Chloride

1. i cng Chloride c trong tt cc loi nc t nhin. Ngun nc vng cao v i ni thng cha hm lng chloride thp, trong khi nc sng v nc ngm li cha mt lng chloride ng k. Nc bin cha hm lng chloride rt cao. Chloride tn ti trong nc theo nhiu cch: - Nc ha tan chloride t tng t mt, hay cc tng t su hn. - Bi m t bin i vo t lin di dng nhng git nh b sung lin tc chloride vo t lin. - Nc bin xm nhp vo cc con sng gn bin v tng nc ngm ln cn. - Cht thi ca con ngi trong sinh hot v sn xut. 1.1. ngha mi trng Chloride nh hng ng k n mn ca nc; nng trn 250mg/l, chloride gy nn v mn r nt. i vi nhng ngun nc c cng cao, kh c th nhn bit c v mn trong nc. Nng chloride s nh hng khng tt n kt cu ng dn bng kim loi. Trong nng nghip, chloride tc ng ln cy trng lm gim sn lng v cht lng nng phm. 1.2. Phng php xc nh Hm lng chloride c xc nh bng phng php nh phn th tch, s dng dung dch chun l nitrat bc. Kt ta trng AgCl c to thnh theo phn ng: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl ( Ksp = 3.10-10 ) Phn ng xy ra trong mi trng trung ha hay kim nh, vi K2CrO4 l cht ch th. Da vo s khc bit ca tch s tan, khi thm dung dch AgNO 3 vo

mu, Ag+ phn ng trc vi ion Cl- to thnh kt ta AgCl mu trng. Sau khi hon tt phn ng to thnh chloride bc, lng Ag+ d phn ng tip vi CrO42- ( ch th ) to thnh kt ta gch theo phng trnh sau : 2Ag+ + CrO42- AgCrO4 ( Ksp = 5.10-12 ) 1.3. Cc yu t nh hng Sunfua, thiosulfat, sulfide c th phn ng vi Ag+ lm sai lch kt qu. Sulfide d dng b oxy ha bi H2O2 trong mi trng trung ha. Trong mi trng kim, sulfua v thiosulfate khng gy nh hng ng k. Hm lng st > 10mg/l c th che mu ti im kt thc. Orthophophate , vi hm lng > 25mg/l tc dng vi AgNO3 lm nh hng n kt qu. 2. Thit b,dng c v ha cht 2.1. Thit b v dng c - Beaker 250ml - Buret 25ml - Phiu lc v giy lc - Erlen 100ml, ng nh git 2.2. Ha cht - Dung dch AgNO3 0.0141N: ha tan 2.395g AgNO3 vo nc ct v nh mc thnh 1 lt. - Ch th mu K2CrO4: ha tan 2,5g K2CrO4 vo 30ml nc ct, them tng git AgNO3 n khi xut hin mu r. Lc v pha long thnh 50ml nc ct. - Dung dch huyn treo Al(OH)3: ha tan 125g AlK(SO4).10H2O hay Al(NH4)(SO4)2.12H2O trong 1 lt nc ct. Nng nhit ln 600C, them vo NH4OH v lc u. 1 gi, ra nhiu ln vi nc ct n khi khng cn Clna. Sau them nc ct vo cho 1 lt. - Ch th mu phenolphthalein: ha tan 500mg phenolphthalein vo 50ml methanol, th nc ct cho 100ml.

- Dung dch NaOH 0.1N: ha tan 40g NaOH vo nc ct v nh mc thnh 1 lt dung dch. - Nc oxy gi (H2O2 30% )