CHNG I: GII THIEU

1 LY THUYET VE CHNG CAT :

1.1 Khai niem:
Chng cat la qua trnh dung e tach cac cau t cua mot hon
hp long cung nh hon hp kh long thanh cac cau t rieng biet
da vao o bay hi khac nhau cua cac cau t trong hon hp (ngha
la khi cung mot nhiet o, ap suat hi bao hoa cua cac cau t
khac nhau).
Thay v a vao trong hon hp mot pha mi e tao nen s tiep xuc
gia hai pha nh trong qua trnh hap thu hoac nha kh, trong qua trnh
chng cat pha mi c tao nen bang s boc hi hoac ngng tu.
Trong trng hp n gian nhat, chng cat va co ac khong khac
g nhau, tuy nhien gia hai qua trnh nay co mot ranh gii c ban la
trong qua trnh chng cat dung moi va chat tan eu bay hi (ngha la
cac cau t eu hien dien trong ca hai pha nhng vi ty le khac
nhau), con trong qua trnh co ac th ch co dung moi bay hi con
chat tan khong bay hi.
Khi chng cat ta thu c nhieu cau t va thng th bao nhieu cau
t se thu c bay nhieu san pham. Neu xet he n gian ch co 2
cau t th ta thu c 2 san pham:
San pham nh chu yeu gom cau t co o bay hi ln va
mot phan rat t cac cau t co o bay hi be.
San pham ay chu yeu gom cau t co o bay hi be va
mot phan rat t cau t co o bay hi ln.
oi vi he Acetone Nc th:
San pham nh chu yeu la Acetone.
San pham ay chu yeu la nc.

1.2 Cac phng phap chng cat:
1.2.1 Phan loai theo ap suat lam viec:
- Ap suat thap
- Ap suat thng
- Ap suat cao
1.2.2 Phan loai theo nguyen ly lam viec:
- Chng cat n gian
- Chng bang hi nc trc tiep
- Chng cat
1.2.3 Phan loai theo phng phap cap nhiet ay thap:
- Cap nhiet trc tiep
- Cap nhiet gian tiep
Trong trng hp ny, do sn phm l Acetone nc vi yu cu c tinh khit
cao khi s dng, cng vi hn hp Acetone nc l hn hp khng c im ng ph
nn chn phng php chng ct lin tc l hiu qu nht.
1.3 Thiet b chng cat:
Trong san xuat thng dung nhieu loai thiet b khac nhau e tien
hanh chng cat. Tuy nhien yeu cau c ban chung cua cac thiet b
van giong nhau ngha la dien tch be mat tiep xuc pha phai ln,
ieu nay phu thuoc vao mc o phan tan cua mot lu chat nay
vao lu chat kia. Neu pha kh phan tan vao pha long ta co cac loai
thap mam, neu pha long phan tan vao pha kh ta co thap chem,
thap phun, ay ta khao sat 2 loai thng dung la thap mam
va thap chem.
Thap mam: than thap hnh tru, thang ng pha trong co gan
cac mam co cau tao khac nhau, tren o pha long va pha hi
c cho tiep xuc vi nhau. Tuy theo cau tao cua a, ta co:
- Thap mam chop : tren mam bo tr co chop dang tron,
xupap, ch s
- Thap mam xuyen lo: tren mam co nhieu lo hay ranh
Thap chem (thap em): thap hnh tru, gom nhieu bac noi vi
nhau bang mat bch hay han. Vat chem c cho vao thap theo
mot trong hai phng phap: xep ngau nhien hay xep th t.
Chon loai mam chop e thc hien qua trnh chng cat hon hp
Acetone Nc v nhng u iem sau:
- De dang ve sinh thong qua cac ca sa cha
- Vi cung mot chc nang, khoi lng thap mam thng
nho hn so vi thap chem.
- Hieu suat mam khong oi oi vi mot khoang van toc
dong long hoac kh
- Co the lap at ong xoan giai nhiet tren mam khi can
thiet.-
- Thap mam thch hp trong trng hp co so mam ly
thuyet hoac so n v truyen khoi ln.
- Thap c thiet ke co the gi c mot lng long nhat
nh tren mam
- De dang a vao hoac loai bo cac dong ben.
- Tnh on nh cao.
2. GII THIEU S BO VE NGUYEN LIEU
2.1 Acetone:
Aceton c cng thc phn t: CH
3
COCH
3
. Khi lng phn t bng 58.079 vC.
L cht lng khng mu, d lu ng v d chy vi mt cch m du v c mi thm.
N tan v hn trong nc v mt s hp cht hu c nh: eter, methanol, etanol,
diacetone, alcohol
Ve mat hoa hoc tng th nh andehit, acetone tham gia phan ng
cong hidro (H
2
) va Natrihidro-sunfit (NaHO
3
) nhng khac cho
khong bi oi hoa bi dung dch AgNO
3
va Cu(OH)
2
, nhng co the b
oxy hoa va cat nhom CO

e chuyen thanh hai ait khi tac dung
vi chat oxy hoa manh.
ng dung: Acetone hoa tan tot Acetat, nitro xenlulo, nha fenol
focmanehit, chat beo, dung moi pha sn, mc ong ong. No la
nguyen lieu e ttong hp thuy tinh hu c, t Acetone co the ieu
che xeten sunphuanat( thuoc ngu) va cac halophom.
Nhn chung Acetone co nhieu ng dung trong cong nghiep cung nh
trong i song hang ngay nen can thiet phai tach rieng chung.
Mot so thong so vat ly va nhiet ong cua acetone:
- Nhiet o nong chay: -94.6
0
C
- Nhit o soi: 56.9
0
C
- T trng:
4
20
d
- Nhit dung rieng: 22Kcal/mol ( chun 102
0
C )
- nht: 0.316 cp ( 25
0
C)
2.2 Nc:
Trong ieu kien bnh thng: nc la chat long khong mau,
khong mui, khong v nhng khoi nc day se co mau xanh nhat.
Khi hoa ran no co the ton tai dang 5 dang tinh the khac nhau.
Tnh chat vat ly:
Khoi lng phan t : 18 g / mol
Khoi lng rieng d
4
0
c : 1 g / ml
Nhiet o nong chay : 0
0
C
Nhiet o soi : 100
0
C
Nc la hp chat chiem phan ln tren trai at (3/4 dien tch trai
at la nc bien) va rat can thiet cho s song.
Nc la dung moi phan cc manh, co kha nang hoa tan nhieu
chat va la dung moi rat quan trong trong ky thuat hoa hoc.
CHNG II: QUY TRNH CONG NGHE
1. Chu thch cac k hieu trong qui trnh:
1. Bon cha nguyen lieu .
2. Bm.
3. Bon cao v .
4. Bay hi .
5. Lu lng ke .
6. Van .
7. Thap chng cat .
8. Thiet b ngng tu san pham nh .
9. Bo phan chnh dong .
10. Thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh .
11. Bon cha san pham nh .
12. Noi un .
13. un soi nhap lieu bang san pham ay .
14. Ap ke .
15. Nhiet ke .









3 S o quy trnh
13
San Pham ay
Nc Long
Nguyen Lieu
2
1
San Pham ay
T
P T
7
T
T
6
4
Nc
12
San Pham nh
Hi Nc
11
5
Nc
9
10
3
P
14
T
15
Nc
8
Hi khong ngng
Nc




3. Thuyet minh qui trnh cong nghe :
Hon hp Acetone- Nc co nong o Acetone 30% ( theo khoi lng) ,
nhiet o khoang 27
0
C tai bnh cha nguyen lieu (1) c bm (2) bm
len bon cao v (3). T o c a en thiet b gia nhiet (3) ( trao oi
nhiet vi san pham ay). ay, hon hp c un soi en nhiet
o soi . Sau o, hon hp c a vao thap chng cat (7) a
nhap lieu.
Tren a nhap lieu, chat long c tron vi phan long t oan
cat cua thap chay xuong. Trong thap hi, i t di len gap chat
long t tren xuong . ay, co s tiep xuc va trao oi gia hai pha
vi nhau. Pha long chuyen ong trong phan chng cang xuong di
cang giam nong o cac cau t de bay hi v a b pha hi tao nen
t noi un (12) loi cuon cau t de bay hi . Nhiet o cang len tren
cang thap, nen khi hi i qua cac a t di len th cau t co nhiet
o soi cao la nc se ngng tu lai, cuoi cung tren nh thap ta thu
c hon hp co cau t Acetone chiem nhieu nhat ( co nong o
98% theo khoi lng ). Hi nay i vao thiet b ngng tu (8) va c
ngng tu mot phan ( ch ngng tu hoi lu). Mot phan chat long ngng
i qua thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh (10), c lam nguoi en 30
0
C , roi c a qua bon cha san pham nh (11). Phan con lai
cua chat long ngng c hoi lu ve thap a tren cung vi ty
so hoan lu toi u . Mot phan cau t co nhioet o soi thap c
boc hi, con lai cau t co nhiet o soi cao trong chat long ngay
cang tang . Cuoi cung, ay thap ta thu c hon hp long gom
hau het la cau t kho bay hi ( nc). Hon hp long ay co
nong o Acetone la 2% theo khoi lng, con lai la nc. Dung dch
long ay i ra khoi thap, mot phan dc un, boc hi noi un
(12) cung cap lai cho thap e tiep tuc lam viec, phan con lai c
trao oi nhiet vi nhap lieu ( sau khi qua bon cao v ).
He thong lam viec lien tuc cho ra san pham nh la Acetone,
san pham ay sau khi trao oi nhiet vi nhap lieu c thai bo.

CHNG III: CAN BANG VAT CHAT & CAN BANG NANG LNG
1. Can bang vat chat
Cac thong so ban au
Chon loai thap la thap mam chop.
Khi chng luyen dung dch Acetone th cau t de bay hi la acetone
Hon hp:
3 3
2
: 58 ( / )
: 18 ( / )
A
N
Acetone CH CCOCH M g mol
Nc H O M g mol
=

Hon hp:
Nong o nhap lieu: x
F
= 15% (kg Acetone/ kg hon hp)
Nong o san pham nh: x
D
= 98% (kg nc/ kg hon hp)
Nang suat san pham nh: D = 2000 lit/h
Ty le thu hoi Acetone: 99%
Thiet b hoat ong lien tuc
Cac ky hieu:
G
F
, F: suat lng nhap lieu tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
G
D
, D: suat lng san pham nh tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
G
W
, W: suat lng san pham ay tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
x
i
, x
i
: nong o phan mol, phan khoi lng cua cau t i.
Phng trnh can bang cho toan bo thap
- Phng trnh can bang vat chat cho toan bo thap chng cat :

W
W (1)
* * W* (2)
F D
F D
F x D x x
= +
= +


- Chuyen t phan khoi lng sang phan mol:
x
F
=
(1 )
F
A
F F
A N
x
M
x x
M M

+

=

0.15
58
0.052
0.15 (1 0.15)
58 18
=

+
(phan mol Acetone )
x
D
=
(1 )
D
A
D D
A N
x
M
x x
M M

+

=
0.98
58
0.938
0.98 (1 0.98)
58 18
=

+
(phan mol
Acetone)

x
W
=
(1 )
w
A
w w
A N
x
M
x x
M M

+

=

18
) 02 . 0 1 (
58
02 . 0
58
02 . 0

+
= 0.006 ( phan mol Acetone)
(Chon san pham ay co nong o khoi lng cua Acetone la 2% )
- Tnh M
tb
:
W W W
M * (1 ) * 0.052*58 (1 0.052) *18 20.08 kg/kmol
M * (1 ) * 0.938*58 (1 0.938) *18 55.52 kg/kmol
M * (1 ) * 0.006*58 (1 0.006) *18 18.24 kg/kmol
tbF F A F N
tbD D A D N
tb A N
x M x M
x M x M
x M x M
= + = + =
= + = + =
= + = + =

- Sut lng sn phm nh:
3
779.5 kg/m = ( 30
0
C)
3
2000 lit/h = 2000*10 *779.5 1559 kg/h D

= =

1559
28.08 kmol/h
55.52
D
tb
D
D
M
= = =
T (1) va (2) ta c h phng trnh:
W
W

* * W*
28.08 W

0.052 0.938 0.006
568.93 kmol/h

W 540.85 kmol/h
11, 424.11 kg/h

9865.1 kg/h
F D
F D
F x D x x
F
F D W
F
F
Hay
W
= +

= +

= +

= +

Tom lai bang sau:

Nguyen lieu, F San pham nh, D San pham ay, W
Kg/h Kmol/h M
tbF
F
x Kg/h Kmol/h M
tb D
x Kg/h Kmol/h
W
M
tb
W
x
11424.
11
568.93 20.08
0.05
2
1559 20.08 55,52 0.938 9865.1 540.85 18.24 0.06

1.1 o th can bang Acetone Nc :
Thanh phan can bang long (x), hi (y) tnh bang %mol va nhiet o
soi cua hon hp hai cau t 760 mmHg ( Acetone nc ):
x 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
y 0 60.3 72 80.3 82.7 84.2 85.5 86.9 88.2 90.4 94.3 100
t 100 77.9 69.6 64.5 62.6 61.6 60.7 59.8 59 58.2 57.5 56.9








Ve o th: y-x


1.2 Xac nh ch so hoi lu thch hp:
a. Ch so hoi lu toi thieu
Do nhap lieu trang thai bao hoa, nen R
min
c xac nh nh sau:
*
min *
*
0.052 0.54
D F
F F
F F
x y
R
y x
x y

= =

(Xac nh t ng can bang)
min
R =0.816
b. Ch so hoi lu thch hp
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
y

=

p
h
a

n

m
o
l

a
c
e
t
o
n
e

t
r
o
n
g

p
h
a

h

i

x = phan mol acetone trong pha long
ACETONE-NC

Cho cac gia tr Rx
i
> Rx
min
e tm cac gia tr tung o Bi tng ng va
ve cac ng nong o lam viec cua oan luyen va oan chng
ng vi cac gia tr Bi o :
Bi =
1 +
i
D
Rx
x

Nh vay ng vi moi gia tr Rxi ta co so n v chuyen khoi chung
tng ng la m
xi
.
Ta co bang sau :

Rx Bi m
x
m
x
* (Rx + 1)
0.9
0.92
0.95
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Tm cac iem a( y= x= xD ), b( y= x= xw ) va ng x = xF ( song song
vi truc tung ). C moi gia tr Bi ta ve c ng nong o lam viec
cua oan luyen va oan chng .

min
min
1.3* 0.3
R
R
R R
o =
= +