Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4...
H thng nh v ton cu
Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia
H thng nh v ton cu (ting Anh: Global Positioning System - GPS) l h thng xc nh v tr da trn v tr ca cc v tinh nhn to. Trong cng mt thi im, mt v tr trn mt t nu xc nh c khong cch n ba v tinh (ti thiu) th s tnh c ta ca v tr . GPS c thit k v bo qun bi B Quc phng Hoa K, nhng chnh ph Hoa K cho php mi ngi trn th gii s dng n min ph, bt k quc tch. Cc nc trong Lin minh chu u ang xy dng H thng nh v Galileo, c tnh nng ging nh GPS ca Hoa K, d tnh s bt u hot ng nm 2011-12. [cn dn ngun]
Mc lc
1 Phn loi 2 S hot ng ca GPS 3 chnh xc ca GPS 4 H thng v tinh GPS 4.1 Phn khng gian 4.2 Phn kim sot 4.3 Phn s dng 5 Tn hiu GPS 6 Ngun li ca tn hiu GPS 7 Cc thit b ng dng GPS 7.1 in thoi di ng 7.2 Trong qun s 8 Lin kt ngoi
Phn loi
H thng nh v ton cu ca M l h dn ng da trn mt mng li 24 qu v tinh (Thc t ch c 21 v tinh hot ng, cn 3 v tinh d phng) c B Quc phng Hoa K t trn qu o khng gian. Cc h thng dn ng truyn thng hot ng da trn cc trm pht tn hiu v tuyn in. c bit nhiu nht l cc h thng c tn gi LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) hot ng gii tn 90-100 kHz ch yu dng cho hng hi, hay TACAN (TACtical Air Navigation) dng cho qun i M v bin th vi chnh xc thp VOR/DME VHF (Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment) dng cho hng khng dn dng. Gn nh ng thi vi lc M pht trin GPS, Lin X cng pht trin mt h thng tng t vi tn gi
1 of 5
6/1/2009 5:07 PM
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4...
GLONASS. Hin nay Lin minh Chu u ang pht trin h dn ng v tinh ca mnh mang tn Galileo. Ch rng c GPS v GLONAS u c pht trin trc ht cho mc ch qun s. Nn mc d chng c cho dng dn s nhng khng h no a ra s m bo tn ti lin tc v chnh xc. V th chng khng tha mn c nhng yu cu an ton cho dn ng dn s hng khng v hng hi, c bit l ti nhng vng v ti nhng thi im c hot ng qun s ca nhng quc gia s hu cc h thng . Ch c h thng dn ng v tinh chu u Galileo (ang c xy dng) ngay t u t mc tiu p ng cc yu cu nghim ngt ca dn ng v nh v dn s. GPS ban u ch dnh cho cc mc ch qun s, nhng t nm 1980 chnh ph M cho php s dng dn s. GPS hot ng trong mi iu kin thi tit, mi ni trn Tri t, 24 gi mt ngy. Khng mt ph thu bao hoc mt tin tr cho vic thit lp s dng GPS.
S hot ng ca GPS
Cc v tinh GPS bay vng quanh Tri t hai ln trong mt ngy theo mt qu o rt chnh xc v pht tn hiu c thng tin xung Tri t. Cc my thu GPS nhn thng tin ny v bng php tnh lng gic tnh c chnh xc v tr ca ngi dng. V bn cht my thu GPS so snh thi gian tn hiu c pht i t v tinh vi thi gian nhn c chng. Sai lch v thi gian cho bit my thu GPS cch v tinh bao xa. Ri vi nhiu qung cch o c ti nhiu v tinh my thu c th tnh c v tr ca ngi dng v hin th ln bn in t ca my. My thu phi nhn c tn hiu ca t nht ba v tinh tnh ra v tr hai chiu (kinh v v ) v theo di c chuyn ng. Khi nhn c tn hiu ca t nht 4 v tinh th my thu c th tnh c v tr ba chiu (kinh , v v cao). Mt khi v tr ngi dng tnh c th my thu GPS c th tnh cc thng tin khc, nh tc , hng chuyn ng, bm st di chuyn, khong hnh trnh, qung cch ti im n, thi gian Mt Tri mc, ln v nhiu th khc na.
chnh xc ca GPS
Cc my thu GPS ngy nay cc k chnh xc, nh vo thit k nhiu knh hot ng song song ca chng. Cc my thu 12 knh song song (ca Garmin) nhanh chng kha vo cc qu v tinh khi mi bt ln v chng duy tr chc chn lin h ny, thm ch trong tn l rm rp hoc thnh ph vi cc to nh cao tng. Tnh trng nht nh ca kh quyn v cc ngun gy sai s khc c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca my thu GPS. Cc my thu GPS c chnh xc trung bnh trong vng 15 mt. Cc my thu mi hn vi kh nng WAAS (H Tng Vng Rng, Wide Area Augmentation System) c th tng chnh xc trung bnh ti di 3 mt. Khng cn thm thit b hay mt ph c c li im ca WAAS. Ngi dng cng c th c chnh xc tt hn vi GPS Vi sai (Differential GPS, DGPS) sa li cc tn hiu GPS c chnh xc trong khong 3 n 5 mt. Cc Phng v B bin M vn hnh dch v sa li ny. H thng bao gm mt mng cc i thu tn hiu GPS v pht tn hiu sa li bng cc my pht hiu. thu c tn hiu sa li, ngi dng phi c my thu tn hiu vi sai bao gm c n-ten dng vi my thu GPS ca h.
2 of 5
6/1/2009 5:07 PM
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4...
Phn s dng
Phn s dng l thit b nhn tn hiu v tinh GPS v ngi s dng thit b ny. Di y l mt s thng tin ng ch v cc v tinh GPS (cn gi l NAVSTAR, tn gi chnh thc ca B Quc phng M cho GPS): V tinh GPS u tin c phng nm 1978. Hon chnh y 24 v tinh vo nm 1994. Mi v tinh c lm hot ng ti a l 10 nm. V tinh GPS c trng lng khong 1500 kg v di khong 17 b (5 m) vi cc tm nng lng Mt Tri m (c rng 7 m). Cng sut pht bng hoc di 50 watts.
Tn hiu GPS
Cc v tinh GPS pht hai tn hiu v tuyn cng sut thp gii L1 v L2. (Gii L l phn sng cc ngn ca ph in t tri rng t 0,39 ti 1,55 GHz). GPS dn s dng tn s L1 1575.42 MHz trong gii UHF. Tn hiu truyn trc th, c ngha l chng s xuyn qua my, thu tinh v nha nhng khng qua phn ln cc i tng cng nh ni v nh. L1 cha hai m "gi ngu nhin"(pseudo random), l m Protected (P) v m Coarse/Acquisition (C/A). Mi mt v tinh c mt m truyn dn nht nh, cho php my thu GPS nhn dng c tn hiu. Mc ch ca cc m tn hiu ny l tnh ton khong cch t v tinh n my thu GPS. Tn hiu GPS cha ba mu thng tin khc nhau m gi ngu nhin, d liu thin vn v d liu lch. M gi ngu nhin n gin ch l m nh danh xc nh c qu v tinh no l pht thng tin no. C th nhn s hiu ca cc qu v tinh trn trang v tinh ca my thu Garmin bit n nhn c tn hiu ca qu no. D liu thin vn cho my thu GPS bit qu v tinh u trn qu o mi thi im trong ngy. Mi qu v tinh pht d liu thin vn ch ra thng tin qu o cho v tinh v mi v tinh khc trong h thng.
3 of 5
6/1/2009 5:07 PM
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4...
D liu lch c pht u n bi mi qu v tinh, cha thng tin quan trng v trng thi ca v tinh (lnh mnh hay khng), ngy gi hin ti. Phn ny ca tn hiu l ct li pht hin ra v tr.
Trong qun s
V kh ht nhn Bom thng minh JDAM Tn la khng i t Tn la tn cng t lin
4 of 5
6/1/2009 5:07 PM
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4...
Lin kt ngoi
Trang web chnh thc (http://www.gps.gov) V GPS (http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/)
Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_v %E1%BB%8B_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u Th loi: S khai | GNSS | H thng nh v ton cu | H thng nh v | Cng c my bay Sa i ln cui lc 14:28, ngy 23 thng 5 nm 2009. Tt c ni dung c php s dng theo Giy php Ti liu T do GNU (xem Quyn tc gi bit thm chi tit). Wikipedia l nhn hiu ng k bi T chc Qu H tr Wikimedia.
5 of 5
6/1/2009 5:07 PM