Tiu lun v CH S OCTAN

Mc lc
I-Gii thiu: ............................................................................................................................. 2
1/ Hin tng kch n:..............................................................................................................2 2/ Ch s octan: ........................................................................................................................3 3/ ng c CFR: ......................................................................................................................4

II-Phn loi: ............................................................................................................................. 5

1/ RON : ...................................................................................................................................5 2/ MON:...................................................................................................................................5 3/ AKI: .....................................................................................................................................5 4/ RdON hoc IOR: ...................................................................................................................5

III-Lch s hnh thnh ch s octan: ...................................................................................... 6 IV-La chn ch s octan ph hp: ....................................................................................... 9 V-Nng cao ch s octan: ...................................................................................................... 11
1/Xng pha ch: ...................................................................................................................... 11 2/MTBE, ETBE v TAME: ......................................................................................................... 13 3/Ethanol: .............................................................................................................................. 15 4/ Ph gia Metanol: ................................................................................................................ 15 5/ Ph gia TBA: ....................................................................................................................... 15 6/Ph gia dimetyl ete (DME): .................................................................................................. 16 7/Ph gia Plutocen G: ............................................................................................................. 17 8/Ph gia MMT (metylxyclopentadienyl Mangan Tricacbonyl): ................................................. 18 9/Nng cao ch s octan thng qua qu trnh lc du: .............................................................. 19

VI- GII THIU MT S THIT B O CH S OCTAN: ......................................... 23

1/ OCTANE meter SX-200: ....................................................................................................... 23 2/ My o ch s OCTAN cm tay - M: MODEL ZX-101XL ............................................... 25

VII- Ti liu tham kho: ....................................................................................................... 26

I-Gii thiu: 1/ Hin tng kch n: Hin tng kch n bt ngun t vic s dng nhin liu c kh nng chng kch n qu thp, khin cho hn hp kh - nhin liu khng c t chy mt cch iu ho to ra ngun nng lng ti a. t c nng lng ti a t xng, hn hp kh nn nhin liu - khng kh trong bung t cn phi c t chy mt cch iu ho. Bt u t khi bugi nh la, b mt ngn la lan to mt cch ng u trong xi-lanh vi tc khong 20-25 m/s v t chy ht ho kh nhin liu - khng kh nhng vng m n i qua. Qu trnh chy iu ho sinh ra cc bc x quang nhit t nng vng kh cha chy pha trc v nu nhin liu c kh nng chng kch n tt, hn hp nhin liu khng kh vng ny s khng b chy trc khi b mt la lan ti, chng s chy mt cch tun t cho n khi ton b kh trong xi-lanh chy ht, bng cch , nhin liu s cung cp mt lc y c nng lng ti a ln piston.
Hnh 1: Minh ha s lan truyn ca ngn la v cc im t bc chy

Trong thc t, c hng lot cc phn ng tin kch n din ra vng kh cha chy trong bung t trc khi b mt la t bugi p n. Cc phn ng tin chy n to ra cc phn t hay cc gc ho hc c kh nng t bc chy bi cc bc x quang nhit vi tc chy t khong 1.500-2.500 m/s, nhanh gp hng trm ln tc chy bnh thng. Vi tc chy nh vy chng s gy ra s tng t ngt p sut trong xi-lanh, gi tr p sut tc thi ti thi im xy ra hin tng kch n m my ghi p lc ghi c l 160 atm, gp nhiu ln so vi p sut vn hnh ch chy bnh thng. Tuy nhin, p sut tng hp ti a tc ng ln b mt piston li khng khc my so vi p sut vn hnh bnh thng. Nguyn nhn l do s b tr p sut ca hai khi kh ngc chiu nhau: Mt sinh ra t b mt la lan truyn t bugi v mt sinh ra t cc im t kch n. Hin tng kch n lm tiu hao nng lng, gim sc mnh ca ng c do nng lng nhit thu c khng dng sinh cng hu ch, p sut sinh ra t cc im t chy ch yu to ra cc sng hi xung ng va p vo thnh xi-lanh, my n rung git v lm

nng ng c mt cch bt thng, ng thi, sng nn sinh ra t cc v tr kch n cng hng vi sng nn chnh to ra nt giao thoa v pht ra nhng ting ku lc cc. Hiu sut nhit ng hc ca mt vng hot ng ca ng c t trong t hay my bay tng khi tng t l nn. Ngha l t s ca th tch xilanh im cht di vi th tch ca xilanh im cht trn cng ln. Nhng c mt gii hn trn cho s tng t s nn ny. trn gii hn ny, hiu sut s gim i v xut hin ting g lch cch ca kim loi. Khi ng c hot ng bnh thng (khng c ting g) s chy ca hn hp khng kh - nhin liu (c bt u bng tia la t bugi) c truyn theo cc sng ng tm vi tc truyn la khong vi mt/giy. Tuyn la trong khi truyn, nn phn cn li ca khng kh nhin liu cha b chy lm tng nhit ca hn hp. Nhng iu kin nhit v p sut qu cao ny thun li cho s hnh thnh cc hp cht peoxit km bn vng. Khi nng ca chng trong hn hp t n mt gi tr thch hp th chng t phn hy mt cch t ngt gy nn s n. S n ny c c trng bng mt tc rt ln s truyn sng. Sng ny p vo np xilanh v u ca pittong gy nn ting n mnh. Vy ting g lch cch l kt qu ca sng c hc v nhit gy ra. Sng c hc tc ng n ng c, song ngi ta c th ch to c cc ng c khng b nh hng bi sng ny. Nhng hiu ng nhit li rt nguy him, cn thit phi lm lnh loi bt nhit to ra khi nhin liu chy. Nu khng ng c b t nng thun li cho qu trnh to peoxit, to mui cacbon bm trn u pittong. Mui ny b nng gy nn s t chy ca nhin liu m khng cn bugi nh la v ng c vn tip tc quay khi ta ngt tip xc. Nh vy, i vi mt nhin liu cho s n gn lin vi vic ch to ng c, h s nn, ri ca dng khng kh nhin liu, dng ca np xilanh,... cht lng ca bugi. i vi mt ng c cho, s n ph thuc vo thnh phn nhin liu. Cc yu t trn dn ti vic phi s dng phng php phn loi cc nhin liu tu theo cht lng khng n ca chng trong ng c. Nguyn tc ca vic phn loi cc nhin liu l so snh chng trn cng mt ng c chun tnh cht ca mu nghin cu vi tnh cht ca mt hn hp hirocacbon tinh khit ly lm chun. u thp nin 1920 ngi ta chng kin cnh ch trong vi pht piston, cht piston rn nt, vng gng (sc-mng) v thnh tng mnh, b truyn ng, hp s, trc cam b mi mn, v cui cng ton b h thng ng c b ph hu bi s kt hp gia sng p sut mnh vi hin tng qu nhit do nhin liu chng kch n thp. 2/ Ch s octan: Ch s octan l ch s c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca xng, ch s octan cng cao kh nng chng kch n cng tt. Cht isooctan (2,2,4-trimethylpentan) l nhin liu khng b kch n c dng lm chun v quy c c ch s octan bng 100; n - heptan l nhin liu rt d kch n, c quy c c ch s octan bng 0. Ch s octan ca mt loi xng bng hm lng (t l % th tch)

ca isooctan trong hn hp ca n vi n - heptan m trong iu kin th tiu chun trn ng c tiu chun CRF, hn hp ny c kh nng chng n tng ng vi loi xng y. V d: loi xng c ch s octan bng 92 c ngha l xng y c kh nng chng kch n tng ng vi hn hp gm 92% isooctan v 8% n - heptan. Ch s octan ca xng t thng t 83 n 95, ca xng my bay thng t 92 n trn 100. 3/ ng c CFR: ng c CFR (cooperative fuel research) l ng c tiu chun mt xi lanh ra i nm 1928 nhm mc ch kim tra kh nng kch n ca nhin liu. Cc thng s chun ca ng c: ng knh xy lanh: 82,55 mm Khong chy piston: 114,30 mm Th tch xy lanh: 661 cm3 T s nn: 4-18 Vn tc quay khi th nghim: c nh Ty theo cch lm vic ca ng c ngi ta c th thu c: Ch s octan nghin cu (RON) hay phng php F1 vi ng c quay 600 Hnh 2: Mt ng c CFR hin i vng/pht. Ch s octan moto (MON) hay phng php F2 vi ng c quay 400 vng/pht. Ch s octan mt (MON) ca mt nhin liu ni chung thp hn ch s octan nghin cu (RON). S khc nhau gia hai gi tr RON v MON cho ta bit nhy ca nhin liu c nghin cu. Vi xng my bay ngi ta dng phng php F3 vi ng c c s vng quay l 1200 v/ph. Cn phng php F4 c trng cho tnh cht nhin liu dng khi my bay ct cnh hay my bay chin u c xc nh vi ng c c s vng quay 1800 v/ph. theo di hin tng kch n ngi ta da theo tn hiu cm bin hoc cng anh thanh. Mt nhin liu c ch s octan l X, nu trong ng c CFR n gy nn mt ting g tng ng vi ting g quan st thy ca mt hn hp gm X phn trm th tch isooctan v (100 x) phn trm th tch n-heptan. Trong trng hp tr s octan ln hn 100 th xc nh tr s octan ngi ta cho thm vo xng mt hm lng Tetraetyl ch ri tin hnh o. Tr s octan c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong T l hm lng tetrametyl ch (ml) II-Phn loi: Hin nay c 4 loi ch s octan thng dng: 1/ RON : RON (Research Octan Number) l ch s octan thng dng nht , c xc nh tc quay ca ng c CFR l 600 vng/pht, ph hp cho cc loi xe chy trong thnh ph, thng xuyn thay i tc v ti trng nh. 2/ MON: MON (Motor Octan Number) c cc nh tng t RON nhng tc quay ca ng c CFR ln n 900 vng/pht. MON thng thp hn RON 8-10 n v, thng s ny thch hp i vi cc loi xe vn ti ng trng, tc vn hnh cao v n nh. 3/ AKI: AKI (Anti-knock Index) cn c gi l Pump Octan Number (PON) thng dng Canada, M c tnh theo cng thc AKI = (RON + MON)/2 . 4/ RdON hoc IOR: RdON (Observed Road Octan Number) xut pht t vic kim tra xng trn ng c nhiu xi lanh thc t. RdOn c pht trin t nhng nm 1920 v hin nay vn cn ng tin cy. Ngy xa phng php ny phi kim tra trc tip xe chy trn ng, nhng hin nay c th bng lc k vi mi trng c kim sot nhm gi tnh thng nht. ng ch l tc quay ca phng php ny thay i ch khng c nh nh o RON v MON, do phng php ny o RdON c th cao hn hoc thp hn RON. Tr s octan trn ng c xc nh theo cng thc : IOR = RON S /a2 Trong : S nhy, S = RON MON
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:a h s t 4.6 6.2 ph thuc vo t s nn ca ng c Mt khc do xng cha nhiu thnh phn c s khc bit kh ln v kh nng chng kch n. Thng thng th phn c nhit si thp (ngoi tr iso pentan, benzen) c ch s octan thp, do trong mt s ch lm vic ca ng c c th xy ra s chia tch xng trong ng c, dn n trong mt thi im nht nh no lng nhin liu c np vo xylanh cha nhiu thnh phn nh, bc hi nhanh nhng ch s octan li thp do d dn n qu trnh chy kch n trong mt s chu k nht nh. V vy, ngoi 4 loi trn th ngi ta cn o ch s octan ca phn ct c nhit si n 100oC v c k hiu R-100, gi tr ca n lun nh hn RON v chnh lch ny c gi l RON. III-Lch s hnh thnh ch s octan: Gn hai thp k t sau khi Carl Benz ch to chic xe chy bng ng c xng u tin, cc chuyn gia k thut mi nhn ra rng hin tng kch n khng cho php h tu tng sc mnh ca ng c t trong. Nhng nm cui th k 19 u th k 20, lch s ca ng c t trong bc sang mt trang mi. Ngi khi xng cho cuc cch mng cng ngh t - xe my thi k l Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, nh thit k ng c ngi c, khi vo nm 1885, ng th nghim thnh cng loi xe hai bnh chy bng ng c t trong mt xi-lanh. Song song v c lp vi Wilhelm Daimler, nm 1886, Carl Freidrich Benz nhn c bng sng ch v pht minh vn chuyn bng ng c dng xng vi chic xe 4 bnh, ng c lm lnh trong mt xi-lanh. V bn kia b i Ty Dng, nm 1903, nh du s ra i ca mt trong nhng hng xe ni ting nht hin nay, Ford Motor Company do Henry Ford thnh lp. Li nhun kch x thu c t vic sn xut xe hi cng vi s xut hin ca hng lot cc pht minh sng ch ko tt c cc hng xe v cc nh pht trin ng c vo cuc cnh tranh gay gt v cng ngh. Cc hng xe thng xuyn nng cp cu to ca ng c bng cch tch hp thm nhiu tnh nng mi nh h thng lm lnh trong, h thng nh la t ng, v iu quan trng hn, lun tin tng rng sc mnh ca ng c t trong c th tng ln mt cch tu , v theo l thuyt nhit ng hc, vi t s nn cng cao, hiu sut nhit cng gn n cc i. Nhng vo nm 1912, h phi khng ch t s nn di mt gi tr ti hn cho php. Nguyn nhn a ra quyt nh i ngc vi xu th pht trin l nhng ting n lc cc xut hin khi ng c ang lm vic, nguy him hn, hin tng ny cn ph hy ng c ch sau vi pht xut hin. Vo thi im , cc k s cho rng nhng ting lc cc c nguyn nhn t h thng nh in c cung cp cho cc loi xe c chc nng , cn nhng nh pht trin ng c cho bit h c th nng cao sc mnh v hiu sut ca ng c nu hin tng c khc phc.

ng trc thch thc , Charles F. Kettering, trng phng nghin cu ca hng General Motor giao cho ngi ng nghip Thomas Midgley nhim v phi tm ra mt cch chnh xc nguyn nhn ca hin tng. Ban u, h s dng my ghi p lc DobbieMcInnes v chng minh rng nhng ting lc cc khng xut hin do s nh la sm ca h thng in, m n xut hin ng thi im p sut tng mt cch mnh lit sau khi bugi nh la. Tuy nhin, my ghi p lc khng thch hp cho cc nghin cu su hn, v vy Midgley v Bob dng mt camera tc cao quan st chnh xc nhng g ang din ra khi ng c lm vic, ng thi, pht trin mt my hin th nng lng cao o mc ca ting n. Song song vi nhng th nghim ca Thomas Midgley, Sir Harry Ricardo - chuyn gia ng c ca qun i Hong gia Anh - a ra khi nim la chn t s nn ti u cho cc ng c c t s nn bin i. Tuy nhin, t s m Ricardo a ra khng phi l tuyt i v cn rt nhiu cc thng s khc nh thi gian nh la, tnh trng sch s, v tr ca cht nh la, nhit ng c Cc hng xe, nhng nh nghin cu ng c cui cng phi tha nhn rng, h qun khng nghin cu, khng pht trin mt thnh phn quan trng nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca ng c t trong: nhin liu. Nhin liu dng cho ng c t trong tn ti mt tnh cht c bit: n s t chy, t kch n khi b nn trong xi-lanh di p sut cao, trc c khi bugi nh la. H nhn ra s cn thit phi c mt thng s nh lng xc nh tnh cht chng kch n ca xng. Thng s ny phi d hiu, d xc nh v hn ht phi c chnh xc cao v n c dng lm c s hng u phn loi, nh gi cho cc sn phm xng thng mi, cng nh l yu t ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi cc nh pht trin ng c. T kt qu ca nhng nh nghin cu i trc, nm 1927, Graham Edgar, mt nhn vin tr ca hng Ethyl Corporation ti M, a ra ngh s dng 2 hydrocacbon nh gi mc kch n cho nhin liu: n-heptan v 2,4,4-trimetylpentan, hay cn c gi mt cch khng chnh xc l iso-octan v tn gi ch s Octan bt ngun t y. Hin nay, sau hn 80 nm ra i, nguyn tc do Edgar ngh vn l nguyn tc xc nh ch s chng kch n duy nht c dng trong cc phng tiu chun, phng kim nh cht lng xng trn th gii. Iso-octan c ch s chng kch n cao, cn n-heptan c kh nng chng kch n rt km v Edgar ngh s dng t s ca hai cht ny nh gi kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu s dng trong cc ng c t trong. ng cng chng minh rng, tr s chng kch n ca tt c cc loi xng thng mi ngy u c th quy v t s th tch nheptan: octan nm trong khong 60:40 n 40:60. Nh vy, vo nhng nm 30 ca th k trc, ch s octan ca nhin liu khong 40 n 60 m thi.

L do mang tnh k thut m Edgar a ra khi dng hai cht ny l chng c nhng tnh cht vt l rt gn nhau nh tnh cht bay hi v c bit l nhit si, chnh v vy, khi ta thay i t s heptan: iso-octan t 100:0 n 0:100 th hu nh cc thng s trn thay i khng ng k. iu ny rt quan trng i vi qu trnh th nghim, v kh nng bay hi ca nhin liu nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca ng c. Tri qua nhiu thp nin, c rt nhiu phng php o ch s Octan c gii thiu, ngoi s phong ph v thit k ca ng c cn c c s phong ph v cc iu kin vn hnh. Giai on 1950-1960, ngi ta c gng thit lp mt phng php o ch s Octan tiu chun mang tnh ton cu, nhm gim thiu s tn ti ca qu nhiu phng php o, qu nhiu tiu chun nh gi ring ca mi nc, nh hng xu n s pht trin ca ngnh thng mi du kh. Trong bi cnh , phng php do ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials Hip hi th nghim vt liu Hoa K) ngh dn tr nn thng dng v cui cng cc nh kim nh cht lng thng nht dng MON (Motor Octane Number - ch s Octan ng c) v RON (Research Octane Number - ch s Octan nghin cu). iu kin o ca phng php MON rt khc nghit, tc ng c cao v duy tr trong mt thi gian di, mang ti trng ln. Do vy, thng s ny thch hp i vi cc loi xe vn ti ng trng, tc vn hnh cao v n nh. Ngc li, phng php RON vn hnh iu kin nh nhng hn, khng thch hp vi cc trng hp mang ti trng ln. RON ph hp cho cc loi xe chy trong thnh ph, thng xuyn thay i tc v ti trng nh. Giai on 1940-1960, cc kt qu o RON tr thnh mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng xng do n c s tng ng vi ch s Octan m cc nh thit k ng c yu cu. Nhng, nhng nm cui ca thp nin 60 th k trc, cc nh ch to ng c c khm ph ra rng ng c ca h t ph hu khi chy trn cc xa l di, thm ch ngay c khi ch s RON vn nm trong yu cu k thut. Thit k ca ng c c nh hng ng k n yu cu v ch s Octan ti u ca ng c (c v RON v MON). Nhng nm 1930, hu ht cc phng tin giao thng vn ti c s nhy cm c bit vi ch s RON, v ngi ta qun i thng s MON. Trong khi , t nm 1990, ng c cn c hai thng s ny, iu c ngha l ng c khng th lm vic bnh thng ch vi mt thng s c lp (RON hoc MON) khi m s thay i RON s ko theo s thay i MON. Ngy nay, cc loi xng thng mi dng cho cc dng xe hi cao cp, bn cnh RON, MON, thng s RON - MON = nhy cng c a vo ch tiu k thut khi ng c vn hnh. Nguyn nhn a ra khi nim nhy l do hai phng php ny c tin hnh hai iu kin khc nhau, c bit l nhit hn hp kh np v tc ng c.
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Loi nhin liu no nhy vi s thay i trong qu trnh vn hnh s c s chnh lch ln gia RON v MON. Cc nhin liu hin nay thng c nhy nm trong khong 10. Xng khng ch US 87 (87= (RON+MON)/2) ca M c ngh c mc MON ti thiu l = 82, trnh cho vic xng c nhy qu cao. Cn vi cc loi xng bn Vit Nam nh A90, A92 (ch A do cc nh cung cp xng du Vit Nam t tn cho sn phm ca mnh), Mogas90, Mogas92 (Mogas - vit tt ca Motor Gasoline, mt cch gi ph bin trn th gii), ch s Octan c tnh bng gi tr nh nht ca RON v gi tr MON c quy nh khng nh hn 82. IV-La chn ch s octan ph hp: Ch s Octan l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh qu trnh vn hnh ca ng c. La chn gi tr Octan ng c "chy" mt cch m , kho khon v trng k l yu cu hng u i vi nhng ngi s hu xe. Ch s Octan nm ngoi danh mc bo hnh ca nh sn xut v vic p ng nhng yu cu k thut ca nhin liu hon ton ph thuc vo ngi s dng. u tin, la chn c loi xng ph hp, cn phi bit kiu ng c ang s dng. Th trng Vit Nam hin c rt nhiu hng xe hi v xe gn my, mi hng xe u c nhng ci tin, thit k ring cho ng c ca mnh. C th phn thnh hai nhm chnh: c v khng c trang b h thng iu hnh t ng. Cc loi xe khng c trang b h thng iu hnh t ng thng l xe gn my v t i c, chng c c im chung l vn dng b ch ho kh to ra hn hp xng gi. Trong khi , hu ht cc hng xe hi c mt Vit Nam hin nay u trang b h thng iu hnh t ng cho cc sn phm ca mnh. Trn cc dng xe ny khng gn b ch ho kh m nhin liu c bm thng vo xi-lanh thng qua thit b bm nhin liu t ng (EFI - Electronic Fuel Injection). i vi cc loi xe khng trang b h thng iu hnh t ng, vic la chn ch s Octan s kh khn hn v ng c khng th t iu chnh v iu kin vn hnh ti u. Hn na, hin tng kch n ph hu ng c rt nhanh nn ngi s dng cc loi xe ny phi dng loi nhin liu chc chn khng gy ra hin tng kch n, di nhng iu kin vn hnh m h thng xuyn gp phi.
Bng 1: Mi quan h gia t s nn v ch s octan ti u

T s nn 5:1 6:1 7:1 8:1

Ch s Octan ti u 72 81 87 92

T s nn 9:1 10:1 11:1 12:1

Ch s Octan ti u 96 100 104 108

Sau khi th nghim vi nhiu dng ng c v nhiu loi xng c ch s Octan khc nhau, cc nh nghin cu a ra kt

lun la chn ch s Octan da trn t s nn ca mi loi ng c. S tng quan gia t s nn vi ch s Octan ti u v tun theo quy lut nhit ng hc, tng t s nn ng thi cng ko theo s tng ch s Octan v hiu sut nhit ng. Hiu sut nhit ng hc tng ln v t cc i khi ng c trng thi chm xut hin hin tng kch n. ng c c t s nn thp lm cho hiu sut lm vic cng gim i ng ng. Quan h gia t s nn v ch s Octan nh sau: Vi hai loi xng bn trn th trng hin nay l Mogas 92 v Mogas 95, cc xe gn my c t s nn t 8:1 n 9:1 u c th hot ng mt cch trn tru nu m bo c cc thng s k thut khc nh: tnh trng sch s ca ng c, v tr cht la v thng s qun tnh vn hnh Run-on (Run-on l thut ng dng ch xu hng tip tc hot ng ca ng c khi ngt ngun in bugi, nu qun tnh ny cng ln, ng c cng d b kch n). Dng xe cao cp ca cc hng xe hi danh ting nh Mercedes-Benz, GM Daewoo, Lexus, BMW ang hot ng Vit Nam, ng c c trang b h thng iu hnh t ng gm hai h thng th cp: H thng kim sot lu lng dng khng kh, lu lng dng nhin liu, thi gian nh la bugi; v h thng cm bin cc thng s nng oxy trong kh thi, mc kch n, nhit kh thi, nhit cht lm mt v nhit van np. Trong trng hp s dng loi xng c ch s Octan khc loi ang dng, h thng s lp tc a ng c v trng thi hot ng ti u nht i vi loi xng bng cch thay i thng s dng nhin liu, dng khng kh iu chnh hn hp xng-gi, ra lnh cho bugi nh la sm hay mun ( nh la sm t l thun vi ch s Octan, 60 i vi xng 93, 80 vi xng 96 v mun 40 vi xng 91). Tuy nhin, trn thc t, vn c mt gi tr v ch s Octan ti u dnh cho tng loi ng c tng iu kin vn hnh nht nh, gi tr ny thng c cc nh sn xut a ra. Nu loi nhin liu s dng c ch s Octan cao hn, ta cng khng nhn c nhiu nng lng hn so vi s dng loi nhin liu c ch s Octan ng nh yu cu. ng c ang vn hnh trn tru iu kin ti u, v th, mt nhin liu c ch s Octan cao hn s chng c nh hng ng k no n hot ng ca chng. Hn na, khi s hu mt chic xe c trang b nhng h thng hin i nh vy, cn phi lu rng hai yu t cng sut ng c v s dng nhin liu mt cch kinh t c vai tr ngang nhau. Nhin liu c ch s Octan cao hn ng nhin s t hn. Ta cng c th thay i ch s Octan cc ma khc nhau (chn loi xng c ch s Octan thp hn v ma ng) tit kim tin m khng lm gim sc mnh ca ng c.

10

Bng 2:

T s nn ca mt vi mu xe my v t ti Vit Nam T s nn ca mt vi mu xe my v t ti Vit Nam Mu Honda SH (chung cho c 125, 125i, 150) Honda @ (chung cho 125 v 150) Honda Dylan Honda Super Dream Honda Future (chung cho tt c cc phin bn) Honda Wave (chung cho tt c cc phin bn) Honda Click Piaggio Zip Piaggio Fly Piaggio GT Piaggio Liberty Yamaha Classico Yamaha Nouvo Yamaha Serious Yamaha Jupiter (chung cho tt c cc phin bn) Yamaha Exciter 135 Suzuki Smash Suzuki Viva Suzuki Shogun 125 Mazda Premacy Ford Escape XLT 3.0 Ford Mondeo 2.5 Mercedes E240 BMW 318i T s nn 11 11 11 9 9,3 9,3 11 11 10,6 12-13 10,6 8,8 8,8 9,3 9,3 11 9,5 9,3 9,5 9,2 10 9,7 10,2 9,7

V-Nng cao ch s octan: 1/Xng pha ch: Xng pha ch ra i gip ngnh cng nghip t chuyn sang mt bc pht trin mi nhng n b cm s dng do gy tc ng xu n sc kho con ngi. Pht hin ca Charles F. Kettering, trng phng nghin cu, sng ch vin cao cp hng General Motors

11

v ng nghip Thomas Midgley v nguyn nhn ca hin tng kch n vo nhng nm u ca thp nin 1910 a ra thch thc mi cho ngnh cng nghip t thi k : Tm kim gii php nng cao tnh cht chng kch n ca nhin liu. Trong sut khong thi gian gn 10 nm sau , cc hng xe hi, cc cng ty du kh, cng ty ho cht huy ng rt nhiu nh nghin cu, chi nhng khon tin khng l gip h tp trung vo nghin cu, th nghim hng lot cc n nhm loi b hin tng kch n. Lch s ngnh cng nghip t li mt ln na ghi tn nhng nghin cu vin xut sc ca hng General Motor. Thomas Midgley, ngy 9/12/1921, khm ph ra tnh cht chng kch n c bit ca hp cht c kim cha ch mang tn ch tetra-ethyl. Mt thnh cng ngoi sc tng tng ca Thomas Midgley sau hn 5 nm tin hnh th nghim vi hng trm cht ph gia khc nhau. Ph gia ch bao gm cc cht nh tetrametyl ch (TML), tetraetyl ch (TEL) c tc dng hy hp cht trung gian hot ng (peroxit, hydroperoxit) do lm gim kh nng chy kch n, kt qu l tr s octan ca xng tng ln. C ch dng ph gia ch c th m t nh sau: -Phn hy TML trong ng c: Pb(CH3)4 Pb + 4CH3 Pb + O2 PbO2 -To cht khng hot ng: R-CH3 + O2 R-CH2OOH (cht hot ng) R-CH2OOH + PbO2 RCHO (cht khng hot ng) + PbO + H2O + O2 Kt qu l bin cc peroxit hot ng thnh cc aldehit (RCHO) bn vng, lm gim kh nng kch n. Nhng ng thi PbO kt ta s bm trn thnh xylanh, ng dn, lm tc ng nhin liu v tng mi mn. Do vy ngi ta dng cc cht a PbO ra ngoi. Cc cht mang hay dng l C2H5Br hoc C2H5Cl, c ch tc dng nh sau: C2H5Br C2H4 + HBr 2HBr + PbO PbBr2 + H2O Cc sn phm PbBr2 , H2O l cht lng, c nhit si thp s bc hi v theo kh thi ra ngoi. Hn hp ph gia ch v cht mang gi l nc ch. Nc ch rt c nn phi nhum mu phn bit.

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General Motor la chn ch tetra-ethyl lm gii php cho hin tng kch n. Ch cn 3-4 cc hp cht ny trong mt gallon nhin liu (3,79 lt), hin tng kch n hon ton bin mt. General Motor nng ngnh cng nghip t ln tm cao mi, mt thi k pht trin mi vi nhng ng c c t s nn cao hn, mnh m hn, hiu qu hn v tit kim nhin liu hn. Nm 1923, song song vi vic ci tin ng c, thit k nhng mu xe mi, General Motor bt u sn xut ch tetra-ethyl thng mi v sau khi lin kt vi hng du kh Standard Oil (Exxon Mobil ngy nay) vo nm 1924 thnh lp ln cng ty Ethyl Corp. Hng lot cng ty ho cht khc tham gia vo lin minh ny vi t cch l thnh vin th 3. Xng pha ch bt u chim lnh th trng, sn lng ch tetra-ethyl khng ngng tng v ch mt thi gian ngn sau tt c cc loi xng trn th gii u pha ch tetra-ethyl. N mang v cho General Motors li nhun khng l, n ni Charles F. Kettering phi tht ln: l mn qu t thin ng!. S pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip t gn lin vi ch tetra-ethyl trong sut mt thi gian di. Nhng, nh bao ho cht thng dng khc, bn cnh nhng tnh nng vt tri, ch tetra-ethyl bt u c nhng nh hng n sc kho con ngi trn din rng. Khng phi n tn khi c nhng s liu thng k v s ngi b cht, b thng do ht phi qu nhiu kh thi t xng pha ch ngi ta mi bit n nhng tnh cht c hi ca n. Ngay t nhng nm 1925, trong cuc hi tho v ch tetra-ethyl do Cc sc kho cng ng M t chc, Hamilton gi General Motors v Charles F. Kettering l nhng k git ngi khng hn, khng km khi cho ph bin ch tetra-ethyl. Cho n nay cha c ph gia no lm tng mnh ch s octan nh ph gia ch ( vi hm lng ch t 0,1 n 0,5 g/l xng c th lm tng t 6 n 12 n v octan). Tuy nhin do tnh cht c hi ca ph gia ny m hin nay trn th gii hu nh khng cn s dng na. Nm 1975, M chnh thc ph chun quyt nh ct gim hm lng ch tetra-ethyl trong xng, v n nm 1986 cm hon ton vic s dng xng pha ch. chu u, xng pha ch b cm s dng vo nhng nm 1990. Cn Vit Nam, ngy 1/11/2001, Th tng cng ra quyt nh cm s dng xng pha ch trn phm vi ton quc. 2/MTBE, ETBE v TAME: MTBE : methyl tert_butyl Ether (CH3)3COCH3 bt u c s dng M t 1979 thay th cho ch tetraethyl gia tng ch s octan. MTBE l mt trong nhm cc hp cht gi l oxygenate v chng lm tng hm lng oxy trong xng. Oxygenate gip xng chy hon ton hn, gim kh thi, pha long hoc thay th aromatic v lu hunh v ti u s oxi ha trong qu trnh chy. Hu ht cc nh lc du chn MTBE lm ph gia pha xng. Vic tng hm lng MTBE trong xng s dn n lm thay i p sut hi bo ho, thnh phn ct phn on ca nhin liu, do khng nn s dng ln hn lng 15%.

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Bn cnh vic tng tr s octan, hn hp ca xng vi oxygenate gip gim thiu s thi hydrocacbon v CO t xe c s dng nhin liu, do a vo xng mt lng ng k oxy, gip cho qu trnh chy c xy ra hon ton. Ngoi ra cn c cc oxygenate khc nh ETBE ( ethyl tert_butyl Ether), TAME ( tert_amyl methyl ether) c tnh cht tng t MTBE nhng t c s dng hn.
Bng 3: ch s octan ca cc oxygenate

Oxygenate
Methanol Etanol Tert-Butanol (TBA) Metanol/TBA (50/50) Metyl tert-butyl ete (MTBE)

RON
127-136

MON
99-104

120-135 100-106 104-110 115-123 115-123 90-98 96-104 98-105 98-103 95-104

Tert-Amylmetyl ete (TAME) 111-116 Etyl tert-butyl ete (ETBE) 110-119

T bng 2 cho thy, tr s RON ca MTBE vo khong 115-123, do hn hp 15% MTBE trong xng c tr s octan gc l 87 s to ra hn hp c tr s RON nm trong khong 91 n 92, lm tng t 4 n 5 n v octan, tng ng vi hm lng ch t 0,1 n 0,15 g/l. Trn th gii c rt nhiu nh my sn xut MTBE, in hnh l M v Nht Bn. Mc d vy, gi thnh MTBE cn cao nn nh hng gi thnh xng. Tuy nhin, n cui thp k 1990, MTBE b bo ng l hp cht c kh nng gy bnh cho ngi, c bit l ung th. Mc d cha c cng trnh khoa hc no nghin cu v tc ng ca MTBE ln sc kho con ngi, nhng kt qu nghin cu trn chut cho thy, nu ht th thng xuyn s dn n ung th thn, tinh hon v bnh bch cu. Ngoi kh nng lan to trong mi trng, MTBE cn thm vo t i vo mch nc ngm...Bn cnh , MTBE l mt cht khng phn hu sinh hc v c kh nng lng ng. Theo c quan nghin cu ung th quc t (IARC) ca lin hin quc, MTBE c xp vo nhm c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi liu lng ln. V vy, mt s bang M cm s dng MTBE l cht ph gia trong xng v xu hng cm s dng hp cht ny ang lan rng.

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3/Ethanol: C2H5OH c tr s octan rt cao 120135, do hn hp 10% vi xng 87 s thu c hn hp c tr s RON khong 9092 Etanol c th c iu ch theo cc phng php khc nhau: T ethylene, vi xc tc acid long, ta thu c cn cng nghip. T tinh bt v xenlulozo, sau khi iu ch, etanol cn phi hp th nc trong nng t 99%. V nu ln nhiu nc s c hin tng tch pha xng khi pha ch. Ngy nay , ngi ta nghin cu s dng etanol 96% c pha thm ph gia chng tch pha nh propanol, butanol rt kh quan.

Ngy nay xu hng s dng etanol tr nn ph bin nht l cc nc c sn ngun nguyn liu ma ng nh Brazil. Etanol l nhin liu khng c hi, tr gip cho qu trnh chy nhin liu khong tr nn hon ton hn, khng thi ra kh c hi. Ti M, etanol c s dng vi 10% th tch, cn Brazil l 20%. Tuy nhin, etanol c nhc im l ht m nhiu, lm tng nguy c thm nhp ca nc vo xng. Mt lng ln etanol s lm tng RVP ca nhin liu. 4/ Ph gia Metanol: CH3OH trc y c iu ch bng phng php chng ct g. Khi cng nghip pht trin, methanol c tng hp bng phn ng oxy ha khng hon ton kh thin nhin, vi xc tc V2O5 , BiMoO4 hoc MoO3 trn cht mang l cacbosit hoc aerosit; cc kim loi Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd hoc cc oxit ca chng; hoc hn hp oxit v kim loi. nc ta hin nay, ngun kh thin nhin di do m ra con ng c th tng hp MeOH cho cng nghip ph gia. u im ca methanol l tr s Octan cao, gi thnh r do iu ch tng i d dng, nhin liu chy sch, kh thi khng gy nhim mi trng. Nhc im l nhit tr thp, nn nu s dng mt lng ln methanol s lm gim cng sut ng c. Mt khc, p sut hi bo ha (RVP) thp nn sau khi pha ch c th lm gim RVP ca xng. Ngoi ra kh nng tan v hn trong nc cng dn ti hu qu khng tt i vi xng pha ch. 5/ Ph gia TBA: Hin nay TBA dng pha ch vi metanol (t l 1:1). Hn hp ny lm gim kh nng tch lp gia 2 pha matanol v xng, to iu kin cho s to thnh hn hp ng nht, ng thi TBA ci thin s gim RVP ca metanol khi pha. TBA cng c kh nng ht m cao tuy khng bng etanol

Hnh 3: Tert butyl alcohol

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v metanol. 6/Ph gia dimetyl ete (DME): DME bnh thng l cht kh nhng d ha lng nn cng d dng d tr v vn chuyn. DME c nhiu tnh cht ging nhin liu, nn thng thng ngi ta s dng nh l mt phn pha vo nhin liu lm tng tr s octan. So vi metanol, DME c nhit tr cao hn (28,9.106 J/Kg so vi 21,1.106 J/Kg) nn s dng DME khng lm gim cng sut ng c. Thm na, DME chy sch, khng to cc kh thi c hi nn c trin vng l 1 ph gia tt. Do DME c bay hi cao nn ngi ta thng ha tan DME vo dung mi trc khi pha ch. Dung mi s dng chnh l metanol.

Hnh 4: dimetyl ete

Bng 4:

So snh u nhc im ca cc ph gia cha oxy u im -R -D kim -C tng vng Nhc im -D tan trong nc -Lm tng RVP -Lm tng kh nng chy n -D tan trong nc -Lm tng RVP

Loi ph gia Metanol

Etanol

TBA/Metanol -D kim

-Lm tng kh nng chy n -C ha tan c c

MTBE

-Khng to pha phn cch -Lm tng RVP -An ton -t -Sn c -t ha tan trong nc -C th iu ch c -t ha tan trong nc -Lm tng kh nng bay hi ca phn on gia -To nhim nu nh trn ra t, nc -D bay hi -Lm tng RVP

DME

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Bng 5: Thnh phn ph gia cha oxy pha vo xng:

Cc ph gia cha oxy % th tch trong xng % TL oxy trong xng Etanol 10 3,5 MTBE 15 2,7 Metanol + TBA 4,75 + 4.75 3,5

Bng 6: Mt s c tnh in hnh ca xng c ph gia cha oxy:

c tnh MTBE ETBE TAME MeOH EtOH Octan pha trn (R+M)/2 109 110 105 118 114 RVP ca hn hp pha trn, psi 8 4 4 60+ 19 RVP ca ph gia cha oxy, psi 8 4 1,5 4,6 2,4 % TL oxy ca ph gia cha oxy 18,2 15,7 15,7 50 33,7 TL mol 88,15 102,18 102,18 32,04 46,07 60 T trng ca ph gia cha oxy, d60 0,74 0,77 0,77 0,79 0,79 7/Ph gia Plutocen G: Plutocen G l hp cht c kim ca st, c tinh khit cao v hm lng st ln. Tn khoa hc l dixyclopentadien st (Ferocon) hay bis-xyclopentadienyl st (C5H5)2Fe. Ph gia Plutocen G c c ch hot ng tng t ph gia ch, nhng khng lm tng cao ch s octan nh ph gia ch, pha 30ppm Plutocen vo xng lm tng khong 3 n v octan. c l quc gia s dng Plutocen nhiu nht, t nhng nm 1980. Plutocen khng nh hng n thnh phn kh x nn khng gy c hi cho mi trng, khng gy d ng da, c c t rt thp i vi ng vt c v, tan rt thp trong nc loi b c nguy c ln nc thm nhp vo xng v tn ng di
Hnh 5: Plutocen

y bn, trnh c s g bn b cha.

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Bng 7: Cc c tnh ca Plutocen

Cc thng s Ch tiu Mu sc bn ngoi Vng da cam, dng tinh th Mi c trng Ging mi long no Khi lng phn t 186 Thnh phn ch yu: Ferocen (dicyclopentadien Fe) >99% KL Tip xc vi nh sng Bn vng 0 tan trong nc 25 C 6,3 mg/l tan trong toluen Max 0,01% Kl im nng chy 173-1750C Khi lng ring 150C 1,49 g/ml 0 Nhit si, C 249 0 Nhit bt chy, C >150 0 p sut hi 40 C 6,6 kPa tinh khit, %KL 99,9 8/Ph gia MMT (metylxyclopentadienyl Mangan Tricacbonyl): MMT c cng thc ha hc (CH3C5H4)Mn(CO)3. y l ph gia thay th thnh cng nht ph gia ch. Hin nay Canada i u trong vic s dng MMT. Khng c du hiu nh hng ca ph gia ny n mi trng cng nh sc khe con ngi. Trong khi thi ca ng c s dng MMT, hp cht Mn tn ti di dng Mn3O4. Nhiu nghin cu kt lun rng lng Mn thi ra mi trng khi s dng MMT l rt nh. So vi TEL v mt s ph gia khc th MMT c nhng u im sau: -S dng vi hm lng thp, ch t 8-18 mg Mn/l -Thch hp vi mi vt liu ch to ng c. -Ngn chn c s mt mt nhit do chy sm. -Khng n mn thit b. -Khng nh hng n b chuyn i xc tc.
Hnh 6: MMT

-R hn cc ph gia khc. -Gim thiu kh thi c hi.

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Vi u th k trn, ph gia MMT ang c s dng rng ri ti canada, M Latinh, chu u. Theo tnh ton ca mt s tc gi trong nc, s dng MMT tit kim c 50/l xng. Hin nay trn th gii cng c xu hng s dng t hp ph gia tng octan, ph bin l t hp etanol/MMT/Plutocen hnh thnh c ch mi trn c s kt hp u im ca chng. Tuy nhin,MMT cng c nhc im: mt phn ph gia ng li trong cc b phn ca ng c v trong b xc tc, chng bt b mt ca xc tc lm gim hiu qu ca b lc xc tc. Mt lng sn phm chy ph ln bugi gy s mt la v hot ng km ca ng c. 9/Nng cao ch s octan thng qua qu trnh lc du: Ngi ta v ang nghin cu ci tin cc h thng thit b v xc tc trong cc phn xng nh my lc du nhm sn xut trc tip xng c ch s octan cao qua gim lng ph gia, gp phn gim thiu nhim mi trng. a. Xng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc. Qu trnh refoming xc tc cc hirocacbon l mt qu trnh phc tp bao gm: + ehiro ho cc naphten thnh cc hirocacbon thm; + ehiro vng ho cc parafin thnh cc naphten; + ng phn ho cc parafin v naphten thnh isoparafin... Cc qu trnh ny u dn ti cc loi hirocacbon c ch s octan cao. Chnh v th, cc c trng ca xng refoming xc tc l rt tt cho cc ng c t v my bay. Xng thu c ca qu trnh reforming xc tc c gi l reformat. y l ngun nguyn liu chnh phi trn to xng c cht lng cao, chng c cha mt hm lng cc hp cht aromatic cao nn ch s octan ca no cao (RON = 95- 102). Tuy nhin do aromatic gy nhim mi trng nn b hn ch s dng. b. Xng cracking xc tc: y l ngun cho xng ln nht trong nh my lc du. Tr s octane ca xng ny khong 87- 92 tu theo iu kin cng ngh. Thnh phn ha hc cha ti 9- 13% hydrocacbon olefine. S c mt ca ca cc olefine ny chnh l nguyn nhn lm mt tnh n nh ca xng. Cc xng cracking nhit c ch s octan cao hn cc xng chng ct trc tip. Thng thng ch s octan RON ca xng cracking nhit l 70 80. Xng crackinh nhit khng bn vng, chng c khuynh hng cho gm pht trin tng i mnh trong qu trnh bo qun ti kho vi s c mt ca khng kh. Tuy nhin ngi ta tm ra cc phng php lm
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sch xng hay dng cht km hm to gm cho php c th dng xng m khng c bt k mt bt tin no i vi t. Nhng ngi ta khng th, ngay c bng cch tng cng cc bin php x l ho hc bng cc cht km hm, lm cho xng cracking nhit c mt bn vng s dng chng lm xng my bay. Ngc li, cracking xc tc cho cc kt qu tho mn hn nhiu, v thc t cc xng cracking xc tc khng cha nhng hirocacbon diolefin m chng l nhng hirocacbon km bn vng nht. Ch s octan RON > 90 ca cc xng cracking xc tc l do: - Cc hirocacbon nh ca xng cha mt t l ln cc iso-parafin v iso-olefin. - Cc hirocacbon nng ca xng c bit giu cc hirocacbon thm. Chng ta bit rng ch s octan ca ba loi hirocacbon ny ln hn nhiu so vi ch s octan ca cc parafin mch thng. c. Xng Isomerate: Phn xng nh (ch yu C5, C6) t thp chng ct du thng qua phn xng isome ha to xng isomerate cha cc isoparafin c ch s octan cao. Xng reforming xc tc thng t phn nh, ngi ta thng pha thm isomerate tng octan v p sc hi bo ha. d. Alkylat Trong cng ngh lc ha du ngi ta s dng qu trnh alkyl ha sn sut xng c tr s octane cao. Ngy nay qu trnh alkyl ha c s dng ph bin cc nc trn th gii. Vi qu trnh ny, ngi ta to ra mt ngun phi liu c tr s octane cao hu nh khng c tp cht v cc hp cht aromatic p ng yu cu sn sut xng sch bo m cc yu cu v ng c v mi trng. Trong cc nh my lc ho du c cc kh d: - Loi parafin: CH4 , C2H6 , C3H8 , C4H10 v iso-C4H10

- Loi olefin: C3H4 , C3H6 , 1-buten, 2-buten v iso-buten. y l ngun nguyn liu qu tng hp cc xng c ch s octan cao. Chng ta bit rng cc hirocacbon c tnh khng n cao l cc ng phn phn nhnh, ngha l trong cc phn t ny cha nguyn t cacbon bc ba. S phn nhnh cng nhiu th ch s octan ca phn t cng cao. Hn na ngi ta cng nhn thy rng bn ca phn t vi s va chm tng ln khi phn t t tp trung li hay di tc dng ca hiu ng phn nhnh. V d i vi hirocacbon parafin C7 : - n-heptan c ch s octan 0 (theo quy c).
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- 2-metylhexan c ch s octan 45. - 3-metylhexan c ch s octan 65. Ch s octan tng ln khi cc nhnh tp trung v trung tm ca phn t: - 3,3-imetylpentan c ch s octan 94. - 2,2,3-trimetylbutan (triptan c ch s octan 105. Triptan c th c s dng trong mt m t m t l nn l khong 15/1. Lut tng ch s octan ca cc hirocacbon parafin vi s tp trung ca phn t vo pha tm ca n l rt tng qut v ta c th thy s thay i hon ton tng t i vi cc hirocacbon C6 , C8 ... v nn nh rng nhy hay hiu s gia RON v MON tng ln vi s tp trung ca phn t vo pha tm ca n. Ni chung, ngi ta nhn thy rng nhng olefin ring bit c ch s octan cao hn mt cht so vi cc parafin tng ng, trc ht l nhng hirocacbon C8. Mt khc, nhy v ch s octan ca hn hp cc olefin l cao hn nhiu so vi nhy v ch s octan ca hn hp cc parafin c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Ch s octan ca cc naphten cao hn mt cht so vi ch s octan ca cc parafin tng ng nhng nhy ca chng khng cao hn. Nhng hirocacbon aromatic c ch s octan rt cao. nhy ca chng trong hn hp cng rt ln nh ch s octan khi nng ca chng trong hn hp nh. T nhng nhn xt trn y ta s thc hin chuyn ho cc kh thnh cc nhin liu c ch s octan cng cao cng tt. Cc phng php tng hp nh sau: * Polime ho xc tc (oligome ho) - Nguyn liu u l cc olefin ni trn. - Xc tc: axit H3PO4 , pyrophotphat ng, quartz tm H3PO4 lng. - L phn ng c cha cht xc tc c th l mt thng ln hay l nhng ng phn ng c ng knh tng i nh m ngi ta c th lm lnh chng bng nc. - Nhit phn ng thng thng l 150 220C v chuyn ho ca olefin c th t ti 85 95% ch qua 1 vng phn ng. - Tc cung cp olefin c th dng t 0,1 0,5 m3/h tu theo hot ng ca xc tc v p sut c th i t 35 bar 70 bar.

21

 trnh s phn hu ca xc tc, gi hot ng lu di ca chng, ngi ta thng a khong 5% nc vo nguyn liu u v lm lnh phn ng, gi nhit phn ng sao cho khng vt qu 220C. Vic polime ho chn lc nhime ho isobuten hoc ng ime ho isobuten v buten, tip theo l hiro ho cho ta nhng iso-octan c ch s octan F3 ~ 100. Cc phn ng ime ho chn lc ny dn dn c thay th bng ankyl ho c tnh u vit hn. * Ankyl ho hirocacbon phn nhnh bng olefin nh : Nhng hirocacbon bo ho c cha nguyn t cacbon bc 3 nh isobutan, isopentan... kt hp d dng vi cc hirocacbon etilenic khi c mt ca cc xc tc nh H2SO4 , HF. C2H4 + iso-C4H10 C2H4 + iso-C4H10 C2H4 + iso-C4H10 2,2-imetylbutan, 2,3-imetylbutan, 2,2,4-trimetylpentan, RON = 92 RON = 101 RON = 100

Nu chng ta dng cc iso-olefin, ta s c cc sn phm sau y: iso-C4H8 iso-C5H10 C3H6 + iso-C4H10 + iso-C4H10 iso-octan iso-nonan iso-heptan RON = 92 94 RON = 90 92 RON = 89 91

+ iso-C4H10

Trong cng nghip, nu dng H2SO4 lm xc tc cho cc phn ng trn, thng ngi ta phi quay vng phn ng nhiu ln i vi iso-butan sao cho gi c trong l phn ng t l iso-C4H10 /olefin = (6 8)/1. S d phi gi t l ny v olefin b hp th bi axit H2SO4 rt d dng. Nu t l ny cng ln th hiu sut s cng cao v vic tiu tn axit H2SO4 /1 lt alkylat cng thp. Xc tc H2SO4 nng lc ban u l 98% sau c th kt hp dng H2SO4 s dng c nng 90%. Thng thng ngi ta dng axit H2SO4 vi nng ban u 98% v vic tiu tn tng cng axit l t 1,5 kg 6,5 kg /1m3 alkylat. Nu H2SO4 khng th ti sinh c th ngi ta c th dng chng vo mc ch khc nh tinh ch du bi trn. Ankyl ho vi s c mt ca axit H2SO4 l mt phng php t tin do phi tiu tn nhiu axit. Vi vic dng axit HF lm xc tc th ngi ta c th thu hi HF cui mi mt vng phn ng nn s tiu tn axit HF gim xung (t 0,8 2,3 kg/m3 alkylat).

22

Bng 8:

Cc thnh phn cao octan trong xng RON 115 120 140 100 >100 83 108 93-97 85-95 MON 102 103 127 85 >100 78,6 99 91-96 80-90

Loi cu t Toluen o-xylen p-xylen xyclopentan metylxyclopentan xyclohexan Isopropylbenzen Alkylate Isomerate

VI- GII THIU MT S THIT B O CH S OCTAN: 1/ OCTANE meter SX-200:

Hnh 7: My o ch s octan SX-200

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Thng s k thut

MY O CH S OCTANE model: SX-200 SHATOX SX-200 PORTABLE OCTANE TESTER Kh nng: Xc nh s octane trong xng du ng c. Tun theo tiu chun ASTM D 2699-86, ASTM D 2700-86. Xc nh s octane trong xng du ng c. Tun theo tiu chun ASTM D 4737-03, ASTM D 613, EN ISO5165. Xc nh nhit ng c v loi nhin liu diesel. Thi gian xng du phn hy (n nh oxy ha). Tun theo tiu chun ASTM D 525; o mc tinh khit ca xng du. Octane Tester SX-200 c thit k phn tch, o lng ch s Octan, ch s Cetane ca nhin liu, vcng c lng nhit ng bng ca nhin liu, mc tinh khit, v cht lng ca ng c, cng nghip v my bin p du. SX-200 cho kt qu o chnh xc. Kt qu o, phn tch c lu tr v c th chuyn giao sang my tnh. My c th ci t mt chng trnh o ring bit (theo yu cu ca ngi s dng) v cho php iu chnh vic phn tch cht lng xng du. SX-200 s dng b vi x l gip cho vic o, phn tch, x l nhanh v chnh xc. Kt qu ch s Octane o c hin th ng thi ch s RON, MON Phm vi s dng: Octane Tester SX-200 c s dng ph bin ti cc trm xng, nh my lc du kh, t chc mi trngv gim st, dng trong phng th nghim nh mt thit b cm tay kim sot nhin liu v cht lngxng du. M t thng s Khong o ch s Octane trong xng du Gii hn li c bn chp nhn c ca ch s Octane, ti a n v o ON ON Gi tr 40-120 0.5 0.2 20-100 1.0 0.5 95 0.1 0.01 1-5 0.001 0.001

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o Octane song song, ON ti a Khong o ch s Cetane trong xng du Gii hn li c bn chp nhn c ca ch s Cetane , ti a CN CN

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o Centane song song, CN ti a o mc tinh khit ca du ng c, ln nht chnh xc ca o tinh khit ca du ng c, ln nht % %

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o tinh khit ca du % ng c, ln nht Khong o dn in ca nhin liu, chnh xc ca khong o dn in unit unit

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o dn in ca du unit

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ng c, ln nht Khong o in th trong nhin liu chnh xc ca khong o in th, ln nht kV kV 5-100 1 0.2 0.01 - 5 0.01 0.001 15 5.4

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o in th ca du kV ng c, ln nht Khong o cht in mi chnh xc ca khong o in mi, ln nht % %

Gii hn khc nhau chp nhn c gia cc php o in mi ca du % ng c, ln nht Khong thi gian o Ngun in cung cp thiu hin th ti ngng Kch thc electronic module sensor Trng lng vi sensor mm mm gr Giy V

10021025 60100 680

2/ My o ch s OCTAN cm tay - M: MODEL ZX-101XL

Tnh nng:

Cp chnh xc phng th nghim Cho kt qu nhanh ch trong 20 giy u ra RS 232 Trang b my in v mn hnh LCD S dng lng mu o nh: 226,8g Khng lm hng mu o cc loi xng khng pha ch Kt qu c th o trc tip theo: MON, RON, (R+M) / 2 L thit b in t c tin cy cao D s dng, di chuyn c cp bng sng ch cng ngh

Hnh 8: My o ch s octan ZX-191XL

My o ch s octan th h ZX-101XL l mt thit b c thit k gn nh, gip ngi s dng d dng xc nh ch s Octan vi chnh xc cao, thun tin cho vic nghin cu v kim tra cht lng ca cc loi sn phm nhin liu. Cc thit b phn tch ch s Octan hin ang c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip lc du, trong cc phng th nghim, trung tm nghin cu trn khp th gii. My ZX-

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101XL c thit k c chnh xc ca php o theo tiu chun ASTM, gip ngi s dng c th kim tra ch s octan ca sn phm kp thi, tit kim thi gian v chi ph thc hin. Thit k ca my c tin cy cao, tnh linh hot v thun tin: - Kiu dng gn nh, d s dng - Hot ng bng pin 1,5V AA hoc ngun in xoay chiu AC - Chc nng t qui chun trc khi thc hin php o m bo chnh xc. - Cc bc o v hiu chun c hin th ln lt theo cc bc trn mn hin th. - Thao tc a mu vo kim tra n gin, d thc hin - Kt qu c hin th ngay lp tc trn mn hnh LCD - In kt qu o c ngy thng, thi gian thc hin php o - C th truy xut d liu ra my tnh qua cng RS-232 - Model ZX-101XL c tng cng b nh trong c kh nng lu tr 10 gi tr chun ca cc loi nhin liu khng pha ch v nhin liu s dng etanol. VII- Ti liu tham kho: 1. Nhin liu sch & cc qu trnh x l trong ha du PGS.TS inh Th Ng - TS. Nguyn Khnh Diu Hng. 2. Bi ging sn phm du kh TS Dng Thnh Trung 3. Gio trnh sn phm du m thng phm ThS Trng Hu Tr 4. Hoahocngaynay.com 5. Vnxpress.net 6. Saigonpetro.com.vn 7. mtcequipment.com.vn

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