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CHNG 1:

CC KHI NIM CHUNG

1.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI CC THIT B TRAO I NHIT.


1.1.1. Cc nh ngha.
Thit b trao i nhit (TBTN) l thit b trong thc hin s trao i nhit gia
cht cn gia cng vi cht mang nhit hoc lnh.
Cht mang nhit hoc lnh c gi chung l mi cht c nhit cao hn hoc thp
hn cht gia cng, dng nung nng hoc lm ngui cht gia cng.
Cht gia cng v mi cht thng pha lng hoc hi, gi chung l cht lng. Cc
cht ny c nhit khc nhau.
phn bit mi thng s l ca cht lng nng hay cht lng lnh, i vo hay ra
khi thit b, ngi ta quy c:
- Dng ch s 1 ch cht lng nng: 1.
- Dng ch s 2 ch cht lng nng: 2.
- Dng du ch thng s vo thit b: 1; 2.
- Dng du ch thng s ra thit b: 1; 2.
V d:
Cl1 t1'
t''2

t1''
Cl 2 t'2

Hnh 1.1. S khi ca TBTN


1.1.2. Phn loi cc TBTN.
1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic ca TBTN.
1) TBTN tip xc (hay hn hp), l loi TBTN trong cht gia cng v mi cht
tip xc nhau, thc hin c qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht, to ra mt hn hp. V
d bnh gia nhit nc bng cch sc 1 dng hi.
2) TBTN hi nhit, l loi thit b TN c mt trao i nhit c quay, khi tip
xc cht lng 1 mt nhn nhit, khi tip xc cht lng 2 mt to nhit. Qu trnh TN l
khng n nh v trong mt trao i nhit c s dao ng nhit. V d: b sy khng kh
quay trong l hi nh my nhit in.

3) TBTN vch ngn, l loi TBTN c vch rn ngn cch cht lng nng v cht
lng lnh v 2 cht lng TN theo kiu truyn nhit. Loi TBTN vch ngn bo m
kn tuyt i gia hai cht, lm cho cht gia cng c tinh khit v v sinh, an ton, do
c s dng rng ri trong mi cng ngh.
4) TBTN kiu ng nhit, l loi TBTN dng ng nhit truyn ti nhit t cht
lng nng n cht lng lnh. Mi cht trong cc ng nhit nhn nhit t cht lng 1, si
v ho hi thnh hi bo ho kh, truyn n vng tip xc cht lng 2, ngng thnh lng
ri quay v vng nng lp li chu trnh. Trong ng nhit, mi cht si, ngng v chuyn
ng tun hon, ti 1 lng nhit ln t cht lng 1 n cht lng 2.
a. Bnh gia nhit hn hp

b. Thng gia nhit kh hi nhit

c. Bnh ngng ng nc

d. L hi ng nhit

Hnh 1.2. Cc loi TBTDN phn theo nguyn l lm vic.


1.1.2.2. Phn loi TBTN theo s chuyn ng cht lng, vi loi TBTN c vch
ngn.
a. S song song cng chiu.
b. S song song ngc chiu.
c. S song song i chiu.
d. S giao nhau 1 ln.
e. S giao nhau nhiu ln.
Hnh 1.3. Cc s chuyn ng cht lng trong TBTDN.
1.1.2.3. Phn loi TBTN theo thi gian.
- Thng phn ra 2 loi: Thit b lin tc (v d bnh ngng, calorife) v thit b lm vic
theo chu k (ni nu, thit b sy theo m).
1.1.2.4. Phn loi TBTN theo cng dng.
- Thit b gia nhit dng gia nhit cho sn phm (V d ni nu, l hi).
- Thit b lm mt lm ngui sn phm n nhit mi trng (V d thp gii nhit
nc, bnh lm mt du)
- Thit b lnh h nhit sn phm n nhit nh hn mi trng (V d t cp
ng, t lnh).
1.2. CC YU CU K THUT CHUNG CHO MI TBTN.
1.2.1. Cc yu cu k thut chung cho mi TBTN.

Khi thit k ch to hoc la chn trang b, cc TBTN cn t cc yu cu k thut


chnh sau y.
1

1
1
cn phi ln, tng cng cng sut TN
1) H s truyn nhit k = + +
1 2

Q = kF t . Mun tng k, cn tng , 1, 2, nht l tng min (1, 2) v gim chiu dy


ca vch, khng lm vch nhiu lp.
2) Gim tr khng thu lc trn dng chy cc mi cht p1, p2, gim cng sut
bm qut p = pV/. Mun vy cn gim nht ca cht lng, gim tc , gim cc
tn tht cc b n mc c th.
3) Tng din tch mt trao i nhit, l mt c 2 pha tip xc trc tip cht lng nng
v cht lng lnh tng cng sut Q = kF t .
4) Bo m an ton ti p sut v nhit lm vic cao nht v c tui th cao. Mun
vy phi chn kim loi bn p, t lm vic, tnh ton dy theo cc quy tc sc bn.
5) Bo m kn gia 2 cht lng vi nhau v vi mi trng bn ngoi, g
tnh nhit ca sn phm v v sinh an ton cho mi trng.
6) Cu to n gin, gn nh, d vn chuyn, d lp rp, vn hnh, d kim tra, iu
khin v d v sinh, bo dng.
1.2.2. Cc nguyn tc la chn mi cht.
Mi cht l cht trung gian dng gia nhit hay lm lnh sn phm trong TBTN.
Mi cht c phn loi theo mc ch s dng (Mi cht ti nhit nh hi nc, mi cht
ti lnh nh dung dch NaCl, mi cht lnh nh NH3), theo pha khi lm vic (1 pha, 2 pha,
3 pha), theo nhit lm vic tlv = (tmin tmax) (nhit rt cao, cao, trung bnh, thp, rt
thp).
Vic la chn mi cht cn t cc yu cu sau:
1) Chn mi cht c , c, , r ln c d, k ln nhm tng cng trao i nhit.
2) Cht c nhit nng chy tnc, nhit si ts v c pha thch hp vi tlm vic v
p sut lm vic.
3) Cht c nht nh gim p.
4) Cht khng gy chy n, t c hi, t n mn, khng cha tp cht (cn, bi).

Nhit lm vic, p sut lm vic v kh nng trao i nhit ca 1 s mi cht


thng dng c gii thiu bng 1 v bng 2.
Bng 1 - Khong nhit v p sut lm vic ca cc mi cht.
tlv [0C]

plv tuyt i [bar]

Kh H2

273

10

Kh O2, N2, khng kh

210

200

Kh metal CH4

-160 -100

40

Kh etal, etylen, freon

-150 -70

40

Freon 12, 22, NH3, CO2

-70 0

15

Nc mui (dung dch NaCl)

-50 0

Freon 11, 12, 113, 114

-10 0

Du

0 215

Nc H2O

0 374

1 225

Hi nc

0 650

1 300

Hn hp difenyl

260 350

16

Thu ngn

350 500

19

Khi nng

450 1000

Cht rn (samot)

1500

Plasma t0 thp

3500

Mi cht

Bng 2 - Kh nng trao i nhit ca cc mi cht.


Qu trnh TN
t nng hoc lm ngui

Si bt

Mi cht

[W/m2K]

min

max

Kh

60

Hi qu nhit

20

120

Du

60

1.700

Nc

200

10.000

Cht lng hu c

600

10.000

Nc
Ngng mng

Hi cht hu c
Hi nc

6.000

50.000

600

2.500

5.000

20.000

1.2.3. Chn s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.


Cc kt qu thc nghim cho bit, h s to nhit khi dng cht lng ct ngang ng
ln hn, khi dng chy dc ng, n > d, cn tr khng thu lc th pn > pd.
Qua phn tch, Berman cho bit:
1) Vi cht lng, khi Nu/Pr < 61 th nn cho chy dc ng (u tin ngc chiu, o
chiu).; khi Nu/Pr > 61 nn cho chy ct ngang ng (u tin giao nhiu ln).
2) Vi cht kh, khi Re [4.103 4.104] nn cho chy ct ngang ng.
1.2.4. Cc nguyn tc chn cht lng chy trong ng.
Khi cn chn 1 cht lng cho i trong ng th u tin cho:
1) Cht lng c lu lng th tch V (m3/s) nh hn, gim vn tc = V/, do
gim p v cng sut bm.
2) Cht lng c nht cao hn tng p lc bm.
3) Cht lng c (p, t)lv ln v thit b khng chu (p, t) cao, thit b s nh v r
hn.
4) Cht lng c hi, bn, gy n mn, d lm kn, d v sinh v t tn vt liu b
n mn ha cht.
1.2.5. Chn tc dng mi cht.
Khi tc tng th , k tng, lm TN tt hn, nhng cng lm tng p v cng
sut tiu hao cho bm qut. Do , cn chn mt vn tc hp l gim chi ph vn hnh,
tng hiu qu kinh t. Bi ton ti u cho bit, nn chn hp l cho mi cht theo bng 3
sau y:
Bng 3. Khong gi tr hp l ca vn tc mi cht.
Mi cht

t (m/s)

Cht lng c nh (H2O, glycol)

0.5 3

Cht lng nht cao (du, dd NaCl)

0.2 1

Kh + bi pk ( khi, kh bi)

6 10

Kh sch pk ( khng kh )

12 16

Kh nn p > pk ( kh nn)

15 30

Hi bo ho

30 50

Hi qu nhit

30 75

1.3. PHNG TRNH C BN CA TBTN.


Khi tnh ton cc thit b trao i nhit, ngi ta lun da vo 2 phng trnh sau
y gi l phng trnh c bn ca TBTN.
1.3.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit (CBN).
Phng trnh cn bng nhit l phng trnh m t nh lut bo ton v bin ho
nng lng cho TBTN.
1.3.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut lin h cc h s entanpi ra vo thit b vi
nhit truyn qua v thit b ra mi trng v bin thin ni nng ca thit b:
(Hiu entanpi ra vo ca cht lng 1) + (Hiu entanpi ra- vo ca cht lng 2) +
(Nhit truyn qua v thit b ra mi trng) + (Bin thin ni nng ca thit b) = 0.
dng tch phn, phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut c dng:
Q = ( I1 + I2 + Qk) + U = 0,
Trong :
I1 = G1( i1// i1/ ) = G1Cp1( t1// t1/ ) < 0, do cht lng 1 to nhit.
I2 = G2( i2// i2/ ) = G2Cp2( t 2// t 2/ ) > 0, do cht lng 2 thu nhit.
Qk = kiFi( t - tf), [W] l nhit truyn t cht lng c nhit t qua cc din tch Fi
ca v thit b ra mi trng nhit tf. Vi thit b gia nhit thng c: t > tf nn Qk > 0
tc mi trng nhn nhit. Vi thit b lm lnh, thng t < tf nn Qk < 0 tc mi trng
to nhit vo thit b.
[s] l thi gian t khi khi ng thit b nhit t0 n nhit t no .

U = ViiCi( t - t0), [J] l bin thin ni nng ca cc chi tit to ra thit b. Trong
thit b gia nhit, thng t > t0 nn U > 0; trong thit b lm lnh, thng t < t0 nn U
< 0. Nu tnh t khi thit b lm vic n nh, th U = 0.

Nu t W = GCp, [W/K] l ng lng nc ca cht lng th lin h gia W, lu


lng G(kg/s); khi lng ring [kg/m3], nhit dung ring Cp[J/kgK], vn tc [m/s] ca
cht lng vi tit din dng cht lng f s c dng:
W = GCp = fCp
Trong : V = f [m3/s] c gi l lu lng th tch.
Phng trnh CBN tch phn tng qut, lin h cc thng s nh trn s c dng:
[11f1( i1// i1/ ) + 22f2( i2// i2/ ) + kiFi( t - tf)] + iViCi( t - t0).
Phng trnh ny cho php tm c mt i lng cha bit no , v d thi gian
khi ng thit b khi c th xc nh tt c cc i lng cn li.

Khi xt cn bng nhit qua 1 vi phn dF ca din tch trao i nhit ca thit b th
phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut c dng vi phn sau:
11f1di1 + 22f2di2 + kiFi( t - tf)dFi + iViCi

dt
=0.
d

y l phng trnh vi phn cn bng cng sut nhit trao i qua din tch dF ca
TBTN. N cho php tm c lut bin thin theo thi gian ca nhit cc cht lng,
thng qua di = Cpdt.
1.3.1.2. Cc phng trnh cn bng nhit c bit.
1) Khi thit b cch nhit tt vi mi trng: Coi Qk = 0, (I1 + I2) + U = 0.
2) Khi TBTN lm vic n nh, coi U = 0, I1 + I2 + Qk = 0.
3) Khi thit b c cch nhit, lm vic n nh th:
I1 + I2 = 0 hay G1( i1/ i1// ) = G2Cp2( i2// i2/ )
G1Cp1( t1/ t1// ) = G2Cp2( t 2// t 2/ ) hay W1( t1/ t1// ) = W2( t 2// t 2/ )
Dng vi phn ca phng trnh cn bng nhit khi l W1dt1 = W2dt2.
4) Khi U = 0, Qk = 0 nu cc cht lng c s chuyn pha trong TBTN, t cht
lng Cp n si ts nhn nhit r, ri qu nhit n hi c nhit dung ring Cph, th phng
trnh cn bng nhit c dng:
G1 [C p1h (t1/ t s1 ) + r1 + C p1 (t s1 t1// )] = G2 [C p 2 (t s 2 t 2/ ) + r2 + C p 2 (t 2// t s 2 )]
Hnh 1.4. Phn b nhit cc cht lng khi chuyn pha trong TBTN cng chiu.
V d: + Phng trnh cn bng nhit trong l hi:

G1Cp1 (t1/ t1// ) = G2 [C p 2 (t s 2 t 2/ ) + r2 + C p 2 h (t 2// t s 2 )] vi: 1- khi nng, 2- H2O.


+ Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho bnh ngng: 1- hi ngng, 2- nc lm mt.
G1 [C p1h (t1/ t s1 ) + r1 + C p1 (t s1 t1// )] = G2C p 2 (t 2/ t 2// ) .
1.3.2. Phng trnh truyn nhit.
Phng trnh truyn nhit l nhng phng trnh m t lng nhit trao i gia 2
cht lng qua mt TN bng phng thc truyn nhit.
1) Dng vi phn.
Lng nhit Q truyn t cht lng nng nhit t1 qua din tch dFx ca mt TN
n cht lng lnh nhit t2 l:
Q = k(t1 t2)dFx = ktxdFx, W
Trong :
1

1
+ i
k = +
i
1 2

, [W/m2K] l h s truyn nhit qua vch thng c coi l

khng i trong mt F.
tx = t1(x) t2(x) = f(Fx) l chnh nhit ca 2 cht lng hai bn mt dFx, ph
thuc v tr Fx.
2) Dng tch phn.
Lng nhit Q truyn t cht lng 1 qua din tch TN F n cht lng 2 l:
F

Q = kt x (Fx )dFx = k t x (Fx )dFx = kF t , [W].


0

Vi: t =

1
t x (Fx )dFx , gi l chnh trung bnh trn mt F ca nhit 2 cht lng.
F

1.4. XC NH CHNH NHIT TRUNG BNH t .


Gi tr t ph thuc vo t 1/ , t 1// , t 2/ , t 2// v loi s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.
1.4.1. S song song ngc chiu.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit v truyn nhit qua dFx ca TBTN song song ngc
chiu, theo hnh 1.5 c dng:
Q = W1dt1 = W2 dt 2

Q = kt x dFx

1
1
Q

W
W
2
1

Theo c: dt1-dt2 = -

1
1
, [k/W].

W1 W2

hay d t x = - mktxdFx, vi m =
Nu m v k khng i th:
Do :

t x

x
dt x
t
=

mk
t t x
0 dFx hay ln tX0 = mkFx .
0

tx(Fx) = t0exp(-mkFx).
F

Theo nh ngha t :

t
t 0
1
t x ( Fx )dFx = 0 exp( mkFx )dFx =
e mkF 1 .

F0
F
mkF

t =

Thay tF = t0exp(-mkF) vo trn s c: t =

t 0
t
ln F
t 0

t F
t t 0

1 = F
t
t0

ln F
t0

t s = t1/ t 2//
vi
t F = t1// t 2/
t
t'1
t o

t1

t"2

C1

t x

dt 2

t2

dt 1

t"1

C2

t F

t'2
d Fx
O

Fx
F

Fx

Hnh 1.5. S trao i nhit 2 cht lng song song ngc chiu.
1.4.2. S song song cng chiu.
Q = W1dt1 = W2 dt 2
Phng trnh cn bng nhit v truyn nhit dFx l:
Q = kt x dFx
1

ktdFx = -mktxdFx v bin i nh trn s


Sau khi a v dng: dtx= -
+
W1 W2

thu c:

t0 = t1/ t 2/
t F t 0
t =
vi
t F
t F = t1// t 2//
ln
t 0
t
t'1
t1
C1

dt 1

t x
C2

t o

t2
t'2
O

t"1
t F

dt 2 t"2

d Fx
Fx

Fx
F

Hnh 1.6. S trao i nhit 2 cht lng song song cng chiu.
Cc cng thc trn dng khi: t0 tF 0.
Cc cng thc c bit khc c th tnh t theo:
t khi t0 = t F 0
1

t = (t 0 + t F )
2
0 khi t0 = t F = 0

1.4.3. Cc s khc.
tnh t cho cc s khc (song song i chiu, giao nhau 1 hay n ln), ta tnh
t theo s song song ngc chiu ri nhn vi h s t, c xc nh bng thc

nghim v cho dng th.


t = f( p =

t 2// t 2/
t1/ t1//
,
R
=
, loi s ): t = t . t (P, R,loi s ).
t1/ t 2/
t 2// t 2/

1.5. CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA TBTN .


nh gi cht lng ca TBTN, ngi ta da vo cc ch tiu sau y:
1.5.1. Ch tiu v nng lng.
c trng cho mt cng sut nhit thu c ng vi 1kW in tiu hao khi vn
hnh bm qut ca thit b, ngi ta dng ch tiu nng lng E0, c nh ngha:
E0 =

Cng sut nhit sn phm thu c t mi cht


Tng cng sut bm qut sn phm v mi cht

E0 =

Q
G (i // i / ) sp
. E0 cng ln th thit b cng tt.
=
Nb + Nq
5+3

V d: L hi sn xut G = 1000 kg/h hi c i// = 2770 kJ/kg, t nc c Cp= 4,18 kJ/kgK,


t/ = 270C, bm nc tiu th NB = 5kW, qut gi tiu th Nq = 3kW th c:
1000

(2770 4,18.27 )
3600

E0 =
= 92,3
5+3

1.5.2. Cc ch tiu kt cu.


1.5.2.1. gn ca thit b
gn ca thit b, k hiu l G, c nh ngha:
G =

Din tch mt trao i nhit F


Th tch hp bao thit b V
G cng ln, thit b cng gn.
V d: L hi ni trn c G =

, [m2/m3]

= F
V

F
25
=
= 1,6 m 2 / m 3
V 2.2.4

1.5.2.2. Sut tiu hao kim loi.


Sut tiu hao kim loi, k hiu l b, c nh ngha:
b =

Khi lng ca thit b


Din tch mt trao i nhit
b cng nh thit b cng t tn kim loi.
V d: L hi ni trn c b =

M
F

, [kg/m2]

1200
= 50kg / m 2 .
25

1.5.3. Hiu sut trao i nhit ca thit b.


1.5.3.1. nh ngha:
Hiu sut TN ca thit b, k hiu bi c nh ngha:
=

Q
,
Qmax

Trong :
Q = W1t1 = W2t2 = bF t l nhit cht lng 1 truyn cho cht lng 2 trong thit b.
Qmax l nhit cc i m cht lng 1 truyn cho cht lng 2 khi chy song song ngc
chiu vi din tch TN ln v cng F .
Khi hai cht lng chy song song ngc chiu v F th nhit ra cht lng c
W nh hn s bng nhit vo ca cht lng c W ln hn.

Khi W1 > W2 t1 < t2 v t 2// = t 1/ .


Khi W1 < W2 t1 > t2 v t 1// = t 2/ .
Do Qmax bng :

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

W2 t 2// t 2/ = Wmin t1/ t 2 khi W1 W2


W1 t1/ t1// = Wmin t1/ t 2/ khi W1 W2

Qmax =

tc l Qmax = Wmin(t 1/ = t 2/ ), vi Wmin = min(W1,W2).


Hnh 1.7. Phn b ti(Fx) khi F
1.5.3.2. Cng thc tnh .
=

Wmint max
t
Q
=
= / max/
/
/
Qmax Wmin t1 t 2
t1 t 2

vi tmax = max( t1, t2)


=
vi NTU =

Q
bF t
t
= NTU / /
=
/
/
Qmax Wmin t1 t 2
t1 t 2

kF
gi l s n v chuyn nhit (Number of Tranfu Unit).
Wmin

Hiu sut TN ph thuc NTU n,

Wmin
= m 1 v s chuyn ng ca cht
Wmax

lng 2 cht lng.


1.5.3.3. Tnh cho s song song ngc chiu.
Xt s song song ngc chiu c W1 > W2.
T phng trnh cn bng nhit Q = -W1dt1 = -W2dt2
C dt1 dt2 = d(tx) = Q 1 1

W2

W1

Theo phng trnotuyn nhit Q = ktxdFx


d(tx) = ktxdFx 1 1

W2

W1

t F

F
dt x
k W2
=
t t x 0 W2 1 W1 dFx
0

t
kF
ln F =
t 0 W2

kF

W2

W2
t
0 = e W2 W1 = e n (1 m ) .
1
t F
W1

Hnh 1.8. tnh cho s song song ngc chiu.


Theo hnh 1.8 c: do W1t1 = W2t2
t1 =

W2
t 2 = nt 2 .
W1

t 0 t t 2
t t 2
=
=
=
t F t t1 t mt 2

t 2

t = 1 = e n (1 m ) .
1 m
t
1 m 2
t

Gii phng trnh (1- ) = (1- m)e-n(1-m)


=

thu c:

1 e n (1m )
= f (n, m) 1
1 me n (1m )

th c dng nh hnh 1.9.


Hnh 1.9. th = f(n,m).
Cc nhn xt:
1) Khi m gim th tng.
2) Khi m = 0 ( lc ngng, si T = const, Cp = Wmax = ) = e-n.
3) Khi m = 1(W1 = W2) = lim (n, m) =
m1

n
.
1+ n

1.5.3.4. Tnh cho s cng chiu.


Xt s song song cng chiu c W1 > W2.
Q = W 1 dt1 = W2 dt 2
T h phng trnh c bn:
Q = kt x dFx

tnh ton nh trn s c:

1 e n (1+ m )
= f (n, m) .
1+ m

Hnh 1.10. tnh cho s song song cng chiu.


Cc nhn xt:
1) Khi m gim th tng.
2) Khi m = 0 (Wmax c chuyn pha) = 1- e-n nh song song ngc chiu.
3) Khi m = 1 =

1
(
1 e 2 n ) .
2

Hnh 1.11. th = f(n,m).

1.5.3.5. Hiu sut trao i nhit ca cc s khc.


1) S song song i chiu th: =

2
1 + m2
1 + m + 1 + m 2 Coth n

2) S giao nhau 1 ln th: = 1 e-m(1- exp(-mn)).


3) Cc s khc c = f(n,m) xem trong TLTK.
4) So snh cc s :
+ Khi m =

Wmin
= 0 = 1- e-n mi s .
Wmax

+ khi m 0 th:
> > (Xem sch ri v theo, nh Word khng c)
> >
Do = max , = min .
1.6. CC BI TP V D:
1.6.1. V d v p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit truyn nhit.
Bi ton: Mt thng mng ng m = 500 kg dung dch c Cp2 = 2kJ/kgK, nhit
u t0 = 70C, c khuy u. ng xon dn du nng c thng s vo G1 = 9 kg/s, Cp1=
3,5kJ/kgK, t 1/ = 920C, din tch ng F1 = 0,785 m2, h s truyn nhit qua ng k = 103
W/m2K. Khi dung dch c t tp = 170C th xy ra phn ng pht nhit, vi cng sut sinh
0khi t t p
q0 (t t p ) = 0,88(t t p ) khi t t p

nhit ring q(t), [W/kg] bng: q(t) =

Hnh 1.12. Thng gia nhit phn ng.


H s truyn nhit qua v thng din tch F2 = 3,5 m2 n khng kh nhit tf =
300C l k2 = 40W/m2K.
1) Tnh thi gian p khi dung dch t nhit tp.
2) Tnh thi gian s n khi dung dch t nhit ts = 770C.
3) Nhit cc i tm ca dung dch l bao nhiu?
Li gii:
V bnh mng = 0 nn coi du = Fcdt = 0.

V NTU1 =

k1 F
G1C p1

1000.0,785
= 0,025 rt b W1 = G1Cp1 rt ln
9.3500

t1 = ( t 1/ - t 1// ) rt b coi t 1/ = t .
1) Khi t < tp , cha c phn ng, phng trnh cn bng nhit cho dung dch lc ,
sau d, ng vi nhit dung dch t t(dt):
(Nhit dung dch nhn t u) = ( tng Entanpy dung dch) + (Nhit ra mi trng).
k1F1(t 1/ - t) d = mCp2dt + k2F2( t tf)d

Hay:

/
k1 F1 + k 2 F2 k1 F1t1 + k 2 F2 t f
dt

+t
=
mC p 2
mC p 2
d

t tng ng bng:

b
dt
+ a1t = b1 dt = a1 t 1 = a1 (t t m1 )
d
a1
tp

p
t t
dt

= a1d ln p m1 = a1 p
t t m1 0
t 0 t m1
t0

p =
vi a1 =

1 t m1 t0
ln
a1 t m1 t p

k1 F1 + k 2 F2 1000.0,785 + 40.3,5
=
= 9,25.10 4 s 1 .
mC p 2
500.2000

/
b1 k1 F1t1 + k 2 F2t f 1000.0,785.92 + 40.3,5.30
=
= 82,86 0 C
tm1 = =
a1
k1 F1 + k 2 F2
1000.0,785 + 40.3,5

Do : p =

10 4
82,62 7
ln
= 153s
9,35 82,62 17

2) Khi t tp trong dung dch c phn ng sinh nhit q(t), phng trnh cn bng
nhit:
(nhit dung dch nhn t du) + (nhit dung dch nhn t phn ng) = ( tng entanpi) +
(nhit truyn ra mi trng)
k1F1(t1- t)d + mq0( t- tp)d = mCp2dt + k2F2(t tf)d

hay:

t bng:

k F + k 2 F2 mq0 k1 F1t1 + k 2 F2t f mq0t p


dt
+t 1 1
=
d
mC p 2
mC p 2
dt

+ a2t = b2 dt = -a2 t b2 = a2 (t t m 2 )

d
a2


t tm2
dt

= a 2 d ln
= a 2 t ( ) = t m 2 (t m 2 t p )e a
t tm2 0
t p tm2
tp
t

do :
vi: a2 =
tm2 =

ps =

1 tm2 t p
ln
a2 t m 2 t s

k1 F1 + t 2 F2 mq0 1000.0,785 + 40.3,5 500.0,88


=
= 4,85.10 4 s 1
500.2000
mc p 2

b2 k1 F1t1 + k 2 F2t f mq1t p 10.0,785.0,2 + 40.3,5.30 500.0,88.17


=
=
a2
k1 F1 + k 2 F2 mq0
103.0,785 + 40.3,5 500.0,88

tm2 = 142,10C.
ps =

10 4 142,1 17
= 1346 s
ln
4,85 142,1 77

Do thi gian t tng t t0 ts l s = p + ps = 153 + 1346 = 1499 s.


3) Max t() = lim[tm2 (tm2 tp)e-a) = tm2 = 142,10C.
l nhit n nh ca dung dch khi bnh lm vic.
ng cong t() ca dung dch c dng nh hnh 1.13.
Hnh 1.13. Phn b t() ca dung dch.
1.6.2. V d v p dng phng trnh truyn nhit v tnh t .
Bi ton: Mt l hi sn xut hi bo ho kh t nc si p = 8 bar, c din tch
trao i nhit bng F = 18 cm2, h s truyn nhit k = 180 W/m2K. Sn phm chy c G1 =
1 kg/s, nhit t1/ = 700 0C, Cp1 = 1,2 kJ/ kgK.
Tnh nhit khi ra t1// v sn lng hi G2 ca l v hiu sut trao i nhit ca
l.
Hnh 1.14. Bi ton 1.6.2.
Li gii:
Tra bng nc v hi bo ho ti p = 8 bar, c ts = 1700C v nhit ho hi r = 2048
kJ/kg.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit c dng:
(Nhit sn phm chy to ra) = (Nhit truyn qua F) = (Nhit do hi thu)
G1Cp1(t1/ - t1//) = kF

(t1/ t s ) (t1// t s )
= G2 r .
t1/ t s
ln //
t1 t s

y l h 2 phng trnh ca 2 n t1// v G2.


1) Tnh t1// theo G1Cp1(t1/ - t1//) = kF

//

t1 = ts + (t1 - ts)e
2) Tnh G2 = G1

kF
G1C p1

0,18.18
= 205,620 C .
1
.
1
,
2

= 170 + (700 170) exp

C p1 (t1/ t1// )
r

- Hiu sut TN l =

t1// t s
t1/ t1//
kF

ln
=
= NTU 1
/
/
t1 t s
t1 t s G1C p1
ln //
t1 t s

=1

t max
t1/ t 2/

1,2(700 205,62)
= 0,29kg / s = 1043kg / h
2048
=

t1/ t1// 700 205,62


=
= 93%.
t1/ t 2/
700 170

1.6.3. V d p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit hn hp.


Bi ton: Bnh gia nhit cha V = 1 m3 nc t0 = tf = 270C, din tch xung quanh
F = 8 m2 bng kim loi mng, gia nhit cho dng nc vo bnh c G2 = 1000 kg/h, nhit
vo t2/ = tf = 270C, Cp2 = 4,18 kJ/ kgK, bng cch hn hp vi dng hi vo c G1 = 250
kg/h, i1 = 2770 kJ/kg (hi bo ho kh p = 8 bar, ts = 170 0C).
H s truyn nhit ra khng kh qua v l k = 10 W/m2K.
1) Tm lut bin thin nhit nc ra thi gian t() v tnh nhit nc ra khi n
nh.
2) Nu kho 2 van nc vo ra, m van K thng kh tri th thi gian s v lng
nc si Ms bng bao nhiu khi t(s) = ts = 1000C.
Hnh 1.15. Bi ton 1.6.3.
Li gii:
1) Khi bnh mng, = 0, coi dub = 0. Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho nc trong
bnh lc , sau d c dng:
(Nhit dI do hi ngng to ra) = (Nhit dIn nung nng lng nc tnh pV) + (Nhit
gia nhit dng nc dIG) + (Nhit Q ra mi trng) hay:
G1d(i- Cp2t) = pVCp2dt + G2dCp2(t- t2/) + kF(t tf)d
G1C p 2 + G2C p 2 + kF G1i + G2C p 2t 2/ + kFt f
dt
+t
=

d
VC p 2
VC p 2

t bng:

dt
b
+ at = b dt = a t d = a(t t m )d
d
a

t tm
dt

= adt ln
= a .
t tm 0
t0 t m
t0

Hm nhit nc ra c dng:

(G1 + G2 )C p 2 + kF 1

,s
a =
VC

p
2

t() = tm (tm t0)e-a vi


/
t = G1i + G2 C p 2 t 2 + kFt f , 0 C
m
(G1 + G2 )C p 2 + kF

[ ]

[ ]

Nhit nc ra lc n nh l:
250
1000
2770 +
4,18.27 + 0,01.8.27
3600
t2// = lim t ( ) = tm = 3600
= 147,50 C
1

(250 + 1000)4,18 + 0,01.8
3600

2) Nu kho 2 van nc th G2 = 0, khi c:


a0 =

G1C p 2 + kF

VC p 2

250
4,18 + 0,01.8
3600
=
= 8,86.10 5 s 1
1000.1.4,18

250
2770 + 0,01.8.27
G1i + kFt f
3600
tm0 =
=
= 525,340 C
250
G1C p + kF
4,18 + 0,01.8
3600

Thi gian un si khi nc tnh m = V l


1 t m 0 t 0 10 5
525,34 27
ln
=
ln
= 1788 s = 29 pht 48 s.
s0 =
a0 t m 0 t s 8,86 252,34 100

Lng nc si khi l: Ms = m + G1s0 hay:


Ms = V+ G1s0 = 1000.1+

250
1788 = 1124 kg.
3600

CHNG 2:

TNH NHIT CHO THIT B TN

2.1. CC BC TNH THIT K MT THIT B TRAO I NHIT.


Khi tnh ton thit k 1 TBTN nung nng hoc lm lnh 1 sn phm (SP) no
trong mt khu sn xut ca dy chuyn cng ngh, ngi ta thng tin hnh cc bc
tnh sau y:
1) Tnh cng ngh: Theo yu cu cng ngh xc nh cc thng s t/, t//, W = GCp
ca SP cn t trong TBTN .
2) Tnh chn s b: Theo yu cu cng ngh cho SP, phn tch, so snh v la chn
loi thit b, chn mi cht (MC) v cc thng s vo t, W, ca n, chn s chuyn
ng v chn trc cc kch thc chnh ca mt trao i nhit.

3) Tnh nhit thit k: Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit v phng trnh truyn
nhit, tnh cc thng s nhit cn li ca cc cht lng, cc h s v k, t xc nh
din tch trao i nhit F.
4) Tnh kt cu: Xc nh mi thng s kt cu ca mt TN v ca thit b.
5) Tnh sc bn: Theo (p,t) lm vic v l thuyt sc bn vt liu, tnh chn vt liu
v dy ca cc mt chu (p,t) c trong thit b.
6) Tnh thu lc: Tnh tn tht p sut trn dng chy cc cht lng v tnh chn bm
qut.
7) Tnh iu khin: Tnh mng in ng lc v t ng iu khin cc hot ng
ca thit b.
8) Tnh kinh t: Tnh khi lng, gi thnh cc vt t v thit b, cc chi ph v hiu
qu kinh t khi trang b v vn hnh TBTN.
Tu theo yu cu, vic tnh nhit cho TBTN thng phn ra 2 bi ton: Tnh thit
k xc nh din tch TN v tnh kim tra kim tra hoc la chn thit b.
2.2. TNH NHIT THIT K THIT B TRAO I NHIT.
2.2.1. Pht biu bi ton tnh nhit thit k 1 TBTN.
Cho trc nhit vo, ng lng nc v cng sut nhit trao i ca 2 cht
lng (SP v MC), cn tnh din tch TN ca thit b:
Cho (t1/, t2/, W1, W2, Q) tnh F.
2.2.2. Cc bc tnh nhit thit k.
1) Tnh nhit ra 2 cht lng theo phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q = W1(t1/-t1//) = W2(t2//-t2/) t1// = t1 2) Tnh t theo s chn: t =

Q
Q
v t2// = t2 +
W1
W2

1
(t0 t F ) t ( P, R, loi s ).
t 0
ln
t F

3) Tnh 1, 2 vi cht lng 1, cht lng 2 theo cc cng thc thc nghim to nhit
bng phng php lp sai s cho php.
4) Tnh h s truyn nhit k = k( 1, 2, i, i).
5) Tnh din tch trao i nhit: F =

Q
.
k t

2.2.3. Phng php lp tnh 1, 2.


Phng php lp da trn vic chn nhit vch thch hp tnh 1, 2 theo cc
cng thc thc nghim, sao cho sai s cc dng nhit q =

q 1 q 2
khng vt qu gi tr
q 1

[ ] cho php, thng c chn trc bng [ ] = 5%.


2.2.3.1. Bi ton phng.
Bi ton: Cho vch phng hoc tr mng ( c
tip xc vi cht lng 1 c nhit d tf1 =
=

d2
2 ) nhiu lp i/i, cao h, 2 mt
d1

1 / //
t1 + t1 , vn tc 1 (chn trc hay tnh theo
2

4G
G
1
= 2 ) v cht lng 2 c tf2 = t 2/ + t 2// , 2 xc nh nh trn.
f d
2

Tnh 1, 2.
Hnh 2.1. Bi ton phng.
- Cc bc tnh lp:
1) Chn nhit vch tw1 trong khong tf2 tf1.
2) Tnh 1 =

1
h

u1

(Re1,Gr1,Pr1) theo cng thc thc nghim vi cht lng 1

3) Tnh q1=1(tf1- tW1), [W/m2].


4) Tnh tw2 theo phng trnh cn bng nhit q1=

t W1 t W 2

i
i

tW2 = tW1 - q1 i

5) Tnh 2 =

2
h

N u 2 (Re 2Gr 2 Pr 2 ) theo cng thc thc nghim pha cht lng 2.

6) Tnh q2 = 2(tW2 tf) v sai s q = h

q 2
.
q 1

7) So snh sai s q v [ ] :
Nu q - [ ] > 0 q > [ ] thay i tW1 v lp li cc bc 2 7
Nu q - [ ] 0 q [ ] ly 1, 2 nh trn.

- Ch : Nu mi cht l cht kh c nhit cao (T 500 K), th cn tnh thm trao i


nhit bc x.
Khi phc hp tnh theo cng thc:
TW4 T f4

.
= l + bx = Nu (Re, Gr , Pr) + W
h
TW T f

2.2.3.2. Bi ton tr
- Bi ton: chn ng tr dy i/i, mt din tch tip xc cht lng 1 c tf1 =
4G1
4G
1 / //
1
(
t1 t1 ) , 1 =
, mt d2 tip xc cht lng 2 c tf2 = (t 2/ t 2// ) , 2 = 2 2 . Tnh
2
2
d1 1
2
d 2 2

1,2.
Hnh 2.2. Bi ton tr.
_ Cc bc tnh lp:
1) Chn nhit vch tw1 trong khong tf2 tf1.
2) Tnh 1 =

1
h

u1

( Re1,Gr1,Pr1) theo cng thc thc nghim vi cht lng 1

3) Tnh q21= 1(tf1- tW1)d1, ( W/m).


4) Tnh tW2 theo phng trnh cn bng nhit ql1=

tW2 = tW1 - ql1


5) Tnh q2 =

2
d2

1
2i

ln

t W 1 t W 2
1
di + 1
ln
2 i
di

di + 1
.
di

N u 2 (Re 2Gr 2 Pr 2 ) theo cng thc thc nghim pha cht lng 2.

6) Tnh ql2 = 2( tW2 tf2)d2 v sai s q = 1

ql 2
.
ql 1

7) So snh sai s q v [ ] :
Nu q - [ ] > 0 q > [ ] thay i tW1 v lp li cc bc 2 7
Nu q - [ ] 0 q [ ] ly 1, 2 nh trn.
2.2.4. Tnh h s truyn nhit v mt TN.
1) Vch phng hoc tr mng, khng c cnh.

1 W
Tnh F theo Q = kF t vi k = + i + , 2
i 2 m K
1

tc l F =

Q 1
1 2
, m .
+ i +
i 2
t 1

[ ]

2) Vch phng c n cnh bxlx 1 pha 2 b:


1
1

Tnh F1 theo Q = kF1 t vi k = + +


1 c 2

Q
t

vi c =

b
F2 h1 + 2b
=
= 1 + 2 F1
F1
h1
h1

1
1 2
, m .
+ +
1 c 2

[ ]

3) Vch tr dy ( c

d2
2 ) khng c cnh:
d1

Thay cho tnh din tch F, ngi ta tnh chiu di l ca ng tr theo phng trnh Q =
1

lql = kl t l vi kl =

1
d
1
1

, [W/mK] . Khi c l =
ln i +1 +
+

d
2
2 n +1
i
i
1 1

n
d
Q 1 1
1
1
+
+
.
ln i +1 , [m] .
di
2i
t 1d1 2 d i +1

4) Vch tr c cnh trn pha ngoi.


Tnh din tch mt trong khng cnh F0 = 2r0l theo: Q = k0F0 t vi
1

1
F02 W
, 2 .
k0 = + +
1 2 c F2 m K

= r 1 r0
F02 = 2r1h1
F2 = F02 + Fc2
Fc2 = 2( r22 t21).

r2
, m(r2 r0 ) , vi m =

r0

c = f

2 2

cho theo s hnh H.20

2.3. Tinhskieemr tra TBTN .


2.3.1. Bi ton kim tra TBTN.
Khi tnh ton kim tra hoc chn 1 TBTN c sn, thng cho trc nhit
vo, ng lng nc ca cc cht lng, din tch v h s truyn nhit ca thit b, cn

tnh cng sut v nhit ra cc cht lng, xem cc thng s ny c ph hp vi cng


ngh hay khng. Bi ton kim tra c th tm tt nh sau:
Cho (t/1, t/2, W1, W2, k, F) Tnh (t//1, t//2, Q).
Li gii bi ton ny ph thuc vo s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.
2.3.2. Tnh kim tra s ngc chiu.
Nu coi tn tht nhit ra mi trng Qt = 0 th Q = I1 = I2 = kF t hay

/
//
Q = W1 (t1 t1 )

/
//
Q = W2 (t 2 t 2 )

/
//
//
/
Q = kF (t1 t 2 )/ (t1// t 2 )
(t t )

ln 1// 2/

(t1 t2 )

(1)
(2)
(3)

Dng h 3 phng trnh 3 n s (t//1, t//2, Q), c gii nh sau.


Nu t t1 = t/1-t//1 , t2 = t/2- t//2 , th: T (1) v (3) c W1(t/1-t//1) =
kF

(t

/
1

(t1/ t2// ) = kF 1 t2 , (4).


t1// t 2// t 2/

ln
t / t //
(t1// t2/ ) W1 t1
ln 1// 2/
t1 t 2

) (
)
(
)
(
)

Theo (1), (2) W1t1 = W2t2 t2 =

W1
t1 , (5).
W2

W1
(
kF
t1// t 2/ )
= m1 th (4) c dng: / // = exp [n1 (m1 1)].
= n1 v
Nu gi
(t1 t2 )
W1
W2

Tr phng trnh ny cho ng thc 1 = 1 ta c:

(t
(t

//
1
/
1

t 2/ )
t1// t 2/ t1/ + t 2//
t (m 1)
t t
1
=
= exp [n1 (m1 1)]- 1. Gii
= / 2/ 1 = / 1/ 1
/
//
/
/
//
t2 )
t1 t 2 t 2 + t 2 (t1 t 2 ) t 2
t1 t 2 m1t1

phng trnh cui tm t1 s c: t1 = (t1/ t 2/ )


t//1 = t/1- t1 = t/1- (t1/ t 2/ )Z(n1, m1)
t//2 = t/2- m1t2 = t/2- m1 (t1/ t 2/ )Z(n1, m1)
Q = W1t1 = W1 (t1/ t 2/ )Z(n1, m1).
2.3.3. Tnh kim tra s cng chiu.

1 exp[n1 (m1 1)]


th c:
1 m1 exp[n1 (m1 1)]

t//2, Q ) l: Q = W1 (t1/ t1// ) = W2 (t 2// t 2/ ) =

H phng trnh tm (t//1,


kF

(t1/ t2/ ) = kF 1 t2 =
t 2/ ) (t1// t 2// )
.
Theo
W
t
=
kF

t
c:
ln
1
1
(t1// t2// ) W1 t1
(t / t / )
ln //1 2//
(t1 t2 )

(t

/
1

[n1 (m1 1)]

t1// t 2//
= e n1 (m1 +1) ly 1= 1 tr cho phng trnh ny ta c:
t1/ t 2/

1-

t1// t 2// t1/ t 2/ t1// + t 2// t1 + t 2 t1 (m1 + 1)


=
= / / = / / = 1 e n1 (m1 +1)
/
/
/
/
t1 t 2
t1 t 2
t1 t 2
t1 t 2

t1 = (t1/ t 2/ )

(
(

1 exp[ n1 (m1 1)]


1 e n1 (m1 +1)
t P(n1, m1) =
th nghim bi ton l:
1 + m1
1 + m1

)
)

t1// = t1/ t1 = t1/ t1/ t 2/ P(m1 , n1 )


//
/
/
/
/
t 2 = t 2 t 2 = t 2 t1 t 2 P(m1 , n1 )

/
/
Q = Wt 1 = W1 t1 t 2 P(m1 , n1 )

n1 =

kF
l NTU ca cht lng nng.
W1

m1 =

W2
l t s ng lng nc nng/ lnh.
W1

Ch : Gi tr m1 [0, ), khc vi m trong biu thc hiu sut trao i nhit,


kF
W
, m = min , m < 1.
Wmin
Wmax

n =

2.3.4. So snh cng sut TN cc s .


Ngi ta thng so snh cng sut TN cc s khi c cng cc ch s n1 = kF/ W1
v m1 = W2/W1.
1) So snh s cng chiu v ngc chiu, ta c:
Qp
Qz

Nhn xt:
coi

][
[

p 1 e m1 (m1 +1) 1 m1e n1 (m1 1)


=
= f (n1 , m1 ) c dng nh hnh H 23.
z
(1 + m1 ) 1 e n1 (m1 1)

Qp
Qz

Qp
Qz

< 1 nn Q ngc chiu > Q cng chiu. Khi m1 < 0,05 hay m1 > 10 th

= 1 Q ngc chiu = Q cng chiu.

2) So snh c s khc.

Q ngc chiu > Q giao nhau > Q vung gc > Q cng chiu, khi c cng n1, m1.
2.4. V d v tnh thit k TBTN kiu ng lng.
2.4.1. Bi ton thit ks:
Cng ngh cn un nng G2 = 3200 kg/h nc lnh t t/2 = 150C ln t//2 = 450C, bng
mi cht l nc nng c G1 = 2130 kg/h, nhit vo t/1 = 950C.
Chn TBTN kiu ng lng ni tip, ng trong dn nc nng c d2/d1 = 35/ 32
mm, bng thp c = 45W/mK, ng ngoi ng knh D = 48 mm, chiu di l = 2m.
Tnh tng din tch truyn nhit F, h s mdun N v hiu sut TN ca Thit b.
2.4.2. Cc bc tnh thit k.
1) Tnh Q, t//1 theo phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q = G1Cp1 (t1/ t1// ) = G2Cp2 (t 2// t 2/ ).
Q=

3200
4,18(45 15) = 111,5 kW.
3600
Q
111,5.3600
= 95
= 42 0 C .
G1C p1
2130.4,19

t//1 = t/1 -

2) Tnh t s ngc chiu.


t =

(t

/
1

t 2// ) (t1// t 2/ ) (95 45) (50 15)


=
= 420C.
/
//
(
)
95

45
(t t )
ln
ln 1// 2/
(50 15)
(t1 t2 )

3) Tnh 1, 2 theo cng thc thc nghim.


a. Xc nh tf1, 1 v tf2, 2 :
- Theo tf1 =
0,67

W/mK,

1 / // 1
t1 + t1 = (95 + 50 ) = 72,50 C tra TSVL nc c: 1 = 976 kg/m3, 1 =
2
2

0,4.10-6m2/s,

Prk

2,5.

Tc

nc

nng

4G1
4.2130
=
= 0,754 m / s .
2
1d1 3600.3,14.976.0,032 2

- Theo tf2 =
0,61

W/mK,

1 / // 1
t 2 + t 2 = (15 + 45) = 30 0 C tra TSVL nc c: 1 = 996 kg/m3, 1 =
2
2

0,805.10-6m2/s, Prk

5,42.

3200
G2
4G2
3600
=
=
=1 m/ s .
2
2
2
f 2 2 D d 2 2 3,14 48 352 .10 4.996
4.

Tc

nc

lnh

2 =

b.

Tnh

1:

Pat
Pru

0,021.R 0ef,8 P 0rl, 43

Ref

1
4

1d1 0,754.0,032
=
= 60320 10 4
6
0,4.10
1

Vi

1
(t f 1 + t f 2 ) = 1 (72, ,5 + 30) = 51,250 C
2
2

1
d1

chy

L 2000
=
50
d1
32

Pr

3,5.

ri:

chn

tW1

N uf 1

0,67
2,5 4
=
0,021.60320 0,8.2,50, 43
= 4000 W / m 2 K .
0,032
3,5

c. Tnh 2: V ng mng, ln, coi tW1 = tW2 = 51,25 PrW2 = 3,5.ng knh
tng ng ca hnh xuyn D/d2 l:
4f
=
dt =
u

Re2=

(D
4

d 22

(D + d )

= D d = 48 35 = 13 mm .

2 d td
1.0,013
=
= 16149 10 4 chy ri.
0,805.10 6
2

Cng thc thc nghim tnh khi chy ri trong ng lng D/d2 l: dt =
4f
=
u

(D

d 22

(D + d )

Re2 =

= D d = 48 35 = 13 mm .

2 d td
1.0,013
=
= 16149 10 4 chy ri.
6
0,805.10
2

Cng thc tnh khi chy ri trong ng lng D/d2 c dng:


D
Nuf = 0,017R ef0,8 P 0rf, 4
d2

0 ,18

Prt

PrW

4
= 4270 W/m2K.

d. Kim tra sai s dng nhit .


q =

2 (t W2 t f 2 )
4270(51,25 30)
= 1
= 6,8% < 10% ly 1, 2 nh trn.
4000(72,5 51,25)
1 (t W1 t f 1 )

4) Tnh k, F v s modun N.

d 2 35
1
1
=
< 1,4 coi l vch phng dy = (d 2 d1 ) = (35 32) = 1,5
d1 32
2
2

V ng mng,
1

mm nn c k =

F=

0,0015
1
1 1
2
=
+
+
+
= 1932 W/ m K.
45
4270
2 4000

Q
111,5.103
=
= 1,374 m 2 .
1932.42
k t

S moodun N =

F
1,374
=
= 6,83 chn N = 7.
d1 L 3,14.0,032.2

5) Hiu sut TN ca thit b l: =

t max
t1/ t 2/

t1/ t1// 95 50
=
= 56% .
t1/ t 2/ 95 15

2.5. V d tnh thit k thit b sn xut hi.


2.5.1. Bi ton: Cn thit k mt l hi sn lng G2 = 36 tn/h hi qu nhit c t 2// =
2500C p2 = 10 bar t nc lnh t 2/ = 270C. Cho bit sn phm chy c t1/ = 7500C, lu
lng G1 = 45 kg/h, h s truyn nhit k = 200 W/m2K, s song song ngc chiu. Tnh
din tch TN ca l.
2.5.2. Li gii:
1) Theo p2 = 10 bar tra TSVL ca nc v hi c: Cp1 = 1,2

k
, ts2 = 1800C, r2 =
k

2015 kJ/ kg, Cph = 2 kJ/kgK. ng cong t(Fx) ca sn phm v hi c dng nh hnh H
25. L hi ny c coi l 3 TBTN ngc chiu ghp ni tip, hm nc trn F0, si ho
hi trn Fs v qu nhit trn Fq. Phng trnh cn bng nhit v phng trnh truyn nhit
cho mi dng thit b c dng:

/
//
G1C p1 t1/ t11 = G2C ph t 2// t s = kFq t1 t 2 t11 t s
t t

ln 10// s

t1 t s

t1/ t 2// t11 t s


/
//
G1C p1 t1 t11 = G2C ph t 2 t s = kFq
t t

ln 10// s

t1 t s

/
//
G C t / t = G C t // t = kF t1 t 2 t11 t s
s
q
2 ph 2
1 p1 1 11
t t
ln 10// s

t1 t s

(
(
(
(
(
(

)(
)(
)(

)
)
)
)
)
)

)
)
)

y l h 6 phng trnh rcuar 6 n ( t11, t10, t 1// , Fq, Fs, F0).


C li gii chi tit nh bng sau:
Tn

thng Cng thc tnh

Thay s

Kt

qu

36.103
2(250 180)
3600

1400

kW

1400
45.1,2

724

522

m2

s
Qq = G2C ph (t 2// t s )

Nhit
qu nhit
Nhit

khi ra
t trn Fq

t q

Din tch b
qu nhit
Nhit

ho hi
Nhit

Fq = t11 = t 1/

khi ra Fs

(t
=

/
1

Qp

750

G1C p1

) (

t 2// t11 t s
t/ t/
ln 1 2
t11 t s

) (750 250) (724 180)


ln

750 250
724 180

C
C

Q
F=
k t q

1400.103
200.522

13

Qs = G2r2

36.103.2015
3600

20150 kW

20150
724 45.1,2

351

724 351
724 180
ln
351 180

322

t10 = t11 -

Qs
G1C p1

(t11 t s ) (t10 t s )

C
C

t trn Fs

t q =

Din

tch

Q
F= s
k t s

20150.103
200.322

313

m2

hm

Qs = G2Cp2 (t s t 2/ )

36000
4,18(180 27 )
3600

6395

kW

Q0
t = t10
G1C p1

6395
351
45.1,2

233

351 180 233 + 27


351 180
ln
233 27

188

6395.103
200.188

170

m2

si
Nhit
si
Nhit

khi thi
t trn F0

t t
ln 11 s
t10 t s

//
1

t0

(t t ) (t1// t 2/ )
= 10 s
ln

Din tch b
hm

Q
F0 = 0
k t 0

t10 t s
t1// t 2/

C
C

Tng

din

F = F0+Fs+Fq

tch
Hiu

sut

TN

t1/ t1//
t1/ t 2/

170+322+13
750 233
750 27

505

m2

71,5

2.6. Tnh thit k bnh ngng.


2.6.1. Bi ton: Cn thit k mt bnh ngng freon 12 kiu ng v nm ngang, dng
ng ng d2/d1 = 14/12mm, c = 100 W/mK, chn bc ng SP = 1,3.d2, c cng sut
ngng Qk = 42 kW, nhit ngng t tk = 300C. Nc lm mt chy trong chm ng,
chn 2 = 1,5 m/s, nhit vo t n/ = 200C, nhit ra t n// = 260C, chn s hng trng nc
N = 2, nh mc to nhit ra mi trng kh tri Qt = 2%Qk.
Tnh din tch mt ng, tng s ng n, chiu di l ca ng, ng knh
D ca thit b, hiu sut TN .
2.6.2. Cc bc tnh thit k.
1) Tnh ph ti nhit Qn v lu lng Gn nc lm mt.
Theo Qk = Qn + Qt Qn = Qk - Qt = (1-0,02)Qk = 0,98.42 = 41,16 kg/s.
Theo Qn = GnCpn (t n// t n/ ) Gn =

41,16
Qn
=`
= 1,64 kg/ss.
//
/
C pn (t n t n ) 4,18(26 20)

2) Tnh s ng n, chn s ng mi dy z. ( xem sau).


3) Tnh t ( v s x) khi ngng tk = const nn ta c:
t =

(t

) (

t n// t k t n/
26 20
=
= 6,550C.
//
30 20
tk tn
ln
ln
30 26
t k t n/

4) Tnh 1 vi R12 v tnh 2 vi nc.


Theo tn =

1 / // 1
-6
2
t n + t n = (26 + 20) = 230 C tra TSVL nc c: = 10 m /s, = 0,6
2
2

W/mK, Prf = 7. Tnh Re2 =

d1 1,5.0,012
=
= 18000 > 104 chy ri, c:
6

10

Nuf

P
= 0,021R ef0,8 P 0rf, 43 rL
PrW

4
l

vi l l 50 = 1, chn tw1 =
d

1
(t k + t s ) =
2

4
1
(30 + 23) = 26,50 C Prw = 5,5 2 = N uf = 0,6 .0,021.180000,8 7 = 6531 W/m2K.
d
0,012
2
5,5

5) Tnh s ng mi hng m, tng s ng n, chn s dy ngs z:


m tnh theo Gn = m

d12 m =

4Gn
4.1,64
=
= 9,7 m = 10 ng,
2
3,14.998.1,5.0,012 2
d1

chn z = 4 v n = Nm = 20.
Theo tk = 300C tra TSVL ca R12 c: = 1293 kg/m3, r = 1,384.105 J/kg, = 0,067
W/mK, = 2,6.10-6 Ns/m2. Coi tw2 = tw1 = 26,5 0C v MC ln.
Theo cng thc Nesselt, ngng trn ng ngang l:
1

rg 2 3 4
1,384.105.9,81.12932.0,067 3
= 0,728
= 6473W / m 2 K
N = 0,728
6
2,6.10 (30 26,5)0,014
td 2

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