Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS.

Nguyn Hu Th

- 239 -

Bi s 4B(8)
PHNG PHP FROBENIUS.
PHNG TRNH BESSEL. NG DNG CA HM BESSEL

1. Phng php ca Frobenius: Cc trng hp ngoi l

Nhc li:
nh ngha: Mt chui v hn dang
1 2
0 1 2
0 0
( ) ...
r n n r r r r
n n
n n
y x x c x c x c x c x c x

+ + +
= =
= = = + + +


c gi l chui Frobenius

Xt phng trnh h s hng s ng chiu (c im k d chnh quy 0 x = )
2
( ) ( ) 0 + + = x y xp x y q x y (10)
n ko theo r
Phng trnh xc nh:
0 0
( 1) 0 r r p r q + + = y
0 0
(0), (0) = = p p q q (16
Nu chui Frobenius
r n
n
y x c x =

l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (10), th s m r
phi l mt nghim ca phng trnh xc nh (16).

Xt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc hai c 0 x = l mt im k d chnh quy
2
( ) ( )
0
p x q x
y y y
x x
+ + = (1)
tc l khi c hai hm ( ) p x v ( ) q x u gii tch ti 0 x = .
Khi tm c hai s m
1
r v
2
r ( gi s l s thc v r
1
r
2
) l nghim ca phng
trnh xc nh
0 0
( ) ( 1) 0 = + + = r r r p r q (2)
+ Lun tn ti mt chui nghim Frobenius
1
r n
n
y x a x =

tng ng vi
1
; ( 0) > r x .
+ Nu
*
1 2 +
= r r k : tn ti thm chui nghim Frobenius th hai
2
r n
n
y x b x =

.

Cu hi: Cc trng hp khc liu c tn ti nghim chui Frobenius hay khng?

a. Trng hp khng cha logarit vi r
1
= r
2
+ N

Th chui lu tha : ( ) =

n
n
p x p x ; ( ) =

n
n
q x q x
v chui Frobenius:
0 0
( )
r n n r
n n
n n
y x x c x c x

+
= =
= =

, vi
0
0 c (3)
vo phng trnh vi phn dng
2
( ) ( ) 0 x y xp x y q x y + + = (4)
Qua phng php ng nht h s ta thy: chui Frobenius l nghim ca phng trnh
(4), nu s m r v h s
0 1 1
, ,..., ,
n n
c c c c

tho mn phng trnh

0 1 1
( ) ( ; , , ..., ) 0
n n n
r n c L r c c c

+ + = . (9)
y l cng thc truy hi ca
n
c theo cc s hng
0 1 1
, ,...,
n
c c c

.
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 240 -
Gi s rng
1 2
r r N = + vi N l s nguyn dng,
1 2
r r > :
+ Khi h s
1
( ) 0, 1 r n n +
+ Khi
0 1 1
, ,...,
n
c c c

c xc nh, ta c th gii c phng trnh (9) vi

n
c v tip tc
tnh ton cc h s trong nghim dng chui Frobenius tng ng vi s m
1
r .
+ Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng tn ti nghim dng chui Frobenius tng ng vi
s m nh hn
2
r .

V d 1. Xt phng trnh
x
2
y" + (6x + x
2
)y' + xy = 0. (11)
+ y p
0
= 6 v q
0
= 0, nn phng trnh xc nh l
2
( ) ( 1) 6 5 0 r r r r r r = + = + = (12)
vi nghim
1
0 r = v
2 1 2
5 5 r r r N = = = .
+ Ta th chui Frobenius:
n r
n
y c x
+
=

vo (11) nhn c:
1 1
0 0 0 0
( )( 1) 6 ( ) ( ) 0

+ + + + + +
= = = =
+ + + + + + + =

n r n r n r n r
n n n n
n n n n
n r n r c x n r c x n r c x c x .
2
1
0 1
( ) 5( ) ( ) 0

+ +

= =
( + + + + + =


n r n r
n n
n n
n r n r c x n r c x .
+ S hng tng ng vi 0 n = cho phng trnh xc nh trong (12), vi 1 n ta c
2
1
( ) 5( ) ( ) 0
n n
n r n r c n r c

( + + + + + =

(13)
Ch rng h s ca c
n
l (r + n).
+ y:
1 2 2
5 r r N r = + = + . Vi
2
5 r = , phng trnh (13) tr thnh
1
( 5) ( 5) 0

+ =
n n
n n c n c (14)
- Nu 5 n , ta c th gii phng trnh ny thu c cng thc truy hi
1
, 5
n
n
c
c n
n

= (15)
Suy ra : c
1
= -c
0
,
0 1
2
,
2 2
c c
c = =

0 2
3
,
3 6
c c
c = = v
3 0
4
,
4 24
c c
c = = (16)
- Vi 5 n = , phng trnh (14) cho ta
5
0. 0 0 c + = nn
5
c l hng s th hai tu chn,
vn s dng cng thc truy hi trong (15) ta nhn c:
5
6
,
6
c
c =
6 5
7
,
7 6.7
c c
c = =
7 5
8
,
8 6.7.8
c c
c = = ...... (17)
+ Khi chng ta kt hp kt qu (16) v (17), ta c
5
0
2 3 4 6 7 8
5 5 5
0 5
1 ...
2 6 24 6 6.7 6.7.8
n
n
n
y x c x
x x x x x x
c x x c x x

=

=
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ \

vi hai hng s tu
0
c v
5
c .
+ Do chng ta tm c hai nghim chui Frobenius ca p/t (11)
2 3 4
5
1
( ) 1
2 6 24
x x x
y x x x

| |
= + +
|
\
v
.


2
1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( ) 1 1 120 .
6.7....( 5) ( 5)!
n n n n
n n
x x
y x
n n

= =

= + = +
+ +

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 241 -

V d 2. Cho phng trnh
2 2
( 8) 0 x y xy x y + = (18)
Kim tra xem phng trnh c hay khng hai nghim dng chui Frobenius LTT.

Gii. + Ta c p
0
= -1 v q
0
= -8, nn phng trnh xc nh l
2
( ) ( 1) 8 2 8 0 r r r r r r = = =
c hai nghim l r
1
= 4 v r
2
= -2 c hiu l N = 6.
+ Th
n r
n
y c x
+
=

vo phng trnh (18) ta c

2
0 0 0 0
( )( 1) ( ) 8 0.
n r n r n r n r
n n n n
n n n n
n r n r c x n r c x c x c x

+ + + + +
= = = =
+ + + + =


2
2
0 0
( ) 2( ) 8 0.
n r n r
n n
n n
n r n r c x c x

+ +

= =
( + + + =



+ H s
1 r
x
+
cho ta
2
1
) 2( ) 8 0 n r n r c ( + + =

, suy ra
1
0 c = .
+ Vi n 2 ta c phng trnh
2
2
( ) 2( ) 8 0.
n n
n r n r c c

( + + + =

(19)
+ Xt nghim nh r = r
2
= -2. Khi phng trnh (19) c th vit di dng
n(n - 6)c
n
+ c
n-2
= 0 (20)
vi n 2. Vi n 6 ta c th gii ra cng thc truy hi nh sau
2
( 6)
n
n
c
c
n n

vi n 2, n 6 (21)
+ Bi v c
1
= 0, cng thc (vi
0
0 c ) ny cho ta
0
2
,
8
c
c = c
3
= 0,
0 2
4
,
8 64
c c
c = = v c
5
= 0.
+ Khi phng trnh (20) vi n = 6 tr thnh
0
6
0. 0
64
c
c + = .
+ V c
0
0 do khng c cch chn c
6
tho mn phng trnh. Nn khng c nghim
dng chui Frobenius tng ng vi nghim nh r
2
= -2.
+ tm nghim n dng chui Frobenius tng ng vi nghim ln r
1
= 4, ta th r = 4
vo phng trnh (19) thu c cng thc truy hi
2
( 6)
n
n
c
c
n n

=
+
vi n 2, (22)
t ta c:
0 0
2
2
( 1) ( 1) 6
,
2.4...(2 )8.10...(2 6) 2 !( 3)!
n n
n
n
c c
c
n n n n

= =
+ +

+ Vy nghim chui Frobenius ca phng trnh (18):
2
4
1
2
1
( 1)
( ) 1 6
2 !( 3)!
n n
n
n
x
y x x
n n

=
| |
= +
|
+
\

.

Ch : Khi ch c mt nghim
1
( ) y x dng chui Frobenius ca PTVPTT thun nht
cp hai tn ti, ta s dng phng php h bc tm nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh.

M t phng php h bc: Xt PTVPTT cp hai:
( ) ( ) 0 y P x y Q x y + + = (23)
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 242 -
trn khong m I m trn khong P v Q l cc hm lin tc.
+ Gi s ta bit mt nghim y
1
ca phng trnh (23). Ta s tm y
2
sao cho cng vi y
1
to thnh h nghim LTT.
+ Xt thng :
2
1
( )
( )
( )
y x
v x
y x
= (24)
+ Nu ta bit v(x), th y
2
s tm c bng cng thc
y
2
(x) = v(x)y
1
(x) (25)
+ Ta bt u bng php th biu thc (25) vo phng trnh (23), vi
2 1 1
y vy v y

= + v
2 1 1 1
2 y vy v y v y

= + +
ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 vy v y v y P vy v y Qvy
( (
+ + + + + =


+ Sp xp li ta c
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0
(

+ + + + + =

v y Py Qy v y vy Pvy

+ Do y
1
l nghim ca phng trnh (23) nn ta c phng trnh:
1 1 1
2 0

+ + = v y vy Pvy (26)
+ t v = u vi g/thit y
1
(x) khng trit tiu trn I, khi phng trnh (26) tr thnh
1
1
2 ( ) 0
| |

| + + =
|
\
y
u P x u
y
(27)
+ Gii (27) ta nhn c:
( )
2
2
1 1
exp - ( )
. = = +

P x dx
y
v C dx K
y y

+ Chn C = 1 v K= 0, ta c
( )
2 1 2
1
exp - P(x)dx
. =

y y dx
y
(28)
+ Hm s m khng trit tiu, y
2
(x) khng l bi s ca y
1
(x), nn y
1
v y
2
l hai nghim
c lp tuyn tnh.

b. Trng hp logarithmic

By gi ta s nghin cu cng thc tng qut nghim th hai ca phng trnh
2
( ) ( )
0,
p x q x
y y y
x x
+ + = (1)
vi gi thit
1 2 +
= r r N .
Gi s c nghim th nht dng chui Frobenius
1
1
0
( )
r n
n
n
y x x a x

=
=

, (a
0
0) (29)
vi x > 0 tng ng vi s m ln r
1
.
t
2
( ) ( )
( ) , ( ) = =
p x q x
P x Q x
x x
, khi ta vit phng trnh (1) di dng
0 y Py Qy + + = . (23)
V phng trnh xc nh c hai nghim r
1
v nghim r
2
= r
1
N, nn:
2
0 0 1 1
2 2
1 1 1
( 1) ( )( )
( 2 ) ( ) 0
r p r q r r r r N
r N r r r r N
+ + = +
= + + =

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 243 -
suy ra: p
0
1 = N 2r
1
,

tc l:
- p
0
2r
1
= -1 N (30)
Ta vit
2
0 1 2 0
1 2
...
( ) ...
p p x p x p
P x p p x
x x
+ + +
= = + + +
th ta c
( )
0
1 2
exp - ( ) exp - ...
| | (
= + + +
|
(
\

p
P x dx p p x dx
x

0
2
0 1 2
2
1 2
1
exp - ln ...
2
1
exp ... ,
2

| |
=
|
\
| |
=
|
\
p
p x p x p x
x p x p x

nn
( ) ( ) ... 1 ) ( exp
2
2 1
0
+ + + =

x A x A x dx x P
p
(31)
Ta th (29) v (31) vo cng thc (28); vi la chn a
0
= 1 trong (29), suy ra:
( )
( )
.
... 1
... 1
2
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
1 2
1
0

+ + +
+ + +
=

dx
x a x a x
x A x A x
y y
r
p

Khai trin mu s v n gin, ta c
( )
( )
( )
0 1
2 2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
1 2
1 1 2
1 ...
.
1 ...
1 ... .


+ + +
=
+ + +
= + + +

p r
N
x A x A x
y y dx
B x B x
y x C x C x dx
(32)
Trng hp 1: S m bng nhau (r
1
= r
2
tc N=0),

Vi N = 0 cng thc (32) tr thnh
( )
( )
( )
1
1
2
2 1 1 2
2
1 1 1 2
2
1 1 1 2
2 3
1 0 1 2
1/ ...
1
ln
2
1
ln 1
2
ln
r
r
y y x C C x dx
y x y C x C x
y x x a x C x C x
y x x b x b x b x
= + + +
| |
= + + +
|
\
| |
= + + + + +
|
\
= + + + +

Nh vy trong trng hp s m bng nhau, dng tng qut ca y
2
l
1
1
2 1
0
( ) ( )ln

+
=
= +

r n
n
n
y x y x x x b x
. (33)

Trng hp 2: r
1
= r
2
+N (vi N > 0)

Lc ny (32) tr thnh
( )
1 2
2 1 1 2
1 .. ....
N N
N
y y x C x C x C x dx

= + + + + +

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 244 -

2
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0
1
...
ln ( ....)
1
1
ln ....
1
N
N N
N N
N
r N n N
N n
n
C C
y dx
x x x
C x x
C y x y
N N
C x
C y x x a x x
N N
+
+

+
=
| |
= + + +
|
\
= + + +
+
| | | |
= + + +
| |
+
\ \

nn
2 1
0
( ) ( )ln

=
= +

N
r n
N n
n
y x C y x x x b x
(34)
trong b
0
= -a
0
/N.

NNH L 1. Trng hp ngoi l

Gi s rng x = 0 l mt im k d chnh quy ca phng trnh
0 ) ( ) (
2
= + + y x q y x xp y x . (4)
Cho > 0 l gi tr nh nht ca bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha

=
=
0
) (
n
n
n
x p x p v

=
=
0
) (
n
n
n
x q x q .
Gi r
1
v r
2
l hai nghim, vi r
1
r
2
ca phng trnh xc nh
0 ) 1 (
0 0
= + + q r p r r .
(a) Nu r
1
= r
2
, th phng trnh (4) c hai nghim y
1
v y
2
dng

=
=
0
1
1
) (
n
n
n
r
x a x x y vi a
0
0 (35a)
v

=
+
+ =
0
1
1 2
1
ln ) ( ) (
n
n
n
r
x b x x x y x y . (35b)
(b) Nu
1 2 +
= r r N , th phng trnh (4) c hai nghim y
1
v y
2
c dng

=
=
0
1
1
) (
n
n
n
r
x a x x y vi a
0
0 (36a)
v
2
2 1 0
0
( ) ( ) ln ; 0

=
= +

r n
n
n
y x Cy x x x b x b . (36b)

V d 3. Chng ta s minh ha cho trng hp r
1
= r
2
bng cch suy ra nghim th hai ca
phng trnh Bessel bc khng,
2 2
0 x y xy x y + + = (37)
+ Vi r
1
= r
2
= 0. ta tm c nghim th nht ca phng trnh l

= =
0
2 2
2
0 1
) ! ( 2
) 1 (
) ( ) (
n
n
n n
n
x
x J x y (38)
+ Theo phng trnh (35b) nghim th hai ca phng trnh c dng
2 1
1
( ) ( ) ln
n
n
n
y x y x x b x

=
= +

(39)
+ Tm cc h s
n
b : o hm ca y
2
ta c

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 245 -
1 1
2 1
1
( ) ( ) ln
n
n
n
y
y x y x x nb x
x

= + +

v
2 1 1
2 1 2
2
2
( ) ( ) ln ( 1)
n
n
n
y y
y x y x x n n b x
x x

= + +

Ta th vo phng trnh (37) v s dng tnh cht J
0
(x) cng tha mn phng trnh ny nn
ta thu c:
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
2
2 1 1
0
ln 2
( 1) ,
n n n
n n n
n n n
x y xy x y
x y xy x y x xy
n n b x nb x b x

+
= = =

= + +
( = + + + +

+ + +


t ta c:
. ) ( 2
) ! ( 2
2 ) 1 (
2 0
3
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
2 2
2


=

=
+ + + +

=
n
n
n n
n
n
n n
x b b n x b x b
n
nx
(40)
+ Do: n
2
b
n
+ b
n-2
= 0 nu n l s l, nn tt c cc h s c ch s l trong y
2
u trit tiu.
+ H s vi ch s chn trong phng trnh (40): vi n 2, tha mn cng thc truy hi
2 2 2 2 2
2
) ! ( 2
2 ) 1 .( 2
) 2 (
n
n
b b n
n
n
n n

= +

(42)
+ Xt php th:
2 2
2
1
2
) ! ( 2
) 1 (
n
c
b
n
n
n
n
+

= (43)
v hy vng tim c cng thc truy hi cho c
2n
n gin hn b
2n
.
+ Ta chn (-1)
n+1
thay v (-1)
n
, v b
2
= 1/4 > 0 nn vi n = 1 trong (43) ta c c
2
= 1.
+ Th (43) vo (42) ta c
1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 2) 2 1
(2 )
2 ( !) 2 (( 1)!) 2 ( !)
+

+ = = +

n n n
n n
n n n n n
c c n
n c c
n n n n
,

+ Do :
n n
H
n
c = + + + + + =
1
....
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
(44)
trong ta nh ngha H
n
l tng ring th n ca chui iu ha

) / 1 ( n .
+ Ch rng h s ca cc ch s l l bng 0, ta th (43) v (44) vo (39) thu c
nghim th hai

1 2
2 0 2 2
1
2 4 6
0
( 1)
( ) ( ) ln
2 ( !)
3 11
( ) ln ...
4 128 13824
+
=

= +
= + +

n n
n
n
n
H x
y x J x x
n
x x x
J x x
(45)
ca phng trnh Bessel bc khng.
+ Chui ly tha trong (45) hi t vi mi x. Ta thng cng thc:
;
2
) 2 ln (
2
) (
2 1 0
y y x Y

+ =
tc l,
;
) ! ( 2
) 1 (
) (
2
ln
2
) (
2 2
2 1
0 0 (

+
|

\
|
+ =

+
n
x H
x J
x
x Y
n
n
n
n

(46)
trong c k hiu l hng s Euler: lim( ln ) 0.57722
n
n
H n

= .
Hm Y
0
(x) c gi l Hm s Bessel bc khng loi hai.
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 246 -
V d 4. Nh mt phng php khc ca php th, ta minh ha trng hp r
1
r
2
= N bng
cch dng k thut rt gn bc thu c nghim th hai ca phng trnh Bessel bc mt,
0 ) 1 (
2 2
= + + y x y x y x (48)
+ Phng trnh xc nh tng ng c nghim l r
1
= 1 v r
2
= -1.
+ Ta bit: mt nghim ca phng trnh (48) l
...
18432 384 16 2 )! 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
2
) ( ) (
7 5 3
0
2
2
1 1
+ + =
+

= =

=
x x x x
n n
x x
x J x y
n
n
n n
(49)
+ Vi P(x) = 1/x t (48), s h bc cng thc truy hi ca (28) cho ta
2 1 2
1
1 3 5
2
1
1

( ...)
2 16 384
y y dx
xy
y dx
x x x
x
=
=
+

1 2 4
3 2
1 2 4 6
3
2 4 6
1 3
3
1 3
2 4
1 1 2
4

(1 ...)
8 192
1
4
5
(1 ...)
4 192 4608
1 7
4 1 ...
4 192 4608
1 1 7 19
4 ...
4 192 4609
1 7 19
ln 4 ... .
2 384 18432
=
+
=
+ +
| |
= + + + +
|
\
| |
= + + + +
|
\
| |
= + + + +
|
\

y dx
x x
x
y dx
x x x
x
x x x
y dx
x
x x
y dx
x x
x x
y x y
x

Do
3 5
2 1
1 11
( ) ( ) ln ...
8 32 4608
x x x
y x y x x
x
= + + + (50)
Ch rng k thut h bc d thy mt vi s hng u ca chui, nhng khng d tm
ra mt cng thc truy hi c th xc nh c s hng tng qut ca chui.

2. Phng trnh Bessel

Xt mt s trng hp ca phng trnh Bessel bc p 0,
0 ) (
2 2 2
= + + y p x y x y x (1)
Nghim ca n c gi l Hm Bessel bc p.
Phng trnh xc nh ca (1) l r
2
p
2
= 0, p/t xc nh c hai nghim l r
1
= p, v r
2
= -p.
Nu chng ta th

+
=
r m
m
x c y vo phng trnh (1), ta tm s hng sao cho c
1
= 0 v

2 2
2
( ) 0; 2

( + + =

m m
m r p c c m . (2)
a. Trng hp r = p > 0

+ Nu ta r = p v th phng trnh (2) cho ta cng thc truy hi
2
; : .
(2 )

= =
+
m
m m m
a
a a c
m p m
(3)
+ Bi v a
1
= 0, suy ra a
m
= 0 cho mi m nhn gi tr l.
+ Vi cc s hng chn: cng thc tng qut l
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 247 -
) )...( 2 )( 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
2
0
2
m p p p m
a
a
m
m
m
+ + +

=
nn vi nghim ln r = p ta c nghim

=
+
+ + +

=
0
2
2
0 1
) )...( 2 )( 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
) (
m
m
p m m
m p p p m
x
a x y (4)
+ Nu p = 0 y l l mt nghim dng chui Frobenius;
+ Vi a
0
= 1 ta c hm J
0
(x) m ta bit.

b. Trng hp r = -p < 0 :

Xt: r = -p , phng trnh (2) c dng
2
( 2 ) 0; :

+ = =
m m m m
m m p b b b c (5)
vi m 2 cn b
1
= 0.
+ Nu p l s nguyn dng hoc l mt s nguyn dng l l bi ca s c cc kh nng
sau:
- Khi m = 2p, phng trnh (5) l 0.b
m
+ b
m-2
= 0; do nu b
m-2
0, th khng c gi tr
no ca b
m
c th tha mn phng trnh.
- Nu p l s nguyn dng bi l ca : Gi s rng p = k/2 trong k l s nguyn
dng l, khi ch cn chn b
m
= 0 cho mi gi tr l ca m v ta c:
2
( ) 0;

+ =
k k
k k k b b
v phng trnh ny tho mn v b
k
= b
k-2
= 0.
+ T nu p khng l s nguyn dng, c th ly b
m
= 0 vi m l s l v xc nh h s ca
ca cc ch s chn theo b
0
bng cng thc truy hi
) 2 (
2
p m m
b
b
m
m

=


vi m 2 (6)
+ So snh (6) v (3), ta thy (6) s cho kt qu tng t nh (4):

+ + +

=
0
2
2
0 2
) )...( 2 )( 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
) (
m
m
p m m
m p p p m
x
b x y
. (7)
Cc chui trong (4) v (7) hi t vi mi x > 0 v x = 0 l mt im k d chnh quy ca
phng trnh Bessel.

c. Hm Gamma

+ Xt Hm gamma (x), c nh ngha vi x > 0 bi cng thc

=
0
1
) ( dt t e x
x t
(8)
+ Nhn thy tch phn suy rng hi t vi mi x > 0. rng
0
0
(1) lim 1
b
t t
b
e dt e

( = = =

(9)
+ p dng tch phn tng phn hai v vi u = t
x
v dv = e
-t
dt:
1 1
0
0 0 0
( 1) lim lim lim
b b b
b
t x t x t x t x
b b b
x e t dt e t xe t dt x e t dt


| | | |
( + = = + =
| |

\ \


tc l,
(x + 1) = x(x). (10)
+ Kt hp (9) v phng trnh (10) th ta c
(2) = 1.(1)=1!, (3) = 1.2.(2)=2!, (4) = 3.(3)=3!,
+ Tng qut ha ta c : (n + 1) = n!, vi n 0 v l s nguyn. (11)
+ Mt gi tr c bit quan trng ca hm gamma l
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 248 -
= = =

0 0
2 / 1
2
2 ) 2 / 1 ( du e dt t e
u t
(12)
+ Nu -1 < x < 0, th
x
x
x
) 1 (
) (
+
= ;
v phi ca ca phng trnh c xc nh v 0 < x + 1 < 1. Cng thc tng t c th c s
dng m rng cho nh ngha ca hm (x) trn khong m ( -2, -1), th i vi khong m (
-3, -2) ta cng lm tng t, v c nh vy. th ca hm gamma c ch ra trong Hnh
3.5.1.

Hnh 3.5.1. th ca hm Gamma m rng.

d. Hm Bessel loi mt
+ Xt:

=
+
+ + +

=
0
2
2
0 1
) )...( 2 )( 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
) (
m
m
p m m
m p p p m
x
a x y (4)

+ Nu ta chn a
0
= 1/[2
p
(p +1)] vi p > 0, v ch rng
(p + m + 1) = (p + m)(p + m 1)(p + 2)(p + 1) (p + 1)
khi Hm Bessel loi mt bc p rt ngn gn vi tr gip ca hm gamma nh sau:

=
+
|

\
|
+ +

=
0
2
2 ) 1 ( !
) 1 (
) (
m
p m
m
p
x
m p m
x J (13)
+ Nu p > 0 khng l s nguyn: xt

+ + +

=
0
2
2
0 2
) )...( 2 )( 1 ( ! 2
) 1 (
) (
m
m
p m m
m p p p m
x
b x y

v chn b
0
= 1/[2
-p
(- p +1)] ta s c:

\
|
+ +

=
0
2
2 ) 1 ( !
) 1 (
) (
m
p m
m
p
x
m p m
x J (14)
ca phng trnh Bessel bc p. Nu p khng l s nguyn, ta c nghim tng qut
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x J c x J c x y
p p
+ = (15)
vi x > 0; x
p
phi c thay th bng |x|
p
trong phng trnh (13) n phng trnh (15) c
c nghim ng vi x < 0.
+ Nu p = n l s nguyn khng m, th phng trnh (13) cho ta
2
0
( 1)
( )
!( )! 2
+

=
| |
=
|
+
\

m n
m
n
m
x
J x
m m n
(16)
i vi phng trnh Bessel loi 1 vi bc nguyn. Do
2 2 4 6
0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
( 1)
( ) 1 ....
2 ( !) 2 2 4 2 4 6

= = + +

m m
m
m
x x x x
J x
m
(17)
v
3 5
2 1
1 2 1
0
( 1) 1 1
( ) ....
2 ( !)( 1)! 2 2! 2 2!3! 2
+
+
=
| | | |
= = +
| |
+
\ \

m m
m
m
x x x x
J x
m m
(18)

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 249 -
th ca J
0
(x) v J
1
(x) c ch ra trong Hnh 3.5.2. , khng im ca hm J
0
(x) v J
1
(x)
l an xen nhau.
+ Vi n ln:
- Khng im th n ca J
0
(x) xp x l: (n 1/4) ,
- Khng im th n ca J
1
(x) xp x l (n + 1/4) .
- Do khong gia khng im lin tip ca J
0
(x) hoc J
1
(x) l xp x tng t
cosx v sinx.

Hnh 3.5.2. th ca Hm Bessel J
0
(x) v J
1
(x)

Lu rng J
p
(x) l hm s c bn nu bc ca n l mt na ca mt s nguyn, V d
x
x
x J sin
2
) (
2 / 1

= v x
x
x J cos
2
) (
2 / 1

e. Hm Bessel loi hai

Hm s:
2
2 1
2
0 0
( 1) ( ) 2 1 2 ( 1)! 1
( ) ln ( )
2 ! !( )! 2
n m
m n m n
n m n
n n n m
m m
H H x n m x
Y x J x
m x m m n

+

+

= =
+ | | | |
= +
| |
+
\ \

(20)
c gi l hm Bessel loi hai vi bc nguyn n 0.

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh Bessel c bc nguyn n l: ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x Y c x J c x y
n n
+ =
f. Hm Bessel ng nht

Hm Bessel l tng t nh hm lng gic, chng u tho mn phn ln nhng tin ch ph
bin, c bit trong php tnh tch phn lin quan n Hm Bessel. Vi phn ca

=
+
|

\
|
+ +

=
0
2
2 ) 1 ( !
) 1 (
) (
m
p m
m
p
x
m p m
x J , (13)
vi p l s nguyn khng m cho ta: [ ] ) ( ) (
1
x J x x J x
dx
d
p
p
p
p

= . (22)

+ Tng t ta c
[ ] ) ( ) (
1
x J x x J x
dx
d
p
p
p
p
+

= . (23)
+ T ta c: ) ( ) ( ) (
1
x J
x
p
x J x J
p p p
=

, (24)
v : ) ( ) ( ) (
1
x J x J
x
p
x J
p p p +
= .

+Ta c th biu din hm Bessel bc cao hn thng qua hm Bessel bc thp hn:
) ( ) (
2
) (
1 1
x J x J
x
p
x J
p p p +
= , (26)
+ V c th biu din hm Bessel bc l s m ln thng qua hm Bessel bc l s m nh
hn
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 250 -
) ( ) (
2
) (
1 1
x J x J
x
p
x J
p p p +
= (27)
Ch : khng khi no c hm Bessel c bc l s nguyn m xut hin. Ni chung, chng
tn ti vi mi gi tr p khng l nguyn.

V d 1. + Vi p = 0 phng trnh [ ] ) ( ) (
1
x J x x J x
dx
d
p
p
p
p

= cho ta

+ = C x xJ dx x xJ ) ( ) (
1 0

+ Tng t, vi p = 0, phng trnh [ ] ) ( ) (
1
x J x x J x
dx
d
p
p
p
p
+

= cho ta

+ = C x J dx x J ) ( ) (
0 1
.

V d 2. Trc tin s dng p = 2 v sau s dng p = 1 trong phng trnh
) ( ) (
2
) (
1 1
x J x J
x
p
x J
p p p +
= , ta c
), ( ) ( ) (
2 4
) ( ) (
4
) (
1 0 1 1 2 3
x J x J x J
x x
x J x J
x
x J
(

= =
sao cho
) ( 1
8
) (
4
) (
1 2 0 3
x J
x
x J
x
x J |

\
|
+ = .
+Tng t, mi hm Bessel c bc l s nguyn dng u biu din thng qua J
0
(x) v J
1
(x).

V d 3. tnh c vi phn xJ
2
(x), u tin ta ch rng
C x J x dx x J x + =

) ( ) (
1
1
2
1

theo phng trnh [ ] ) ( ) (
1
x J x x J x
dx
d
p
p
p
p
+

= vi p = 1.
+ Do ta vit


= dx x J x x dx x xJ )) ( ( ) (
2
1 2
2

V tch phn tng phn hai v vi
u = x
2
, dv = x
-1
J
2
(x)dx
du = 2xdx v v = -x
-1
J
1
(x)
ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1 0
( ) 2 ( ) 2 = + = +

xJ x dx xJ x J x dx xJ x J x C .

3. Phng trnh tham s Bessel

Phng trnh tham s Bessel c bc n l
0 ) (
2 2 2 2
= + + y n x y x y x , (28)
trong l tham s dng.
+ Php th t = x vo phng trnh (28) bin phng trnh (28) thnh phng trnh Bessel
2
2 2 2
2
( ) 0
d y dy
t t t n y
dt dt
+ + = (29)
vi nghim tng qut y(t) = c
1
J
n
(t) + c
2
Y
n
(t).
+ Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (28) l
y(x) = c
1
J
n
(x) + c
2
Y
n
(x) (30)
By gi ta xt bi ton gi tr ring
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 251 -
( )
2 2 2
( ) 0, [0, ]
0
+ + =
=
x y xy x n x L
y L
(31)
Ta tm > 0 sao cho tn ti mt nghim khng tm thng ca (31) v n lin tc trn [0, L].

+ Nu chng ta vit =
2
, th phng trnh vi phn (31) l phng trnh vi phn (28), nn
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh c cho bi :
+ S lin tc ca y(x) i hi c
2
= 0. Do y(x) = c
1
J
n
(x).
+ iu kin bin y(L) = 0 suy ra z = L phi l mt nghim dng ca phng trnh
J
n
(z) = 0. (32)
+ Gi tr ring th k ca bi ton trong (31) l
2
2
2
) (
) (
L
nk
k k

= = (33)
+ Hm ring tng ng l
|

\
|
= x
L
J x y
nk
n k

) ( . (34)
4. Cc ng dng ca hm Bessel

Ta bit rng: nghim ca rt nhiu phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc hai khc c th
biu din thnh hm Bessel.
Chng hn, xt phng trnh Bessel bc p c dng
0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
= + + w p z
dz
dw
z
dz
w d
z , (1)
v php th
,

= = w x y z kx (2)
Sau bin i thng thng v dng
0 ) ( ) 2 1 (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + y x k p y x y x

,
tc l,
0 ) (
2
= + + + y Cx B y Ax y x
q
, (3)
trong
A = 1 - 2, B =
2

2
p
2
, C =
2
k
2
v q = 2 . (4)
+ Tc l:
q
B A
p
q
C
k
q A
4 ) 1 (
,
2
,
2
,
2
1
2

= = =

= (5)
+ Gi s rng cn bc hai trong (5) l s thc, t nghim tng qut ca (3) l
) ( ) ( ) (

kx w x z w x x y = = ,
trong
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
z Y c z J c z w
p p
+ =
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh Bessel trong (1).

NNH L 1. Nghim theo hm Bessel
Nu C > 0, q 0, v (1 - A)
2
4B th nghim tng qut ( vi x > 0) ca phng trnh (3) l:
1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
p p
y x x c J kx c J kx

( = +

(6)
Trong , , k v p c cho bi phng trnh (5). Nu p l s nguyn, th J
-p
c thay th
cho Y
p
.

V d 1. Gii phng trnh
0 ) 3 ( 8 4
4 2
= + + y x y x y x (7)

Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 252 -
Gii. + Ta vit li (7) di dng
2 4
1 3
2 ( ) 0
4 4
x y xy x y + + =
+ V ta thy A = 2, B = -3/4, C = 1/4, v q = 4.
+ Do phng trnh (5) cho ta = -1/2, = 2, k = 1/4 v p = 1/2.
+ Vy nghim tng qut trong (6) ca (7) l
1/ 2 2 2
1 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
y x x c J x c J x

(
= +
(


+ Ta nh li rng:
( ) z
z
z J sin
2
2 / 1

= v ( ) z
z
z J cos
2
2 / 1

,
+ Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (7) c th c vit di dng
.
4
sin
4
cos ) (
2 2
2 / 3
|
|

\
|
+ =

x
B
x
A x x y

V d 2. Gii phng trnh Airy
0 9 = + xy y (8)

Gii. + u tin ta vit li phng trnh di dng
0 9
3 2
= + y x y x .
+ y l mt trng hp c bit ca phng trnh (3) vi A = B = 0, C = 9, v q = 3. T
theo phng trnh (5) ta c = 1/2 , = 3/2 , k = 2 v p = 1/3 . Do nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh (8) l
1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
1 1/ 3 2 1/ 3
( ) (2 ) (2 ) y x x c J x c J x

( = +

.

S cong ca ct thng ng

+ Xt mt ct thng ng khng thay i s b on di sc nng ca chnh n.
+ Chng ta ly x = 0 ti im t do trn nh ca ct v x = L > 0 ti im y ca n.
+ Gi s im y c gn c nh trn mt phng; xem Hnh 3.6.1

Hnh 3.6.1. Ct cong

+ C ngha l gc lch ca ct ti im x l (x).
+ T l thuyt v s n hi ta c: 0
2
2
= +

x g
dx
d
EI , (9)
trong E l sut Young ca cht lm nn ct, I l momen qun tnh ca mt ct ngang, l mt
tuyn tnh ca ct v g l gia tc trng trng.
+ iu kin bin l:
(0) = 0, (L) = 0 (10)
Bi ging: Phng trnh vi phn TS. Nguyn Hu Th

- 253 -
+ Vi
EI
g
= =
2
, (11)
ta c bi ton gi tr ring
0
2
= + x ; (0) = 0, (L) = 0 (12)
+ Ct ch b on ch khi phng trnh (12) c mt nghim khng tm thng, nu khng ct
s tr v trng thi c ca n khng b lch khi mt thng ng.
+ Phng trnh vi phn (12) l phng trnh Ariy vi A = B = 0, C =
2
v q = 3.
+ Theo (5) ta c = 1/2 , = 3/2,
2
3
k = v p = 1/3, nn nghim tng qut l:
1/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
1 1/ 3 2 1/ 3
2 2
( )
3 3
x x c J x c J x

( | | | |
= +
| | (
\ \
(13)
+ Ta th p = 1/3 vo

=
+
|

\
|
+ +

=
0
2
2 ) 1 ( !
) 1 (
) (
m
p m
m
p
x
m p m
x J ,
v sau n gin ha ta c
|
|

\
|
+

+
|
|

\
|
+

= ...
180 6
1
) 3 / 2 (
3
...
504 12 ) 3 / 4 ( 3
) (
6 4 3 2
3 / 1
3 / 1
2
7 4 4 2
3 / 1
3 / 1
1
x x c x x
x
c
x

+ T iu kin im cui (x) = 0 suy ra c
1
= 0, nn
1/ 2 3/ 2
2 1/ 3
2
( )
3
x x c J x

| |
=
|
\
. (14)
+ / kin (L) = 0 cho ta
3/ 2
1/ 3
2
0
3
J L

| |
=
|
\
. (15)
+ Do ct s on ch khi
2
2
3
z L = l nghim ca phng trnh J
-1/3
= 0. th ca
|
|

\
|

1
2
2 3 / 1
3 / 1
) 1 3 .( 5 . 2 ! 2
3 ) 1 (
1
) 3 / 2 (
) 2 / (
) (
m
m
m m m
m m
z z
z J (16)
c ch ra trong Hnh 3.6.2, ta thy rng khng im nh nht dng z
1
l nh hn 2.


Bi tp v nh: Cc bi tp l Tr332 n 335; 344 n 347; 352, 353
c trc cc Mc: 4.1, 4.2 v 4.3 chuNn b cho Bi s 5A(9)