CC H THNG K HIU VT LIU KIM LOI

Mi nc u c tiu chun quy nh cc mc (k hiu) cng nh cc yu cu k thut cho cc

sn phm kim loi ca mnh v c cch vit tn cc k hiu (mc) khc nhau. Ngoi tiu chun Vit
nam nh trnh by, chng ta thng gp tiu chun quc t ca cc nc ln trn th gii: M,
Nht, Nga, Trung quc, Php, c, Anh, v ca EU.
T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO (International Standard Organization) tuy c a ra cc tiu
chun, song qu mun i vi cc nc cng nghip pht trin v h c h thng k hiu t trc v
quen dng, khng d g sa i; v th ch c tc dng vi cc nc ang pht trin, ang xy dng
cc tiu chun.
Tiu chun Nga OCT, Trung Quc GB c phn quen thuc nc ta. Do cc quan h lch s,
ni chung TCVN v GB u c xy dng theo cc nguyn tc ca OCT.
i vi thp cn thng dng:
Cc loi thp ch quy nh (m bo) c tnh : OCT c cc mc t CTO n CT6; GB : A1 n
A7 (Con s ch th t cp bn tng dn. phn bit thp si, na lng v lng sau cc mc OCT
c ui K, C, C; ca GB c F, b ( thp lng khng c ui);
Cc loi thp quy nh (bo m) thnh phn: OCT c cc mc t CTO n CT6; GB: t B1
n B7;
Cc loi thp quy nh (bo m) c c tnh ln thnh phn: OCT c cc mc t CT1 n
CT5; GB c t C2 n C5.
i vi thp cc bon ch to my OCT v GB c cc k hiu ging ht nhau: theo s phn
vn cc bon, v d mc 45 l thp c trung bnh 0,45 %C.
i vi thp dng c cc bon OCT c cc mc t Y7 n Y13, GB c t T7 n T13 (s ch
phn nghn cacbon trung bnh).
i vi thp hp kim c c ch (ch nguyn t hp kim) ln s (ch lng cc bon v nguyn t
hp kim) theo nguyn tc:
2 s u ch phn vn cc bon (nu khng nh hn 1% C th khng cn);
Tip theo l k hiu ca tng nguyn t v s ch phn trm ca n (nu gn 1% hay khng
nh hn 1% th khng cn).
OCT dng cc ch ci Nga k hiu nguyn t hp kim nh sau: X ch Crm, H ch Niken,
B ch Volfram, M ch Molipden, T ch Titan, K ch Cban, C ch Silic, ch Mn,P: bo; : vanadi; :
nhm; : ng; : niobi; : ziccn; A: Nit; : t him; Ring ch A saucng ch thp cht lngcao
t S, P.
GB dng chnh k hiu ha hc biu th tng nguyn t, v d: Cr cho crm, Nh
12XH3A, 12CrNi3A l thp c khong 0.12%C, 1%Cr, khong 3%Ni vi cht lng cao. XB ,
CrWMn l thp c khong 1% C, khong 1%Cr, khong1%Mn v 1% W.
i vi hp kim mu OCT k hiu nh sau:
- ch uy-ra, tip sau l s th t AM ch s th t Al, Mg tip sau l th t A ch hp kim
nhm c tip sau l s th t.
- ch latng tip sau l s ch phm trm ng ch brng tip sau l dy cc nguyn t hp
kim v dy s ch phm trm ca cc nguyn t tng ng
GB k hiu hp kim mu nh sau:
- LF hp kim nhm chng g, LY uy-ra (c hai loi, tip sau l s th t), ZL: Hp kim nhm
c vi 3 s tip theo (trong s u tin ch loi, v d 1 ch Al-Si, 2 ch Al-Cu)
- H ch latng, tip sau l ch phn trm ng, Q l ch brng tip sau l nguyn t hp kim
chnh, s ch phn trm ca nguyn t chnh v tng cc nguyn t khc.
i vi gang OCT k hiu nh sau :

C ch gang xm v s tip theo ch b (kg/mm2) B ch gang cu v s tip theo ch b

(kg/mm2). K ch gang do vi cc ch s ch b (kg/mm2) v (%)
GB k hiu gang nh sau: HT cho gang xm v s tip theo ch b (MPa). QT cho gang cu v
cc s ch b(MPa) v (%). KTH cho gang do ferit. KTZ cho gang do peclit v cc ch s tip theo
b(MPa) v (%).
M l nc c rt nhiu h thng tiu chun phc tp, song c nh hung ln n th gii (ph
bin trong sch gio khoa v ti liu k thut) c bit cc nc ngoi h thng x hi ch ngha c.
y ch trnh by cc mc theo h tiu chun thng c dng nht i vi tng loi vt liu kim
loi
i vi thp cn thng thng dng ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) k
hiu theo cc s trn (42, 50, 60, 65) ch 0,2 min(ksi 1ksi = 1000 psi = 6.8948MPa = 0.703kG/mm2)
i vi bng HSLA thng dng SAE (Society for Automotive Engineers) k hiu bt u
bng s 9 v hai s tip theo ch 0,2 min(ksi)
i vi thp C v hp kim kt cu cho ch to my thng dung h thng AISI/SAE vi bn s
trong 2 s u ch loi thp, 2 s cui cng ch phn vn cacbon:
10xx
11xx
12xx
13xx
15xx
2xxx
3xxx

thp cacbon
thp d ct c S
thp d ct c S v P
thp Mn (1,00 1.765%)
thp Mn (1.75%)
thp Ni
thp Ni-Cr

4xxx
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
9xxx
xxBxx
xxLxx

thp Mo
thp Cr
thp Cr-V
thp W -Cr
thp Ni-Cr-Mo
thp Si-Mn
thp B
thp cha P

Mun bit thnh phn c th phi tra bng. V d thp 1038 c 0,35-0,42%C; 0,60-0,90%Mn;
%P 0,040; %S 0,050 cho cc bn thnh phm rn, thanh, dy, cn nng, cn tinh v ng khng rn;
thp 5140 c 0,38-0,43%C; 0,70-0,90%Mn; %P 0,035; %S 0,040; 0,15-0,3%Si; 0,70-0,90%Cr
Nu thp c bo m thm ti th ng sau k hiu c thm ch H, v d 5140 H, 1037 H.
i vi thp dng c thng dng h thng ca AISI (American iron and steel institute) c
k hiu bng mt ch ci ch c im ca thp v ch th t quy c:
M
T
H
A

thp gi mlpen
thp gi volfram (tungsten)
Thp lm khun dp nng (hot word)
Thp lm khun dp ngui hp kim trung bnh t ti, ti
trong khng kh
D
Thp lm khun dp ngui, crm v ccbon cao
O
Thp lm khun dp ngui ti du (oil hardening)
S
Thp lm dng c chu va p (shock resisting)
L
Thp dng c c cng dng ring hp kim thp (low-alloy)
P
Thp lm khun p (nha) c cacbon thp
W
Thp dng c cacbon ti nc (water-hardening)
i vi thp khng g, tiu chun ca AISI khng nhng thnh hnh M m cn c nhiu
nc a vo tiu chun ca mnh, n c k hiu bng ba ch s trong bt u bng 2 hoc 3 l
thp auxtenit, bng 4 l thp ferit hay mactenxit.

i vi hp kim nhm, tiu chun AA (Aluminum Association) c uy tn nht M v trn th

gii cng c nhiu nc chp nhn, n k hiu bng 4 ch s i vi loi dng:
1xxx
2xxx
3xxx
4xxx

ln hn 99% Al
Al-Cu
Al-Mn
Al-Si

5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx

Al-Mg
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Zn
Al-nguyn t khc

Hp kim nhm c cng c 4 ch s song trc s cui (thng l s 0) c du chm (.)

1xx.0
2xx.0
3xx.0
4xx.0
5xx.0
7xx.0
8xx.0

Nhm sch thng phm

Al-Cu
Al-Si-Cu (Mg)
Al-Si
Al-Mg
Al-Zn
Al-Sn

i vi hp kim ng ngi ta dung h thng CDA (Copper Development Association):

1xx
2xx
3xx
4xx
5xx
60x 64x
65x 69x
7xx

Khng nh hn 99% Cu (ring 19x ln hn 97% Cu)

Cu-Zn (latng)
Cu-Zn-Pb
Cu-Zn-Sn
Cu-Sn
Cu-Al v Cu-Al-nguyn t khc
Cu-Si v Cu-Zn-nguyn t khc
Cu-Ni v Cu-Ni-nguyn t khc

Ngoi cc t chc tiu chun trn, M cn hng chc cc t chc khc cng c k hiu ring
v vt liu kim loi, do vy vic phn bit chng rt kh khn. Xut pht t mun c mt k hiu
thng nht cho mi thnh phn c th, SAE v SATM t 1967 a ra h thng s thng nht UNS
(Unified Numbering System) trn c s ca nhng s trong cc k hiu truyn thng. UNS gm 5 con
s v ch ng u ch loi vt liu, y ch gii thiu mt s: A nhm, C - ng, F gang, G
thp cacbon v thp hp kim, H thp bo m thm ti, S thp khng g v chu nhit, T thp
dng c.
Trong s nm con s s c nhm ba - bn con s (u hay cui) ly t cc k hiu
truyn thng k trn (tr gang, thp dng c).
V d, UNS G 10400 xut pht t AISI/SAE 1040 (thp 0,40%C), UNS A 91040 xut pht t
AA 1040 (hp kim nhm bin dng c 99,40% Al).
Nht Bn ch dung mt tiu chun JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), vi c im l dung
hon ton h o ng quc t, c th l ng sut theo MPa.
Tt c cc thp u c bt u bng ch S.
Thp cn thng dng c k hiu bng s ch gii hn bn ko hay gii hn chy thp nht
(tu tng loi). SS thp cn thng c tc dng chung, SM thp cn lm kt cu hn, nu thm ch
A l SMA thp chng n mn trong kh quyn, SB thp tm lm ni hi.

Thp cacbon ch to my: SxxC hay SxxCK trong xx ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh
(ch K cui l loi c cht lng cao: lng P, S khng ln hn 0,025%).
Thp hp kim ch to my gm h thng ch v s:
+ Bt u bng SCr thp Cr, SMn thp Mangan, SNC thp niken-crm, SNCM
thp nikel-crm-mlpen, SCM thp crm-mlpen, SACM thp nhm-crm-mlpen, SMnC
thp mangan-crm;
+ Tip theo l ba ch s trong hai ch s cui cng ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh.
Thp d ct c k hiu bng SUM, thp n hi SUP, thp ln SUJ v s th t.
Thp dng c bt u bng SK v s th t:
SKx thp dng c cacbon
SKHx thp gi
KSx thp lm dao ct v khun dp ngui
SKD v SKT thp lm khun dp nng, c p lc.
Thp khng g c k hiu bng SUS v s tip theo trng vi s ca AISI, thp chu nhit
c k hiu bng SUH.
Gang xm c k hiu bng FCxxx, gang cu FCDxxx, gang do li en FCMBxxx, li
trng FCMWxxx, peclit FCMPxxx, cc s xxx u ch gii hn bn.
Cc hp kim nhm v ng c nhm ly s theo AA v CDA vi pha trc c A (ch nhm),
C (ch ng).
Php v c c tiu chun AFNOR (Association Franccaise de NORmalisation) v DIN
(Deutsche Institut fur Normalisierung), chng c nhiu nt ging nhau.
Php, c cng nh cc nc trong lien minh chu u EU ang trn qu trnh nht th ho kinh
t cng nh tiu chun. Hin nay cc nc trong EU dung chung tiu chun EN 10025 90 v thp
cn thong dng lm kt cu xy dng vi cc mc Fe 310, Fe 360, Fe 430, Fe 510, Fe 590 (s ch
bn ko theo MPa).
Thp cacbon ch to my c k hiu theo s phn vn cacbon trung bnh. V d, vi thp
c khong 0,35%C AFNOR k hiu l C35 hay XC35 (mc sau c dao ng thnh phn hp hn), DIN
k hiu C35 hay CK35.
Thp hp kim thp (loi khng c nguyn t no vt qu 5%) c k hiu theo trt t sau:
- Hai ch s u biu th lng cacbon trung bnh theo phn vn;
- Lit k cc nguyn t hp kim: DIN dng chnh k hiu ha hc, cn AFNOR dng
cc ch ci: C cho crm, N cho niken, M cho mangan, S cho silic, D cho molipden, W cho volfram, V
cho vanadi;
- Lit k lng cc nguyn t hp kim theo trt t, sau khi nhn s phn trm vi 4 (i vi
Mn, Si, Cr, Co, Ni) v vi 10 (i vi cc nguyn t cn li). V d: 34 CD4 ca AFNOR v 34CrMo 4
ca DIN c khong 0.34%C, khong 1% Cr v khong 0.10%Mo.

Bng i chiu mt s mc thp, gang ca cc nc

TCVN
C45
40Cr
OL100Cr2
20Cr13
08Cr18Ni10
CD100
210Cr12
8018Cr4V

OCT
45
40X
X15
20X13
08X18H90
Y10
X12
P18

GB
45
40Cr
GCr15
2X13
0Cr18Ni9
T10
Cr12
W18Cr4V

UNS
G10450
G51400
G52986
S42000
S30200
T72301
T30403
T12001

CT34
GX28-48
GC50-2

CT2
C30
B50

A2
HT300
QT500-7

F12803
F33800

AISI/SAE
1045
5140
42100
420
304
W109
D3
T1
----------ASTM
----------36
No40
8055-06

JIS
S45C
SCr440
SUJ2
SUS420J1
SUS304
SK4
SKD1
SKH2

AFNOR
X45
42C4
100C6
Z20C13
Z7CN18.09
Y1-90
Z200C12
Z80WCV
18-04-01

SS330
FC300
FCD500

F3360
FGL300
FGS500-7

DIN
C45
42C4
100C6
X20Cr13
X15Cr-Ni18
10
C105W1
X210C12
S 18-0-1
Fe360
GG30
GGG50

BS
06A45
530A40
535A99
420S29
304S31
BD3
BT1

Fe360
260
B500/7

Thp hp kim cao (loi c t nht mt nguyn t vt qu 5%) th trc k hiu c ch Z

(AFNOR), X (DIN) v lng nguyn t hp kim u biu th ng theo phn trm. V d, Z20C13
(AFNOR), X20 Cr13 (DIN) l mc thp khng g c khong 0.20% C v khong 13%Cr.
AFNOR k hiu gang xm bng FGLxxx, gang cu bng FGSxxx-xx v gang do MBxxx-xx,
trong nhm ba con s u ch gii hn bn ko theo Mpa, nhm hai con s sau ch gin di (%).
DIN k hiu gang xm bng GGxx, gang cu bng GGGxx v gang do li en GTSxx-xx,
gang do li trng GTWxx-xx vi cc s biu th gii hn bn theo kG/mm2 v gin di (%).
Anh vi tiu chun BS (British Standard) k hiu thp v gang nh sau:
Thp c k hiu bng h thng ch v s:
- Ba con s u ch loi thp;
- Mt ch: A, M, H ( trong H ch thp m bo thm ti);
- Hai con s sau cng ch phn vn cacbon.
Gang xm k hiu bng xxx, gang cu bng xxx/xx, gang do li en bng Bxx-xx, gang do
li trng bng Wxx-xx, gang do peclit bng Pxx-xx, trong nhm s th nht ch gii hn bn ko
theo Mpa hay kG/mm2 ty theo c ba hay hai con s, nhm th hai ch gin di theo %.
Thp khng g c k hiu bng xxxSxx, trong xx ly theo AISI.

PH LC
1 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mc thp cacbon cht lng thng phn nhm B
2 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca nhm thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt
3 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp xy dng hp kim thp
4 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc thp thm cacbon
5 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp ha tt
6 - Thnh phn ha hc ca thp n hi
7 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp d ct
8 - Mt s loi thp dng c chnh ca M (Tiu chun SAE/AISI)
9 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp dng c hp kim thp
10 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi thp gi
11 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp ngui
12 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp nng
13 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca mt s loi thp khng g
14 - Mt s mc gang thng dng (Theo tiu chun ASTM)
15 - K hiu, cng dng ca mt s ng (TCVN 1659-75)
16 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s latng theo TCVN v CDA
17 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s brng theo TCVN v CDA
18 - K hiu v trng thi gia cng hp kim nhm ca Nga, M v Canada
19 - Tiu chun k hiu hp kim nhm theo Aluminum Association
20 - Bng quy i thnh phn, k hiu mt s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)

1 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mc thp cacbon cht lng thng phn nhm B

Mc thp

C, %

Mn, %

BCT31
BCT33
BCT34
BCT38
BCT42
BCT51
BCT61

0.23
0.06-0.12
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.22
0.18-0.27
0.28-0.37
0.38-0.49

0.25-0.50
0.25-0.50
0.30-0.65
0.40-0.70
0.50-0.80
0.50-0.80

Si
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
-

Si trong thp, %
Na lng
Lng
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35

S, %
P, %
Khng qu
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04

2 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca nhm thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt

Mc
thp

C, %

Mn, %

C tnh sau khi thng ha

b,
0.2,
5,
,
HB
MPa MPa
%
%

320
200
33
60
131
340
210
31
55
143
380
230
27
55
149
420
250
25
50
163
460
280
23
50
170
500
300
21
45
179
540
320
20
45
207
580
340
19
40
217
610
360
16
40
229
640
380
14
35
241
660
390
13
255
690
410
12
35
255
710
420
10
30
255
730
430
9
30
269
1100
900
7
30
285
1100
950
6
30
285
1150 1000
6
30
302

cng
sau , HB

C8 0.05-0.12 0.35-0.65
C10 0.07-0.14 0.35-0.65
C15 0.12-0.19 0.35-0.65
C20 0.17-0.24 0.35-0.65
C25 0.22-0.30 0.50-0.80
C30 0.27-0.35 0.50-0.80
C35 0.32-0.40 0.50-0.80
C40 0.37-0.45 0.50-0.80
187
C45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80
197
C50 0.47-0.55 0.50-0.80
207
C55 0.52-0.60 0.50-0.80
217
C60 0.57-0.65 0.50-0.80
217
C65 0.62-0.70 0.50-0.80
229
C70 0.67-0.75 0.50-0.80
229
C75 0.72-0.80 0.50-0.80
241
C80 0.77-0.85 0.50-0.80
241
C85 0.82-0.90 0.50-0.80
255
Ghi ch:
- Cc mc u cha 0.17-0.37 %Si;
- Mu th c ng knh v chiu dy nh hn 80 mm;
- dai va p cc thp th trng thi ha tt;
- C tnh ca cc thp C75, C80, C85 cng th trng thi ha tt (Ti va ram cao)

ak ,
kJ/m2

900
800
700
600
500
400
-

3 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp xy dng hp kim thp

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %
Mc thp

Si

Mn

Cr

19Mn
09Mn2
14Mn2
17MnSi
14CrMnSi

0.16-0.22
0.12
0.12-0.18
0.14-0.20
0.11-0.16

0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.7

0.7-1.1
1.5-1.8
1.2-1.7
1.2-1.6
0.9-1.3

<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
0.5-0.8

15CrSiNiCu

0.12-0.18

0.4-0.7

0.4-0.7

0.6-0.9

35CrSi
18Mn2Si

0.30-0.37
0.16-0.20

0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

0.8-1.2
1.2-1.6

<0.3
<0.3

khc

0.5-0.8Ni
0.2-0.4Cu

C tnh
b,
0.2,
MPa MPa
490
340
470
340
470
340
520
350
500
350

,
%
22
21
21
23
22

350

21

600
600

14
14

4 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc thp thm cacbon

Mc thp
C10
C20
15Cr
20Cr
15CrV
20CrNi
12CrNi3A
12Cr2Ni4A
18Cr2Ni4MoA
18CrMnTi
25CrMnTi
30CrMnTi
25CrMnMo

C
0.07-0.14
0.17-0.24
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.09-0.16
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.20
0.17-0.23
0.22-0.29
0.24-0.32
0.23-0.29

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

Cr
Ni
Mn
<0.25
<0.25
0.35-0.65
<0.25
<0.25
0.35-0.65
0.70-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.70-1.00
0.50-0.80
0.80-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.45-0.75 1.00-1.40
0.40-0.70
0.60-0.90 2.75-3.15
0.30-0.60
1.25-1.65 3.25-3.65
0.30-0.60
1.35-1.65 4.00-4.40
0.25-0.55
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
1.00-1.30
0.80-1.00
0.90-1.20
0.90-1.20

Khc

0.06-0.12V

0.03-0.04Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.20-0.30Mo

5 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp ha tt

C40
C45
40Cr
40CrB
40CrMnB
30CrMnSi
40CrNi
40CrNiMo

C
0.37-0.44
0.42-0.49
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.45
0.37-0.45
0.28-0.35
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.44

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

Cr
Mn
Si
Ni
<0.25
<0.8
<0.37
<0.25
<0.25
<0.8
<0.37
<0.25
0.80-1.10
<0.8
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10
<0.8
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10 0.7-1.0
<0.4
<0.3
0.80-1.10 0.8-1.1 0.9-1.2
<0.3
0.45-0.75
<0.8
<0.4
1.0-1.4
0.60-0.90
<0.8
<0.4
1.2-1.6

40CrMnTiB

0.38-0.45

0.80-1.10

Mc thp

0.7-1.0

<0.4

<0.3

Khc

0.002-0.005B

0.15-0.25Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.002-0.005B

38CrNi3MoV

0.33-0.42

1.20-1.50

<0.8

<0.4

3.0-3.4

0.35-0.45Mo
0.1-0.2V

6 - Thnh phn ha hc ca thp n hi

Mc thp
C70
65Mn
60Si2
60SiMn
50CrV
60Si2CrA
60Si2Ni2A

C
0.67-0.75
0.62-0.70
0.57-0.65
0.55-0.65
0.46-0.54
0.56-0.64
0.56-0.64

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

Mn
Si
Cr
0.5-0.8 0.17-0.37
<0.25
0.9-1.2 0.17-0.37
0.6-0.9
1.50-2.0
0.8-1.0 1.30-1.80
0.5-0.8 0.17-0.37
0.8-1.1
0.5-0.8 1.40-1.80
0.7-1.0
0.5-0.8
1.40-1.80
-

Khc

0.1-0.2V
1.4-1.7Ni

7 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp d ct

Mc thp
12S
20S
30S
40MnS

C
0.08-0.16
0.15-0.25
0.25-0.35
0.35-0.45

Thnh phn ha hc, %

Mn
S
0.60-0.90
0.08-0.20
0.60-0.90
0.08-0.12
0.70-1.00
0.08-0.12
1.20-1.55
0.18-0.30

P
0.08-0.15
0.06
0.06
0.05

b, MPa
420-570
460-510
520-670
600-750

C tnh
, % , %
22
36
20
30
15
25
14
20

HB
160
168
185
207

8 - Mt s loi thp dng c chnh ca M (Tiu chun SAE/AISI)

Loi thp,
k hiu

Thnh phn cc nguyn t

C

-W1

0.6-1.4

-W2

0.6-1.4

-S1
-S2
-O1
-O2
-A2
-A4
-D2

Mn
Cr
V
W
W thp ti nc
-

0.25

Cng dng

Mo

Co

Khc

0.4

2Si

Dng c thy lc,

ko, khun du,

Dng c ct, khun

dp ngui

L ko si, trc cn
nh

Trc cn, khun dp

S- Thp chu va p
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.55
0.8
Thp lm vic nhit thp (O, A, D):
O Thp ti du
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
A- Thp ti trong khng kh
1.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
D Thp cacbon v crm
1.5
12.0
1.0 1.0

- Dng c gia cng

g, dng c cm
tay, dng c chu va
p nhit
thng,

-D3

2.25

ngui, calip,

-H10
-H21

12.0
1.0
H Thp lm vic nhit cao
0.40
3.25
0.4
2.5
0.35
3.5
0.9
-

-H42

0.60

Khun p kim loi

(Al, Mg). khun
c, khun rndp,

-T1
-T6

0.75
0.80

12

Dao tin, phay, bo,

mi khoan,

-M1
-M2
-M30

0.80
0.90
0.80

5.0

Dng c ct nhanh,
c tnh chng mi
mn rt cao

-P1
-P2

0.17
0.10

4.0

2.0

8.0

T- Thp gi h volfram
4.0
1.0 18.0
4.5
1.5 20.0
M- Thp gi h W v Mo
4.1
1.0 1.5 8.0
4.0
2.0 6.0 5.0
2.0
1.25 2.0 0.8
P Thp lm khun p Polyme
2.0
0.2
2.6
-

0.5Ni Dng c p n
1.25Ni nha,

9 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp dng c hp kim thp

Mc thp
130Cr05
100Cr2
90CrSi
90Mn2
140CrW5

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

C
Cr
Mn
1.25-1.40
0.40-0.60
0.95-1.10
1.30-1.60
0.85-0.95
0.95-1.25
0.85-0.95
1.5-1.7
1.25-1.50
0.40-0.70
-

Si
<0.35
<0.35
1.20-1.60
<0.30

W
4.5-5.5

10 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi thp gi

Mc thp

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

C
Cr
W
Nhm thp gi c nng sut ct bnh thng
80W18Cr4VMo
0.70-0.80
3.8-4.4
17.0-18.5
90W9Cr4V2Mo
0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
8.5-10.0
85W12Cr3V2Mo
0.80-0.90
3.1-3.6
12.0-13.0
85W6Mo5Cr4V2
0.80-0.88
3.8-4.4
5.5-6.5
1459V5Cr4Mo
1.40-1.50
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
Nhm thp gi c nng sut cao
90W18Cr4V2Mo
0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
17.5-19.0
95W9Co5Cr4V2Mo
0.90-1.00
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
95W9Co10Cr4V2Mo 0.90-1.00
3.8-4.4
9.0-10.5
150W10Co5V5Cr4Mo 1.45-1.55
4.0-4.6
10.0-11.5
160W12Co5V4Cr4Mo 1.55-1.65
4.0-4.6
12.0-13.5
90W18Co5Cr4V2Mo 0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
17.5-19.0
130W14V4Cr4Mo
1.20-1.30
4.0-4.6
13.0-14.5
90W6Mo5Co5Cr4V2 0.85-0.95
3.8-4.4
5.5-6.5

Mo

Co

1.4-1.4
2.0-2.6
1.5-1.9
1.7-2.1
4.3-5.1

1
1
1
5.0-5.5
1

1.8-2.4
2.0-2.6
2.0-2.6
4.3-5.1
4.3-5.1
1.8-2.4
3.4-4.1
1.7-2.1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5.0-5.5

5.0-6.0
9.5-10.5
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0

11 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp ngui

Mc thp

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

C
Cr
W
0.90-1.05 0.9-1.2
1.2-1.6
0.90-1.05 0.6-1.1
0.5-0.8
2.00-2.20 11.5-13.0 1.45-1.65 11.0-12.5 1.25-1.45 11.0-12.5 1.05-1.15 5.5-6.5
1.1-1.5
0.34-0.45 1.3-1.6
0.35-0.44 1.0-1.3
2.0-2.5

100CrWMn
100CrWSiMn
210Cr12
160Cr12Mo
130Cr12V
110Cr6WV
40CrSi
40CrW2Si

Mn
0.8-1.1
0.6-0.9
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.40
0.40

Si
0.4
0.65-1.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.35
1.2-1.6
0.6-0.9

Khc
0.05-0.15V
0.4-0.6Mo
0.7-0.9V
0.5-0.8V
-

12 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp nng

Mc thp
50CrNiMo
50CrNiW
50CrMnMo
30Cr2W8V
40Cr2W5MoV
40Cr5W2VSi

Thnh phn cc nguyn t, %

C
Mn
Cr
0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.5-0.8
0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.5-0.8
0.50-0.60 1.20-1.60 0.6-0.9
0.30-0.40 0.15-0.40 2.2-2.7
0.35-0.45 0.15-0.40 2.2-3.0
0.35-0.45 0.15-0.40 4.5-5.5

W (Mo)
(0.15-0.3)
0.4-0.7
(0.15-0.3)
7.5-8.5
4.5-5.5
1.6-2.2

Ni (Si)
1.4-1.8
1.4-1.8
(0.8-1.2)

V
0.2-0.5
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

13 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca mt s loi thp khng g

S hiu thp
(SAE/AISI)

Thnh phn cc nguyn t

Trng
thi

C tnh,
MPa
0.2
b

,
%

Cr

Ni

Khc

<0.15
>0.15
0.75-0.95

12.5
13.0
17.0

Ti v
ram
400oC

700
1375
1900

1000 20
1760 10
1950 3

<0.08
<0.12
<0.20

13.0
17.0
25.0

0.2Al
<0.25N

275
345
350

450
650
560

25
25
20

<0.15
<0.08
<0.08
<0.03
<0.08

17.0
19.0
17.0
17.0
18.0

7.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
11.0

2.5Mo
2.5Mo
Nb hoc
Ta 10%C

275
250
290
260
275

750
580
580
550
655

50
55
50
50
45

Loi ha cng tit pha

361(17-7PH) 0.09

17.0

7.0

1.2Al

Ha gi

1150

1650

Loi Mactenxit
410
420
440B
Loi Ferit
405
430
446
Loi Austenit
301
304
316
316-L
347

14 - Mt s mc gang thng dng (Theo tiu chun ASTM)

Mc gang

K hiu
tiu chun

Gii hn
bn ko min

Gii hn
chy min

ksi

ksi

MPa

do
min, %

cng
max, HB

Mc tng ng
theo tiu chun Lin
X c

MPa

Gang xm
No.20B* A48
20
138
No.25B
A48
25
172
C 8-36
No.30B
A48
30
207
C 1-40
No.35B
A48
35
241
C 4-44
No.40B
A48
40
276
C 8-48
No.45B
A48
45
310
C 2-52
No.50B
A48
50
345
C 5-56
No.55B
A48
55
379
C 8-60
No.60B
A48
60
414
Gang cu
32510
A 47-84
50
32.5
10
156
35018
A 47-84
53
35
18
156
22010
A47M-90
340
220
10
156
40010
A220-88
60
40
10
149-197
45008
A220-88
65
45
8
156-197
45006
A220-88
65
45
6
156-207
50005
A220-88
70
50
5
179-229
60004
A220-88
80
60
4
197-241
70003
A220-88
85
70
3
217-269
80002
A220-88
95
80
2
241-285
90001
A220-88
105
90
1
269-231
280M10
A220M-88
400
280 10
149-197
B 0-10
310M8
A220M-88
450
310
8
156-197
310M6
A220M-88
450
310
6
156-207
340M5
A220M-88
480
340 5
179-229
B 5-5
410M4
A220M-88
550
410
4
197-241
480M3
A220M-88
590
480
3
217-269
550M2
A220M-88
650
550
2
241-285
620M1
A220M-88
720
620
1
269-231
Gang do
0-40-18
A 536-84
60
414
40
276
18
5-45-12
A 536-84
65
448
45
310
12
0-55-06
A 536-84
80
552
55
379
6.0
10-70-03 A 536-84
100
689
70
483
3.0
10-90-02 A 536-84
120
827
90
621
2.0
Ghi ch: Sau cc k hiu mc gang c th c cc ch ci A, B, C, S ph thuc vo ng knh mu
th, y, B ng vi mu c ng knh l 30.5 mm.

15 - K hiu, cng dng ca mt s ng (TCVN 1659-75)

Cu99.99

Cu
99.99

Hm lng %
Bi
Pb
O
0.0005 0.001
-

P
0.001

Tng
0.01

Cu99.97

99.97

0.001

0.004

0.002

0.03

Cu99.95

99.95

0.001

0.004

0.02

0.002

0.5

Cu99.90

99.90

0.001

0.005

0.05

0.1

Cu99.90

99.90

0.001

0.005

0.01

0.04

0.1

STT

Mc

ng dng
Lm dy dn in
Lm dy dn hoc ch to
hp kim cht lng cao
Nh Cu99.97
Lm dy dn in ch to
brng khng Sn
Nh Cu99.90

16 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s latng theo TCVN v CDA

Tn
Latng
Latng
Latng hi qun
Latng
Latng
Mayso

K hiu
TCVN
LCuZn30
LCuZn40
LCuZn29Sn1
LCuZn38Al1Fe
LCuZn29Sn1Pb3
LCuZn27Ni18

Thnh phn, %

CDA
260
280
464
770

17 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s brng theo TCVN v CDA

K hiu
STT
TCVN
CDA
1
BCuSn5P0.15
2
BCuSn5Zn5Pb5
836
3
BCuAl5
4
BCuAl9Fe4
952
5
BCuPb30
6
BcuBe2
172

30Zn
40Zn
29Zn-1Sn
38Zn1AlFe
29Zn1Sn3Pb
27Zn18Ni

Thnh phn, %
5Sn-0.1P
5Sn-5Zn-5Pb
5Al
9Al-4Fe
30Pb
1.9Be-0.2Co

18 - K hiu v trng thi gia cng hp kim nhm ca Nga, M v Canada

Nga
K hiu
M
T
T1
H
H1
TH
T1H
T1H1

ngha
Hp kim nhm bin dng
mm
Ti v ha gi t nhin
Ti v ha gi nhn to
Bin cng
Bin cng khng hon ton
Bin cng mnh
Ti, ha gi t nhin, bin cng
Ti, bin cng, ha gi nhn to
Ti, bin cng 20%, ha gi nhn

M, Canada
K hiu
ngha
Hp kim nhm bin dng v c
F
Trng thi phi th
O
v kt tinh li
H
Trng thi bin dng
H11
Bin dng vi mc bin cng nh
H12
H14
H16
H18

Bin dng vi mc bin cng

Bin dng vi mc bin cng
Bin dng vi mc bin cng
Bin dng vi mc 4/4 bin cng

to
T1
T2
T4
T5
T6

Hp kim nhm c
Ha gi nhn to sau c

Ti
Ti, ha gi mt phn
Ti, ha gi ha bn cc i

H19
H2X
H3X
T1
T3
T4

T7
T8

Ti, ha gi n nh
Ti, ha gi bin mm (qua ha gi)

T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

Bin dng vi mc bin cng rt ln

Bin dng tip theo hi phc (X=2..9)
Bin dng tip theo n nh ha (X=2..9)
Ti sau bin dng nng, ha gi t nhin
Ti, bin dng ngui, ha gi t nhin
Ging T3 nhng khng c bin dng
ngui
Ging T1 nhng ha gi nhn to
Ging T4 nhng ha gi nhn to
Ging T6 nhng ha gi
Ti sau bin dng nng, ha gi nhn to
Ti, ha gi nhn to, bin dng ngui

19 - Tiu chun k hiu hp kim nhm theo Aluminum Association

Hp kim nhm bin dng
H thng hp kim
Loi k hiu
Al99%
1000
Al-Cu v Al-Mg-Cu
2000
Al-Mn
3000
Al-Si
4000
Al-Mg
5000
Al-Mg-Si
6000
Al-Zn-Mg v Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
7000
Al-Cc nguyn t khc
8000

Hp kim nhm c
H thng hp kim
Loi k hiu
Al sch cng nghip
100.0
Al-Cu
200.0
Al-Si-Mg v Al-Si-Cu
300.0
Al-Si
400.0
Al-Mg
500.0
Al-Zn
700.0
Al-Sn
800.0

20 - Bng quy i thnh phn, k hiu mt s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)
H hp kim
Al sch
Al cng nghip
Al-Cu
Al-Cu-Mg
Al-Mn
Al-Mg
Al-Mg-Si
Al-Zn-Mg
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
Al-Cu
Al-Si-Cu
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Si-Mg-Cu

K hiu
Thnh phn
TCVN
AA
Hp kim bin dng
Al 99.60
1060
99.60 Al
Al 99.00
1100
99.00 Al
AlCu4.4Mg0.5Mn0.8
2014
4.4Cu-0.5Mg-0.8Mn
AlCu4.4Mg1.5Mn0.6
2024
4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn
AlMn1.2
3004
1.2Mn-0.12Cu
AlMg1.4
5050
1.4Mg
AlMg1Si0.6
6061
1Mg-0.6Si-0.2Cr-0.3Cu
AlZn4.5Mg1.4
7005
4.5Zn-1.4Mg-0.12Cr-0.4Mn-0.15Zr
AlZn5.6Mg2.5Cu4.6
7075
5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu
Hp kim c
AlCu4.5
295.0
4.5Cu-1Si
AlSi5.5Cu4.5
308.0
5.5Si-4.5Cu
AlSi7Mg0.3
356.0
7Si-0.3Mg
AlSi12Mg1.3Cu4Mn0.6 12Si-1.3Mg-2Cu-0.6Mn-1Ni-0.2Ti