea or understanding that we would part company in the postschool years, only to have sporadic contact, until our paths would once again cross a decade into the new millennium leading to new collaborations and partnerships.

Thanks to a fortuitous people you may know notification on Facebook, we renewed contact once again around 2011, and as luck would have it, Grant had recently taken up a teaching/research position at a university in South Australia where Wayne was traveling in the not-too-distant future for a marketing trip. We met up for a bike ride from where Grant was working in the lobby bar of the hotel where Wayne was staying.

We began discussing something herein referred to as the event, which had happened in recent history. This event led to research into the origins of disordered personalities and antisocial behavior, which was to form the basis of something we have elsewhere called the pathways model. After reading hundreds of articles and dozens of books, Wayne had failed to find a single logical or holistic explanation as to how someone progresses from critical developmental periods into adult criminal and antisocial behavior. Discussing the findings of this research, Wayne was to present his ideas, while Grant (based on his education, background, and research) provided the neurodevelopmental backdrop to these. As it happens, the preliminary ideas about developmental pathways to maladaptive behaviors were supported by neurological literature and functional neuroanatomy.

An agreement was made to put the model onto paper, giving it life and form.

Since this time we have worked on numerous publications together, either as contributors or coauthors. We have presented and taught together, and now work together teaching in the criminology program at Bond University while also supporting our side ventures.

It was this research and the development of the pathways model that led to further research into various crime types and the biological, psychological, and environmental factors that lead to crime and antisocial behaviors. Beyond a few works that focused more on the practice of forensic psychology, there didn’t seem to be that many works that covered the breadth of topics we wanted to canvass. They were out there for sure, including one published in the mid-2000s, with another published in 2010. While similar, none examined the sheer spectrum of behaviors and crimes, and none covered these in the ways we wanted to cover them. We also wanted to utilize the wealth of experience that existed in a variety of fields including forensic psychology and psychiatry, (forensic) criminology, and sociology. We approached a number of industry leaders as well as students doing research in areas we wanted to include, and were pleased with the warm and welcome reception we received from them.

So one day we sat at a café and formulated a plan for this book. We started out big and whittled down the topics to avoid or reduce overlap. We set about finding authors that we knew, and approached a few that we didn’t, further refining the topic and chapter list. Once we had this, we approached Elsevier with a proposal that was promptly accepted, and from here we were given deadlines and time frames (many of which we renegotiated, sorry Joslyn and Liz!). Chapters started to come in, and owing to other commitments some authors were replaced with others. Further writing and refinement took place over the coming months, and you are now holding the end product of that process in your hands. For this, we thank you.

While we have both written a number of works, this one has been the most personal because of the relationships involved and the sheer amount of time represented by these.

While popular concepts view criminality/victimity as a binary state (you are either a criminal/victim or you are not), the reality is far more complex. While either status may be conferred by the law, once an appropriate set of conditions have been met, the lead up into and through this status involves a great many preconditions and contributions from different sources that make it difficult if not impossible to identify a single moment in time at which someone becomes a criminal or a victim. For example, is a domestic violence victim made at that moment they are struck by an intimate partner or at that moment in their development where they vicariously learned that being a victim was a normal part of life? Was the domestic abuser created in the instant when they struck their partner or when they learned through a role model that physical violence was an acceptable conflict resolution strategy?

We teach our students that, despite media sound bites, behavior is multidetermined and multifaceted. To borrow from science, criminal and victim behavior is best thought of as a complex system. More specifically, they are part of a complex adaptive system in that they are part of a dynamic set of relationships and interactions, that they are gestalt (more than the sum of the parts), and can adapt to a variety of events or collections of events. To add to this complexity, the individual parts and the collective whole will differ between individuals and environments but also between crime types.

We have tried to keep much of this theme running throughout the chapters in this work such that the complex nature of the crime or behavior covered is revealed. While we could not provide a panacea to the question that has plagued criminology since its inception (Why does crime occur?), we hope that we and authors have gone some way to addressing the big questions as represented by those things between these covers. We apologize in advance for anything we may have omitted herein, but rest assured we will take all suggestions for subsequent editions!

With these things in mind, we developed a best fit for the layout of this work. Given the breadth and depth of the chapters covered, it was difficult to find only a few main themes that ran throughout each work to arrange this work into a cohesive whole. But we have done our best in this regard, and therefore we present the content as follows.

In the opening chapter, Grant discusses psychopathology as a mediator of antisocial and criminal behavior. The relationship between crime and mental disorder is often overstated, and in this chapter the relationship between crime and disorder is discussed as well as the disorders with the greatest prevalence in this context. The author provides a link between disorder and the motivational context in which crime and antisocial conduct occur based on other works we have presented.

The next chapter, written by Petherick and Sinnamon, discusses catathymic violence in its various permutations including the chronic and acute types. This chapter provides both a historic and contemporary view of catathymia going back over a century to the works of Wertham and Maier. This is followed by a discussion of compulsive homicides and the ways in which these may differ from catathymia. The chapter ends with sadism, looking also at the historical context for sadistic behavior including the Marquis de Sade and the seminal work of Krafft-Ebbing. A further discussion about the possible confusion between catathymia and sadism rounds out this chapter.

Chapter 3 presents the research of Gaelle Brotto in examining victims of personal violence. This research was based on the earlier suggestion of Petherick and the subsequent work of Petherick and Ferguson and Petherick and Sinnamon, that the motivational typologies we use to describe criminal behavior are also adequate motivations for victim behavior (and, in fact, also noncriminal behavior). The research presented in this chapter demonstrates that these typologies, with some modification, are effective in describing victim motivations to behave in ways that place them in a situation in which they can be harmed. Further, this research showed that you can predict the type of victimization from the type of motivation.

Jim Cawood, a world-renowned expert in violence assessment and intervention, has provided Chapter 4 of this book. Jim’s chapter examines the backdrop to violence and the various ways that the risk of violence can be assessed, and in some ways, predicted. He then goes on to discuss the different influences introduced into the process by victim and offender factors. Throughout the chapter the nature and efficacy of various interventions are discussed.

In compiling a list of authors for this work, we truly wanted to recruit an international group of contributors that could provide a sense not only of their area but of how these things operate in their country and culture. We truly had authors from the four corners of the globe. In this fifth chapter, Fátima Almeida and Duarte Nuno Vieira from Portugal look into the perpetrators and victims in cases of filicide. This chapter examines the historical aspects of filicide, followed by filicide and mental illness, also providing a systematic overview of the different classifications. Demographic, historical, situational, clinical, and offense characteristics including methods and motives close the chapter.

From the United Kingdom, Gareth Norris, Gwyn Griffith, and Heather Norris provide Risk Assessment in Youth Justice: A Child-Centered Approach to Managing Interventions. This chapter opens with definitions for risk assessment and youth justice, and canvasses the variety of issues present when conducting risk assessments within the sphere of youth criminal and antisocial behaviors. As with any modern discussion of risk assessment, there is a question of what should be done once an at-risk individual has been identified. This is discussed here, along with the importance and role of restorative approaches within youth problem behavior.

Petherick provides a general overview of stalking in Chapter 7. This includes a history of stalking legislation and behavior, a look at some of the individual behaviors involved in stalking, as well as a detailed examination of some of the systems used to classify stalking behavior. This chapter closes with a discussion of stalking among special populations including university students and forensic psychologists among others before finishing with stalking as a serial crime.

Following this and providing a more detailed examination of stalkers of public figures, renowned forensic psychiatrist Michele Pathé examines the fixated loner. Michele discusses the difference between public and private figure stalkers and the assessment of risk among the fixated loner. Research into stalkers of the British royal family is presented and the role of mental illness in the stalking of celebrities and public figures discussed. A variety of intervention services aimed specifically at high-profile targets are also provided.

At the halfway point, Huntingdon and Petherick provide an overview and suggested definition and characterization of cyberbullying and online aggression. The problems with a universal definition thus far as well as the problems these present are discussed. Key and core characteristics of aggression, harassment, and bullying are provided before suggesting a unifying definition for these. The importance of a working and viable definition for academics, researchers, and detection or prevention are also given.

Also from Portugal, Mauro Paulino of the Instituto de Psicologia Clinica e Forense in Portugal provides insight into the psychological issues related to victims and offenders in domestic violence (DV). The background topic of domestic violence begins the discussion before moving onto risk factors for the victim, offender, and context. This chapter also discusses problem aspects of domestic violence, including under-reporting.

In Chapter 11, Andrea Lee and Robyn Lincoln look specifically at male victims of domestic violence. This chapter presents what may be considered a controversial aspect of domestic violence—that men are perpetrated against at similar rates to women. Other aspects include LGBT violence and the gender paradigm as related to DV before looking into the forms of violence and abuse perpetrated against men. This chapter closes with precipitating factors, reporting factors, and the impacts of DV.

Having once been presented with the possibility that an honor killing was simply a racist way to label domestic violence, Petherick began exploring the similarities and differences between these two events. In this chapter, Xavier, Petherick, and Sinnamon provide a historical and contemporary account of honor killings and domestic violence with a view to determining whether they are the same or different. This is done through an examination of the victims, offenders, and offenses in domestic violence and honor killings. Results suggest that while an honor killing is a type of DV, there are enough differences to indicate that they should be considered separate entities with unique and distinct features and characteristics.

In many jurisdictions around the world, the rate at which homicides remain unsolved is around 12%. This means that for about one in eight homicides an offender will never be brought to justice. In Chapter 13, McKinley looks at homicide in Australia to illustrate trends, patterns, and specific behavioural aspects relevant to these events. This chapter highlights the reasons why people kill, homicide trends, and the features of homicides.

In Chapters 14 and 15, Lara Christensen of Griffith University examines victims and offenders in child sexual abuse. The features of victims and offenders are discussed, along with common misconceptions surrounding victims, offenders, and the offenses. Reasons for not reporting are also provided along with characteristics and prevalence. Also included are aspects related to the milieu of offending and the psychology of parties involved.

In the last decade we have been able to establish a much better understand of the grooming of children online. This includes no shortage of media attention, right through to movies and documentaries made about specific cases and instances. In Chapter 16, Grant goes outside of the grooming of children and offers a somewhat unique view of the grooming of adults for sexual purposes. This chapter examines the various reasons why this has largely been unexplored to date, including victim blaming, stigmatization, and the reluctance to report among others. In this chapter, Grant goes on to present a new model of adult sexual grooming in an attempt to fill a significant gap in the literature, which has hitherto tended to place adult and child sexual grooming into the same box.

WP was fortunate enough to attend a conference in Melbourne many years ago where he saw a presentation on an area that was not well known or researched. Fortunately this presentation was given by someone who had contributed to this literature in this field, who was also one of the most engaging presenters seen in 18  years of tertiary education. When we conceived this title, this speaker was one of the first to be proposed to contribute, and we were delighted when he accepted the offer to write a chapter for us. In Chapter 17, Grant Lester, forensic psychiatrist, is Searching for the Spectrum of Querulous in which he details the attempt to understand and cope with persistent complainers. In legal circles these are known as vexatious litigants, who in clinical terms suffer from querulous paranoia. This chapter, like the presentation, is informative and enlightening and we are happy to have been able to include it in this work.

One of the final chapters is provided by Majeed Khader and his colleague Poh Shu Yun from Singapore. This chapter is written from the point of view of the implications of Internet love scams for law enforcement, and discusses the evolution and development of these online scams through the discussion of their features and perpetration. The psychological factors of victims and offenders are also included here before closing with intervention strategies. As with many other chapters in this work, this is a relatively new and emerging area, and this chapter is a valuable contribution to this book.

One of the more pervasive and destructive crimes is discussed in the penultimate chapter by Therese Ellis-Smith. Ellis-Smith provides Firesetters: A Review of Theory, Facts, and Treatment. The theories are the current corpus used to explain arson and firesetting behavior, coupled with the typologies that have been developed to explain this behavior. The prevalence, impact, and cost of arson are discussed along with the clearance rates. The chapter ends with the programs developed for arsonist treatment.

In this final chapter, Wayne Petherick discusses cults. While researching this chapter, the author was struck by the lack of rigorous academic research on cults even though they are so destructive and relatively pervasive. This chapter was written to provide the reader with a background to cults, the differences between cults and religion, the attraction to cults, and the features of a cult as identified by Lifton after his study of thought reform used by the Nazis in World War II.

So, there you have it—how we, the authors, grew up, put on big-boy pants, and added colleagues and coauthors to our existing friends status. We have also explained the foundations of the chapter contents of this text and the rationale for their inclusion. What remains is the final word, which perhaps ironically is to say that, on these topics there is no final word. Crime and (by its very definition) antisocial behaviors, take place in a social space. As such they are constructed elements of a dynamic environment. This ever-changing, interactive world is subject to alteration, advancement, evolution, integration, and separation of ideas and practices, and at times, regression to periods of a future past. This means there is unlikely to ever be a final or definitive word on the topics explored in this text, or indeed any factor that is determined by the ethics, morality, and social will of the day. This said, we hope you enjoy and are challenged by the topics herein. They, at least for this moment in time, represent the socially constructed phenomena that constitute the cultural journey of crime, deviance, and antisocial behaviors.

Acknowledgments

Another book project down and the same lesson reinforced—choose good and capable people who can do what you ask in the time frame you ask it, and life will be infinitely easier.

My experience from this project, which we chose to title The Psychology of Crime and Antisocial Conduct, has been warm and positive. It has at times been stressful (when dealing with authors who initially agree then later withdraw for whatever reason), fulfilling (when approaching authors who, with little to go on, agreed to be a part of our work), and enlightening (when reading through chapters not directly within my areas of expertise). I can safely say that through this project I have grown and developed, cultivated new skills, and more finely tuned old ones.

There are of course the usual suspects to thank—My own children for being orphaned at various (but brief) points, and of course my boss, professor Raoul Mortley, for being accommodating and giving me the time to work on things such as this.

And of course I could not forget my encouraging, loving, and gracious partner, Natasha. Tash is about the biggest bibliophile you could ever come across, and her love and encouragement go further than the eye can see—although, I do occasionally suspect she is just looking to add another book to her collection! She has both offered editorial and motivational support throughout and gotten me back behind the keyboard when and as needed. Always willing to down her own tools and give me useful advice, I couldn’t, and wouldn’t want to, do it without her.

A huge thanks also to all of the contributors. Many experts in their own right, while others are growing into their professional skin, an edited volume such as this would be nothing without them. I sincerely hope I am not missing any names, and if I am, I will humbly apologize right now: Grant Sinnamon, Lara Christensen, Mauro Paulino, Fatima Almeida, Yolande Robinson, Carletta Xavier, Gareth Norris, Heather Norris, Gwyn Griffith, Duarte Nuno Vieira, Grant lester, Michele Pathé, Majeed Khader, Poh Shu Yun, Grant Lester, Andrea Lee, Robyn Lincoln, Therese Ellis-Smith, and Amber McKinley.

A huge thanks, as always, goes out to the expert and professional team at Elsevier, most notably Liz and Joslyn, for their ongoing support and encouragement (and oft times tolerance). You are always a pleasure to work with, and I always enjoy the process of putting a project together with you. Here’s cheers until the next one if you will have me/us!

Last, but by no means least, there is Grant and his wonderful family. Like mine, they encourage and support his many projects and they always make Grant available for loan when I have a wacky idea, this one included. Thanks go to Grant’s wife, Natalie, for helping with the editorial and other duties, too. You’re definitely part of the team Nat, and we wouldn’t be here without you! I first met Grant as a high school student where he was one grade ahead of me. Post school we lost contact for a while, but thanks to the wonders of social networking met again over a glass of merlot and have been working on projects ever since. While we have cowritten before, this is our first coedited volume together and hopefully one of many to come. Thanks mate, you are an unstoppable force and a pleasure to work with—Take us out of the world, Wash…got us some crime to be done.

–Wayne Petherick

Any work of this nature does not happen in a vacuum. Indeed, I liken the experience of writing this, my first collection of edited works, to that of Bill and Ted embarking on their first excellent adventure. We have crossed generations, crossed cultures and languages, have dodged and weaved and made monumental promises of deferred service to family, friends, and colleagues, and have put together a melting pot of ideas, expertise, and personalities into a collective experience—all for educational purposes. We even managed to take out the garbage on a few occasions. Ultimately, like Bill and Ted, Wayne and I hope the result is most excellent, and that it inspires its readers to appreciate that understanding and dealing with deviant behavior is an adventure into the shades of gray, in which so much of the human experience finds its richness, excitement, fear, and loathing, and in the end, for better or worse, where culture stimulates its relentless evolution.

So, having undertaken this excellent adventure, there are, as always, many who helped us on the journey. First of all, the team at Anderson Publishing have been amazing. Thank you. The back room is where the action happens, and they are always in the thick of it.

This work is a collaboration, and there are a number of incredibly smart people who have given their time and knowledge to create the end product. Clinical, legal, and academic professionals alike typically suffer from a decided lack of spare time, and yet all of the authors have given freely of their time to share their knowledge and experience in their respective fields of expertise. Thank you for your commitment and your generosity.

To my children, Charlotte, Dillon, Mackenzie, and Indiana. Thanks for putting up with my long work hours and short playtime. Here’s to fewer goodbyes by the car, and more goodnight kisses and cuddles by the bedside. You are my greatest creation, my greatest joy, and a gift without equal. Thank you for choosing me as your Dad, I love you all so very much.

To Natalie, my wife, my queen, my everything. My beautiful Sparky, no words can express my gratitude and my appreciation for your support, your patience, and your love. So with all I am, I say thank you my love.

Finally, thanks go to Wayne Petherick, my partner in this project, ironically, one of the more antisocial activities in which I have engaged. Known by many names: doctor, associate professor, criminologist, colleague, fellow time traveler, and Browncoat; but above all else, you are an outstanding human being, and I am proud to call you friend. You are the reason my name appears on this dust cover, and I thank you for the excellent adventure.

–Grant Sinnamon

Chapter 1

Psychopathology as a Mediator of Antisocial and Criminal Behavior

Grant Sinnamon     Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia     Bela Menso Brain and Behaviour Centre, Varsity Lakes, QLD, Australia

Abstract

Our thoughts and emotions collude with physical reality to produce our motivation and, ultimately, our behaviors. When our thoughts and emotions are disordered and in some manner disconcordant to those of our social space, our resulting behaviors run the risk of being antisocial. The way in which cognitive and affective pathologies either deviate and/or motivate behavior is both complex and heterogeneous, and given that mental pathology involves presentation that is influenced by any combination of episodic, degenerative, and environmentally dependant factors, they are also likely to be evanescent. In some cases, the antisocial behaviors associated with psychopathology cross the line from being merely deviant into the realm of the criminal. Given the broader context of this publication, and if we assume that many psychopathologies manifest in substantial antisocial behavior, whether expressive or avoidant; it is perhaps more appropriate to focus our conversation on those that are more criminally oriented. This is the world of forensic psychopathology. Forensic psychology, the discipline associated with criminally oriented psychopathology, is not so much concerned with labeling specific psychological syndromes as associated with criminology—notwithstanding those that are specifically identified as syndromes due to their forensic orientation (e.g., psychopathy, paedophilia, etc.)—but rather is more focused on the pathological expression of individual psychological mechanisms such as thoughts, emotions, and motivations that may ultimately drive someone to engage in criminal behavior. This chapter discusses some of the most common psychopathologies that are associated with antisocial behaviors that place the individual at potentially higher risk for criminality. These conditions' characteristics and their associated mechanisms will be explored with a focus on the syndromes, symptoms, and behavioral consequences that are primarily associated with interpersonal antisocial behaviors and person-to-person enacted criminality.

Keywords

Abnormal; Antisocial behavior; Anxiety; Behavior; Cognition; Criminal behavior; Criminal mental health; Criminality; Delusion; Depression; Deviant; Emotion; Erotomania; Forensic psychology; Forensic psychopathology; Hallucination; Infanticide; Mental illness; Motivation; Obsession; Offender; Personality disorder; Psychopathology; Psychotic; Social norm; Stalking; Victim

Chapter Outline

Introduction

What Is Psychopathology?

What Is Forensic Psychopathology?

Mental Illness and Criminality

Personality Disorders and Criminality

Reassurance-Driven PD and Criminality

Assertive-Driven PD and Criminality

Anger Retaliatory-Driven PD and Criminality

Pervasive Anger-Driven PD and Criminality

Excitation-Driven PD and Criminality

Materially Driven PD and Criminality

Self-Preservation–Driven PD and Criminality

Psychotic Disorders and Criminality

Disordered Thinking as Foundation to Antisocial and Criminal Behavior in Psychotic Disorders

Obsession

Delusion and Paranoia

Delusional Subtypes With Forensic Association

Affective Disorders and Criminality

Major Depression

Postnatal Depression and Women Who Kill Their Children

Bipolar Disorder

Anxiety

Intellectual Impairments, Acquired Brain Injuries, and Criminality

Addiction, Alcohol and Substance Abuse, and Criminality

Conclusion

Summary

Questions

References

Introduction

Many psychopathologies result in the significant manifestation of antisocial behaviors. Some of these are antisocial in the context of the sufferer withdrawing from social interaction and isolating himself or herself as a defensive mechanism to help avoid the unpleasant thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and physiological reactions that are a feature of the disorder. Anxiety disorders, depression, trauma, and conditions that affect communication and/or socialization, such as autism, are examples of conditions that fit this description. The use of immersive technologies, nonsuicidal self-injury, and alcohol may also be seen in this light as they are often used as means of avoiding, attenuating, treating, or self-medicating these symptoms. Generally speaking, avoidant behavior of this nature is unlikely to result in criminal behavior. The exception is when self-medicating with alcohol is undertaken by a minor or if an adult exchanges alcohol for illicit substances. At other times, psychopathology influences the manifestation of behaviors that are more expressive in nature. That is to say, these behaviors are focused outward at other people, animals, or objects. When this occurs, the behavior necessarily impinges on others, whether directly, such as in the case of an assault, or indirectly, such as when the behavior involves property theft or damage. It is in this context that psychopathology is likely to result in criminal behaviors. Expressive behaviors can be volitional, nonvolitional, or incidental.

• Volitional: A volitional behavior is a deliberate act that is committed to achieve a specific end. The end may or may not be a legitimate endeavor. A legitimate endeavor can include acts such as sexual or physical assault, theft, or other behavior that is undertaken as a direct means to achieve a desired outcome. An illegitimate endeavor may include speeding, illicit drug use, or other high-risk behavior undertaken while in a manic or psychotic episode, or other state that distorts the offender’s capacity for insight or judgment.

• Nonvolitional: A nonvolitional behavior is an act committed as a result of delusional or hallucinogenic cognitions that establish a false presumption on the part of the offender. Command hallucinations (e.g., the Seagull told me that man was evil, and it was my duty to stab him before he hurt anyone else) and delusional thoughts of cause and effect (e.g., if I kill his wife then he will love me, and we can be together forever) are examples of this form of criminal act.

• Incidental: Incidental behaviors are illegal acts that occur incidentally to another objective. An example of this may be someone who has a pathology that presents as generally avoidant but finds himself in a highly anxiety-provoking situation that triggers a panic attack. As a result, the individual may lash out to try and escape (avoid) the fear-provoking stimuli. He may assault someone, destroy property, or steal a bike, car, or other means of transportation to flee.

Although mental illness may contribute to antisocial and criminal behaviors, it is imperative that we appreciate that psychopathology and criminal behavior are not ubiquitous. The reality is that individuals with a mental illness are at an exponentially greater risk of being a victim of crime than they are of becoming an offender. This being said, there are certain psychopathologies, as well as cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral manifestations, that, when present, may collude with environmental circumstances to increase the risk that an individual will engage in antisocial and/or deviant behaviors. It is also true that many of these antisocial or deviant acts may well cross the line and also be criminal. However, to reiterate, it is far more common that these emotional, cognitive, and psychobehavioral manifestations collude with environmental circumstances to increase the risk of a mentally ill person becoming a victim of crime. For the mentally ill, as with all individuals; the socioenvironmental circumstances are of paramount importance in mediating the ultimate outcome. It is perhaps the first rule to keep in the forefront of your mind when immersing yourself in the world of crime and the individual—no one lives in a vacuum, and it is the interaction between the individual and the external mechanics of his ecology (family, peers, education, socioeconomic status, society and culture, etc.) that ultimately determines the outcome (Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994). Indeed, the corporate world is full of psychopathic personalities who have never committed a murder but have ruthlessly used their psychological make-up to allow them to pursue financial goals and objectives despite the potential impact on others. In fact, the study of what has become known as corporate psychopathy is a burgeoning field within the arena of organizational psychology (Babiak, Neumann, & Hare, 2010; Mathieu, Neumann, Babiak, & Hare, 2015; Yamagishi, Li, Takagishi, Matsumoto, & Kiyonari, 2014).

In this chapter, we will explore how psychopathology can mediate antisocial and criminal behaviors. We will explore some of the mainstream diagnosed psychopathologies that are associated with crime and criminal behaviors, and we will explore the expression of our constituent thoughts, emotions, motivations, and other psychological components of our psyche that influence the risk for criminal behavior. While mainstream mental illness and crime are popular topics in the media and a common go-to for politicians and lobbyists looking for a convenient scapegoat when terrible events occur; it is the constituent parts that are potentially of the greatest value to the justice system, as they provide