Phuong Thuc Truyen Tai Ip Quang

Truyn Ti IP/WDM
TRUYN TI IP/WDM
3.1 GII THIU CHUNG

3.1.1 Xu hng tch hp IP over WMD

Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch v mng mi,
do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc loi giao thc khc. Hng nm,
lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4 ln. n nm 2002, lu lng s t n gp 8
ln lu lng thoi [1].

Trong khi IP c xem nh cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh WDM cung cp
kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc b OXC
cho php xy dng mng quang linh hot hn, nh cc ng quang (lightpath) c th c
thit lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc
lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v
cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc
nh cung cp thit b.
c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM c ngh:
IP/ATM/SDH over WDM, IP/SDH over WDM, v.v.v. Tuy nhin vic qun l mng theo cc
phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l
chnh l s phn lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt
nhiu lp c lp, do c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s
mu thun ln nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l
mng mt cch trit l gim s lp giao thc.
Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v WDM tng
ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn
mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cng cung cp
mt s chc nng c gi tr nh k thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng
chc nng ny cn phi c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc
xung lp quang.
T ngi ta mi ngh n cng ngh IP over WDM. y l mt cng ngh mi tuy
rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch ca n, th trng rng ln v tng lai
sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP
over WDM cung cp kh nng truyn dn trc tip gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s trng
lp chc nng gia cc lp mng, gim b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp SDH/SONET,
ATM, gim thao tc thit b, dn n gim chi ph bo dng v qun l. Do khng phi qua lp
SDH v ATM nn gi s liu c hiu sut truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht.
Ngoi ra cn c th phi hp vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn dng bng tn
nhm gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu bao. R rng y l mt kt
cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp s dng cho cc mng ng
trc.
129

Chng 3: Truyn Ti IP/WDM
Hnh 3.1 Xu hng tch hp mng Internet v quang [2]
Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut chuyn mch
quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin ng v hot ng lin mng ca lp
quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ha cp bch nht hin nay. Cc t chc v din n
quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp
nn cc phng php xc nh vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP.
3.1.2 Cu trc mng IP/WDM

Kin trc tng qut ca cc mng quang IP over WDM (Internet quang) c m t nh
hnh 3.2. Hnh 3.2 th hin nhiu mng quang tn ti trong min quang, trong giao din ENNI
(External Network-to-Network Interface) c s dng bo hiu gia cc mng quang vi
nhau. Mt mng quang ring l bao gm cc mng quang nh hn v bo hiu gia chng s
dng giao din INNI (Internal Network-to-Network Interface). V mt mng quang nh hn
gm nhiu nt mng quang (cc b OXC) c ni vi nhau bi si quang. Cc mng khch hng
nh IP, ATM, SONET giao tip vi mng quang thng qua giao din UNI (User-to-Network
Interface). Cc k thut chuyn mch quang quyt nh loi dch v m mng quang c th cung
cp cho cc mng khch hng
Optical network
UNI
IP network IP network
IP network IP network
INNI
networks
Hnh 3.2 Kin trc tng qut ca mng IP over WDM [3].
130

Optical subnetwork

OXC

OXC

OXC

UNI

UNI

UNI

INNI

INNI

INNI

Optical
subnetwork

Optical
subnetwork

ENNI ENNI

Other client
networks (e.g.
ATM)

UNI

Optical network

UNI

Other client

3.1.3 Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM

Hin nay c hai xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp lin mng IP/WDM. l m hnh
xp chng (Overlay) hay cn gi l m hnh khch-ch (Client-Sever), tc l t ton b s iu
khin cho lp quang chnh lp quang. Xu hng th hai l m hnh ngang hng (Peer), tc l
dch chuyn mt phn iu khin ln b nh tuyn IP
Hnh 3.3 minh ha hai m hnh tch hp IP vo mng WDM ang c cc t chc chun
ha theo ui. M hnh ngang hng da trn gi thit l vic iu khin lp quang c chuyn
sang thc hin lp IP. M hnh ny xem xt kin trc mng di quan im nh tuyn gi.
Trong khi m hnh xp chng da trn gi thit iu khin lp quang l c lp v lp quang
to nn mt nn m cho ni kt ng ca nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau bao gm c IP. M hnh
ny xem xt kin trc mng trn quan im chuyn mch knh.
C hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c tp dng mc li vi
nn iu khin IP da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. ng dng c th ca MPLS
cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu
khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p
ng cho mng th h sau. Qu trnh iu khin thng nht xuyn sut cc lp s liu v quang s
n gin qu trnh qun l mng c nhiu lp v ci thin hiu qu s dng ti nguyn thng qua
k thut lu lng gia cc lp. Trong bi cnh ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn IP lm n by cho
vic nhn bit tp mng v cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng cho thit lp t ng.
Ngoi ra s dng cc giao thc ny cho iu khin lp quang s gip cc nh sn xut thit b
m bo tnh tng thch nh c cc tiu chun rt ph bin. Do vy xu hng chung l s dng
IP cho c ba mt phng chc nng ca mng: d liu, iu khin, v qun l.
UNI
UNI
NNI
UNI UNI
Mo hnh xep chong
Thong tin topo,
bao hieu, ieu
khien
NNI
Mo hnh ngang hang

Hnh 3.3 Hai cu trc tch hp mng quang [4].
131


Mc d cc m hnh tch hp u s dng kin trc iu khin theo IP, nhng chng qun
l cc ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn mt phng iu khin quang s iu khin qu trnh thit
lp bc sng quang ng nh cc Router bin c ni vi mng quang. Khi ti Router xy ra
tc nghn th h thng qun l mng hay chnh Router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng. Sau
cc chuyn mch quang s to knh quang mi p ng nhu cu ca Router. V vy, thit
lp bc sng ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng.
Vi m hnh xp chng th cho php mi router giao tip trc tip vi mng quang thng
qua giao din UNI. Giao din gia cc mng con c thc hin thng qua giao din NNI. M
hnh giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng nh mng
ISDN. Trong m hnh ny, mi mng con s tin trin c lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc
mng a cc cng ngh mi m khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc
cn c th p ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l cc nh khai thc
c th tm thy c trong mi trng mng quang nhiu nh cung cp, n cho php thc hin
c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh cc giao din UNI v NNI.

Vi m hnh ngang hng cng h tr cho thit lp lung ng bng cch s dng cc
lung u cui bin mng quang v cho php qun l chng t xa. M hnh ngang hng gi nh
rng cc Router iu khin lp mng quang. Mi quan h gia IP Router v OXC l bnh ng v
mt iu khin. V vy v mt bo hiu v nh tuyn s khng c s phn bit no gia UNI,
NNI v giao din gia cc Router. Trong m hnh ny cn mt khi lng ln thng tin trng thi
v iu khin chuyn qua li gia lp IP v quang. Do s kh hn cho vic kt ni trong mi
trng nhiu nh khai thc khi so vi m hnh xp chng.
Mi m hnh c u im ring, c bit m hnh xp chng c u im ni tri l kh
nng tng thch d dng. V kin trc th m hnh xp chng trc tip v n gin hn. Vi kin
trc ngang hng cn c thm cc thng tin gia lp IP v quang qun l cc lung u cui
chuyn ln lung quang. Khi lng ln thng tin trng thi v iu khin ny bao gm s truyn
thng trc tip gia cc Router bin ca mng quang v s truyn thng tin trong bn thn mng
quang.
M hnh xp chng cho php i mi ti lp quang c lp vi lp IP trong khi vn cung
cp kh nng kt ni tng thch cn thit cho cc dch v nhanh m vn duy tr tnh ton vn
thng tin ca nh khai thc mng quang. Tuy nhin, m hnh ngang hng cho php tch hp hon
ton IP/quang to nn mng Internet quang thng nht. Do vic s dng v qun l mng tr
nn hiu qu hn, ph hp vi cc ISP hn. Ngoi ra m hnh ngang hng gn hn vi xu hng
chuyn mch gi quang trong tng lai.
3.2 IP V GIAO THC NH TUYN

3.2.1 IPv4 v IPv6

IP address l a ch giao thc mng hay a ch IP. a ch IPv4 gm c 32 bit, chia thnh
bn octet, mi octet l mt byte. a ch IP c chia thnh nm lp A, B, C, D v E. Gi s
Net_ID v Host_ID ln lt l phn nh danh mng v trm. a ch IP c biu din di dng
<Net_ID><Host_ID>. C th biu din a ch IP di dng nh phn v thp phn. Gi s n v h
ln lt l bit ch mng v trm. a ch IP c phn lp, vi bit lp ca lp A, B, C, D, E ln
lt l 0, 10, 110, 1110, 11110.
132


Vi IPv4 chng ta c 2
32
(4,3 t) a ch. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh hin nay, hu
nh tt c cc thit b in t trong tng lai s tch hp dch v IP, v th khng gian a ch ca
IPv4 tr nn cht hp.
IPv6 l s m rng ca IPv4, trong n dng 64 bit cho phn phn nh danh mng v
64 bit cho phn nh danh trm. Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta s c 2
128
a ch. iu ny c ngha
l trung bnh mt c nhn trn th gii s c vo khong 510
28
a ch IP (xem nh trn th c
vo khong 6,5 t ngi). Nh vy vi IPv6 chng ta c th m bo khng gian a ch cho
tt c cc thit b in t tch hp dch v IP trong tng lai. iu ny lm tin cho s pht
trin lu lng s ngy cng mnh m v bn vng. Chi tit v IPv6 c gi c th tham kho ti
RFC 2460.
3.2.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP

a) Khi nim

nh tuyn IP l qu trnh chuyn lu lng ngi dng t ngun n ch. Rt nhiu loi
thng tin c th c nh tuyn nh th in t, cuc gi thoiTrong mng, b nh tuyn
(router) l thit b c dng nh tuyn cho lu lng. Router cn da vo bng nh tuyn
tm ra tuyn ng chuyn gi tin i. Bng nh tuyn thng gm ba thnh phn chnh l kiu
giao thc mng, a ch mng ch v giao din gi ra.
nh tuyn c ba chc nng chnh. Chc nng u tin l ng gi v phn tn cc thng
tin trng thi lu lng ngi dng v mng. Thng tin trng thi ny bao gm v tr hin ti v
cc yu cu dch v ngi dng; cc dch v c cung cp v cc ti nguyn sn c trong mng;
cc quyn v vic s dng cc dch v v ti nguyn ny. Cc thng tin trng thi c th bao gm
gi tr o t mng hay t cc ngun bn ngoi. Cc thng tin ny s c dng to ra cc
quyt nh chn ng.
Chc nng th hai l to ra v la chn cc ng thch hp (v c th l ti u) da trn
cc thng tin trng thi ca ngi dng v mng. Con ng thch hp l con ng tho c tt
c cc yu cu rng buc gia ngi dng v mng. ng ti u l con ng thch hp tt
nht ng vi tng giao thc nh tuyn c th.
Chc nng cui cng l chuyn tip lu lng ngi dng trn cc con ng chn.
Lu lng c th c chuyn tip theo hng kt ni hay khng kt ni. Chuyn tip hng kt
ni yu cu hng chuyn tip phi c thit lp trc v sau d liu s c c truyn i
trn cc hng thit lp ny. Chuyn tip khng kt ni cho lu lng ngi dng c
chuyn i da vo cc thng tin chuyn tip ca chnh n, cc gi d liu c th i theo cc
hng khc nhau n ch.
b) nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng

Da vo cch thc cng nh tc phn hi li cc thay i v trng thi ca mng hay
trng thi ca lu lng ngi dng, nh tuyn c chia ra lm hai loi l nh tuyn tnh v
nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn tnh. H thng nh tuyn tnh l h thng m s nh tuyn lun gi c nh,
c lp vi trng thi hin thi ca mng cng nh cc lu lng ngi dng. nh tuyn tnh
c da trn s d on hn l da vo cc hot ng thc t ca ngi dng v mng. Trong
hu ht cc h thng nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn l mt phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh thit
k mng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh nh tuyn li xy ra khng thng xuyn.
133


nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn ng t ng cp nht nh tuyn bng cch p dng ngay
nhn thc v s thay i trng thi ca ngi dng v ca mng. S thay i khng ch l trng
thi ca cc lin kt m cn l s dao ng gia lu lng ngi dng v mng. Tuy nhin nh
tuyn ng li i hi b nh v ti nguyn tnh ton trong mng cho vic thu thp cc thng tin
thi gian thc v a ra cc quyt nh iu khin.
c) nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt

Giao thc nh tuyn cung cp cu hnh nh tuyn ng. Hu ht cc giao thc nh
tuyn c th c phn thnh mt trong hai loi c bn: nh tuyn vc t khong cch (distance-
vector) v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (link-state). Giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch xc
nh mt ng i tt nht ti mt ch da trn hng (vector) v khong cch (distance) ti
ch . Giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt tnh li cu hnh chnh xc ca lin mng hin ti
hay t nht l v tr ca cc router .
nh tuyn vc t khong cch hot ng bng cch mi router duy tr mt bng cho bit
khong cch tt nht c bit ti mi ch n v lin kt no c dng i n . Nhng
bng ny c cp nht bng cch trao i thng tin vi router lng ging. Bng nh tuyn ca
mt router c bn bao gm cc bn ghi nh tuyn. Mi bn ghi thng gm cc thng tin c
trong ba trng (ch n, khong cch, hop k tip).
Trong khi thut ton vc t khong cch khng c thng tin c bit g v nhng mng
xa v cc router xa th thut ton trng thi lin kt duy tr y thng tin v nhng router xa
v cch chng lin kt vi nhau. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt dng thng ip qung co trng
thi lin kt LSA (Link State Advertisements), mt c s d liu cu hnh mng, thut ton SPF
v mt bng nh tuyn gm cc con ng cng ng ra tng ng n cc mng. Giao thc nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt trao i thng tin nh tuyn nh sau:
Bng 3.1 Tm tt nhng im c trng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt
134

VC T KHONG CCH

TRNG THI LIN KT

n gin, d ci t

Phc tp

Ly d liu cu hnh mng t thng tin trong
bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging

Hiu cu hnh ca lin mng hin ti bng cch
tch lu tt c cc LSA

Mi router xc nh con ng tt nht bng
cch cng nhng gi tr o (metric), thng
l s hop m n nhn c khi thng tin nh
tuyn c chuyn t router ti router

Mi router lm vic mt cch c lp tnh
con ng ngn nht ca n ti mng ch

Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mt cch nh
k

Ch cp nht khi c s thay i v cu hnh
mng

Thng ip cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ln,
do sao chp ton b bng nh tuyn

Ch gi nhng thng tin cp nht cn thit, tc
ch gi nhng thay i m thi

Thng tin nh tuyn ch c trao i vi
lng ging bng cch broastcast

Thng tin nh tuyn c gi cho tt c cc
router bng cch flooding

d) Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt trong nhng
giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng AS. RIP dng nh tuyn vc t khong cch nn chn hop
count lm metric v dng thut ton Bellman Ford xy dng bng nh tuyn. RIP l mt giao
thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch, ch dng hop count khi thit lp quyt nh nh tuyn. Khi
mt gi d liu i qua mt router th RIP xem nh l mt hop. Nu tn ti hai tuyn c tc
hoc bng thng khng bng nhau n cng mt ch nhng cng hop count, th RIP xem c hai
tuyn l cng khong cch, y r rng l mt hn ch ca giao thc nh tuyn ny.
Router s broadcast thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh sau mt chu k, chng hn l 30s. Mi
thng tin cp nht tuyn thng gm hai phn l a ch mng v khong cch n c mng
ny. ng thi, cc router s lng nghe cc thng tin nh tuyn trn mng cp nht bng nh
tuyn ca mnh da vo khong cch ngn nht tc l s hop nh nht.
e) Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF

Giao thc u tin con ng ngn nht m rng OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt
trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn bn trong tng h t tr AS. OSPF dng nh tuyn trng thi
lin kt nn dng metric da trn bng thng v thut ton Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn.
OSPF c dng nh tuyn trong mt vng hay gia nhiu vng. OSPF c hi t nhanh
OSPF c c t chi tit trong RFC 2328.
f) Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP

Giao thc nh tuyn multicast vc t khong cch DVMRP (Distance Vector Mutlicast
Routing Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn multicast u tin c pht trin cho Internet. DVMRP
c th thc thi trong mt mi trng khng phi tt c cc router trong mng c kh nng
chuyn tip v nh tuyn multicast. iu ny t c bi DVMRP chy mt thut ton nh
tuyn unicast ring, tng t nh RIP, quyt nh cc con ng ngn nht gia tt c cc
router c kh nng multicast. DVMRP s dng k thut (flood-and-prune) thit lp cc cy da
trn ngun. V chi tit, DVMRP c c t trong RFC 1075
g) Multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha tht PIM-SM

Multicast c lp giao thc PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) bao gm hai ch l
multicast c lp giao thc - ch dy c PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast Dense
Mode) v multicast c lp giao thc - ch tha tht PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast
Sparse Mode). PIM c th hot ng trn nh ca bt c cc giao thc nh tuyn no, v l do
m c ci tn giao thc multicast c lp. Nhng PIM yu cu tt c cc router trong mng c
kh nng multicast. PIM-DM v PIM-SM, theo th t, th c nhiu mt tng t nh DVMRP v
CBT. V th, phn ny ch trnh by PIM-SM.
PIM-SM s dng cy phn phi chia s phn phi cc lung d liu multicast. Trong
cy chia s c mt im t l RP chu trch nhim lin lc vi cc ngun multicast v lin lc vi
cc trm con nhm xy dng ng i ngn nht t ngun n ch phn phi d liu
multicast. C th c nhiu RP trn mng nhng ch c mt RP duy nht cho mi nhm multicast.
V chi tit, PIM-SM c c t trong RFC 2362.
135

3.3 MPLS, GMPLS v MPS

3.3.1 MPLS

Mt khuyt im ca nh tuyn IP l kh nng km linh hot trong vic thay i ng
truyn d liu dn n tnh trng nghn nt c chai. Nguyn nhn l do cc gi IP ch truyn
theo mt ng c nh da theo qu trnh nh tuyn ban u. Chnh v vy, vn cn bng
traffic kh thc hin khi lu lng tp trung vo mt tuyn no . Thm vo vic nh tuyn
gia cc gi IP c lp vi nhau mc d trong thc t nhiu gi IP c mi quan h vi nhau, v d
c cng ch n, cng mt loi lu lng, cng mt cp u tin v.v. Ngoi ra, s tch bit gia
k thut nh tuyn v chuyn mch bc l nhiu im yu trong xu hng m rng v hi t
ca mng my tnh ngy nay. Cc nhc im bao gm: kh nng m rng, xy dng mng
ring o, qun l cht lng dch v, iu khin lu lng mng v.v.
Chnh v l k thut MPLS (Multi-protocol label switching) chuyn mch nhn a giao
thc ra i vn chuyn cc gi IP qua cc mng bng phng php chuyn mch gi o.
MPLS l cng ngh kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn linh hot lp ba v chuyn
mch lp hai cho php truyn gi nhanh trong mng li. Trc khi thm nhp vo mng MPLS
th cc gi IP s c cc thit b nh tuyn bin ca mng MPLS gn thm cc nhn vn
dng k thut ni-chuyn mch o. V trc khi ri khi mng MPLS cc nhn ny s b ct b
tr li dng nguyn thu ca cc gi IP bi cc thit b nh tuyn vng bin. Phng php
ny dng vn chuyn d liu nhanh vi bng thng ln (nh l m thanh, phim nh v.v.) v n
c th hot ng trong trng hp c nhiu s chuyn vn nhiu loi d liu trong cng mt
mng.
Chuyn mch knh o da vo nhn gip cho vic nh tuyn d liu din ra nhanh chng
so vi trng hp nh tuyn IP truyn thng, v n khng phi x l cc mo u qu pht tp
nh trong mng IP, v ngoi ra n c th thc qu trnh chuyn mch mm mt cch linh ng.
Nh vo s phn loi cc gi d liu bng cc thm vo cc mt s trng u tin trong gi
MPLS, ta c th m bo vn QoS cho mng IP.
3.3.2 GMPLS v MPS

Nh trnh by phn trn ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng cn gi l
chuyn mch a giao thc tng qut GMPLS. Kin trc iu khin GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc
giao thc n gin, hon thin tng thch vi mng IP p ng cho mng th h sau. Mng
GMPL vi nhng ci tin v nh tuyn v bo hiu m rng vng iu khin trn c min
quang. Mng GMPLS khng ch c kh nng chuyn cc gi tin m cn c th chuyn mch cc
d liu TDM, lamda quang (nn cn c gi l MPS). Trong GMPLS, mt phng iu khin v
mt phng d liu c tch ring, ng thi cc lp s dng chung mt mt phng iu khin
gip cho GMPLS c kh nng thit lp cc ng quang (light path) mt cch nhanh chng v
chun xc theo yu cu ca lp IP.
3.4 NH TUYN MNG IP/WDM

3.4.1 nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM

a) Gii thiu bi ton

Hin c ba k thut chuyn mch quang trong mng IP: chuyn mch knh quang (OCS
Optical Circuit Switching), chuyn mch gi quang (OPS Optical Packet Switching), chuyn
136


mch khi quang (OBS Optical Burst Switching), ng vi mi loi chuyn mch s c mt s
k thut nh tuyn v chn bc sng. Trong gio trnh ny, cc vn ch cp n chuyn
mch knh quang (Optical Curcit Switching OCS), bi ton nh tuyn v chn bc sng ch
gii hn cho mng OCS. Trong mng OCS c s dng khi nim lightpath dng ch knh bc
sng ni nt ngun vi nt ch thng qua cc nt trung gian. Cc d liu mun truyn t nt ny
n nt khc trong mng chuyn mch knh quang th cn thit lp lightpath trc. Qu trnh thit
lp lightpath cn tha hai rng buc:
- Rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng (Wavelength-Continuity Constraint): nhng
kt ni chia s chung mt si phi s dng nhng bc sng khc nhau.

Rng buc v s gn knh tch bit nhau (Distinct Channel Assignment
Constraint): mi kt ni phi s dng cng mt bc sng dc theo tuyn ca n.
Cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang, trc ht chng ta

cn tm mt ng i tt nht gia hai nt u cui (bi ton nh tuyn Routing). Sau , ta
cn xc nh chn bc sng no thit lp lightpath (bi ton gn bc sng Wavelength
Assignment) . C hai loi yu cu kt ni tiu biu l yu cu tnh v yu cu ng. thit lp
cc lightpath vi mi loi yu cu ny, ta cng c hai loi bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng
tnh (static RWA) v ng (Dynamic-RWA). Trong mc ny, chng ti trnh bi v bi ton
RWA tnh trc. Bi ton RWA ng s c trnh by trong phn k tip (3.4.2).

Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA hay cn c gi l bi ton Thit lp
lightpath tnh (SLE Static Lightpath Establishment) c khi qut nh sau:
c im:
-

-
Cho trc tp vt l, tc l cc nt mng v cc lin kt vt l c cho trc.

Cho trc tp cc yu cu kt ni hoc ma trn lu lng tnh t xc nh
cc yu cu kt ni.
Thch hp cho dng trng thi lu lng c bit trc v c tnh n nh, s
thay i ch din ra trong khong thi gian di (nh trong cc mng ng trc)

Trong bi ton S-RWA, ng dn v bc sng c xc nh trc cho tng
kt ni, khng ph thuc vo s thay i thng tin trng thi ang din ra trn
mng. Khi ng dn v bc sng c xc nh, cc b OXC ti cc nt
mng c lp trnh thit lp cc lightpath c ch nh trc.
-
-
Mc tiu:

- Ti thiu ha s bc sng cn s dng.

- Hoc ti a s kt ni c th thit lp ng vi mt s lng bc sng v mt tp
kt ni cho trc.
Vi cng ngh hin ti, ta lun c mt gii hn trn v s lng bc sng c th c trong
mt si quang (hay lin kt). V nu gii php tm c s dng nhiu bc sng hn gii hn
ny th xem nh khng kh thi trong thc t. V vy vic gii bi ton S-RWA cng s tr li cu
hi liu tp vt l hin ti c th p ng c yu cu lu lng hay khng. Nu khng th
ta phi thm vo mng cc lin kt mi.

Sau y ta s xt n m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA. ng vi mi mc tiu trong hai
mc tiu trn, ta c mt m hnh ton ring.
Trc ht ta xt cc phng trnh ton ca m hnh nhm tha mc tiu ti thiu s lng
bc sng s dng trn mt lin kt.
137


t
sdw
l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch
d s dng bc sng w. Ta gi s rng c th c hai hay nhiu hn cc lightpath
cn thit lp gia mi cp nt, nhng mi lightpath phi s dng mt bc sng
ring. Do
sdw
s 1.
-
F
sdw
- t l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt
ij
ch d i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w. Tng t, ta cng c F
sdw
s 1 v
ij
mt bc sng trn mt lin kt ch c php gn cho mt lightpath.

Cho trc mt tp mng vt l, mt tp cc bc sng, v mt ma trn lu lng
A trong mi phn t A
sd
ch s kt ni cn thit lp gia ngun s v ch d.

Bi ton S-RWA c th c cng thc ha nh sau:
-
-
sdw
s ,d ,w
F
sdw
F
sdw
=
+

(d = j)
(s = j . d = j)
+
0
i k
w
ij
ij
s ,d
Cch tip cn ny c s dng t c s lng bc sng cn dng nh nht. Hoc
vi mt tp bc sng cho trc, ta c th gii m hnh ny xem th c tm c li gii khng.
Nu khng tm c li gii th th li vi mt tp bc sng ln hn, v lp li n khi s bc
sng nh nht c tm thy.
Vi mc tiu th hai (ti a ho s lng kt ni c thit lp cho mt tp bc sng c
nh v mt tp cc yu cu kt ni cho trc), ta cng c th c m hnh ton nh sau:
Trng hp khng c b chuyn i bc sng:
-

-

-

-

-

-
N
sd
: s lng cp nt ngun-ch.

L: s lin kt c trong mng.

W: s bc sng c th c trn mt lin kt.

m = {m
i
}, i = 1, 2, , N
sd
: s kt ni c thit lp cho mi cp ngun-ch i.
: ti yu cu (s yu cu kt ni).

q = {q
i
}, i = 1, 2, , N
sd
: t l ti c p ng. Nh vy q
i
= s kt ni c
thit lp cho mi cp nt ngun ch i.
P: tp cc ng m mt kt ni c th c nh tuyn trn .

a = (a
ij
): l mt ma trn P x N
sd
trong a
ij
= 1 nu ng I nm gia cp ngun-
ch i v a
ij
= 0 nu tri li.
-

-
138
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha F
max

Sao cho:
F
max
>

F
ij
i, j

+
sdw
(s = j)
ij jk + sdw
v

sdw
= A
sd

F
sdw
= 0,1

F
sdw
s 1


- b = (b
ij
): l mt ma trn P x L trong b
ij
= 1 nu lin kt j nm trn ng I, v b
ij

= 0 nu tri li.

- c = (c
ij
): ma trn nh tuyn v gn bc sng P x W, trong c
ij
= 1 nu bc
sng j c gn vo ng i, ngc li th c
ij
= 0.
Mc tiu: cc i ha C
0
( , q) =

m
i
C
0
(,q) l s kt ni c thit lp trong mng. Bt phng trnh C
T
B 1
WxL
c ngha l
mt bc sng ch c dng ti a mt ln trong mt lin kt. 1
WxL
l ma trn W x L trong
cc phn t u bng 1. Bt phng trnh m 1
W
C
T
A v m
i
q
i
m bo rng s kt ni c
thit lp phi nh hn yu cu kt ni. 1
W
l ma trn 1 x W trong cc phn t u bng 1.

Trng hp c chuyn i bc sng:

Trong mng WDM nh tuyn theo bc sng, rng buc v tnh lin tc bc sng c
th c loi b nu nh ta c s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng chuyn d liu n trn
mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh mt bc sng khc ti mt nt trung gian trc khi chuyn
tip n cc lin kt k tip. Cc mng nh tuyn theo bc sng nh vy c gi l
wavelength-convertible networks. Mt lightpath trong mng ny c th s dng cc bc sng
khc nhau dc theo ng i. Nh cp trn, s chuyn i bc sng lm ci thin hiu
sut ca mng bng vic gii quyt vn xung t bc sng gia cc lightpath. Thng thng,
vi mt gii thut nh tuyn cho sn, s chuyn i bc sng cung cp mt gii hn di v
xc sut tc nghn c th t c ng vi mt gii thut gn bc sng.

Sau y l m hnh ton ca bi ton S-RWA khi b i cc rng buc v tnh lin tc
bc sng:
sdw
ij
s ,d ,w
+
+
sdw sdw
i k
- Trong
sdw
l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt

nt ch d s dng bc sng w.
sdw
- F
ij

l lu lng (hay s yu cu kt ni) t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch d
i qua tuyn ij v s dng bc sng w.
139
Mc tiu: ti thiu ha F
max

Sao cho:
F
max
>

F i, j

+
sdw
(s = j)

F
ij

F
jk
=
+
sdw
(d = j)

v
0 (s = j . d = j)

Nsd

i =1

Sao cho:

m
i
> 0 (s nguyn, i = 1, 2, , N
sd
)

c
ij
e {0,1} i = 1, 2, , P; j = 1, 2, , W

C
T
B 1
WxL

m 1
W
C
T
A

m
i
q
i
i = 1,2,,N
sd


Thng thng bi ton S-RWA c chia thnh hai bi ton ring r: bi ton nh tuyn
v bi ton gn bc sng.

b) Vn nh tuyn:

Phng php truyn thng gii quyt vn nh tuyn trong bi ton S-RWA l u
tin phi xc nh ng cho ton b kt ni, v sau l gn bc sng cho chng. Ngay c khi
nhng cng on ny l khng c lp, ta cng thu c mt cu hnh ngn nht tng i tt
bng cch ny. Nhng kt ni thng c gn mt ng ngn nht ni hai im u cui (bng
cc thut ton thng dng nh Dijkstra hay Floyd) v nhng ng di hn th s dng nhiu ti
nguyn mng v thng mang li mt cu hnh mng c hiu sut thp hn. Nu c nhiu ng
ngn nht gia hai im th vic chn ng s mang tnh ngu nhin. Thng thng, cu hnh ti
u thu c bng cch chn cc ng ngn nht, tuy nhin khng nht thit kt ni no cng l
ng ngn nht (i khi dng ng di hn ta c th trnh nhng tc nghn khng ng c trn
mt lin kt no ).
c) Vn gn bc sng:

Xt mng nh tuyn theo bc sng khng c kh nng chuyn i bc sng. Nt c
trng ca mng WDM l khng cho php hai kt ni s dng bc sng ging nhau dng chung
mt ng ni (s xung t bc sng). Khi cc tuyn c c nh th vic cn li l gn
bc sng kh thi cho chng sao cho s lng bc sng c s dng trn mng l nh nht
c th tha mn cc yu cu cng ngh v s lng bc sng ti a trn mt si quang.

Bi ton gn bc sng tnh trong mt mng lin tc bc sng tng ng vi bi ton
t mu cho cc nt ca mt th v c thc hin bng cch xy dng mt th G(V,E),
trong V l tp cc nh, E l tp cc cnh. Theo , bi ton gn bc sng tnh c thc hin
nh sau:
- Xy dng mt th G(V,E), trong mi lightpath trong h thng th hin bng
mt nh trong th G v tn ti mt cnh v hng gia hai nh trong th G
nu cc lightpath tng ng cng i qua mt lin kt si quang vt l.
- T mu cho cc nh ca th G sao cho khng c hai nh k cn no c mu
ging nhau v s mu s dng l t nht.
Hnh 3.4 minh ha cc chuyn t mt bi ton gn bc sng thnh mt bi ton t mu
th. Gi s c 5 lightpath cn thit lp l (0,5), (0,2), (1,3), (4,3), v (4,5). Lightpath (0,5) v (0,
2) cng i qua lin kt vt l (0,1) v th c mt cnh ni 2 nh (0,5) v (0,2). Tng t, chng ta
xy dng c th nh trong hnh 3.4.
Cc thut ton t mu th s thc hin vic t mu cho cc nh V(G) = {v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
}
ca th G theo mt th t no . Cc thut ton ny gm ba bc c bn sau:
1.

2.

3.
Sp xp cc nh.

Chn nh k tip t mu.

Chn mu.
C nhiu thut ton t mu th khc nhau, vic chn la gii thut no ty thuc vo
quyt nh ca nh qun l da trn c im ca mng. Sau y l mt s phng php t mu
thng dng (mi mu tng ng vi mt bc sng).
140

Truyn Ti IP/WDM
(0,2)
(0,5) (1,3)
(4,5) (4,3)
Hnh 3.4 Yu cu thit lp kt ni v th chuyn i tng ng.
Thut ton Longest-First:

Phng php Longest-First (tuyn di nht trc) ny kh n gin. Cc lightpath s c
sp xp theo th t t tuyn di nht n tuyn ngn nht. Mt bc sng s c gn cho cc
tuyn theo th t ny sao cho tha mn iu kin v xung t bc sng. Sau ta chuyn sang
gn bc sng k tip. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi ht s lightpath.

Thut ton Largest-First:

Trong phng php ny, cc nh ca th c gn nhn li l v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
sao cho
deg(v
i
) deg(v
i+1
) vi i = 1,2,,n-1 (n l s nt ca th G). Ti mi bc, nt c bt ln nht
c gn mt mu v xa i nhng ng ni ti n, v do lm gim bc cc nt k vi n. V
vy sau mi bc s c mt s nt b gim bc. iu ny m bo rng s mu dng t th
l t nht.

Ta c th tnh c s mu cn thit t th bng cng thc sau:
X (G) s max{min(i,1 + deg(v ))}
i
1si sn
r rng hn, ta hy xt mt v d sau: gn bc sng cho mng vi yu cu kt ni
nh trong hnh 3.5.
Hnh 3.5 Yu cu kt ni cho v d minh ha.
141


u tin, ta chuyn i tp yu cu kt ni thnh mt th (hnh 3.6).
1 2
5 3
4
Hnh 3.6 th chuyn i t tp yu cu kt ni.
Da vo bc ca cc nh, ta sp xp li theo th t <2,1,3,4,5>. Ta thc hin gn bc
sng (t mu) cho nh c bc cao nht, sau loi n ra khi th. Sp xp li cc nt cn li
trong th v tip tc qu trnh cho n khi tt c cc nt u c gn bc sng (hnh 3.7).
Cui cng ta c c kt qu gn bc sng nh bc 5.
Hnh 3.7 Minh ha thut ton Largest-First.
142

1

0

1

0

1

2

1

0

1

0

1

0


3.4.2 nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) [8],[9],[10]

a) Gii thiu

Trong bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng D-RWA hay cn c gi l bi ton
thit lp lightpath ng (DLE Dynamic Lightpath Establishment), ta xem xt lu lng mng l
ng. Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin mt cch ngu nhin ty theo nhu cu lin lc gia cc nt
mng. Cc kt ni ny c yu cu tn ti trong mt khong thi gian cng ngu nhin. V th,
cc lightpath khng ch c thit lp ng m cn phi c gii phng ng.
Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng thi im yu cu
kt ni xy ra. Mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin, cc thut ton D-RWA phi thc hin
xem xt liu ti nguyn mng c p ng yu cu kt ni hay khng. Nu c th th thc
hin qu trnh nh tuyn v gn bc sng ti cc nt trung gian cn thit thit lp lightpath.
Cn nu mt yu cu kt ni khng c p ng do thiu ti nguyn th xem nh b nghn.
Khi qu trnh lin lc kt thc, kt ni c gii phng v v vy, bc sng s dng
c th c s dng li cho mt kt ni khc. Nh vy ta thy nh tuyn ng tn dng bc
sng tt hn. V mt kinh t, iu ny s em li li nhun nhiu hn cho cc nh kinh doanh
mng, gin tip gim chi ph cho cc thu bao.
Bi ton D-RWA c th c khi qut nh sau:

c im:

- Cc yu cu kt ni xut hin ngu nhin v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian
no .
- Vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng ph thuc vo trng thi mng hin ti v phi
c thc hin mi khi c yu cu kt ni xut hin.

Mc tiu:

- Tn dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng cc i ha xc sut thit lp thnh cng
lightpath hay ti thiu ha s yu cu b nghn.
V nhu cu phi p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca mng, cc gii thut D-RWA i hi
phi n gin, phc tp tnh ton cng nh cng tt. Vic kt hp gia nh tuyn v gn bc
sng l rt kh gii quyt cng mt lc. Do , thng thng bi ton D-RWA cng c chia
thnh 2 bi ton ring r: bi ton nh tuyn v bi ton gn bc sng.
b) nh tuyn c nh (Fixed Routing):

Phng php n gin nht nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun chn cng mt tuyn c
nh cho mt cp nt ngun ch cho trc. Mt trong nhng v d nh th l nh tuyn tm
ng i ngn nht c nh (Fixed Shortest-Path Routing). ng i ngn nht cho mt cp nt
c tnh off-line, s dng cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht thng dng nh Dijkstra hay
Bellman-Ford. Bt k kt ni no gia mt cp nt c th u c thit lp bng cch s dng
ng i c xc nh trc. Hnh 3.8 minh ha ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.
Phng php nh tuyn ny rt n gin nhng c nhc im l nu ngun ti nguyn
(bc sng) dc theo ng i c s dng ht s dn n xc sut tc nghn cao trong
trng hp lu lng ng, hoc c th dn n s lng bc sng c s dng rt ln trong
trng hp lu lng tnh. Ngoi ra, nh tuyn c nh cng khng th x l cc tnh hung li
khi mt hay nhiu lin kt trong mng b hng. x l trng hp lin kt trong mng b hng,
vic nh tuyn cn phi xt n cc ng i thay th hoc phi c kh nng tm ra mt tuyn
143


mi mt cch linh ng. Vi d trong hnh 3.8, tt c cc yu cu t nt 0 n nt 2 s b tc nghn
nu c mt trong hai lin kt (0,1), (1,2) b hng.
1 2
0 3
5 4
Hnh 3.8 ng i ngn nht c nh t nt 0 n nt 2.
Trong cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht, ngi ta quan tm nhiu n chi ph (cost) hay
cn gi l trng s (weight) ca lin kt gia cc nt. Ty theo cch cc trng s ny c tnh
ton nh th no m ngi ta c cc quan im khc nhau v ng ngn nht. Sau y, ti xin
trnh by mt s cch tnh trng s da trn c im v trng thi ca mng.
Gi w
ij
l trng s (chi ph) ca lin kt trc tip gia hai nt i v j, nu gia i v j khng
c lin kt trc tip th xem nh w
ij
v cng ln,
a
l s lng bc sng ri trn lin kt ti
ij

thi im tp hp cc thng tin v trng thi lin kt,
T
l tng s bc sng c trn lin kt.
ij
Hm trng s da trn chng (HW Hop-based Weight):

Trong hm ny, w
ij
= 1. C ngha l cc ng c chn hon ton da trn s lng
chng (hop) nh nht. ng ngn nht s l ng c s chng nh nht. Bng trc quan, ta c
th nhn xt l khi c t chng hn th kh nng tm c mt bc sng chung cho tt c cc lin
kt trung gian l ln hn.
Hm trng s da trn khong cch (DW Distance-based Weight):

w
ij
= d
ij
vi d
ij
l khong cch vt l gia hai nt i v j. d
ij
c nh gi bi tr truyn
dn. Nh vy, vi hm trng s ny, ng ngn nht chnh l ng c tr truyn dn nh
nht.
Hm trng s da trn bc sng sn c (AW Available wavelengths-based Weight):
+ 1
=
+
log(1
a
)
ij
> 1

a
ij

w
ij
+
+
1
a
> 1
v
ij
1
ij
c ngha nh cn tr ca mt lin kt khi thit lp mt yu cu kt ni, cng c
a
nhiu bc sng ri trn lin kt th cn tr cng thp, tc l kh nng thit lp kt ni trn lin

kt cng cao. Do (1- ) l kh nng chp nhn yu cu kt ni ca mt lin kt. V ta mong
1
ij

a
mun cc i ha tnh sn c hoc tin cy ca ton b ng dn nn cn phi cc i ha cc
gi tr ny ca cc lin kt trung gian. Do bn cht ca thut ton Dijkstra l u tin cho ng i
no c trng s nh hn nn hm trng lng phi l ph nh m ca hm log. Hm trng s ny
ph thuc vo bc sng ri trn lin kt nn c ph thuc vo trng thi mng.
144


Hm trng s da trn s bc sng sn c v s chng (HAW Hop count and
Available wavelengths-based Weight)
+ 1
)

a

+
o | log(1

a
> 1
ij
(o , | > 0) w =
+ ij ij
+
o + |
a
> 1
v
ij
o v | ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng sn c. Ty theo ta
quan nim rng s chng hay s bc sng sn c l quan trng hn m c cc gi tr o, | ph
hp.
Hm da trn tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (TAW Total wavelengths
and Available wavelength-based Weight):
a
+
=
+

a
ij ij
ij

a T
<
ij

log(1 (1 ) )

T

w
+
+
ij
ij
a
=
T
1
v
ij ij
a
p
ij
Nu gi p l xc sut s dng mt bc sng, th l xc sut m tt c cc bc sng
s s dng cng mt thi im trong tng lai. T trng thi hin ti ca mng, c th c lng
a
xc sut ny bng (1-
ij
). Xc sut c t nht mt bc sng sn c trn lin kt trong tng lai

T

ij
a
l (1- p
ij
). Do khi mt ng dn c nhiu lin kt, ta mong mun cc i ha cc gi tr (1-

p
ij
) ca tt c cc lin kt thuc ng dn . Do thut ton Dijkstra chn la ng i ti u
theo trng s tng dn, nn hm trng s phi l ph nh m ca lm log, ngha l ti thiu ha
gi tr ny.

Hm trng s da trn s chng, tng s bc sng v s bc sng sn c (HTAW
Hop count and Total wavelengths and Available wavelengths-based Weight):
a
a
+
+
a
ij
)
ij
)
a
o | log(1 (1

o + |
<
T

ij ij
(o , | > 0) w =
+
T

ij
ij
+
a
=
T

v
ij ij
vi o v | ln lt l cc trng s lin quan n s chng v s bc sng sn c.
V d3.1:

Sau y, ta s xt mt v d thy s la chn hm trng s s dn n cc kt qu nh
tuyn theo ng dn ngn nht khc nhau. Xt mt tp c cho trn hnh 3.9. Gi s mi cnh
ca tp c gn mt nhn gm ba tham s (d
ij
,
a
,
T
) tng ng vi tr trn lin kt (i,j),
ij ij

s bc sng sn c (ri) trn lin kt v tn s bc sng trn lin kt.
145

(10,4,10)
B C
(10,4,10)
(10,4,10)
E
(20,2,4) (20,2,4)
A D
(20,4,20) (20,4,20)
F
(10,6,30) (10,6,30)
H G
(10,6,30)
Hnh 3.9 Tp mng c s dng trong v d nh tuyn vi cc hm trng s khc nhau.
Ta cn xc nh ng i t nt A n nt D. Bng 3.2 cho thy cc ng i c th t
nt A n nt D v gi tr chi ph trn mi ng i c tnh bi cc hm trng s khc nhau.
Gi tr o v | c gi s bng 1.
Bng 3.2: Chi ph ca cc ng i khc nhau tnh theo cc hm trng s khc nhau.
T bng 3.2, ta thy rng s dng hm trng s HW c th chn mt trong 2 ng A-E-
D hoc A-F-D. Trong khi s dng hm trng DW c th chn ng i A-B-C-D hoc A-G-H-D.
Nu s dng hm trng s l AW, ta s chn ng i l A-G-H-D v ng ny c s lng
bc sng sn c ln nht (6 trn tt c cc lin kt). Nu chn hm trng s l TAW th ng i
c chn l A-B-C-D, mc d ng i A-E-D c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht.
Tng t, ng i c chn khi s dng hm trng s l HAW s l A-F-D v ng ny c s
bc sng ri nhiu hn ng A-E-D. Cui cng, nu hm trng s l HTAW th ng i c
chn l A-F-D (vi s chng thp nht) bi v n c cc lin kt vi h s s dng thp nht
(50%).
c) nh tuyn thay th c nh (Fixed Alternate Routing):

Phng php nh tuyn ny ci tin hn nh tuyn c nh bng cch tm nhiu ng
i gia mt cp nt ngun-ch. Trong phng php ny, mi nt trong mng phi duy tr mt
bng nh tuyn cha danh sch c th t K ng i c nh n mi nt ch. V d th t
trong danh sch c th c sp xp theo ng i ngn nht th nht, ng i ngn nht th
146
ng i

Chi ph ng vi cc hm trng s
HW DW AW HAW TAW HTAW
A-B-C-D 3 30 0.375 3.375 0.181 3.181
A-E-D 2 40 0.602 2.602 0.250 2.250
A-F-D 2 40 0.250 2.250 0.458 2.458
A-G-H-D 3 30 0.238 3.396 0.396 3.396


hai, th ba, ng i ngn nht th nht s c chn lm ng i chnh thc gia mt cp
nt ngun-ch, trong khi cc ng cn li c xem l cc ng i ph hay cc ng thay
th. Mt ng i thay th gia nt ngun v ch l ng i m khng chia s bt k mt lin
kt vt l no vi ng i ngn nht chnh thc. Hnh 3.10 minh ha mt ng i thay th gia
nt 0 v nt 2.
1 2
0 3
5 4
Hnh 3.10 ng i chnh thc (lin nt) v ng thay th (nt gch) t nt 0 n nt 2.
Khi mt yu cu kt ni n, nt ngun c gng thit lp lightpath trn mi ng i theo
tun t trong bng nh tuyn, cho n khi mt ng i vi mt bc sng xc nh c tm
thy. Nu khng tm c ng no tha mn t danh sch trong bng nh tuyn th yu cu kt
ni xem nh b nghn v mt i. Thng thng, bng nh tuyn c sp xp theo s chng
(hop) m mi ng phi i qua n c nt ch. Do , ng i ngn nht ti nt ch l
ng i qua t s chng nht. Trong gii thut tm ng ngn nht theo s chng, chi ph cho
mi lin kt u bng mt n v. Trng hp cc ng i khc nhau c cng s chng th
ng i ngn nht s c chn mt cch ngu nhin.
nh tuyn thay th c nh n gin trong vic iu khin thit lp v xa b cc ng
quang v c th c s dng cung cp mt kh nng chu ng s t lin kt trong mng
mt mc no . Mt u im khc trong nh tuyn thay th c nh l lm gim ng k xc
sut tc nghn so vi nh tuyn c nh. Ramamurthy [4] chng minh rng vi mt mng ch cn
hai ng i thay th cho mi cp nt th xc sut tc nghn s thp hn ng k so vi trng
hp ti mi nt c b chuyn i bc sng y nhng s dng nh tuyn c nh.
d) nh tuyn thch nghi (Adaptive Routing)

nh tuyn thch nghi s dng thng tin trng thi mng ti thi im yu cu kt ni n.
Nh c ch n s thay i ca trng thi mng, nh tuyn thch nghi lm tng kh nng thc
hin thnh cng vic thit lp mt kt ni. Da vo tnh cht thng tin v trng thi mng c s
dng, nh tuyn thch nghi c chia lm hai loi: nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng
th (Adaptive routing based on global information) v nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc
b (Adaptive routing based on local information).

Cc quyt nh nh tuyn da trn thng tin tng th thng cho li gii ti u nht. Tuy
nhin, thng tin cn c cp nht thng xuyn v lng thng tin cp nht thng rt ln. Khi
lu lng trong mng quang ngy cng tng v n mt lc no s b t bin th ti lp
quang, yu cu v vic ghp knh v tnh linh hot cng phi mc cao hn. V th bn cht
vic thit lp ng quang cng tr nn ng hn, s lng yu cu kt ni nhiu hn v cc
ng quang c duy tr trong khong thi gian ngn hn. Trong trng hp ny, vic duy tr,
cp nht thng tin tng th l rt kh khn. Cc gii quyt nghing v thc hin nh tuyn thch
nghi da trn thng tin cc b. u im ca vic dng thng tin cc b l cc nt khng cn phi
duy tr mt lng ln thng tin v trng thi mng. Sau y ta s xem xt ln lt hai loi nh
tuyn , v cc gii thut nh tuyn thuc hai loi .
147

nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin tng th:

- nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt (Link-state routing): Trong phng php nh
tuyn ny, mi nt mng phi duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi mng. Mi nt c th
tm mt ng i cho mi yu cu kt ni. Bt c khi no trng thi mng thay i th
phi thc hin vic thng bo cho tt c cc nt. V th vic thit lp hay loi b cc
lightpath u c th dn n vic qung b cc thng tin cp nht cho tt c cc nt trong
mng. Nhu cu qung b cc cc thng tin ny c th dn n tng chi ph cho iu khin
tng ln. Hn na, nu c mt nt no c thng tin cha c cp nht cng s lm
cho mt nt khc c quyt nh nh tuyn sai.
- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin (alternate-path routing): Loi nh tuyn ny
cng ging nh nh tuyn lun phin c nh ni trn. Tuy nhin, y, trng thi
mng c cp nht thng xuyn v danh sch cc ng ngn nht cng vy. Tiu
chun chn ng i thng da trn chiu di ng dn hoc tc nghn ca
ng dn. Nguyn tc chn ng dn theo tc nghn ca ng dn l xc nh cc
ti nguyn (thng l bc sng) sn c trn mi ng dn lun phin v chn ng
dn no c s lng ti nguyn sn c nhiu nht. Vic la chn ng i vi ng dn
ngn nht thng dng t ti nguyn nht nhng c th dn n lng ti cao trn mt vi
lin kt trong mng. Cn vic la chn ng i vi tc nghn thp nht s dn n
vic s dng ng dn c th di hn nhng ti c phn phi u n trn mng hn.
nh tuyn thch nghi da trn thng tin cc b:

- nh tuyn theo khong cch vector (distance-vector routing): Phng php ny
khng yu cu mi nt duy tr ton b thng tin trng thi lin kt ca mi nt trong
mng. Thay vo , mi nt c mt bng khong cch (distance table). Mi bng khong
cch ca mt nt c mt hng cho mi ch n trong mng v mt ct cho cc nt c lin
kt trc tip vi nt . Gi D
X
(Y,Z) l mt phn t trong bng khong cch ca nt X.
D
X
(Y,Z) chnh l chi ph i t nt X n nt ch Y qua nt Z. Gi c(X,Z) l chi ph i
t nt X n nt lng ging Z. D
X
(Y,Z) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D
X
(Y,Z) = c(X,Z) + min
W
{ D
Z
(Y,W)}
Hnh 3.11 minh ha mt bng khong cch ca nt E trong mng nm k bn. Cc
phn t c khoanh trn chnh l chi ph nh nht i n nt ch. Nh vy t bng
khong cch, ta c th d dng suy ra bng chuyn tip (fowarding table), trong ch r
cn s dng lin kt ng ra no n c mt nt ch tng ng.
D
E
( )
Hnh 3.11 Bng khong cch ca nt ngun E.
- nh tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin cc b: Xt tiu chun chn
la ng i l xc sut nghn thp nht. tng cng ging vi phng php nh

148
N
u
c
h


tuyn ng dn lun phin theo thng tin tng th. im khc bit l ch ch phi tp
trung thng tin v ti nguyn mng (bc sng sn c) ch trn k chng u tin ca n.
V d, trong hnh 3.12, nu ta xt hai ng i lun phin t nt ngun A n nt ch D,
vi phng php da trn thng tin tng th th hai bc sng
1
v
3
sn c dc theo ton b
chiu di ca ng 1, trong khi ch c bc sng
2
sn c dc theo ton b chiu di ca ng
2. Do ng 1 s c chn.

Vi phng php da trn thng tin cc b, nu k = 2 th ng 2 s c chn v trn hai
chng u tin ca ng ny c ba bc sng
1
,
2
, v
4
sn c, trong khi trn hai chng u
tin ca ng 1 th ch c hai bc sng
1
v
3
sn c.
Mc d thng tin cc b c th cung cp s c lng kh chnh xc v tc nghn dc
ng dn nhng khng m bo rng bt k bc sng no sn c trn k chng u tin u sn
c trn ton b ng dn.

3

B C
3

1
3

D
ng 1
A
ng 2
3

F E
4

Hnh 3.12 Minh ha nh tuyn lun phin.
- nh tuyn chuyn hng (Deflection routing):Mt phng php khc nh
tuyn thch nghi vi thng tin b hn ch l nh tuyn chuyn hng. Phng php nh
tuyn ny chn ng i t cc lin kt lun phin theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) hn l
t cc ng i lun phin gia hai im u cui (end-to-end). Vic nh tuyn c
thc hin bng cch mi nt phi duy tr bng nh tuyn c ch r mt hoc nhiu lin kt
ng ra lun phin i n tng nt ch. Cc lin kt lun phin ny c sp th t sao
cho u tin cc lin kt c ti nguyn (bc sng sn c) nhiu nht. Nh vy mi nt s
ch duy tr thng tin v trng thi ca vic s dng bc sng trn cc lin kt ng ra ring
ca n. Khi chn mt lin kt ng ra lun phin nh tuyn, vic quyt nh c th
c xc nh da trn chn la s chng t nht hoc xc sut nghn thp nht. Nu da
trn tiu chun s chng t nht, trc ht, gii thut nh tuyn ny s c gng chn mt
lin kt ng ra no i n nt ch vi s chng t nht. Nu lin kt va chn khng c
sn bc sng kh thi th gii thut nh tuyn s c gng chn mt lin kt ng ra lun
phin khc c ng dn c s chng t nht k tip. Gii thut tin hnh nh vy cho n
khi ti nt ch hoc kt ni b nghn. Hnh 3.13 (a) minh ha phng php nh tuyn
chuyn hng theo tiu chun s chng t nht. ng dn u tin c chn l A B
C D. Tuy nhin khi yu cu n nt C, n khng th tip tc qua lin kt CD v
khng c mt bc sng chung no sn c trn ton tuyn. V th yu cu c chuyn
sang nt F. y n c th tip tc i n nt ch dc theo lin kt FD.
Nu da trn tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp nht, gii thut nh tuyn s chn lin
kt no c s bc sng kh thi ln nht trong s cc lin kt ng ra lun phin. Tp bc sng
kh thi bao gm cc bc sng sn c trn tt c cc chng i qua v trn lin kt ng ra tip
149


theo. Hnh 3.13 (b) minh ha cho phng php ny. Ta cng c yu cu kt ni t A n D. Trn
chng u tin, lin kt AB c chn v c ba bc sng sn c, trong khi lin kt AE ch c hai
bc sng sn c. Khi yu cu kt ni n nt B, n s c nh tuyn n nt E v c n ba
bc sng kh thi (
1
,
2
, v
4
) sn c trn lin kt BE v ch c mt bc sng kh thi
1
sn c
trn lin kt BC. Phng php nh tuyn chuyn hng theo tiu chun xc sut tc nghn thp
nht thng to ra ng dn di hn so vi phng php trn. Tuy nhin phng php ny
gip cn bng ti u trn cc lin kt ca mng, trnh tnh trng ti tp trung vo mt s t lin
kt gy tc nghn.
3

Hnh 3.13 Minh ha nh tuyn chuyn hng.
C nhiu vn ny sinh khi thc hin nh tuyn chuyn hng Mt trong nhng vn
l s lp vng (looping), tc l mt bn tin yu cu kt ni tr v li mt nt no m n i
qua ri. Vic chuyn hng lp vng c khc phc bng cch mi bn tin yu cu kt ni phi
duy tr mt vector ng dn cha danh sch cc nt m n i qua. Nu mt nt no
nhn bn tin yu cu kt ni m ch nh r rng bn tin i qua nt ny ri th kt ni xem nh
b tc nghn. Mt gii php khc l tn dng trng time-to-live, tc thi gian sng ca cc bn
tin yu cu kt ni. Trng ny s gip cho bn tin yu cu kt ni khng b lp vng v tn trong
mng.
Mt vn khc na l yu cu kt ni c th c chuyn hng nhiu ln dn n mt
ng dn qu di cho lightpath. Cc gii php khc phc vn ny l gii hn v chiu di
hoc s chng ln nht trong mt lightpath, hoc gii hn v s ln chuyn hng c th c ca
mt ng i.
e) Vn gn bc sng:

Trc ht, ta cn nh ngha mt s k hiu sau:
-

-
L: tng s lin kt trong mng.

M
i
: s si quang c ti lin kt l (dnh cho cc mng a si (multi-fiber
networks)).
M: s si quang trn mt lin kt nu tc c cc lin kt u c cng s si.

W: s bc sng c th c trn mt si quang.

t(p): tp cc lin kt ca ng p.

S
p
: tp cc bc sng sn c dc theo ng p.

D: ma trn L x W, trong D
lj
ch s si quang c bc sng j c gn ti
lin kt l. Ch l 0 D
lj
M
l
.
-

-

-

-

-
150

4

Gii thut Random

y l gii thut gn bc sng n gin nht, theo , nt ngun s tm kim tt
c cc bc sng xc nh tp bc sng ri trn ng i c xc nh. Sau ,
mt bc sng s c chn ngu nhin (vi xc sut nh nhau) gn bc sng cho
lightpath . Trong trng hp thiu thng tin v tnh trng bc sng trong mng th
phng php ny s dn n kt qu cn bng c s lng cc bc sng c s
dng.
Gii thut First-Fit

Trong gii thut ny, tt c cc bc sng u c nh s th t. Trong tt c
cc bc sng ri, bc sng c ch s thp hn s c xem xt trc cc bc sng c
ch s cao hn. Nh vy, bc sng ri u tin s c chn. Thut ton ny khng cn
thng tin tng th.
So snh vi gii thut Random th First-Fit c chi ph tnh ton t hn do khng cn phi
duyt qua tt c cc bc sng cho mi tuyn. tng ca gii thut ny l p tt c cc bc
sng ang s dng v u cui ca danh sch cc bc sng cc ng di hn c xu hng
s dng cc bc sng pha trn ca danh sch, do xc sut thit lp thnh cng cao hn.
Gii thut ny cho kt qu kh tt v kha cnh xc sut nghn v thng c s dng trong thc
t do n gin.

Nhn chung, phng php First-Fit s tt hn so vi phng php Random khi c y
thng tin v trng thi mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp thng tin b hn ch hoc c cp nht
khng kp thi th vic cp pht bc sng theo phng php Random c th tt hn. L do l
trong phng php First-Fit, nu cng mt lc c nhiu yu cu kt ni mun thit lp lightpath,
th hu nh chng s chn mt bc sng ging nhau dn n mt hoc nhiu kt ni b nghn.
V d 3.2

Gi s ta c 5 nt vi 4 lin kt. Mi lin kt c th c 3 bc sng.

1 ---------- 2 ---------- 3 ---------- 4 ---------- 5

Gi s cc yu cu lightpath l nh sau:

{1,3}, {1,2}, {4,5}, {3,5}, {2,4}, {3,4}
K hiu: a b c d e f
Cc bc sng c gn theo gii thut First-Fit nh hnh 3.14

1

0

1 2 3 4 5
Hnh 3.14 Cc bc sng c gn bi gii thut First-Fit.
Gii thut Least-Used (LU)

Gii thut ny chn ra bc sng t c s dng nht trong mng nhm c gng
cn bng ti gia cc bc sng. So vi gii thut Random th LU km hiu qu hn trong
151
a f c
b d
e


khi yu cu thng tin tng th v phc tp tnh ton cao hn, do t c a chung
trong thc t.
V d 3.3:

Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15

1

0

2 3 5 6 1 4
Hnh 3.15 Trng thi s dng bc sng hin thi ca ng i.
Gi s ta cn cp pht bc sng cho yu cu kt ni {4,5}. Ta thy w
1
c s dng ba
lin kt, w
2
dng mt lin kt, w
3
dng hai lin kt. Do gii thut LU s gn bc sng w
2

cho yu cu ny.
Gii thut Most-Used (MU)

Gii thut ny ngc li vi LU. N c gng chn ra bc sng c s dng
nhiu nht trong mng ti thi im nhm to nhiu bc sng rnh cho cc yu cu v
sau. phc tp tnh ton v hiu qu ca gii thut ny cng tng t nh LU.
V d 3.4:

Cho trng thi s dng hin thi ca ng i nh trong hnh 3.15 v yu cu kt ni l
{4,5}. Gii thut MU s gn bc sng w
1
cho yu cu ny do w
1
c s dng nhiu lin kt
nht.
Gii thut Min-Product (MP)

Gii thut ny c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. Trong mng n si, gii
thut ny tng ng vi gii thut First-Fit. Mc ch ca gii thut ny l c gng gn
cc bc sng vo cng cc si quang nhm hn ch s lng si s dng trong mng.
thc hin vic ny, gii thut MP tnh tch [
D
lj cho mi bc sng j (1jW). MP s
let ( p )

chn bc sng c tch nh nht. Tuy nhin, c nghin cu chng t c rng gii
thut MP khng hiu qu bng gii thut First-Fit phin bn cho mng a si (trong c
si v bc sng u c nh s). V li, MP li c chi ph tnh ton cao hn.
V d 3.5:

Xt mt ng gm nm lin kt. Mi lin kt c ba bc sng v c gi s c nhiu
si quang. Bng ma trn D c cho nh sau:
152


Bng 3.3: Ma trn D trong v d cho gii thut Min-Product
Cc tch c tnh cho mi bc sng:

Vi bc sng 1: 2*3*1*3*5 = 90.
Vi bc sng 2: 3*2*4*1*2 = 48.
Vi bc sng 3: 1*2*1*2*1 = 4.
Nh vy bc sng 3 s c gn. R rng khi bc sng 3 c gn th ta ch s dng 3
si, trong khi nu bc sng 1 hoc 2 c gn th phi cn n 6 hoc 5 si quang.
Gii thut Least-Loaded (LL):

Gii thut ny cng c a ra ch yu cho cc mng a si. LL s chn bc
sng c dung lng d ln nht (residual capacity), tc l t c s dng trn cc si
nht, ca lin kt c ti nhiu nht trn ng p. Vi mng n si, gi tr ca residual
capacity l 0 hoc 1, do gii thut chn bc sng c ch s thp nht vi residual
capacity bng 1. Nh vy gii thut LL cng tr thnh FF trong mng n si. Tm li,
max{ min (M
l

D
lj
)}
. Gii thut LL c

LL s chn bc sng j no tha
jeS
p
let ( p )
chng minh l hiu qu hn MU v FF trong vic gim xc sut tc nghn trong mng a
si.
V d 3.6:

Ta cng xt bng ma trn D c cho trong phn gii thut Min-Product. Gi s mi lin
kt c ti a 7 si quang (M
l
= 7 l=1,,5). Gi s ta cn thit lp mt lightpath qua hai lin kt
1 v 2.

Vi bc sng 1: min{(M
1
- D
11
), (M
1
D
21
) = min {(7-2), (7-3)} = 4.
Vi bc sng 2: min{(M
2
- D
12
), (M
2
D
22
) = min {(7-3), (7-2)} = 4.
Vi bc sng 3: min{(M
3
- D
13
), (M
3
D
23
) = min {(7-1), (7-2)} = 5.
Vy ta chn bc sng 3.
Gii thut Max-Sum (M):

Gii thut M c xut cho cc mng a si nhng cng c th p dng cho
mng n si. Gii thut ny xem xt tt c cc ng c th v c gng gn bc sng
153
Lin kt Bc sng 1 Bc sng 2 Bc sng 3
1 2 3 1
2 3 2 2
3 1 4 1
4 3 1 2
5 5 2 1


sao cho cc i ha dung lng ng cn li sau khi lightpath c thit lp. Gii thut
ny gi s rng ma trn lu lng c bit trc v ng i cho mi kt ni c
la chn trc. Yu cu ny c th t c nu gi s ma trn lu lng l n nh trong
mt khong thi gian no .
Gi l trng thi mng vi cc lightpath ang tn ti. Trong M, dung lng
lin kt (link capacity) ca bc sng j ti lin kt l c nh ngha l s lng si ti
lin kt l m bc sng j cn ri trn .
r(,l,j) = M
l
D()
lj

trong D() l ma trn D trng thi .

Dung lng ng i (path capacity) r(,p,j) ca bc sng j l s si m bc
sng j khng c s dng ti lin kt b nghn nhiu nht trn ng p.
r ( , p, j) = min{r ( , l, j)}

let ( p )
Dung lng ng dn ca ng p ti trng thi l tng ca dung lng ng
dn ca tt c cc bc sng.

max
R( , p) =

r ( , p, j)

j =1

Gi
(j) l trng thi k tip ca mng nu bc sng j c gn cho kt ni. Gii

thut M s chn bc sng no lm cc i gi tr
R( ' ( j), p)
. Trong P l tp
peP

cc ng ca cc yu cu kt ni trng thi hin ti.

Mt khi lightpath c thit lp th trng thi mng s c cp nht v n
lt yu cu kt ni tip theo c xem xt.
V d 3.7:

Xt mt ng gm 6 nt c nh s t 0 n 6 lin tip. C mt s bc sng c
gn nh trn hnh 3.16.

3

1

0

Hnh 3.16 V d minh ha cho gii thut Max-Sum
n gin, ta gi s mi lin kt ch gm 1 si quang v 4 bc sng. Gi s ta cn
thit lp lightpath P1: (2,4). Cc lightpath cn c thit lp sau l P2: (1,5), P3: (3,6), v P4:
(0,3). Bng 3.4 cho ta tn tht dung lng tng cng khi chn ln lt cc bc sng thit lp
lightpath P1.
154


Ta thy rng nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng
0
th s lm tc nghn P4 tn
0
.
Nu thit lp lightpath P1 trn bc sng
1
s lm tc nghn P3. Thit lp P1 trn
2
s lm tc
nghn c P2 v P3. Thit lp P1 trn
3
s lm tc nghn P2. Nh vy chn bc sng
2
s khin
cho tn tht dung lng tng cng ln nht, tc l kh nng nghn mch ca cc kt ni tng lai
cao hn. Do , bt k trong ba bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng nh nhau u
c th c chn bi M.
Bng 3.4:Tn tht dung lng tng cng trong gii thut M
cng cho mi bc sng
Gii thut Relative Capacity Loss (RCL)

Gii thut ny da trn gii thut M. Gii thut M c th c nhn theo quan
im chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng trn tt c cc bc sng.
(R( ( j), p) R( ' ( j), p))

.
peP
Do ch c dung lng ca bc sng j l thay i sau khi lightpath c thit lp
trn bc sng j nn c ngha l M s chn bc sng j no lm ti thiu ha tn tht
dung lng tng cng trn bc sng ny.
(r ( , p, j) r( ', p, j))

peP
Gii thut RCL chn bc sng j sao cho ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng
i (Relative Capacity Loss), c tnh bi cng thc:

(r( , p, j) r( ', p, j))
r ( , p, j)
peP
Gii thut RCL da trn l lun l vic ti thiu ha tn tht dung lng tng
cng i khi cha a n mt s chn la bc sng tt nht. Chng hn nh vic chn
mt bc sng i no c th lm tc nghn lightpath p
1
, trong khi nu chon bc sng j
khc c th lm gim dung lng ca p
2
v p
3
nhng khng lm tc nghn chng. Do
bc sng j nn c chn la mc d tn tht dung lng tng cng ca bc sng j cao
hn l ca bc sng i. Trong a s cc trng hp th gii thut RCL hiu qu hn M.
155

Bc sng

Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng tng

P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3)
3
1 0 0 1
2
1 1 0 2
1
0 1 0 1
0
0 0 1 1

V d 3.8:

Ta hy tip tc xem xt tip v d trong phn gii thut M lm r hn. Theo kt qu
trn, bt k trong 3 bc sng cn li vi tn tht dung lng tng cng nh nhau u c th c
chn bi M. Tuy nhin, ch rng, nu chn
0
th ng P4 s b tc nghn trn mi bc
sng. Trong khi , nu ta chn
1
hay
3
, mi ng cn li u cn t nht mt bc sng m
chng khng b tc nghn trn . Do r rng khng nn chn bc sng
2
.
By gi ta s dng gii thut RCL. Ta quan st thy rng ng P2 c th chn mt trong
hai bc sng
2
v
3
. Do nu P1 c thit lp trn mt trong hai bc sng ny th tn tht
dung lng tng i cho P2 s l . Tng t, P3 c hai bc sng c th thit lp c, v tn
tht dung lng tng i trn cc bc sng ny cng bng . P4 th ch c th thit lp c
trn
0
, do tn tht dung lng tng i l bng 1 cho bc sng
0
. Cc kt qu tnh ton
c trnh by trong bng 3.5. Gii thut RCL chn bc sng vi tn tht dung lng tng i
nh nht, tc l chn bc sng
1
hoc
3
.
Bng 3.5:Tn tht dung lng tng i trong gii thut RCL
i cho mi bc sng
3.4.3 Wavelength reservation (WR) trong IP/WDM

Trong khun kh ti liu ny chng ti ch trnh by v phn tch u nhc im ca hai
phng php WR quen thuc l Forward Reservation hay cn gi l Source-Initiated Reservation
(SIR) v Backward Reservation hay Destination-Initiated Reservation (DIR). Hai phng php
ci tin l FBR (Forward and Backward Reservation) v IIR (Intermediate-Node Initiated
Reservation) c gi c th tm hiu trong cc ti liu tham kho [13] v [14].

a) Phng php SIR:

Trong phng php SIR, nt ngun gi gi RESV (Reserve packet) khi xut hin yu cu
thit lp lightpath. Gi RESV s dnh trc mt bc sng t nt ngun n nt ch. Qu trnh
dnh trc c thc hin ti cc nt trung gian. u tin, nt ngun chn mt bc sng
dnh trc t cc tp bc sng ri bng gii thut gn bc sng v gi gi RESV v pha nt
ch. Khi cc nt trung gian nhn c gi RESV, n s xem bc sng cn c dnh trc c
ri hay khng cho lin kt k tip hay khng. Nu c th nt trung gian ny dnh trc (kha)
bc sng ny li v chuyn tip gi RESV n nt k tip. Qu trnh thit lp lightpath hon tt
khi gi RESV n c nt ch. Khi mt gi ACK (Acknowledgment packet) c gi tr v
156

Bc sng

Tn tht dung lng cho tng ng Tn tht dung lng tng

P2: (1,5) P3: (3,6) P4: (0,3)
3
0.5 0 0 0.5
2
0.5 0.5 0 1
1
0 0.5 0 0.5
0
0 0 1 1


nt ngun thng bo cho nt ngun bit lightpath c thit lp. Mt khi nhn c gi
ACK, nt ngun s cho d liu truyn i trn lightpath c thit lp. Khi khng cn d liu
truyn trn lightpath, nt ngun ch trong mt khong thi gian timeout ri sau gi gi REL
v pha nt ch gii phng lightpath.

Do nt ngun ch bit c bc sng no rnh cc lin kt ln cn nn khng th m
bo c bc sng c chn c rnh trn cc lin kt khc hay khng. Nu khng, qu trnh
dnh trc s tht bi v nt trung gian loi b gi RESV, gi tr v nt ngun mt gi NACK
(Negative ACK packet) v mt gi FAIL. Gi NACK thng bo cho nt ngun bit l qu trnh
dnh trc tht bi ti mt nt trung gian no . Gi FAIL l gii phng bc sng
c kha cc nt trung gian trc . Trong trng hp ny, khi nhn c gi NACK, nt
ngun s truyn li gi RESV th dnh trc mt bc sng khc.
Tnh hung tht bi va nu cho ta thy im yu ca phng php SIR. im yu ny c
th c ci tin i cht nu ta dnh trc nhiu bc sng (over-reservation) thay v ch mt.
Tuy nhin, nh vy th rt lng ph ti nguyn mng v c th gy tc nghn cho cc yu cu
khc.
Yeu cau
ket noi
Yeu cau
ket noi
RESV RESV
NACK &
FAIL
ACK
RESV
Truyen
d lieu
Time out
REL
(a) Thiet lap thanh cong
(b) Thiet lap that bai
Hnh 3.17 Phng php SIR [12]
b) Phng php DIR:

Trong phng php ny, u tin nt ngun gi gi PROBE v pha nt ch. Gi
PROBE s thu thp cc thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti cc nt trung gian m n i qua. Khi
nt ch nhn c gi PROBE, n s c c tt c thng tin v vic s dng bc sng ti cc
lin kt trung gian. Da trn cc thng tin ny, nt ch thc hin gii thut gn bc sng v
quyt nh chn mt bc sng dnh trc. Sau n gi gi RESV tr ngc v pha nt
ngun. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi RESV th ng ngha vi vic lightpath c thit lp
xong, nt ngun bt u qu trnh truyn d liu. Khi kt thc vic truyn d liu, nt ngun cng
i mt khong thi gian timeout trc khi quyt nh gi gi REL gii phng lightpath.

Tuy nhin qu trnh dnh trc bc sng khng phi lc no cng thnh cng. Vi
phng php ny, c th c ba tnh hung tht bi.
Tnh hung tht bi th nht, khi gi PROBE i qua mt nt trung gian, nu ti nt
khng cn bc sng no rnh th nt s loi b gi PROBE v gi gi NACK v bo cho nt
ngun bit qu trnh thit lp b tht bi. Khi ny nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th
v truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
157


Tnh hung tht bi th hai, gi PROBE n c nt ch, tuy nhin gii thut gn
bc sng khng th tm c lightpath no cn rnh trong ton b cc lin kt trn ng. Khi
ny, nt ch s gi gi NACK v nt ngun. Nt ngun c th s dng mt ng thay th v
truyn li gi PROBE trn ng mi hoc kt ni s b tc nghn.
Tnh hung tht bi th ba, gii thut gn bc sng tm c bc sng thch hp v
nt ch gi gi RESV tr v. Tuy nhin ta hy ch l gia thi im gi PROBE thu thp
thng tin v trng thi bc sng ti mt nt trung gian n thi im gi RESV n c nt
trung gian ny l mt khong thi gian c gi l vulnerable time. Trong khong thi gian ny,
trng thi ca nt c kh nng b thay i v bc sng sp c dnh trc th c th b mt
gi RESV khc n chim mt. Khi vic thit lp lightpath cng xem nh b tht bi, nt trung
gian s gi gi NACK v pha ngun v gi FAIL v pha nt ch gii phng cc bc
sng c dnh trc. Khi nt ngun nhn c gi NACK trong trng hp ny, n s truyn
li gi PROBE.

Nh vy ta tnh hung tht bi th ba cho ta thy c im yu ca phng php DIR.
l do khong thi gian vulnerable time m vic dnh trc bc sng c th s dng cc
thng tin c (outdated information). Gia hai phng php DIR v SIR th DIR c nh gi cao
hn do gii thut gn bc sng c cung cp nhiu thng tin v trng thi ng truyn hn.
Hnh 3.18 Phng php DIR [12].
158

3.5 IU KHIN TRONG MNG IP/WDM

3.5.1 C ch iu khin tp trung

C ch iu khin ca mng WDM ng c th chia lm hai loi: tp trung v phn b.
Trong c ch iu khin tp trung, nt iu khin trung tm cha tt c thng tin v trng thi
mng hin ti v cung cp cc yu cu thit lp lightpath. C ch ny c th cp pht cc ti
nguyn mng hiu qu hn bi v nt iu khin trung tm bit c tt c thng tin v s h
hng lin kt, s bc sng sn c trn mi lin kt, v.v.v. Tuy nhin c ch ny c hai nhc
im. Th nht l kh nng m rng km do nt trung tm phi x l qu nhiu thng tin v tr
thnh mt im tht nt c chai trong mng. Nhc im th hai l kh nng sng cn
(survivability) thp. Nu nt trung tm c s c th ton b mng s b mt iu khin. Do c
ch iu khin tp trung ch thch hp cho cc mng loi nh.
3.5.2 C ch iu khin phn b

Trong c ch iu khin phn b, khng c nt iu khin trung tm. Thay vo , mi
nt iu khin vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng thng qua vic kt hp vi cc nt ln cn. C
ch ny c hai u im l kh nng m rng cao v tnh sng cn cao. Do , c ch ny thch
hp hn vi cc mng loi ln.
3.6 THIT K TI U TP LOGIC QUANG

3.6.1 Khi nim tp mng

Topology c ngha l hnh th mng. Bt k mng thng tin no cng c 2 loi kt cu
tp, l tp vt l v tp logic (cn gi l tp o). Trong , tp vt l m t kt cu vt l
ca nt mng; tp lgic m t s phn b dch v ca hai nt mng.

a) Tp vt l

Tp vt l ca mng tc l quan h kt ni vt l gia cc nt mng. N l tp hp ca
cc nt mng v cc si quang. Trong thi k u, khi k thut ghp knh phn chia bc sng
mi pht trin, lin kt im-im l phng thc ng dng duy nht. Cng vi s pht trin ca
k thut im nt, cc b ghp/tch knh OADM v cc b kt ni cho quang OXC to iu
kin thc hin cc loi tp vt l khc nhau. Ngoi phng thc kt ni n gin im-im,
tp vt l cn c cc loi kt ni khc nh: kt ni hnh tuyn, hnh sao, hnh cy, hnh vng v
hnh li.

b) Tp logic

Tp logic l s phn b dch v gia cc im nt ca mng. N quan h mt thit vi
tp vt l, thng c cc loi tp logic nh sau: hnh sao, tp kiu cn bng, v hnh li. Vi
s xut hin ca cc b kt ni cho quang, tp logic c xy dng linh ng hn.
So snh gia tp vt l v tp logic:
159

Tp vt l

Tp logic

C lin quan trc tip vi vic nh tuyn
khi t ng cp quang, tuy nhin tp
vt l khng th theo kp s pht trin ca
dch v v tp vt l c th c xem l

C lin quan n khi nim knh quang vi
s phn b dch v gia cc im nt, c
th thay i tp logic t chng trnh phn
mm nn c th xem tp logic l tp

3.6.2 Tm tt bi ton thit k topo logic

Bi ton thit k topo logic c m t dng cng thc l mt bi ton ti u loi
MILP [8].

a) Cc gi nh chung:

Cc ng ni vt l l song hng, tc l nu c ng ni t node i n node j th cng
c ng ni t node j n node i.

Cc ng ni logic, chnh l cc ng quang, l n hng. iu ny c ngha l nu c ng
ni logic t node i sang node j th cha chc c ng ni t node j sang node i.
Traffic yu cu l khng i xng, tc l lng traffic t node j sang node i c th khc lng
traffic t node i sang node j. Traffic yu cu c th hin di dng ma trn, l mt ma trn
khng i xng.
Cc thit b chuyn mch quang t cc node c chc nng chuyn i bc sng, tc l
ni lng iu kin rng buc v bc sng lin tc trong cc ng quang.
b) Thng s u vo

Topo vt l: topo ca mng cp quang c th.

Traffic yu cu: nhu cu kt ni gia cc node trong mng th hin bng ma trn traffic.

c) Thng s u ra

Topo logic: topo ca cc ng quang.

Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng lung traffic trn topo logic.
Kt qu nh tuyn cho tng ng quang trn topo vt l.
Kt qu phn nh bc sng cho tng ng quang.
160
tp cng. mm.

C s ca tp vt l l kt ni vt l gia
cc im nt.

C s thit k ca tp logic l quan h kt
ni logic gia cc im nt.

Phn nh quan h kt ni trong lp vt l,
mc phc tp ca tp vt l ph thuc
vo s lng u dy ca im nt mng.

Phn nh cc kt ni trong lp knh quang
ca mng. Cht lng truyn dn v x l,
phc tp ca kt ni logic ph thuc vo
s lng u dy ca im nt mng, s
lng bc sng ghp knh, chc nng v
kt cu ca mng.

Mc ch thit k tp vt l l nhm p
ng nhu cu dch v mng, do qu trnh
thit k c thc hin sao cho phn b
a l ca im nt mng v quan h kt
ni vt l gia cc im nt l ti u.

Mc ch thit k tp logic l da vo
tp vt l c nng cao ch tiu vn
hnh v kinh doanh mng ti u ha chc
nng mng ca lp knh quang.

d) Cc iu kin rng buc

S lng thit b thu pht quang c lp t ti mi node

Dung lng ca mi ng quang.

S hop logic ln nht m mt lung traffic phi vt qua khi truyn t ngun n ch.
S bc sng ti a c th truyn trn mi si quang.
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi truyn qua.

e) Mc tiu bi ton thit k

Bi ton thit k mng ti u thng c xy dng theo mt trong cc mc tiu sau: Ti
thiu nghn; Ti thiu tr; Ti thiu s hop trung bnh
Trong cc bo co cng b [4], [8] ngi ta khng nh thit k mng l mt bi ton rt phc
tp, c bit l vi cc mng c s node cng nhiu. gim phc tp ca bi ton ngi ta
chn la phng n thc hin tng phn tch bi ton thit k ln, phc tp thnh nhiu bi
ton con [8]. Lc thay v gii bi ton ln ngi ta ln lt gii cc bi ton con. Li gii ca
cc bi ton trc l d liu u vo cho cc bi ton con k tip. Mt cch cht ch m ni th
cc bi ton con khng hon ton c lp nhau nn phng php tm li gii ln lt qua cc bi
ton con ny c th ch a ra kt qu gn ng. Tuy nhin phng php phn tch ny gip
ngi ta c ci nhn trc tip vo tng vn c th v l c s cho vic p dng cc thut ton
heuristic, l thut ton c la chn khi gii quyt nhng bi ton phc tp.
Hnh 3.19 Bi ton thit k topo logic c phn tch thnh ba bi ton con:

Thit k topo logic n thun.

nh tuyn cho traffic

nh tuyn cho ng quang.
161

3.6.3 nh tuyn cho traffic trn topo logic

Khi gii bi ton thit k topo logic cng thc hin vic nh tuyn traffic s b tnh
ra s hop m mi lung traffic phi vt qua t tnh s hop trung bnh ca ton mng (l i
lng cn ti thiu ha theo mc tiu ca bi ton). Nhng vic nh tuyn s b ni trn ch tnh
theo ng ngn nht (shortest path) m cha cn nhc n dung lng thc s ca cc ng
quang. Bi ton con thc hin nh tuyn traffic c t ra gii quyt trit vn nh
tuyn cho traffic, n bo m cho dung lng traffic tng cng trn mi ng quang khng vt
qu dung lng thit k cho mi ng quang. Bi ton con dnh cho vic nh tuyn traffic c
tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo

Topo logic: l kt qu c thit k trong bi ton trc.

Traffic yu cu: ma trn traffic th hin s lng lung STM-1 cn kt ni gia cc cp
ngun-ch trong mng.
b) D liu ra:

Bng nh tuyn traffic th hin ng i c th ca cc lung traffic trn topo logic, vi
mc tiu t s hop logic trung bnh ti thiu.
c) iu kin rng buc

Tng traffic trn mi ng quang khng vt qu dung lng ca ng quang.

3.6.4 nh tuyn cho cc ng quang trn topo vt l

C s tng ng gia hai bi ton nh tuyn cho traffic v nh tuyn cho ng quang.
l s sp xp ng i cho cc kt ni ca mt lp trn topo c th ca lp di k . Nu
nh traffic cn nh tuyn trn lp logic l s lng lung SDH cn bn (STM-1) cn kt ni gia
cc thit b SDH t ti cc node th traffic i vi lp vt l l s ng quang cn thit lp gia
cc thit b quang t ti cc node. Bi ton nh tuyn ng quang c tm tt nh sau:
a) D liu vo

Topo logic: l kt qu ca bi ton thit k topo logic, th hin s lng v v tr cc
ng quang cn kt ni gia cc cp ngun ch.

Mng vt l: cung cp topo vt l v c ly gia cc cp node c ng ni vt l trong
mng.
b) D liu ra

Bng nh tuyn ng quang th hin ng i c th ca cc ng quang, vi mc
tiu c s hop vt l trung bnh ti thiu.
c) Cc rng buc

S lng ng quang (mi ng quang ng vi mt bc sng) chy qua mi si
quang khng vt qu mt con s gii hn. K thut ngy nay nng con s gii hn ny ln
n t vi chc n hn mt trm [4].
Chiu di vt l ln nht m cc ng quang phi vt qua.
162

Phuong Thuc Truyen Tai Ip Quang

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phuong Thuc Truyen Tai Ip Quang

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Truyn Ti IP/WDM

Cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni, thit lp c cc kt ni quang, trc ht chng ta

(j) l trng thi k tip ca mng nu bc sng j c gn cho kt ni. Gii

(R( ( j), p) R( ' ( j), p))

You might also like