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TRNG I HC NNG LM HU

GIO TRNH
THC N GIA SC

PGS. TS. L c Ngoan - ch bin


Ths. Nguyn Th Hoa L
Ths. D Th Thanh Hng

Nh xut bn Nng nghip, nm 2005

LI M U
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic i mi phng php ging dy tr nn bc
thit v cp bch. Sinh vin v s l trung tm ca dy v hc. Gio trnh l khu quan
trng khng th thiu c nhm gp phn thc hin tt vic i mi phng php ging
dy. Quyn Gio trnh Thc n gia sc do PGS. TS. L c Ngoan, Ths Nguyn Th
Hoa L v Ths D Th Thanh Hng bin son nhm cung cp cho sinh vin i hc
ngnh Chn nui, Th y, Thy sn nhng kin thc c bn v thc n ng vt ni chung
v thc n gia sc ni ring. Gio trnh dy hn 150 trang A4, bao gm 8 chng. B cc
v ni dung cc chng r rng.
hon thnh tp ti liu c gi tr ny, cc tc gi tham kho rt nhiu ti liu
trong v ngoi nc, v c nhng sch v ti liu mi xut bn trong nhng nm gn y
(2002- 2004).
Trong khun kh thi lng ca mt mn hc Thc n gia sc vi 4 hc trnh
(60 tit, bao gm c thc hnh, thc tp), cho nn ni dung sch khng th bao trm ht
nhng vn chuyn su c. Tp th tc gi mong nhn c nhng kin gp ca
cc thy c, cc ng nghip v cc em sinh vin ti liu hon chnh hn trong ln ti
bn sau.
Gio trnh Thc n gia sc c GS.TS. V Duy Ging c v gp . Chng
ti xin chn thnh cm n nhng ng gp c gi tr ca gio s.
Mi gp xin gi v a ch:
PGS. TS. L c Ngoan, khoa Chn nui-Th y, trng i hc Nng Lm Hu.
102 Phng Hng, Hu. Tel. 054 525 439; Fax 054 524 923; E.mail: fas@dng.vnn.vn
PGS.TS. Trn Vn Minh
Hiu trng, ch tch HKH-GD
Trng i hc Nng Lm Hu

MC LC
CH NG I................................................................................. 7
PHN LO I TH C N ................................................................... 7
I. NH NGHA.................................................................................................................... 7
II. PHN LOI THC N...................................................................................................... 7
2.1. ngha ca phn loi thc n gia sc ...................................... 7
2.2. Ph ng php phn loi....................................................... 7
CH NG II............................................................................... 11
C T TRONG TH C N ............................................................ 11
I. KHI NIM C BN V CHT GY C TRONG THC N............................. 11
1.1. nh ngha .................................................................... 11
1.2. Cc trng thi ng c ....................................................... 11
II. PHN LOI CHT C THEO NGUN GC LY NHIM .............................. 12
2.1. Ch t c c sn trong nguyn liu lm thc n v trong qu trnh ch bin
2.2. Ch t c do thc phm b bin cht trong qu trnh bo qun........ 12
2.3. Ch t c do nm mc sinh ra (mycotoxin)................................ 12
2.4. Ch t c do vi khun gy ra ............................................... 12
2.5. Cc ho cht c hi ln vo thc n..................................... 12
III. CC YU T NH HNG N MC C ............................................. 12
3.1. Liu lng cht c .......................................................... 12
3.2. Y u t ging, loi ng vt.................................................. 13
3.3. La tui ca ng vt........................................................ 13
3.4. Tnh bit ....................................................................... 13
3.5. Tnh trng s c khe v ch dinh dng ............................... 13
3.6. Trng thi vt l ca cht c .............................................. 13
IV. CC CHT C HI C SN TRONG THC N.............................................. 13
4.1. Cc cht c hi trong thc n thc vt................................... 13
4.2. Axit amin phi protein (non protein amino acids)- axit amin bt thng 18
4.3. Nhng cht terpenoide v steroide c hi............................... 23
4.4. Cc cht nhy cm quang hc (photosensitive compounds) ........... 24
4.5. Nhm cht saponin........................................................... 26
4.6. Ch t gossipol.................................................................. 26
4.7. Nhm cht tannin............................................................. 26
4.8. Nhng cht khng enzyme tiu ha protein (proteinase inhibitors)... 27
V. C T NM TRONG THC N.......................................................................... 27
5.1. Khi nim...................................................................... 27
5.2. Nhng tc hi do c t nm mc sinh ra................................ 29
5.3. Cc giai on v ngun gy nhim c t nm ......................... 31
5.4. M c an ton ca c t nm trong thc n............................... 31
5.5. Nhng gii php phng nga mycotoxin ................................. 31
CH NG III.............................................................................. 34
TH C N TH XANH V PH PH M NNG NGHI P .......................... 34
I. NHM THC N XANH.......................................................................................... 34
1.1. c im dinh dng ........................................................ 34
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca thc n xanh...... 35
1.3. Nhng im cn ch khi s dng ........................................ 35
II. NHM RAU BO.................................................................................................... 36
2.1. Rau mung (Ipomea aquatica)............................................. 37
2.2. Thn l khoai lang (Ipomea batatas)....................................... 37
2.3. L sn (Manihot esculenta Cranz)......................................... 38
2.4. C ha tho................................................................... 39

12

III. NHM THC N TH.......................................................................................... 39


3.1. C kh......................................................................... 39
3.2. R m r......................................................................... 40
3.3. Ma ............................................................................ 41
CH NG IV.............................................................................. 46
TH C N HT V PH PH M CC NGNH CH BI N ....................... 46
I. THC N HT NG CC ...................................................................................... 46
1.1. c im dinh dng ........................................................ 46
1.2. Ng ............................................................................ 46
1.3. Thc ............................................................................ 48
II. THC N HT B U V KH DU................................................................ 48
2.1. Ht b u..................................................................... 48
2.2. u tng..................................................................... 49
2.3. Lc .............................................................................. 50
III. SN PHM PH CA CC NGNH CH BIN................................................. 50
3.1. S n phm ph ngnh xay xt............................................... 50
3.2. S n phm ph ngnh chit p du thc vt.............................. 52
3.3. S n phm ph ca ngnh nu ru bia................................... 55
3.4. S n phm ph ca ngnh ch bin thu sn ............................. 57
CH NG V ............................................................................... 61
TH C N HN HP .................................................................... 61
I. KHI NIM............................................................................................................... 61
II.VAI TR CA THC N HN HP...................................................................... 61
III. PHN LOI THC N HN HP........................................................................62
IV. QUI TRNG CNG NGH SN XUT THC N HN HP............................. 65
4.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp.......................... 65
4.2. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca thc n hn hp:............................ 67
V. THC N HN HP DNG VIN ........................................................................ 68
5.1. u im ca thc n vin................................................... 68
5.2. Nhng nhc im ca thc n vin...................................... 69
5.3. Quy trnh lm thc n vin.................................................. 69
CH NG VI .............................................................................. 70
TH C N B SUNG .................................................................... 70
I. VAI TR CA THC N B SUNG ....................................................................... 70
1.1. Khi nim...................................................................... 70
1.2. Nhng xu hng mi s dng thc n b sung trong chn nui...... 70
II. THC N B SUNG PROTEIN.............................................................................. 72
2.1. Ch t cha N phi protein (NPN - non protein nitrogen)................... 72
2.2. Mt s axit amin l yu t hn ch...................................... 77
2.3. Nguyn tc b sung axit amin cng nghip............................... 77
III. THC N B SUNG KHONG............................................................................ 77
3.1. B sung khong a lng
............................................. 77
3.2. B sung vi khong ............................................................ 78
3.3. Tnh ton nhu cu khong b sung ....................................... 79
a lng ............................................................................ 79
3.4. S ng c cc nguyn t vi lng khi cho n qu liu................. 79
IV. THC N B SUNG VITAMIN............................................................................. 81
V. KHNG SINH...........................................................................................................82
5.1. Tc dng ca khng sinh s dng vi mc ch dinh dng ........... 82
5.2. Nhng hn ch ca vic s dng khng sinh............................ 84
VI. PREMIX ................................................................................................................. 89

VII. CHT KCH THCH SINH TRNG V CC LOI THC N B SUNG KHC......... 89
7.1. Enzyme ........................................................................ 89
7.2. N m men...................................................................... 89
7.3. Ch t bo qun thc n v cht kt dnh................................... 90
7.4. Ch t nh ha.................................................................. 91
7.5. Cc cht to mu, mi....................................................... 92
CH NG VII............................................................................. 94
PH NG PHP CH BI N TH C N .............................................. 94
I. CHUA (SIL - SILAGE)........................................................................................94
1.1. Vai tr enzyme thc vt trong qu trnh chua.......................... 94
1.2. Vai tr vi sinh vt trong qu trnh chua .................................. 95
1.3. Nhng nhn t nh hng n qu trnh xanh......................... 97
1.4. S mt mt trong qu trnh chua ....................................... 100
1.5. nh gi thc n chua ................................................... 100
II. CH BIN THC N HT (HT CC V HT H U).................................101
2.1. Tnh cht vt l, ho hc ca tinh bt ht................................ 101
2.2. Bin i vt l, ho hc ca tinh bt trong qu trnh ch bin ........ 101
2.3. Cc phng php ch bin thc n ht................................. 102
III. X L RM R V PH PHM X TH......................................................... 104
3.1. X l vt l................................................................... 105
3.2. X l sinh hc ............................................................... 105
3.3. X l ho hc ............................................................... 106
IV. CH BIN PH PHM LM THC N CHO TRU B.................................. 110
4.1. X l rm kh vi ur v vi............................................... 110
4.2. R m ti vi ur ......................................................... 111
4.3. Ph ng php lm bnh a dinh dng:................................. 112
CH NG VIII........................................................................... 113
TIU CHU N V KH U PHN ...................................................... 113
I. KHI NIM............................................................................................................. 113
1.1. Tiu chun n............................................................... 113
1.2. N i dung tiu chun n .................................................... 113
1.3. Kh u phn n................................................................ 115
II. NGUYN TC PHI HP KHU PHN.............................................................115
2.1. Nguyn tc khoa hc ....................................................... 115
2.2. Nguyn tc kinh t.......................................................... 116
III. PHNG PHP XY DNG KHU PHN THC N CHO VT NUI........ 116
3.1. Ph ng php tnh ton n gin......................................... 116
3.2. S dng phn mm trn my vi tnh..................................... 119
PHN PH L C ........................................................................ 120
I. TIU CHUN N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI.........................................................120
II. TIU CHUN N CHO LN................................................................................ 127
III. TIU CHUN N CHO GIA CM...................................................................... 131
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH............................................................................... 155
1. NGUYN XUN B V CTV (1997). NGHIN CU S DNG UREA X L RM LA LM THC N CHO TRU
B. TUYN TP CNG TRNH NGHIN CU KHKT & KTNN, K NIM 30 NM THNH LP TRNG I HC NNG LM
HU. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP, H NI; TR. 157-160................................................................ 155
2. HI NG NGHIN CU QUC GIA HOA K (2000). NHU CU DINH DNG CA LN. NH XUT BN NNG
NGHIP, H NI. .......................................................................................................................... 155
3. L MINH HONG (2000). CH BIN THC N HN HP CHO GIA SC, GIA CM. NH XUT BN VN HA DN
TC, H NI..................................................................................................................................155
4. V DUY GING (2001). GIO TRNH DINH DNG V THC N GIA SC. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP, H
NI.............................................................................................................................................. 155

5. V DUY GING, NGUYN TH LNG HNG, TN THT SN (1999). DINH DNG V THC N GIA SC.
NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP, H NI.............................................................................................. 155
6. V DUY GING (2003). NHNG XU HNG MI S DNG THC N B SUNG TRONG CHN NUI. TP CH
THC N CHN NUI. C SAN KHOA HC K THUT THC N CHN NUI. S 1 -2003. H NI................ 155
7. DNG THANH LIM, BI HUY NH PHC, DNG DUY NG (2002). THC N V DINH DNG NG
VT. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP, TP H CH MINH. ......................................................................155
8. DNG THANH LIM (2003). C T NM MC, K TH S MT CA THC N CNG NGHIP. TP CH
THC N CHN NUI; S 1 -2003.................................................................................................... 155
9. DNG THANH LIM (2004). HU QU CA VIC S DNG KHNG SINH TRONG THC N CHN NUI. TP
CH THC N CHN NUI; S 2 -2004. .............................................................................................155
10. L VN KNH (2004). PHNG PHP XY DNG KHU PHN THC N. TP CH THC N CHN NUI; S 2
-2004..........................................................................................................................................155
11. NGUYN XUN TRCH (2004). S DNG PH PHM NUI GIA SC NHAI LI. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP,
H NI.........................................................................................................................................155
12. NGUYN XUN TRCH, BI C LNG (2004). H THNG NNG NGHIP V S DNG PH PHM LM THC
N GIA SC. TP CH CHN NUI; S 4 (62) 2004.............................................................................. 155
13. CC KHUYN NNG V KHUYN LM, B NNG NGHIP V PTNT (2001). QUN L THC N CHN NUI
CC TNH, THNH PH PHA BC, TI LIU TP HUN, 26.9.2001. ......................................................... 155
14. T.R. PRESTON V R.A. LENG (1989). CC H THNG CHN NUI GIA SC NHAI LI DA TRN NGUN TI
NGUYN SN C VNG NHIT I V NHIT I. NGI DCH: L VIT LY, L NGC DNG, NGUYN VIT HI,
NGUYN TIN VN, L C NGOAN V M VN TIN. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP H NI, 1991.......155
15. VIN CHN NUI QUC GIA (2001). THNH PHN V GI TR DINH DNG THC N GIA SC, GIA CM VIT
NAM. NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP, H NI......................................................................................155
16. SCHIERE, J.B. AND M.N.M. IBRAHIM (1989). FEEDING OF UREA-AMMONIA TREATED RICE STRAW.155
17. B.R. CHAMP, E. HIGHLEY, A.D. HOCKING, AND J.I.PITT (1991). FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS IN STORED
PRODUCTS. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS..................................................................................................... 155
18. ERIC SINCLAIR AND GRAHAM WHITE (1992). INSECT PEST IN STORED GRAIN. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
(NRC) (1994). NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF POULTRY. NINETH REVISED. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS.........156
19. POND, W.G., CHURCH, D.C., POND, K.R. (1995). BASIC ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING. JOHN
WILEY & SONS. 4TH EDITION.......................................................................................................... 156
20. E. HIGHLEY AND G.J.JOHNSON (1996). MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN GRAINS. ................ 156
21. MICHAEL EVANS (1997). NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFFS FOR PIGS AND POULTRY.... 156
22. M. CHENOST AND C. KAYOULI (1997). ROUGHAGE UTILIZATION IN WARM CLIMATES. FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, ROME...............................................................156
23. BO GOHL (1998). TROPICAL FEEDS. DATABASE BY ANDREW SPEEDY AND NICK WALTHAM, VERSION 8.. 156
24. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC) (1998). NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF SWINE. TENTH REVISED
EDITION. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. ............................................................................................... 156
25. VERENIGING VAN, NEDERLANDSE FABRIKANTEN, VAN VOEDERTOEVOEGINGGEN (1998). FEED ADDITIVES:
THE ADDED VALUE TO FEED. NEFATO, NETHERLANDS........................................................................... 156
26. RALFG. D. ETZGEN (1998). ELIMINATION OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PEANUT............156
27. LE DUC NGOAN (2000). EVALUATION OF SHRIMP BY-PRODUCTS FOR PIGS IN CENTRAL VIET NAM.
DOCTORAL THESIS. SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, UPPSALA, SWEDEN..........................156
28. IPC LIVESTOCK BARNEVELD COLLEGE (2001). FORMULATION OF COMPOUND FEEDS FOR PIGS.
NETHERLANDS. .............................................................................................................................. 156
29. P. MCDONALD, R.A. EDWARDS, J. F. D. GREENHALGH; C. A. MORGAN (2002). ANIMAL NUTRITION.
LONGMAN. SIXTH EDITION................................................................................................................ 156

CHNG I
PHN LOI THC N
I. NH NGHA
Trong hc phn Dinh dng gia sc, chng ta c gii thiu v khi nim
cht dinh dng v thc n. gip h thng li kin thc, chng ti xin nhc li
mt vi khi nim tham kho. Trc ht, Pond v CTV (1995) a ra khi nim v
cht dinh dng nh sau: cht dinh dng l mt nguyn t hay mt hp cht ha hc
m c th gi c s sinh trng, sinh sn, cho sa mt cch bnh thng hoc duy tr
s sng ni chung. Theo , thc n c nh ngha l: mt vt liu c th n c
nhm cung cp cht dinh dng. Wohlbien (1997) nh ngha rng tt c nhng g m
con gia sc n vo hoc c th n vo c m c tc dng tch cc i vi qu trnh trao
i cht th gi l thc n gia sc. Mt nh ngha khc cng c s chp nhn ca
nhiu ngi l Thc n l nhng sn phm ca thc vt , ng vt, khong vt v cc
cht tng hp khc, m ng vt c th n, tiu ha, hp thu duy tr s sng, pht trin
v to ra sn phm.
II. PHN LOI THC N
2.1. ngha ca phn loi thc n gia sc
Vic phn loi thc n gip cho ngi chn nui bit chn v nh hng s dng
thch hp tng loi thc n cho tng i tng gia sc mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
2.2. Phng php phn loi
C nhiu phng php phn loi thc n khc nhau, cn c vo ngun gc, c
tnh dinh dng, tnh cht thc n...
2.2.1 Phn loi theo ngun gc
Cn c vo ngun gc thc n c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
+ Thc n c ngun gc t thc vt: Trong nhm ny gm cc thc n xanh, thc
n r, cu, qu, thc n ht cc sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin nng sn: thc n x,
rm r, dy lang, thn l lc, thn cy ng cc loi cm, kh du (do cc ngnh ch bin
du) b bia, ru, sn phm ph. Nhn chung, loi thc n ny l ngun nng lng ch
yu cho ngi v gia sc, ngoi ra n cn cung cp vitamin, protein th, cc loi vi
khong, khng sinh, hp cht sinh hc.
+ Thc n c ngun gc t ng vt: gm tt c cc loi sn phm ch bin t
nguyn liu ng vt nh bt c, bt tm, bt tht, bt nhng tm, bt sa v bt mu.
Hu ht thc n ng vt c protein cht lng cao, c cc axit amin thit yu,
cc nguyn t khong v mt s vitamin A, D, E, K, B12.., t l tiu ha v hp thu cc
cht dinh dng trong thc n ng vt cao hay thp ph thuc vo cch ch bin, lm
thc n b sung protein quan trng trong khu phn ca gia sc gia cm.
+ Thc n ngun khong cht:
Gm cc loi bt s, vi v cc mui khong khc nhm b sung cc cht
khong a v vi lng.
2.2.2 Phn loi theo thnh phn cc cht dinh dng
7

Phng php ny ch yu da vo hm lng cc cht dinh dng chnh trong


thc n: protein, lipit, gluxit, nc.. chia thnh cc nhm.
+ Thc n giu protein. Tt c nhng loi thc n c hm lng protein th chim
trn 20% (tnh theo vt cht kh) th c gi l nhng loi thc n giu protein.
+ Thc n giu lipit:
V d:
Gm cc loi thc n m hm
1 kg bt c loi 1 c 443 g; 1 kg bt tht
lng lipit chim trn 20%. Mc ch
c
660
g; 1 kg u tng c 374 g; kg kh du
s dng thc n ny l cung cp mt
lc
nhn
c 409 g protein th.
lng lipit thch hp trong khu phn
hm lng vt cht kh nhng
gi tr nng lng cn qu thp.
+ Thc n giu gluxit: L loi thc n trong
c hm lng gluxit 50% tr ln, gm cc loi V d: Vng cha 44,1% v lc
ht ng cc, ng, thc cm, bt khoai, bt sn. Thc nhn 46.3% lipit
n ny chim t l rt ln trong khu phn thc n
gia sc d dy n, n l ngun nng lng d tiu ha, hp thu v t gy tai bin trong
qu trnh s dng m gi thnh r.
+ Thc n nhiu nc: Gm cc loi thc n c hm lng nc t 70% tr ln.
V d: thc n c qu, b ru, b bia, rau xanh, bo...
+ Thc n nhiu x: Gm cc loi thc n m hm lng x th 18% tr ln.
Loi thc n ny l sn phm ch bin ngnh trng trt, nh rm r, dy lang, dy lc..
nhng loi thc n ny t c ngha vi gia sc d dy n nhng chim t trng ln
trong khu phn gia sc nhai li.
+ Thc n giu khong: gm cc loi mui khong, bt xng, mui n, bt s...
+ Thc n giu vitamin: gm nhng loi vitamin hoc nhng loi thc n giu
vitamin nh: bt rau xanh, du gan c...
+ Thc n b sung khc: gm cc loi thc n c ngun gc c bit nh khng
sinh, cc hp cht cha nit, cc cht chng oxy ha, cc cht kch thch sinh trng.
2.2.3 Phn loi theo ng lng tinh bt
Theo phng php ny, ngi ta phn thc n thnh 2 loi: thc n tinh v thc
n th.
+ Thc n th: bao gm cc loi thc n c ng lng tinh bt di 45% ngha
l trong 100 kg thc n c gi tr khng qu 45 n v tinh bt.
+ Thc n tinh: bao gm cc loi thc n c ng lng tinh bt trn 45% (trong
vt cht kh) nh cc ht ng cc, bt c qu , cc ht kh du. Trong thc n tinh cn
phn ra thc n giu protein, gluxit, lipit...
2.2.4 Phn loi theo toan tnh v kim tnh
Ngi ta cn c vo pH ca sn phm chuyn ha cui cng chia thc n
thnh toan hay kim. Thng nhng thc n c cha nhiu P, Cl, S th sn phm cui
cng ca s chuyn ha mang tnh axit.
V d: P cho H3PO4, S, H2SO4, Cl, HCl, cn loi thc n nhiu Ca, K, Na, Mg th
sn phm chuyn ha cui cng mang tnh kim.
Phng php xc nh mt loi thc n toan tnh hay kim tnh da vo cng
thc:
97 P + 62 S + 28Cl
X=
50Ca + 26 K + 43Na + 83Mg
8

Nu X > 1: Thc n thuc nhm toan tnh


Nu X < 1: Thc n thuc nhm kim tnh
V d: Trong c kh c cha P: 2,1 g; K:
19,2 g; Na: 2,46 g; S: 2,05 g; Cl: 2,17 g;
Ca: 17,7 g; Mg: 2,28 g.

Thay vo cng thc ta c:


97 P + 62 S + 28Cl
X=
= 0.23
50Ca + 26 K + 43 Na + 83Mg
Trng hp ny X < 1 nn thc n thuc nhm kim tnh.
Nhng loi thc n kim tnh gm: thc n xanh, c qu, thc n xanh... Nhng
loi thc n ny thch hp cho gia sc sinh sn, tc dng tt i vi kch thch tit sa.
Trong khi, nhng loi thc n toan tnh nh: cc loi thc n ng vt, ht h u v mt
vi loi thc n giu protein li thch hp vi gia sc c, gia sc c sinh sn nht l
trong thi gian ly tinh.
M s quc t ca nguyn liu thc n chn nui:
Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta phn thc n thnh tm nhm:
Thc n th kh
Tt c cc loi c xanh t nhin thu ct v cc loi ph ph phm ca cy trng
em phi kh c hm lng x trn 18% u l thc n th kh. Bao gm: c kh h u
hoc ha tho, rm r, dy lang, dy lc v thn cy ng... phi kh. Ngoi ra cn gm
v cc loi ht thc, lc, u, li v bao ng.
Thc n xanh
Tt c cc loi c trng, c t nhin, cc loi rau xanh cho gia sc s dng trng
thi ti, xanh bao gm: rau mung, bo hoa du, l bp ci, su ho, c t nhin, c trng
nh c voi v c s, bo tm, rau da nc, rau dn, rau lp, thn l khoai lang...
Thc n chua
Tt c cc loi thc n chua, cc loi c ha tho hoc thn, b ph phm ca
ngnh trng trt nh thn, l lc, b da, v chui, thn cy ng... em chua.
Thc n giu nng lng
Tt c cc loi thc n c hm lng protein di 20% v x th di 18%. Bao
gm cc loi ht ng cc nh ng, go, sn, c khoai lang, cao lng, mch, m... v ph
ph phm ca ngnh xay xt nh cm go, cm ng, cm m, tm...nhm nguyn liu
ny chim t l cao nht trong cng thc thc n hn hp, thng chim 40-70% t
trng. Mt s loi du th, m th cng c dng b sung vo cng thc thc n hn
hp nhng khng vt qu 4-5%. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi c, qu nh sn, khoai lang,
khoai ty, b ....
Thc n giu protein
Tt c cc loi thc n c hm lng protein trn 20%, x th di 18%. Thc n
giu protein c ngun gc ng vt: bt c, bt tht, sa bt, bt tht xng, bt mu,
nc sa..; thc n giu protein c ngun gc thc vt: ht tng, lc, u xanh, u
triu, u nho nhe, kh tng, kh lc, kh du hng dng, kh du da, kh du
bng.
Thc n b sung khong
Bt v s, bt , v hn, dicanxiphotphat, bt xng...
Thc n b sung vitamin
Cc loi vitamin B1, B2, B3, D, A hoc premix vitamin.
Cc loi thc n b sung khc
9

y l nhm thc n rt a dng. Theo bng hng dn s 70/524 ca chu u c


ti 14 loi ph gia thc n chn nui khc nhau:
S th t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Loi ph gia
Cc cht khng sinh
Cht chng oxy ho
Cht to hng v
Cht phng cu trng
Cht nh ho
Cht to mu
Cht bo qun

S th t
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Loi ph gia
Cc vitamin
Cc cht vi lng
Nhn t sinh trng
Cht kt dnh
Cht nh ho axit
Cc loi men
Sn phm vi sinh vt

S th t ca tm nhm thc n c nh s nh sau:


Tn nhm thc n
- C kh, thc n th nhiu x
- C ti, cc loi thc vt ti, rau
xanh
- Thc n chua
- Thc n giu nng lng
- Thc n giu protein
- Thc n b sung cht khong
- Thc n b sung vitamin
- Cc cht ph gia (additives)

S quc t ca nhm thc n


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Trong m s quc t ca cc loi nguyn liu thc n chn nui, ch s u tin


cho bit loi nguyn liu thc n thuc nhm no cn nm ch s tip theo trong m
s l cc s phn bit cc nguyn liu trong cng nhm.
Trong
tm
V d:
nhm nguyn liu trn,
- Kh du lc p c m s quc t l: 504604
cc nhm nguyn liu
- Kh du lc chit ly c m s quc t: 504612
thng s dng trong
- Kh du u tng p c m s quc t: 503649
ch bin thc n chn
- Kh du u tng chit ly c m s quc t: 503650
nui cng nghip l
- Bt c linh lng kh 17 % protein c m s quc t l: 100023
cc nhm 4, 5, 6, 7 v
- Bt c linh lng kh 20 % protein c m s quc t l: 100024
8 cn cc nhm 1, 2, 3
- Cm go thng c m s quc t l: 403928
thng dng cho gia
- Cm lau c m s quc t l: 403943
sc nhai li, nhm 2
cng dng cho cc
nhm gia sc khc nh
thc n b sung.

10

CHNG II
C T TRONG THC N
I. KHI NIM C BN V CHT GY C TRONG THC N
1.1. nh ngha
Cht c (poinsons)
Cht c l nhng cht v c hay hu c c ngun gc trong t nhin hay do con
ngi to ra, n c nhim vo trong thc n v a vo c th n nng nht nh
v gy ra s ng c, lm ri lon cc hot ng sinh l, sinh ho bnh thng ca c th
v biu hin bng nhng triu chng v bnh tch khc thng.
Tu theo loi cht c, mc nhim c nng hay nh, tu theo la tui, tnh
trng sc kho ca c th m triu chng ng c nng, gy t vong hoc nh sau mt
thi gian di tch lu mi gy biu hin ng c.
Cht c c sinh ra t nhiu ngun gc khc nhau: N c th l cc sn phm
trao i ca nm mc, vi sinh vt to ra m ta gi l Mycotoxin. Hoc c th ln vo thc
n do nhim mi trng hoc cng c th do con ngi v tnh hay c cho thm vo
cc nguyn liu bo qun v tng khu v.
Nghin cu v cht c thc cht l nghin cu v bn cht ho hc, c ch
tc ng, phng php xc nh t c nhng bin php k thut loi tr v hn ch
tc hi ca n ti c th ngi v ng vt.
S ng c (toxicosis, poisoning)
Lnh vc nghin cu v s ng c bao gm nhiu kha cnh khc nhau. iu ny
phc tp v c qu nhiu cht c nn rt kh phn bit. i khi cng xy ra triu chng
ng c thc phm m khi kim tra khng thy c c cht trong thc n, nh s ng
c cht dinh dng do n qu nhiu khng tiu, b vi khun ln men trong ng rut
sinh ra c t, s ng c cht khong vi lng, s ng c vitamin.. khi s dng qu
liu. Tri vi iu ny, i khi ngi v ng vt n phi cht c m khng c triu
chng ng c do liu lng c t qu thp hoc do sc khng ca c th ngi v
ng vt vi c t cao nn khng xut hin triu chng.
1.2. Cc trng thi ng c
Ng c cp tnh l trng thi ng c sau khi nhim cht c mt thi gian ngn,
xut hin nhng triu chng khc thng rt nghim trng hoc gy ra t vong cho ngi
v ng vt.
Ng c tch ly (cn gi l ng c trng din, ng c mn tnh) l trng thi
m c th nhim cht c vi liu lng thp, cha gy ra triu chng lin m phi tri
qua mt thi gian di cht c tch ly trong c th, lm bin i cc qa trnh sinh l,
sinh ha lu di ri mi gy ra triu chng.

11

II. PHN LOI CHT C THEO NGUN GC LY NHIM


2.1. Cht c c sn trong nguyn liu lm thc n v trong qu trnh ch bin
Trong t nhin cc loi thc vt cng nh mt s loi ng vt c bit u c
cha mt s lng c t nht nh. l nhng cht tch ly hoc l sn phm trung
gian trong qu trnh trao i cht ca chng hoc l nhng cht c sinh vt tng hp.
thc vt, nht l nhm cy h u c nhiu cht khng dinh dng (nutrition
antigonist). Nhiu loi thc vt c cha nhm cht glusit c, trong mt s loi ng vt
c cha nhng amit c gy d ng rt mnh cho c th.
2.2. Cht c do thc phm b bin cht trong qu trnh bo qun
S tn tr nguyn liu trong kho lu ngy, do tc ng ca oxy trong khng kh
oxy ha hoc do enzyme trong thc phm tc ng lm bin i cc cht dinh dng tr
thnh cc cht c hay cht khng dinh dng.
V d: cc cht du thc vt lu ngy trong khng kh s bin thnh cc
peroxyt, aldehyt c. Cc axit amin nh histidine trong tht c ti di tc ng ca
enzyme decarboxylase kh nhm cacboxyl tr thnh histamin c gy d ng mnh cho
c th. Mt s vitamin bi oxy ha tr thnh cht khng vitamin.
2.3. Cht c do nm mc sinh ra (mycotoxin)
Cc loi thc n sau khi thu hoch v khng c lm kh v ch bin kp thi
trc khi em d tr trong kho. Nu m trn 14% rt d b ln men hoc nm mc
pht trin sinh ra c t. Ty theo loi c t, ty theo hm hng cao hay thp m c th
gy ra c cho ngi hay ng vt.
2.4. Cht c do vi khun gy ra
Ng c thc n do c t vi khun thng xy ra do thiu st trong cng tc
kim tra v phn ln xy ra trn thc phm c ngun gc ng vt giu protein nh tht
sa, trng...
2.5. Cc ho cht c hi ln vo thc n
Nguyn nhn gy ra s ng c thc phm hoc khng an ton thc phm c th
do cc yu t sau y:
Cho thm vo thc n bo qun, nhm ny bao gm: Cc cht st khun, cc
cht chng nm, cc cht khng sinh v cc cht chng oxy ho...
Cc cht cho thm vo thc n tng khu v, hng liu ca thc n.
Cc cht ty mu hoc cho vo thay i mu thc phm, lm cho dai hoc xp
thc phm.
Cc loi cht kch thch t, hoc cc cht tng ng ha, tng gi nc cho gia
sc tng trng nhanh.
Cc cht gy nhim mi trng bao gm kim loi nng ca nh my thi ra hp
th vo cy thc n, thuc tr chut, tr su, tr nm v virus nhim vo thc phm.
III. CC YU T NH HNG N MC C
3.1. Liu lng cht c
C nhiu cht liu thp th l yu t dinh dng. V d: nh cc nguyn t vi
lng, nhng liu cao th gy ra ng c.

12

3.2. Yu t ging, loi ng vt


Cng mt loi c t, cng mt liu lng nhim nhng c gia sc c triu chng
trng c nhng c loi li khng. V d: vi t l 10% bt l keo du th g c hin
tng bu c, rng lng nhng gia sc nhai li vi mc trn 30% trong khu phn th
mi c triu chng ng c. Hay cng mt t l aflatoxin trong thc n th vt c biu
hin ng c trc g.
3.3. La tui ca ng vt
ng vt non ni chung h thng khng, h thng kh c v thi c t ra
ngoi ca c th pht trin cha hon thin, do sc khng vi c t ca c th gia
sc non cng yu hn gia sc trng thnh. Ngc li, c th gi yu s trao i cht
cng gim xung, sc khng i vi c t cng gim.
3.4. Tnh bit
nh hng ca c t trn gii tnh cng ch l khi nim tng i. trng thi
bnh thng th khng c s khc bit c ngha gia 2 loi gii tnh trn lnh vc
khng vi c t. Tuy nhin khi gia sc mang thai, sinh sn hoc nui con th rt mn
cm vi c t.
V d: c t nm aflatoxin c th gy cht phi t l cao; c t zearalenone (F2,
c trong ng) do nm Furarium tit ra c th gy ra sy thai. V vy, trong thi gian
mang thai cn phi c ch n k lng hn bnh thng.
3.5. Tnh trng sc khe v ch dinh dng
Sc khe c th c nh hng rt ln n kh nng khng i vi c t.
V d: khi c th b bnh vim gan hoc vim thn do nguyn nhn khc khng
phi c t th kh nng loi b c t ca c th rt km. V vy cng vi mt liu
lng ging nhau, nhng c th khe mnh c th vt qua c.
Khu phn n v ch dinh dng ca ng vt cng nh hng rt ln n sc
khng ca c th i vi c cht. V d: khi khu phn n thiu cholin hoc
methiomine s gy ra hin tng tch m gan lm cho chc nng ca gan tr nn suy
gim, t khng vi c t cng s km. Hoc khu phn mt cn bng gia nng
lng v cht m, qu d tha cht m c ngun gc ng vt, c cha nhiu cht hu
c purine v pirimidine m li thiu vitamin A s c nguy c pht sinh ra bnh gout l
chng bnh tch urat trong c th, trong b thn lm cho chc nng lc v loi thi cht
c ca c th suy yu. T c th lm cho tnh trng ng c tr nn nng n hn.
3.6. Trng thi vt l ca cht c
Cng mt loi cht c, cng mt liu lng, nhng cht c trng thi ho tan
c trong nc th s gy ra triu chng ng c nhanh hn, nhng n loi thi ra ngoi
cng nhanh hn. Ngc li, trng thi nh du hoc dng bt khng tan th cht c
hp thu chm nn gy ra triu chng ng c mun hn, nhng loi thi cht c ra khi
c th cng chm hn.
IV. CC CHT C HI C SN TRONG THC N
4.1. Cc cht c hi trong thc n thc vt
4.1.1 Cc hp cht glucoside trong thc n
Xyanglucosit (HCN)
13

Bn cht ho hc l mt hp cht hu c c cu trc gm 2 phn: mt phn t


ng (glucose) v mt phn khng phi l ng: axeton hoc HCN. HCN c to
thnh do qu trnh thu phn linamarin v linustalin do hai enzyme tng ng:
linamarinase v linustalinase. Trong , linamarin chim phn ln (95%) cn rt t
linustalin (5%). Trong sn ti, cc cht ny tn ti tt c cc b phn l v c, nhng
nhiu nht lp v dy th hai (lp v mu hng), li v hai u ca c sn. Glucosit
ph bin trong cc loi thc vt nht l cy c gn vi hoang di. Khi chn th trn ng
c, nu gia suc n phi nhng thc vt c nhiu glucosit s xut hin du hiu ng c.
Ty theo gc ha hc gy c hi, ngi ta chia glucosit thnh cc nhm sau y:
Cng thc cu to nh sau:
H3C

CN

H3C

C
H3C

CN
C

Glucose

H3C

Glucose

Glucose

Linamarin
Linustatin
Xyanglucosit tn ti nhiu trong cy sn (bng 1 v 2), ht lanh v u Java.
Bng 1. Phn b HCN trong sn c
Sn ng Ph Th
- V ngoi mng
- V trong dy
- Hai u c sn
- Phn rut (n c)
- Phn li
Ngun: Phm S Tip, 1998.

Hm lng HCN (mg/100g)


7,6
21,6
16,2
9,72
15,8

Bng 2. Phn b HCN trong l sn (mg/100g ti)


Cc loi l
L gi (1/2 cao thn tr xung)
L bnh t (1/2 n 3/4 cao thn)
L non pha trn
t non
Ngun: Phm S Tip,1998.

Ging n
1,44 0,06
4,29 0,42
36,48 2,25
44,23 2,10

Ging chui
0,46 0,03
1,54 0,15
14,75 0,16
18,05 1,81

Bng 3. nh hng ca phng php ch bin ti hm lng HCN trong l sn


(mg/100g ti)
Phng php ch bin
L ti
Bm nh, nu chn
Bm nh, chua 1 tun

Sn n
21,61 2,37
3,26 2,37
3,06 0,05
14

Sn chui
8,76 0,22
1,72 0,12
1,50 0,07

Bm nh phi kh tn bt
2,79 0,11
Bm nh ngm nc, phi kh tn bt
2,05 0,17
Bm, ngm nc vi, phi kh, tn bt
1,74 0,53
Ngun: Phm S Tip, Nguyn Vn ng, 1998.

0,88 0,05
0,46 0,33
0,22 0,11

Bng 4. nh hng ca phng php lm kh n hm lng HCN trong bt l sn


(ppm)
Phng php ch bin
Phi nng kh nhanh
Phi trong nh kh chm
Sy 600C
Sy 800C
Sy 1000C

Ging Thi lan


1270
562
1106
990
495

Ging gn Nam b
954
280
664
499
217

Bng 5. nh hng ca phng php ch bin n hm lng HCN trong sn c


Cch x l
Bc v ngm nc 24 gi
Luc khng v na gi
Luc 2 ln nc
Luc k ko di
Sn phm sn
C sn ti
Sn lt phi kh
Bt sn

T l HCN cn li so ban u (%)


75
56
42
31
HCN (mg/100 g)
9,72
2,70
1,08

Gia sc n nhiu: liu c ti thiu 2,3 mg/kg th trng. Gc CN- khi vo c th


s lin kt lin kt cht ch vi hemoglobin, c ch qu trnh vn chuyn oxy lm cho c
th thiu oxy ngt th, cc nim mc da tm bm cht rt nhanh. Vic bt gi CN- ca Hb
l phn ng t v ca c th nhm ngn chn ion CN khng lt vo bn trong cc t bo.
Nu c th nhim qu nhiu ion CN th khng c kh nng phng v, khi ion CN lt
vo bn trong cc t bo v lin kt cht ch vi nhn Fe++ v Cu++ trong h thng
enzyme h hp cytochrom khng cho h thng ny thc hin chc nng vn chuyn in
t trong chui phn ng h hp t bo. Lc ny tnh trng ng c tr nn ti t hn, kh
c kh nng cu cha c.
Globin
N

Globin
N

Fe
N

+ CN-
N

Fe
N

O2
Hemoglobin

N
CN

Methemoglobin
15

S 1. Chuyn ha cyanogenesis v cyanide trong c th ngi (Hans Rosling,


1994)
L inamarin

CH 3
-Glucosidase
CH 3

A ceton cyanohydrin

HO

CH 3
Nhit cao, pH cao
Cyanide

A xit amino thiazoline carboxylic


H
C
CH
COOH
S

R hodanase & -S-S


HC

R ed block cell

SCN Thiocyanate
OCN

M etHb--CN

Cyanate

NH 2

C hai trng thi ng c:


Ng c cp tnh: gc CN- khi vo c th s lin h cht ch vi hemoglobin. c
ch qu trnh oxygen lm cho con vt ngt th, cc nim mc da tm bm v cht rt
nhanh nu n phi mt lng ln. Tr em v ng vt non trao i cht rt mnh do
cn rt nhiu oxy, v vy cng l i tng rt mn cm vi HCN.
Ng c mn tnh: trng hp n vi mt lng t, thng xuyn th trong c th
ng vt ch yu l gan s oxy ha kh cht HCN nh vo lu hunh trong axit amin
to ra cht thiocianat t c hn HCN.
- Liu gy ng c: theo ti liu ca Humphreys (1988) th liu gy ng c ti
thiu ca HCN t do trn ng vt l 2 - 2,3 mg/kg trng lng c th. Tuy vy, nu
liu ny nhng gc CN nm trong cu trc glucosit th cha sc gy c m n cn
ph thuc nhiu yu t khc nhau. Nu nh dng glucosit trong thc n khi vo c th m
gii phng nhanh HCN v c th hp thu nhanh th c th gy ng c, nu gii phng
HCN chm, hp thu chm th liu ny cng cha gy triu chng ng c. Trong thc
tin ngi ta cn nhn thy khi ng vt n nhiu v hp thu nhanh HCN (4 mg/kg th
trng) th cht mt cch r rng. Nguyn liu lm thc n cha khong 20mg
HCN/100g nguy him cho con vt. xt nghim HCN chnh xc, chng ta nn kim tra
16

hm lng HCN trong gan v cht cha trong d c ng vt. Khi gia sc b ng c
HCN th trong gan ca n cha ti thiu t 1,4 mg/g tr ln, trong d c 10mg/g tr ln
(Van der Walt, 1944).
Trn ngi: ng c HCN thng hay gp do n phi sn c, ngi ta cn gi l
say sn. Khi n phi sn ng ch bin khng tt s pht sinh ra triu chng ng c do
cht linamarin, mt loi glucosit c b thu phn bi enzyme sinh ra HCN, liu lng
gy ng c cho mt ngi ln l 20mg HCN. Liu gy cht ngi l 1 mg/1kg th
trng. Tuy nhin, nhm glucosit rt d b phn hy bi nhit, trong cc mi trng axit
v kim long. V d, hm lng HCN trong sn gim ng k khi chua, phi kh hay
ngm nc vi (bng 3, 4, 5 v 6).
Alkaloide
Alkaloide l nhng hp cht hu c c cha Nit v c tnh kim nh, a s c
ngun gc t tho mc, ch vi mt liu tht nh cng to ra tc dng sinh hc rt mnh
trn c th. Cht alkaloide n gin c tng hp sm nht vo nm 1886 l cht
coniine, gi tn ha hc l 2-propyl-piperidine (C5H 10NC3H7). y l cht m ngy xa
ngi xu dng n u c nh trit hc v i lc by gi - ng Socrates. Hin
nay, ngi ta tm thy c trn 3000 cht alkaloide khc nhau v c khong 30 trong s
ny c s dng rng ri trong y hc v c ngi ta nghin cu k. V d: cht
nicotine trong cy thuc l c s dng lm thuc tr su, cafein trong ht cf,
Cocaine trong cy coca lm hng phn thn kinh, morphine trong nha cy phin
c s dng lm thuc gim au, reserpine trong cy da cn cng lm thuc
gim au, atropin c tm thy trong cy belladonna (cy c dc) lm thuc gin
ng t (theo ti liu Encarta, McRosoft, 1997). Theo ti liu ca Petteson (1991) th
alkaloide c chia ra lm 3 nhm: nhm alkaloide thc (True-alkaloides), nhm
alkaloide gi (Pseudo-alkaloides) v nhm tin alkaloide (Proto-alkaloides). Nhng
alkaloide c bit r nht l trong cy khoai ty v trong c lupin. Ngy nay, ngi ta
cng bit c trong mt s cy nhit i cng c nhiu alkaloide. V d: cy vng nem
(Erythrina sp) c cha trn 60 loi alkaloide. Alkaloide c cha nhiu trong ht
Erythrina americana, E.breviflora (Sotelo, 1930).
Phn c khoai ty tri ln trn mt t c v xanh v phn c khoai ty c cha
cht solanin. Khi thy phn n gii phng ra ng, v vy ngi ta gi n ng ngha
ho hc l cc glucoside cng c. Song, khi nim alkaloide l gi trn nhm cy c
mnh trong v xanh ca c khoai ty, l cht solanin.
Trn ngi: hin tng ng c solanin thng xy ra do n c khoai ty mc
mm. Ty theo ging khoai ty m hm lng solanin c khc nhau. Ging khoai ty
Rosevall Angieri c cha n 0,49g solanin/1kg rut c v 1,22g/1kg v c. Cc ging
khc c hm lng solanin thp hn, trung bnh 0,04-0,07 g/kg rut c v 0,30-0,55 g/kg
v c. Khi khoai ty mc mm th solanin c th ln n 1,34g/kg c. Liu gy cht
ngi ca salonin t 0,2 - 0,4g/1kg th trng ngi.
Triu chng ng c trn ngi th nh l au bng, tiu chy ri sau to
bn. Th nng th gin ng t v lit nh hai chn. Khi khu thn kinh b t lit dn n
ngng h hp, ngng tim v t vong.
Trn ng vt: Trong thc tin chn nui trn ng c chn c mt s loi thc
vt h u nh c ngi sao (Lupinus) l loi cy h u hoa trng (Lupinus albus), hoc
hoa vng (Lupinus luteus) c mt loi cht c gy bnh cho gia sc trn ng c x n
i, trc y ngi ta gi tn bnh do loi c ny gy ra l lupinozis. Sau ny ngi ta
17

xc nh trong cy c Lupin c cha nhiu loi alkaloide m trong c cht kinolizidin


l rt c gy hi cho gan, lm thoi ho v m ho gan. Alkaloide trong loi c ny
khng b ph hy bi qa trnh phi v sy, do s ng c trn gia sc thng xy ra
khi cho b n c Lupin kh. Theo ti liu ca Humphreys (1988) th s ng c do loi
c ny xy ra b sa mang thai k cui hoc mi cn gy ra bnh ketosis cho b.
Trong mt s c h u thuc ging Medicago sativa sau mt thi gian di
trng ly ht c gi tch ly cht c c bit l cht latirin cng l loi alkaloide gy
ng c cho gia sc n nhiu. Triu chng bnh xut hin trn h thn kinh dn n bi
lit ngi ta gi l bnh latirizmus.
Bin php phng nga: ngm nc v ra nhiu ln c th lm gim cht t
alkaloide. Tuy vy, iu quan trng l v mt di truyn, ngi ta c gng tuyn chn
ging c hm lng alkaloide thp.
4.2. Axit amin phi protein (non protein amino acids)- axit amin bt thng
Trong cc cy h u, s c nh nit kh trn lm tho mn nhu cu m. Trc
tin nitrogen lin kt to nhng sn phm alkaloide hoc nhng axit amin bt thng
khng thng dng. Nh vy, chng c tch ly li trong c th thc vt to nn sn
phm trao i th cp. Thng nhng axit amin ny cu trc gn ging vi nhng axit
amin thit yu. Chng khng thc hin c chc nng sinh hc nh nhng axit amin
thit yu, nh vy tr thnh yu t i khng vi axit amin gn ging vi n. Khi ng
vt n loi ny v hp thu vo c th, n lm thay i mt s bc phn ng trong trao
i axit amin gy ri lon qu trnh trao i cht v gy c cho c th. Theo D'Mello
(1992) th nhiu loi cy b u nhit i c cha nhiu axit amin bt thng.
Nhiu trng hp ng c trn vt nui do n phi ht mt s cy h u nhit
i c axit amin c hi nh ht cy u chm (Indigofera spicata) hoc ht cy
Lathryus cicera. Phn tch cht c trong loi ht ny c cu trc gn ging vi axit amin
thit yu hoc cht chuyn ho trung gian ca n hin din trong h thng thn kinh trung
ng ca ng vt, v th n c ch i khng vi cht dinh dng m c th cn thit,
nh hng xu n hot ng thn kinh i n t vong (Roy,1981 & Rosenthal, 1982).
4.2.1 Nhm cht mch vng (Aromatic)
Cht mimosine
Do mimosine c cu trc ho hc ging nh thyrosine, v vy n c ch trao i
thyrosine trong c th, khng cho to thnh Iodthyrosine (cht ban u tuyn gip tng
hp ra thyrosine). V vy, gia sc n nhiu cy keo du (Leucena) s gy ra bu c. Do
mimosine c thm mt v tr oxy ho v nit thay th C trong vng phenol nn c i lc
ht ion rt mnh, v vy n cp it khng cho qu trnh it ho thyrosine xy ra. Liu
gy c vi b: 0,18; cu: 0,14; d: 0,18; th: 0,23; g : 0,21 v g tht: 0,16 g/kg th
trng.
gia sc nhai li, khi n nhiu l cy keo du (vi t l >30% l keo du trong
khu phn) gy c ch sinh trng, bu c, hm lng thyrosine trong mu gim. Tuy
nhin, hot ng ca vi sinh vt d c lm gim ng k hm lng mimosine bng cch
hnh thnh cc cht khng c hoc thi ra ngoi c th (s 2). g, nu cho n t 810% l keo du th xut hin rng lng, tuyn gip pht trin mnh.
C ch tc ng gy c ca mimosine: n c cu to ging nh thyrosine v
DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), cht chuyn ha ca thyrosine trong c th (s
1). V vy, n c ch trao i thyrosine trong c th, khng cho to thnh Iodo thyrosine
(MIT DIT), cht ban u tuyn gip tng hp ra thyroxin (T3 v T4). V l , khi gia
18

sc n nhiu cy h u thuc h Mimosa, c bit l cy keo du s c khuynh gy ra


bu c.
O

OH

N
H2C
CH
Mimosine
NH2
OH

COOH

OH
OH

H2C

CH

COOH

H2C

CH

NH2

COOH

NH2 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylalanyle (DOPA)

Thyrosine
OH

OH
OH

OH

N
HC
OH

N
CH2

NH2

H2C

Noradrenaline

CH2

NH2

Dopamine

S 2. Cu trc v chuyn ho ca thyrosine to thnh noradrenaline bnh


thng trong c th ng vt (DMello,1991)

19

20

21

O
OH

OH

N
H 2C

N
CH2

NH2

Mimosinamine

H2C
Mimosine

CH

COOH

NH2
k

O
OH

OH

Thi qua
phn v nc tiu

N
H
3, 4 DHP
Conjug

3-Hydro-4(1H)-piridone
(3, 4 - DHP)

O
N
H
2, 3 - DHP

S 3. Chuyn ho mimosine trong d c (DMello, 1991)


4.2.2 Nhng cht ging vi arginine (arginine analogues)
Cht canavanine, indospicine, homoarginine
Cht canavanine v nhng dn xut khc h hng vi n c trong l so a
(Sesbania grandiflora), l cy u chm (Indigofera spicata), l st th (Gliricidia
sepium) cng c cu trc gn ging vi arginine. V vy, khi gia sc n nhiu loi ny
gy c ch qa trnh chuyn ho arginine. Arginine ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qa
trnh chuyn ho ornithine-arginin tng hp ra ur, nu chu trnh ny b canavanin
thay th vo v tr ca arginine th s gy ra ri lon chuyn ho ca arginine. V th,
canavanine cng c coi l mt c t khng dinh dng ca arginine.
Axit amin thit yu gn ging vi arginine l glycine, trong trng hp ny n tr
thnh yu t i khng vi canavanine. Ba loi axit amin ny thng phn b kh rng
v c hm lng tng i cao trong cc loi cy h u, trong mt s loi ht h u.
Canavanine d dng hp thu trong ng tiu ho ca gia sc, gia cm (Leon, 1990) v
n xut hin nhanh trong vng tun hon (DMello, 1989). Nu cho gia cm n thc n
c cha nhiu canavanine (3.7g/kg trong thc n ) s lm gim kh nng sinh trng, nh
hng xu n s li dng m trong khu phn. Gn y vi nhiu nghin cu cho thy
c mi quan h gia canavanine v s ly thc n ca ln (Enneking, 1993).

22

4.2.3 Nhm cht neurolathyrogens


y cng l hp cht axit amin bt thng (non-protein amino acid). Cng loi
vi nhng axit amin ny c: -cyanoalanine, axit -N-oxalyl-,- diaminopropionic
(ngy nay cn gi n l BOAA, -N-oxalylamino alanine), axit -diaminobutyric v aminopropionitril. y l nhng sn phm chuyn ho c lin quan nhau trong trao i
cht ca mt s loi thc vt nhit i. Nhng dng c Lathyrus khc nhau, hm lng
BOAA cng c khc nhau (Aletor, 1994). Khi gia sc n loi thc n c cha loi hp
cht ny thng xuyn s xut hin trng thi ng c. C ch gy ng c ca axit
lathyrogenic l tc dng khng dinh dng i vi cc axit amin gn ging vi n. Nm
1981, Roy c cng b tnh trng bnh Neurolathyrism trn ngi. Trn ng vt, ngi ta
cn nhn thy c 2 cht -cyanoalanine v -(N-oxalylamino) alanine gy c hi thn
kinh (neurotoxic) cho gia cm ln ng vt c v, nhng gia cm mn cm hn, c bit
g con 1 ngy tui (DMello, 1991).
4.2.4 Cht axit fluoroacetic
y cng l hp cht th cp, c bit n c nhiu trong cy: Acasia, Oxylobium
v Gastrolobium (u l cy h u). Chng gy tn tht ln cho gia sc mt s vng
ca chu c (Everist, 1974) v mt s vng Nam Chu Phi (Vickery,1973). Theo ti
liu ca Hamphreys (1988) th c 2 dn sut rt c, l Fluoroacetate (compound
1080) v Fluoroacetamide (compound 1081), c hai u tan trong nc khng v v c
tnh rt cao vi loi gm nhm v c cho ngi ln ng vt khc. S ng c trn cu
c m t bi Marais (1940) Nam Chu Phi do mt loi thc vt Dichapetaum
cymosum (gifblaar).
C ch gy ng c: Fluoroacetate c ch enzyme aconitase t n khng p
ng y cc bc phn ng tip theo trong chu trnh citrat, mt chu trnh sinh ho rt
ph bin trong c th sinh vt -chu trnh axit tricarboxylic. Hu qa cui cng ca n l
s tch t citrate trong c th m khng phn hy thot ra c dn ti ng c
(Peters,1954).
S ng c v liu gy c: Fluoroacetate c c tnh cao cho tt c mi loi
ng vt , nhng loi ng vt c v bc cao km nhy cm hn loi gm nhm. Liu
c gy cht qua ng ming (mg/kg th trng): b 0.15-0.62; cu 0.25-0.50; d 0.300.70; nga 0.50-1.75; heo 0.30-0.40; gia cm 10-20; ch 0.096-0.20; mo 0.30-0.50.
Robison (1970) thng bo liu LD50 ca sodium monoflluoracetate trn b Hereford l
0.393 v 0.221 mg/kg th trng. phng tr bnh ny tt, khng nn cho gia sc n thc
vt c c t v cho gia sc ung glyceryl monoacetate 0.5ml/kg th trng. Trong 5 gi
u, cch 30 pht cp 1 ln 0.2 ml/kg th trng (Annisonetal, 1960).
4.3. Nhng cht terpenoide v steroide c hi
4.3.1 Terpenoide
N cng l sn phm th cp c tng hp bi thc vt. Terpenoide cng c
nhiu dn xut khc nhau C5 (Isoprenoide) c trong cy phi lao, terpenoide bao gm hot
cht sinh hc l carotenoide. Ngoi ra, n cn c C10 ,C15, C20 v C30, ngha l mch
carbon c th di ngn khc nhau. Trong cc loi terpenoide c loi mang hot tnh sinh
hc nh l 1 tin vitamin, nhng cng c nhiu hp cht l c t c tc hi khc nhau
n c th.
Ngi ta nhn thy 1 loi terpen c 15 cacbon (C15) gi l sesquiterpenoide tm
ra trong thc vt Myoporum (Myoporaceae) c v New Zealand gy thit hi ln cho
23

cu. Ngoi ra cn tm thy trong thc vt h bm bm (Ipomoea) cng c loi terpen ny,
ngay c trong khoai lang, n c tc dng gy bnh trn gan.
Trong l mt loi cy thn bi Lantana camara (Werbenaceae) c cha cht
Lantadenes, l mt loi triterpenoide (C30) n gy c hi cho gan. c t ny gy ra
vim gan v rt nhy cm vi nh sng.
Nhng sn phm c cha gc porphyrin t cc chlorophyll khng phn gii, mt
phn n bi tit ra c, phn khng bi tit a vo mu i n t chc ngoi bin, cht
porphyrin ngoi bin nhn nng lng nh sng mt tri chuyn thnh hp cht ho
hc gy h hi t chc t bo v v th n cng xp vo loi c t thuc nhm cht nhy
cm vi nh sng , c tn gi l "hp cht nhy cm quang hc - photosensitive
componds".
4.3.2 Cc cht steroide c hi
Trong s cc steroide c hi c ngi ta ch trng nhiu nht l oestrogen
thc vt (Fitooestrogen). Loi hp cht ny c cha trong mt s loi thc vt.
Triu chng ng c: khi gia sc n phi thc n c cha cht ny c th gy ra
triu chng ng dc gi, n kch thch lm cho m h sng ln, chy nc nhn, trn
heo con thng thy cc nm v sng . Gia sc c ng tc nhy chm ln nhau nh
biu hin ca s ng dc. Hu qa ca n l lm sy thai hng lot. Tuy nhin, nu n
mc va phi s c tc dng tt vi gia sc tit sa, kch thch bu v pht trin, tng tit
sa, vi nhng gia sc b nn, si c tc dng kch thch ng dc tr li.
Cht fitooestrogen c ngi ta ch u tin l chu c, ni y khi chn
th b trn ng c, n mt loi c 3 l (Trifolium subterraneum) lm cho n cu ng
dc hng lot. Ngi ta tm hiu trong loi c ny c cha nhiu cht ging vi
oestrogen. Sau ngi ta cn tm thy nhiu loi c h u khc cng c cha
fitooestrogen nh: cc c alfalfa (Medicago sativa); c di nga, mt s loi c ho tho
v c cy bp cng c cha cht fioestrogen vi s lng ng k. Khi phi hoc sy
kh th cc cht ny b phn hu, nhng nu chua th n cn lu li trong thc n kh
nhiu.
Ngoi thc vt ra, ngy nay ngi ta cn thy loi nm fuzarium thng pht
trin trn ht bp khi thu hoch b chm tr, n cng sn xut ra mt loi c t c tn l
F2-toxin (Zearalenone) cng c tc dng ging nh oestrogen thc vt, n lm sng m
h v sy thai ln v n cng c hi n vic sn xut tinh trng , lm gim t l th
tinh g.
Fito-oestrogen c nhiu dng hp cht khc nhau: Isoflavin cumarin, stiben hoc
cc dn xut khc ca steroide. Cu trc ho hc n c khc vi oestron v oestradion t
nhin. Hot tnh sinh hc ca oestrogen thc vt ging nh mt hormon sinh dc n.
Vic xc nh bng phng php ha hc th rt kh, phi c cht chun ging nh cht
kim tra m trong thin nhin th li c rt nhiu dn xut khc nhau v phi c thit b
c bit nh sc k lng cao p. Ngi ta s dng phng php sinh vt hc: dng chut
ci infantilis (chut bch) th v tnh ra n v chut i vi fito-oestrogen.
4.4. Cc cht nhy cm quang hc (photosensitive compounds)
4.4.1 Nhng pht hin c lin quan n bnh vim rp da do cht nhy cm
quang hc (Vesicula dermatitis and photosensitizasion)
C ch gy c hi ca cht nhy cm quang hc:
Cc cht nhy cm quang hc l nhng cht m khi gia sc n, hp thu vo mu
v ra da ni khng c sc t bo v, di tc dng ca tia nh sng mt tri n lm phn
24

hy cht nhy cm quang hc ra cc sn phm phn ng trn da lm cho da ng ln v


sau vim rp da. S vim nhim ny c bit xy ra xung quanh khe mt, c,
cc khp chn v cui cc chi gy ra cm gic au n cho gia sc. i vi gia cm th
m, mng, tch tai v bn chn, ni khng c lng che ph. G ty thng b nng hn
v phn da tip xc vi nh sng mt tri nhiu.
Nm 1994, Peckham m t bnh vim rp da m gia cm v ng chp 2
hnh bnh tch trn ngan. Theo Calnek v CTV (1991) th bnh ny xy ra trn g, g
ty,vt, ngng v cng theo cc tc gi ny bnh c th gy t vong n 20%. Ngoi ra n
cn gim s sinh trng, sc trng. Theo Peckham th nguyn nhn c lm sng
t l do gia cm n mt s loi thc n c cha cht nhy cm quang hc. Cht ny cng
c xc nh l n c trong mt s loi ht thc vt c tn l Ammi visnaga v Ammi
majus. Th vim rp da lm gim sc sn xut v s sinh sn i vi vt mi .
4.4.2 Nguyn tc phng tr bnh tt do cht nhy cm quang hc gy ra
Mun cha tr bnh ny phi trnh khng cho gia sc trc tip di nh sng mt
tri hoc che chung cho ti bt, lm nh vy cho n khi c th thi ra ht cc cht nhy
cm quang hc mi cho con vt tr li mi trng chn th bnh thng.
Cht nhy cm quang hc c nhiu trong mt s loi c lm thc n chn nui
nh: c Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopirum esculentum (kiu mch), mt loi c trn cc
ng c n i. Khi ng vt n loi c ny vi s lng kh nhiu th xut hin nhng
ri lon trao i cht. V vy, ngi ta gi bnh ny l bnh fagopirizmus. Nu b sa n
th hm lng ca n trong sa cng tng ln. Di tc dng ca tia nng mt tri c
bc sng t 540-610nm lm cho da ln nh qa t chn, nu tip tc cho gia sc n
loi c ny na th lm vim rp lp t bo da v tr thnh lp t bo cht trn da. Ngi
ta thy khi cho ln n c alfalfa thng xuyn th ln Yorkshire thiu sc t da hay sinh
ra chng vim da cn ln da mu th li khng sao.
4.4.3 S phn b cht nhy cm trong thc n v thuc phng tr bnh cho gia
sc, gia cm
Nh trn trnh by, cht nhy cm quang hc phn b rt rng ri trong t
nhin. Trc tin, n c nhiu trong mt s loi thc vt c th gy ra ng c cho gia
sc khi gia sc n phi. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn thy n trong hm ru v nc ra ca
qa trnh ch tinh bt.Nu dng cc loi ny v bo cho b, ln kt hp vi cho n c
alfalfa v c di nga (c 3 l Trifolium repens hoc Trifolium pratense) cng xut hin
triu chng vim rp da nh m t trn.
Cht olaqiundox l mt loi ho dc c ngi ta s dng lm cht kch thch
tng trng v kim sot bnh tiu chy do vi khun ng rut, trc y ngi ta a n
vo mt s loi premix cng c tc dng nh l mt cht nhy cm quang hc. Khi trn
n vo thc n cho gia sc n th tuyt i khng cho gia sc vn ng ngoi nh sng
mt tri. Nu gia sc ra nng th s c hin tng vim rp da.
Ngy nay, trn th trng c qa nhiu nhng loi ha dc phng bnh v
kch thch cho gia sc tng trng. Trong s c nhng cht nhy cm quang hc rt c
hi cho vt nui, nht l con vt c mu da trng, rt d b vim rp da. Nu c trong
thc phm ca ngi qua sn phm chn nui th cht ny tch ly lu ngy s gy ra ung
th da. Chng ta nn hn ch s dng cc loi ha cht ny cho vo thc n chn nui
thng xuyn.

25

4.5. Nhm cht saponin


V bn cht ho hc th cht saponin c nhiu loi hp cht ho hc khc nhau.
c tnh chung ca chng l trong nc d dng to thnh cc bt nh bt x phng.
Saponin c cha nhm cht Aglycone lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu phn t ng hoc
vi olygosaccharide (Fenwick et al.,1991).
S phn b saponin trong thc vt: c nhiu trong tri cy b kt. Nu gia sc n
nhiu c tc dng bo mn nim mc. Trn ng c c nhng loi c di c cha nhiu
saponin, v d: c Konkoly c hm lng saponin rt cao. C ny c ht ln trong cc
loi ht ng cc. Khi gieo ht th chng cng pht trin vi ht ng cc. N c th gy
ng c nu s nhim ca n trong cc loi ng cc trn 0.5%. Mt s loi c h u
khc nh c alfalfa cng c mt s lng ng ch cht saponin.
Triu chng ng c: do n d to bt nn khi gia sc nhai li n nhiu ln men
sinh hi, gia sc khng hi ln c, do sinh ra chng chng hi d c. Ngoi ra,
ngy nay ngi ta bit c cht saponin trong c alfalfa cng l cht khng dinh dng
(antinutritive). Ti Hunggary, ngi ta th nghim ch protein l vi phng php
VEPEX t nguyn liu c alfalfa vi hy vng thay th mt phn u nnh nhp khu.
Khi th nghim trn gia sc ngi ta nhn thy trong ch phm ny c cht c ch sinh
trng i vi g, ln v b. Trong dch p c alfalfa cng c cht c ch enzymee tiu
ho protein (antiproteinase).
4.6. Cht gossipol
Bn cht ho hc ca gossipol n l mt hp cht polyphenol. Nhng dn xut
ca n c coi l c hi cho gia sc. Gossipol c nhiu trong kh du bng vi, n c
tc dng c ch sinh trng. gia sc nhai li trng thnh, vi sinh vt d c hot ng
d dng phn hy cht gossipol nn chng s dng tt kh du bng vi. Tuy nhin khi
cho n nhiu, c mt phn kh du i qua d c khng b ln men v c mt phn
gossipol c hp thu vo mu qua mng thai gy hi cho bo thai. V l , b cha
khng dng kh du ny.
G mi c sc khng vi gossipol, tuy vy sau khi cho n kh du bng vi
vi ngy th gossipol i vo trng bin mu trng xanh nu, phn lng trng c mu
hng.
Gn y, ngi ta c xut phng php kh c gossipol gm 2 bc:
- S dng acetone chit rt bo
- Nng cao nhit
Sau khi x l nh vy, gossipol trong kh s tr nn mt tc dng c hi. Nhc
im ca phng php ny l lm cho protein b bin tnh v tr nn kh tiu ha, v
gim gi tr sinh vt hc.
4.7. Nhm cht tannin
4.7.1 Bn cht ho hc ca tannin
Tannin l mt hp cht ester gia ng glucose v mt nhm cht khc, thng
l mt phc hp ca axit phenolic hoc axit oxyphenolic. Nu em thy phn ra ta thu
c ng glucose v mt thnh phn khc khng phi ng, l axit gallic v mdigallic, nh th ta gi l "gallotannins". Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn bit c mt loi tannin
khc gi l "ellagitannins" nu ct lin kt ra ta thu c cht axit ellagic. Theo Kumar
v DMello (1995) th tannin l nhng hp cht c cha phenolic ha tan, c phn t
lng >500, c kh nng kt ta vi gelatin v cc protein trong mi trng nc. Trong
26

thc vt c 2 loi tannin: mt loi tannin c kh nng thy phn gi l hydrolysable


tannin (HTs) v mt loi khng c kh nng thy ha gi l condensed tannin (CTs).
4.7.2 S phn b ca tannin v nh hng ca n trn ng vt
Tannin phn b rt rng trong cc loi thc vt, tuy nhin c loi thc vt cha
nhiu, c loi t. Thc vt cng gi, ha g th tannin cng nhiu. Cht gallotannin c
nhiu trong l cy non cy Shin-oak (Quereus havardi) gy tn tht ln cho ng vt
chn th trong ma n pht trin gia sc phi s dng loi cy ny (Pigeon et al.,1962)
Bc M. Mt dn chng khc v loi c t ny gy thit hi kinh t kh ln trong
chn nui, l mt loi cy chu c: Terminalia oblongata (Evereist, 1974; Payner,
1975). c t ca n cn c cy Acacia salicina.
T xa, ngi ta bit s dng tannin thuc da, bo v cht m chng li s
ln men phn gii ca vi khun. Mt hng khc ngi ta cng s dng tannin lm se
nim mc rut tr cc bnh tiu chy.
C ch tc ng ca tannin trong dinh dng ng vt: phn ng vi protein gy
kt ta v bin tnh protein lm cho n tr nn kh tiu ha. Trong cc loi cy cao
lng, nhng ging nguyn thy hm lng tannin rt cao. Nhng ging cao lng ci
tin c hm lng protein kh cao (11-13%) nhng v c cha tannin nn kh nng tiu
ha km, protein bao bc xung quanh ht tinh bt, di tc ng ca tannin lm cho n
kt ta, tiu ha km, t t l tiu ha tinh bt cng km theo. Nu cao lng c hp
hi hoc p dp lm kh cho gia sc n s tiu ha tt hn rt nhiu.
Tannin cn c nh hng nh mt cht khng dinh dng. S c mt ca tannin
trong mt vi cy c lm thc n gia sc quan trng khng nhng lm gim kh nng tiu
ha, m cn lm gim tnh ngon ming ca gia sc, lm thay i trao i cht trong d c
v gy hi cho ng vt.
4.8. Nhng cht khng enzyme tiu ha protein (proteinase inhibitors)
Nhng yu t c ch enzyme tiu ha protein c cc nh khoa hc nghin
cu pht hin t rt lu, tuy nhin cha lm sng t c ch c ch, m mi ch ch tm
ti loi thc n c cht c ch v gii php x l n nhm hn ch tc hi gy ra cho
ng vt . Ngy nay, ngi ta nhn thy l nhng cu trc phn t protein c tc dng
bt kn hoc ngn cn khng cho enzyme proteinase hot ng thy phn protein. y l
nhng cht c ch enzyme tiu ha ca tuyn ty. S c mt ca chng trong thc n lm
gim ng k kh nng tiu ha protein ca ng vt.
Ngun thc n tm thy c cht khng enzyme tiu ha kh nhiu. Trong sa u
c cht antitrypsine, n chng li s tiu ha protein ca enzyme trypsin v
chymotrypsin. Nh vy, n bo v c cc cht khng th c trong sa u ca m
chuyn sang con bng cch hp th trc tip qua lp nim mc rut.
V. C T NM TRONG THC N
5.1. Khi nim
c t nm l cht c sinh ra t nm mc, n khng phi l hp cht c trong
nguyn liu thc n do s tng hp ca thc vt, ng vt. N xut hin trong nguyn
liu sau qu trnh thu hoch, bo qun v ch bin do cc loi nm mc to ra. N gy tc
hi rt ln cho gia sc, gia cm v c cho sc khe con ngi. V vy, khi nghin cu cc
cht dinh dng v khng dinh dng khng th b qua n.

27

V chng loi c t nm, ngi ta pht hin ra hn 300 loi c t. Tuy vy,
trong thc t ngi ta thng gp v nhiu nht vn l cc loi c t sau y:
Aflatoxin: c 4 loi do nm Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus parasiticus sinh ra.
Vitamin B1 v B2: trong nh sng cc tm (UV) ca n hng ngoi (fluoress)
pht ra mu xanh nc bin.
G1 v G2: trong nh sng UV pht ra mu xanh l cy.
Gia bn loi trn th loi aflatoxin B1 chim s lng nhiu nht v cng
gy tc hi nhiu nht, ph bin trong nhiu bnh.
Fusariumtoxin: do nm Fusarium tricothecenes sn xut ra, ngi ta cn gi
chung cc loi c t ca chng cytotoxin v tm thy nhiu trong ng.
Ochratoxin: do vi loi Aspergilus v Penicilium sn xut ra trn bnh m mc.
Rubratoxin: l c t ca nm Penicilium sinh ra trn bp b nhim loi nm ny.
Citrinin: do nm Peniciliumcitrinin sn xut ra trn go mc.
Stachybotryotoxin: do Stachybotry alternans sn sinh ra trong cht n chung.
5.1.1 c t nm do Aspergillus flavus v Aspergillus parasiticus sinh ra
Aflatoxin: l hp cht hu c c nhn a mch vng c 16 dn xut ho hc khc
nhau, trong c 4 loi c tnh c ln nht: B1, B2, G1 v G2. C ch gy bnh ca
aflatoxin l do kh nng lin kt ca cht ny vi AND trong nhn t bo, s lin kt ny
gy c ch enzyme polymerase ca ARN lm hn ch s tng hp ARN v c ch
polymerase t-ARN. y l nguyn nhn lm gim st s tng hp protein trong t bo.
Ngi ta cng chng minh rng vng -, -lactone khng bo ho c trong phn t
aflatoxin lm cho hp cht ny c hot tnh gy ung th, ng thi vng lactone ny gy
c ch tng hp AND nhn t bo, do lm ri lon s tng trng bnh thng ca t
bo. Cc loi nng sn d nhim aflatoxin bao gm: ht lc, bnh kh du lc, cc ht cc
(bp), ht h u, ci da, ht hng dng (bng 6 v 7). Aflatoxin gy thng tn gan
v c th gy ung th. N cng lm gim kh nng trng, tit sa, sc khng cho
gia sc v gia cm.
Bng 6. Hm lng aflatoxin trong mt s thc n dng cho chn nui Vit Nam
Tn thc n

Bp ht
25
Go v tm
2
u nnh ht
1
Cm go
3
Bnh du m
3
Bnh du da
7
Bnh du u nnh
4
Bnh du lc
29
Bt khoai m lt
1
Thc n hn hp
28
Ngun: Trn Vn An, 1991.

Hm lng trung bnh


aflatoxin (ppb)
205
22
50
29
8
17
12
1200
40
105

Hm lng ti a
aflatoxin (ppb)
600
25
50
55
10
50
50
5000
40
500

Bng 7. Hm lng aflatoxin thay i theo ma cc tnh pha Nam


Sn phm

S mu
(n)

Hm lng trung bnh


(ppb)
28

Hm lng ti a (ppb)

Ma ma
Kh du lc
Bp vng
Ma kh
Kh du lc
Bp vng

17
18

1520
240

5000
750

18
13

525
120

1160
450

Ochratoxin: N c sinh ra t nm Aspergillus ochraceus trn bnh m mc.


Cc loi thc vt d nhim l go, la mch, la m, bp, cao lng, t, ht tiu, u
nnh, cafe. c t ny gy hi n gan, thn ng vt, vi nng ln hn 1ppm lm
gim sn lng trng g , liu trn 5ppm c th gy tn hi n gan v rut, gim sc
khng v gy ung th ngi.
5.1.2 c t nm do Fusarium tricinotum
Nhm ny gm 150 loi khc nhau, nhng c nht l: DON v F2-toxin.
DON (Deoxynivalenol): Nhim nhiu trong tm go b mc, trong ng. c t
DON gy c ch tng hp AND, gim tnh ngon ming, gy nn ma cho ng vt. Do
triu trng khng c trng nh gim kh nng tiu th thc n, gim sc tng trng,
gim sc khng bnh tt.. nn vic chn on v cng kh khn.
F2-Toxin: c to ra t nm mc trn bp, la m mc. Anh hng ca loi
ny th hin r trn gia sc ci sinh sn: m h sng , sa trc trng v m o, hao mn
v thi ho bung trng gy sy thai.
5.2. Nhng tc hi do c t nm mc sinh ra
c t nm gy ra nhng tc hi rt ln v hu qu v cng nghim trng cho c
th ca ngi v ng vt. Nhng tc hi ca c t nm c th tm tt nh sau:
1. Gy thng tn t bo gan. Nhng trng thi bnh tch v hin tng suy
gim min dch do aflatoxin gy ra. Tt c cc trng hp xc nh s ng
c aflatoxin u c bnh tch ging nhau ch gan ca gia cm u b h
hi. Ty theo mc nhim t hay nhiu, lu hay mau m bnh tch trn gan
c khc nhau. Biu hin chung l: ban u gan bin thnh mu vng ti, mt
sng. Sau gan sung to ln, mt cn phng v bt u ni cc mt hoi t
mu trng sau cng do nhim khun m gan tr nn b ,d v (bng 8).
Bng 8. nh hng ca aflatoxin ln ln ca gan, tuyn Fabricius, tuyn c v
hiu gi HI p ng min dch bnh Newcastle ca g Leughorn
Cc ch tiu
S g th nghim
Trng lng c th (g)
Trng lng gan (g)
Trng lng ti Fabricius (g)
Trng lng tuyn c (g)
Hiu gi HI (Newcastle)

Nhm khng nhim


aflatoxin
20
223
11,2
1,2
2,5
1/264

Nhm nhim
aflatoxin
20
112
19,0
0,6
1,1
1/38

P
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01

Bng 9. T l p n trn n g ging ISA-Brown b nhim aflatoxin (AF)


Cc giai on
Thi k u b nhim AF trong thc n

S trng em p
100,500
29

T l p n (%)
63,64

Thi k nhim nng, gan vim


Thi k chuyn tip (ngng bnh du lc)
Thi k gan phc hi bnh thng

39,135
18,119
48,669

16,00
30,64
80,38

2. Thn cng b sng to lm cho vic bi thi cht c ra khi c th cng tr


nn ht sc kh khn. T lm cho triu chng ng c tr nn trm trng.
3. Lm gim kh nng khng ca ng vt. c ch h thng sinh khng th .
4. Bo mn nim mc ca ng tiu ha do lp t bo nim mc b cht i bong ra
v b kh li lm cn tr s vn chuyn thc n trong ng tiu ha. i khi
cng thy cc tn thng ming, lm cho gia sc kh ly thc n. Do ng
tiu ha b tn thng nn lm gim kh nng tiu cc cht dinh dng trong
thc n.
Bng 10. nh hng ca c t aflatoxin n t l p n ca g Isabrow
Giai on nhim aflatoxin
Giai on u nhim aflatoxin (3 thng)
Giai on nhim nng (3 thng)
Giai on thay th thc n khng nhim (2thng)
Giai on phc hi vi thc n khng nhim (3thng)

S trng p
100,000
39,135
18,119
48,669

T l n (%)
63,6
16,0
30,6
80,4

5. Lm thay i hot ng sinh l bnh thng, gy ri lon sinh sn. gia sc


ci mang thai c th gy ra cht thai, kh thai hoc gy ra sy thai. i vi gia
cm gy ra t l cht phi giai on u rt cao, t l n rt thp (bng 9 v
10).
6. Lm gim tnh ngon ming i vi thc n do s pht trin ca nm mc lm
mt mi ca thc n. T lm cho s sinh trng chm li, s li dng
chuyn ha thc n tr nn km.
7. Lm h hi cc vitamin trong thc n do s ln men phn gii ca nm mc.
8. c bit l aflatoxin rt c, c khuynh hng gy ung th gan (bng 11). N
gy thit hi kh ln trong chn nui. V vy cng c ngi ta quan tm
hng u.
Bng 11. Kt qu thc nghim trn chut v kh nng gy ung th ca aflatoxin
LNG AFLATOXIN TRONG TH C N
(MG AFLATOXIN/KG TH TR NG
CHU T)

5,0
3,5
1,0
1,0
0,2
0,1
0,005

Thi gian n
(ngy)

T l chut b ung
th

370
340
294
223
360
361
384

14/15
11/15
5/9
8/15
2/10
1/10
0/10

9. Ngoi cc tc hi gy ra cho c th, khi nm mc pht trin trong thc n, ln


men phn gii cc ngun dng cht nh glucid, protein, axit amin, viatmin..
lm cho thc n b gim gi tr nghim trng, lm mt mi t nhin, chuyn
sang mi hi mc, gia sc khng thch n.
30

10. Hu qu cui cng l lm gim thp s sinh trng, sc sn xut trng sa,
gim cng chc ca xng.
5.3. Cc giai on v ngun gy nhim c t nm
Trong thc t sn xut c 3 ngun nhim quan trng.
5.3.1 Nhim ngoi ng lc thu hoch
iu ny c nhn bit r nht l bp. Mun khc phc tnh trng ny th khi thu
hoch khng nn lu ngoi ng m em v sy, phi kh lin.
5.3.2 Nhim trong kho trong khi ch bin, bo qun, d tr thc n
Nguyn nhn ch yu l do m trong thc n cn cao (>14%) em d tr
hoc do m khng kh trong kho cao hp thu vo nguyn liu, do chnh lch nhit
ngy m lm cho nc ngng t b mt lp thc n gy ra hin tng m cc b, to
iu kin tt cho nm pht trin.
5.3.3 Nhim trong chung khi cho n
Trong thc t nui dng gia sc gia cm nu thc n ri nhiu xung nn
chung, hoc thc n b m ng li trong mng lu ngy l mi trng thun li cho
nm mc pht trin sinh ra c t. Nu cho th qa i khi tin hnh hn ch thc n,
th s n li thc n ny vi s lng nhiu c th gy ra tnh trng ng c.
5.4. Mc an ton ca c t nm trong thc n
Mc an ton ca c t nm hay kh nng chu ng c t nm (aflatoxin) ca
gia sc. Mi loi gia sc c sc khng mt lng aflatoxin nht nh; kh nng
khng ny ty thuc vo giai on tui, sc sn xut, tnh trng sc khe. Ni chung, c
nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng chu ng c c t ca c th (bng 12). V
vy, s khng c mc aflatoxin an ton qui nh no ng n c. Theo thng bo ca
FAO (1979) th nhng qui nh mc ti a nh hng trong thc n hn hp ty theo loi
gia sc v tnh hnh v sinh nguyn liu mi nc.
Bng 12. Liu gy cht LD50 ca aflatoxin trn ng vt th nghim
Cc loi ng vt

Liu LD-50 mg/kg trng


lng
0,30
0,33
0,60
1,40
8,00
10,00

Th
Vt con
Heo con
Chut lang
G con
Chut nht
5.5. Nhng gii php phng nga mycotoxin
5.5.1 Phi thc hin vic tr thc n trn c s khoa hc
C 3 ni dung quan trng v n gin cn thc hin khi tin hnh d tr nh sau:
a. Kim tra nh gi tnh trng nguyn liu trc khi d tr. Gim thiu ti a
tnh trng h hp ca ht v mm vi sinh vt c trong nguyn liu d tr.
b. Ni d tr phi c cu trc hp l duy tr mi trng n nh v phi
ngn chn khng cho cn trng, su mt, cc loi gm nhm xm nhp vo
kho.
c. Ht d tr trong kho qua mt thi gian, nu cn thit phi x l thm nhit
duy tr tnh trng tt vi s cung thm nhit v ht m.
31

C s lin quan gia nm v su mt. Nu su mt pht trin va lm tn tht


cht dinh dng, va lm tng m nguyn liu v va nang mm vi sinh nh bo t
nm gy lan truyn nm mc rt mau l, t sn sinh ra c t gy hi cho ngi v
ng vt.
1. Kim tra, khng ch m v nhit thch hp. Phi sy kh nguyn liu
trc khi a vo kho d tr. m v nhit c lin quan nhau. Mun gi
nguyn liu tt ta cn c qui nh tnh trng ht trong iu kin d tr c th.
C s cn i gia m khng kh v m nguyn liu, v ph thuc vo
nhit mi trng (bng 13).
Bng 13. S cn i m nguyn liu v m khng kh (70%) nhit 270C
Nguyn liu
Ng
La
Go
u
Lc bc v

S cn i m nguyn liu m
khng kh 70%
13,5
15,0
13,0
15,0
7,0

Lng nc trong nguyn liu c 2 dng: dng kt hp, lin kt cht vi cht hu
c, khong trong nguyn liu v dng nc t do d dng bay ra hoc hp thu vo
nguyn liu, ta gi l nc hot ng (free water hay active water). Chnh lng nc
nay c th gy ra tnh trng m cc b cho nguyn liu, to iu kin thun li cho nm
mc pht trin.
2. Kim sot v tr kh cn trng, su mt trong kho bi . Ngi ta nhn thy c
mi lin h gia s ph hoi ca su mt, cn trng trong nguyn liu v s
pht trin nm mc. iu ny c th gii thch bi 2 l do sau y.
a. Hot ng trao i cht ca cn trng s dng cht hu c trong nguyn
liu, h hp sinh ra nc lm cho mi trng tr thc n ngy cng m thm, to iu
kin thun li cho nm mc pht trin.
b. Cn trng su mt di chuyn trong nguyn liu mang trn mnh n nhng
bo t nm pht tn nhanh trong nguyn liu. Theo ti liu ca FAO (1979) th cn
trng su mt c th lm tng s pht trin ca nm mc ln t 10-30%.
Chnh v vy ta cn phi kim tra nhim cn trng c bin php kim tra
nhim cn trng.
3. S dng ha cht. Ngi ta s dng nhiu loi ha cht nh Aureofugin,
Thiramtan, cc axit: propionic, lactic, sorbic, benzoic v axetic trn vo
thc n khng ch nhim c nm. Ty tng loi nm v ngun ly nhim m
s dng ha cht cho hp l. V d, nm Aspergillus flavus nhim trn ng ht
c th b khng ch bi ammonia 2% hay axit propionic 1%.
4. Bin php vt l. Nhiu phng php vt l loi tr nm mycotoxin trong
thc n nh loi b ht b nhim s dng ht khng nhim; loi b
aflatoxin trong du. Ngy nay, ngi ta ch ra h thng lc hp ph tch
aflatoxin ra khi du 95-100%.
5. Lm mt hiu lc aflatoxin.
32

Lm mt hiu lc aflatoxin bi nhit : nguyn l ca phng php l bin


i thnh phn ha hc ca aflatoxin hoc thay i nhm hot ng trong phn t
aflatoxin.
n , ngi ta thy khi em go nhim aflatoxin nu di p sut hi nc c
n gn 70% aflatoxin b ph hy. Phng php nhit nh rang, nng nh nhit cao
c th lm gim aflatoxin.
Lm mt hiu lc aflatoxin bi nh sng: Anh sng cng c dng ph
hy aflatoxin. Nh vy nh sng mt tri c tc dng tt ph hy aflatoxin.
Lm mt hiu lc aflatoxin bi NH3 : Di p sut mc d cn mt s im lin
quan n kh nng gy bin tnh ca sn phm cha c lm r, song n c coi l
mt phng php thc t r rng thnh cng c s dng mc cng nghip vi
nhng m bo cn thit.
Lm mt hiu lc aflatoxin bi cht hp ph b mt: Ngi ta chn cc cht
hp ph aflatoxin trong ng tiu ha, lm cho n khng hp thu c vo c th m
theo phn thi ra ngoi, t khng gy tc hi cho c th.
Mt tri ca cht hp ph b mt l nu khng chn lc k th cht hp ph c th
gy ra s hp ph vitamin v mt s hot cht sinh hc khc cun ra ngoi.

33

CHNG III
THC N TH XANH V PH PHM NNG NGHIP
I. NHM THC N XANH
Thc n th xanh nc ta rt a dng v phong ph, bao gm thn l ca mt s
cy, c trng hoc mc t nhin trn cn hoc di nc v l ngun cung cp thc n
quan trng cho gia sc nc ta, nht l cc nng h. Loi thc n ny cha hu ht cc
cht dinh dng m vt nui cn nh protein, cc vitamin, khong a lng v vi lng
thit yu v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao...
Thc n xanh l loi thc n m ngi v gia sc u s dng trng thi ti,
chim t l cao trong khu phn ca loi nhai li. Thc n xanh c th chia thnh 2 nhm
chnh gm: cy c t nhin v gieo trng. Nhm cy ha tho nh c bi chn, c
trng, thn l cy ng... Nhm cy h u nh c styl, cy in thanh, cy keo du...
Cc loi thc n xanh khc nh rau lp, bo ci, bo Nht Bn, thn chui, rau mung....
1.1. c im dinh dng
Thc n xanh cha nhiu nc, nhiu cht x, t l nc trung bnh 80 - 90%, t
l x th trung bnh giai on non l 2-3%, trng thnh 6 - 8% so vi thc n ti.
Thc n xanh cha nhiu nc v nhiu x nn vt nui cn lng ln mi tha mn nhu
cu nhng do hn ch dung tch ng tiu ha nn con vt khng n c nhiu.
Thc n xanh d tiu ha, c tnh ngon ming cao, t l tiu ha i vi loi nhai
li l 75 - 80%, i vi ln 60 - 70%, l loi thc n d trng v cho nng sut cao. V
d: 1 ha rau mung cho 50 - 70 tn, 1 ha bo du cho 350 tn, 1 ha c voi cho 150-300
tn cht xanh...
Thc n xanh giu vitamin: nhiu nht l caroten, vitamin B c bit l vitamin
B2, v vitamin E c hm lng thp. C mc tc kh c 0,15mg B1 v 0,45mg B2/100g;
c ti c 0,25mg B1 v 0,4mg B2/100g vt cht kh.
Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong
thc n xanh rt thp v v vy gi tr dinh V d: Thn l h u: 2-25%; l bp
dng thp (bng 14), tr mt s loi thn l ci, su ho: 10-15%; l sn: 25-30%; l
cy b u c hm lng protein kh cao, mt keo du: 20-25%; c styl: 20-25% v l
s loi c giu axit amin nh arginine, axit khoai lang 20-30% protein th tnh theo
glutamic v lysine. Nu tnh theo trng thi kh cht kh.
mt s loi thc n xanh c hm lng protein
cao hn c cm go.
Bng 14. Hm lng mt s cht dinh dng trong thc n xanh so vi cm (%
thc n nguyn dng)
Vt cht kh
Protein
X th
Lipit

Cm loi I
87,6
13,0
7,8
12,0

C voi
20
1,9
7,2
0,4

C ghi-n
23,3
2,5
7,3
0,5

Rau mung
10,6
2,1
1,6
0,7

Hm lng lipit c trong thc n xanh di 4% tnh theo vt cht kh, ch yu l


cc axit bo cha no. Khong trong thc n xanh thay i ty theo loi thc n, tnh cht
34

t ai, ch bn phn v thi gian thu hoch. Ni chung, thn l h u c hm lng


canxi, magi v coban cao hn cc loi h ha tho (bng 15).
Bng 15. Hm lng ca mt s cht khong ca c chn (% vt cht kh)
Cht dinh dng
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Natri
< 1,0
1,2 - 2,8
> 3,0
Canxi
< 0,3
0,4 - 1,0
> 1,2
Photpho
< 0,2
0,2 - 0,35
> 0,4
Magi
< 0,1
0,12 - 0,25
> 0,3
St
< 45
50 - 150
> 200
Mangan
< 30
40 - 200
> 250
ng
< 3,0
4-8
> 10
Km
< 10
15 - 50
> 75
Coban
< 0,08
0,08 - 0,25
> 0,30
Molypden
< 0,40
0,5 - 3,0
> 5,0
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca thc n xanh
Ging cy trng: s khc nhau v gi tr dinh dng gi cc ging v nhm cy
thc n xanh c th hin r (bng 16). Nhm cy trn cn c hm lng vt cht kh
(10-30%) ln hn nhm cy thu sinh (1-10%), trong khi h ho tho (2-10% protein
th so vi vt cht kh) c hm lng protein th thp hn b u (10-30%).
1.3. Nhng im cn ch khi s dng
Cn thu hoch ng thi v m bo gi tr dinh dng cao. Nu thu hoch
sm t x, nhiu nc, hm lng vt cht kh thp. Ngc li nu thu hoch qu mun
hm lng nc gim, vt cht kh tng nhng ch yu tng cht x, cn lipit v protein
gim. Thi gian thch hp thu hoch cc loi rau xanh ni chung l sau khi trng 1 1,5 thng, thn l cy ng trc khi tr c, thn l h u: thi gian ngm n trc khi ra
hoa. Rau mung, rau lp sau khi trng 20 - 25 ngy thu hoch la 1, sau 15 ngy thu
hoch la tip theo. phng mt s cht c sn trong thc n: l sn, cy cao lng, c
Xu ng.. c c t HCN. Hm lng HCN thng cao giai on cn non v gim dn
giai on trng thnh. V vy, s dng cc loi thc n ny giai on chn sp hoc
nu chn l tt nht. C Medicago (Medicago sativa; Luzec), cy b u, in thanh c
cht saponin, nu cho con vt n nhiu s mc chng chng bng y hi, nn dng vi
s lng va phi v trn vi cc loi thc n khc. Mt s loi cy thuc h thp t nh
ci bp, ci ba l trng cha kch t thc vt fito-oestrogen, nu con vt n va phi s c
tc dng tt cho sinh sn nh: kich thch tng trng, bu v pht trin, sa nhiu. Nu n
nhiu d sy thai hay sa t cung sau khi . Ngoi ra, trong thc n xanh thng cha
NO3 di dng KNO3 khong 1 - 1,5%. Nu hm lng NO3 qu cao s lm cho con vt
ng c v cht. Triu chng ng c l con vt th gp, run ry, si bt mp, kh th,
mu c mu thm, hm lng NO2 trong nc tiu tng. Bin php gii c: dng dung
dch xanh methylen 2 - 4% tim vo tnh mch con vt.

35

Bng 16. Thnh phn ho hc ca mt s cy thc n xanh ph bin mc di nc


v trn cn, v b u v ho tho
Protein
th
M th X th DSK Khong

VCK
Ca
Cy mc di nc:
Bo tm
8.5
18.8
2.4
5.9
58.8
14.1
0.8
0.6
Rau mung trng 11.0
16.4
6.4
14.5
40.0
13.6
1.3
0.5
Rau mung
8.4
22.6
8.3
16.7
39.3
13.1
1.1
0.5
Cy mc trn cn:
L dm bt
18.5
18.9
2.2
13.5
53.5
11.9
1.4
0.3
L du
30.2
24.8
2.3
9.9
52.0
10.9
0.3
0.2
L mt
43.0
17.2
4.4
21.2
46.3
10.9
1.7
0.1
Thn l khoai
10.6
19.3
2.3
16.4
51.7
10.6
0.8
0.3
Cy b u:
Thn l lc
25.4
12.6
4.2
28.7
43.4
11.2
1.4
0.2
L c styl
2.1
20.4
2.0
16.4
5.3
8.0
2.0
0.2
Cy u xanh
17.1
14.6
3.4
31.5
40.6
10.5
1.8
0.3
Cy ho tho:
Thn l ng non
13.1
10.8
3.1
26.2
51.5
9.2
0.6
0.2
C Ghi n
23.3
10.6
2.2
31.3
45.6
10.3
0.6
0.1
C Ruzi
22.4
13.0
1.4
31.7
47.9
6.1
0.5
0.3
C voi
15.8
12.7
2.5
32.9
39.2
12.7
0.5
0.3
Nn m bo t l thch hp thc n xanh trong khu phn:
- Ln: 20 - 30% tnh theo n v khu phn
- Tru b (cao sn): 70 - 80% tnh theo n v khu phn
- Tru bo (thp sn):100% tnh theo n v khu phn
- Gia cm ln: 5 - 10% tnh theo n v khu phn (dng ti)
- G tht: 2% tnh theo n v khu phn (dng bt)
- Gia cm khc: 4 - 6% tnh theo n v khu phn (dng bt)
II. NHM RAU BO
L nhm thc n ph bin vng nhit i. Nc ta c nhiu sng ngi, ao h,
thun li cho s pht trin cc loi rau, bo, rong to.. Ngun thc n c s dng rng
ri trong chn nui nc ta. Hm lng protein trong nhm rau bo nhn chung l thp,
nhng tng i cn i cc thnh phn axit amin c bit cc axit amin thit yu. ng
thi nhm thc n ny kh nhiu vitamin cn thit nh: caroten, vitamin B, C.., giu cc
khong a lng nh kali, canxi, mt s khong vi lng nh mangan, st... Mt s rau
bo, rong to c kh nng tch t nhiu khong cht t mi trng, trong s c mt s
kim loi nng c hi. Do vy, cn lu khi s dng rau bo sinh trng trn cc ngun
nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot c cha nhiu nguyn t c hi. Nhc im
chung ca rau bo l cha nhiu nc (90-94%) nn kh ch bin v bo qun, gi tri
36

nng lng thp khng th s dng vi t l cao trong khu phn vt nui c nng sut
cao.
2.1. Rau mung (Ipomea aquatica)
c trng v s dng rng ri nhiu vng v gi tr dinh dng v nng sut
cao. C th trng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau: t t kh, m n snh ly hay ngp
nc.. Thn l rau mung tng i giu protein, t x hn co ha tho (bng 17). c
bit trong rau mung cha nhiu ng nn gia sc, c bit ln rt thch n. Trung bnh
1 kg cht kh cha 180-280 g protein th, 150-200 g ng, 140-150 g x v cung cp
n 2500-2600 kcal nng lng trao i i vi ln. Nu cho ln n nhiu rau mung s
c hin tng i phn lng.
Bng 17. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi rau mung trn th gii (%)
Cht
kh

Protein X th Khong M

DSK

Ca

Cy ti, Niger*
18.8
20.9
18.2
2.1
40.0
0.71 0.32
L ti, Chu Phi**
15.0
24.0
12.7
13.3
2.7
47.3
1.20 0.28
L ti, Malaysia*** 7.5
28.0
12.7
18.7
2.7
38.6
1.24 0.41
Ngun:* Bartha, 1970; **: FAO,1968; *** Lim, 1967); DSK: dn sut khng m
2.2. Thn l khoai lang (Ipomea batatas)
Khoai lang ngoi mc ch trng ly c l chnh cn c th trng cung cp
thc n th xanh cho vt nui. Khoai lang nu c chm sc tt c kh nng ti sinh
nhanh. Thu ct c nhiu ln trong nm v cho nng sut cao. Thn l khoai lang cha
hm lng cacbon hydrat thp nhng hm lng protein v x cao, v cha phn ln cc
axit amin (bng 18 v 19). Protein trung bnh 18% (tnh theo vt cht kh), hm lng x
th t 16-17% thp hn nhiu so vi c ha tho. Trong c khoai, cacbon hydrat chim
80-90% vt cht kh nhng tinh bt ca c cn ti kh b amylaza thy phn. Hm
lng cc cht khng tryxin trong c ti lm gim t l tiu ha protein trong khu phn
c c khoai. Thn l khoai khng cha nhiu cc cht ny. Gi tr dinh dng ch yu
ca thn l khoai lang l protein v vitamin. y l ngun thc n rt tt vi gia sc nhai
li v ngay c d dy n.
Bng 18. Thnh phn ha hc ca thn l khoai lang
% theo vt cht kh

THNH PH N

Vt cht kh (VCK)
Protein th
Khong tng s
ADF (x axit)
NDF (x trung tnh)
Lignin
Nng lng th, MJ/kg VCK
Ngun: Dominguez,1990.

15
18,5
12,5
23,5
26,2
5,7
14,4

37

Bng 19. Thnh phn axit amin ca c v l khoai lang (% theo protein th)
C
C
Thn l
Isoleucine
4.2 - 10.1
3.9 - 5.1
4.9
Leucine
7.8 - 9.2
6.2 - 7.9
9.6
Lysine
4.2 - 7.2
4.3 - 4.9
6.2
Phe + Tyr
11.9 - 13.6
7.2 -10.1
10.6
Threonine
5.5 - 6.3
5.1 - 6.3
5.3
Tng A.A cha S
2.8 - 3.8
3.0 - 3.9
2.8
Tryptophan
0.8 - 1.2
Valine
6.8 - 8.3
4.9 - 8.2
6.3
Ngun: Walter v CTV, 1978; Ly, 1982; Purcell v CTV, 1972.
Bt l khoai lang l ngun protein v xanthophyl trong khu phn gia cm.
Xanthophyl v -caroten trong bt l lm cho mu lng trng v da g tt hn. Trong
khi , s dng 10% thn l khoai lang lm tng tng trng v gim chi ph thc n v
gim t l cht v ci cc ca ln con.
Thn l ti rt ngon ming i vi b. V d, mt con b nng 400-500 kg c th
n ht 50-70 kg/ngy. Tng t l thn l khoai lang trong khu phn lm tng sn lng
sa ca b. B sung thn l khoai lang ci thin r rt lng n vo v tng trng ca b
c ging.
2.3. L sn (Manihot esculenta Cranz)
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nghin cu tp trung nhiu v khai thc, ch
bin v bo qun ngun thc n ny cho cc i tng tru, b, ln va g. L sn c hm
lng protein cao (25% tnh theo vt cht kh, bin ng t 16-40%) trong 85% l
protein thc. Nng sut l vo khong 4,6 tn vt cht kh/ha ti thi im thu hoch c.
Bng 20. Thnh phn ha hc ca l sn
Thnh phn
Vt cht kh (%)
Protein th (%)
M th (%)
X th (%)
Khong tng s (%)
ME (Mcal/kg) vi gia cm
ME (Mcal/kg) vi ln
K (%)
Ca (%)
Mg (%)
P (%)
Na (%)
Zn (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)

Bt l sn
93,0
25,0
5,5
20,0
8,5
1,8
2,16
1,28
1,45
0,42
0,45
0,02
149
52,0
259,0
12,0
38

L sn cng l ngun cung cp khong a lung nh Ca, Mg v khong vi lng nh Mn


v Zn (bng 20). ng thi cng l ngun cung cp vitamin A, riboflavin v axit
ascorbic.
Tuy rt giu protein nhng li thiu ht axit amin thit yu l methionine (bng
21) v nhc im ln nht ca l sn l cha nhiu glucosit linamarin. Linamarin
di tc dng ca enzyme linamarase to thnh axit cyanhydric (HCN) l cht c i
vi gia sc. Tuy nhin, thng qua cc phng php ch bin nh nu chn, phi kh hay
chua u lm gim ng k nng axit ny.
Bng 21. Thnh phn axit amin ca c v l sn (% theo protein)
Arg Cys Gly His
Ils
Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Try Tyr Val
L
5,2 10,5 7,1 1,0 3,6 5,1 1,0 3,3
6,8
C
7,7
1,5
5,3
5,6 6,2 0,6 3,5 3,8 0,5
4,5
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998.
2.4. C ha tho
iu kin kh hu nc ta thun li cho s pht trin cy c ha tho nhit i.
Nu m bo y phn bn, ti nc nht l trong ma kh, c ha tho pht trin
tt quanh nm v t nng sut rt cao. Nhn chung, gi tr dinh dng ca c ha tho
thp hn c h u. Hm lng protein chim khong 9-10%, x th 30-32% (theo vt
cht kh). Tuy nhin, nu bn phn y , ng k thut v thu hoch giai on cn non
(khong cch gia 2 la ct 25-30 ngy) th protein th c th t 14-15% x th gim
cn 27-28% v c th dng lm thc n cho ln. Hin nay, mt s ging c ha tho
nng sut cao ang c s dng pht trin chn nui b thm canh, c bit l b sa
nh c voi (Pennisetum purpureum), c s (Panicum maximum)...
III. NHM THC N TH
Tt c cc loi c xanh t nhin hoc trng thu ct v phi kh, v cc loi ph
ph phm ca cy trng em phi kh c hm lng x trn 18% u gi l thc n th
kh. Bao gm: c kh h u hoc ha tho, rm r, dy lang, dy lc v thn cy ng...
phi kh. Ngoi ra cn gm v cc loi ht thc, lc, u, li v bao ng.
3.1. C kh
Phng php c truyn ca vic d tr thc thc n xanh l ch bin c kh. Cht
lng c kh ph thuc vo thi im ta chn ch bin v thi tit thch hp khi thu
hoch. Bi v lm c kh ch yu l phi di nh nng mt tri. Mc ch chnh l lm
gim m trong c xanh n mc thp km hm s hot ng ca cc enzyme
c sn trong cy c hay ca vi sinh vt. C khi thu hoch cha 650-850g nc trong 1 kg
ti. Khi mun d tr c xanh phi c lm gim t l nc xung cn 150-200 g/1 kg.
Trong iu kin thi tit thun li, c sau khi thu hoch v s c nhanh chng
lm kh nn mt mt dinh dng thp. Cht dinh dng b mt ch yu l do s bin i
ca cacbohydrat v cc hp cht cha nit. Khi phi kh, fructan b thy phn thnh
ng fructose, ng thi ng hectose b mt mt. Mt s cc ng n nh glucose
cng b oxy ha to thnh CO2, H2O v ta nhit. Chnh v s mt mt cc hp cht
cacbohydrat d tan nn lm tng tng i hm lng x. S mt mt protein l do
enzyme protease ca thc vt phn hy protein thnh cc peptit v cc axit amin. Khi
phi kh, caroten v cc hp cht tng t mt i ng k. Hm lng caroten gim i
hng chc ln sau khi phi kh (ch cn 2-20 mg/kg cht kh). Nu gp thi tit khng
39

thun li, caroten b mt hu ht ng thi km theo c s mt khong, ng ha tan v


cc hp cht c nit. m trong c kh cao l iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng
ca vi sinh vt lm tng cng s phn hy cc cht dinh dng c sn trong c kh v
ng thi cng to c hi cho nm mc pht trin. V vy, c sau khi thu hoch nn lm
kh cng nhanh cng tt, m cng thp th cht lng dinh dng ca c cng c
bo tn.
Gi tr dinh dng ca c kh trong iu kin phi tt trung bnh cha 96g
protein, 563g cht hu c tiu ha, nng lng trao i 8,5MJ, hm lng x cao: 335g
cho 1 kg cht kh. Trong thc t, c kh l ngun thc n quan trng cc nc n i
cng nh cc nc nhit i. C kh c s dng phi hp vi thc n chua, thc n
tinh, thc n c qu, r mt v cc sn phm ph ca cng nghip ch bin rau qu (b
da, v chui..) em li hiu qu tt.
3.2. Rm r
Rm l sn phm ph ca cy ng cc hay cy h u. Ng, la m v la nc l
ba cy lng thc chnh ca th gii. Rm cha nhiu x, chim 350-400 g/kg cht kh
ch yu l lignin, c gi tr dinh dng thp. Hm lng protein trong rm la t 25-40
g/1kg cht kh.
Rm la c hm lng lignin tng i cao, chim 60-70g/kg cht kh, hm
lng khong rt cao 170g/kg cht kh, trong ch yu l silic, v vy h s tiu ha
ca rm la rt thp. T l tiu ha ca rm s c tng ln nu thng qua x l rm r
bng phng php kim ha, axit ha hay amoniac ha....
Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca rm r ph thuc nhiu n c tnh sinh l, thi
im thu hoch, thnh thc ca cy trng v ch dinh dng ca t ... Nhng nhn
chung cc thnh phn chnh bao gm:
-

T l cao ca cacbonhydrat thnh vch t bo nh cellulose, hemicellulose v


lignin chim 60-80% tng vt cht hu c ca cy trng.

Cellulose l thnh phn cu trc chnh ca thnh t bo thc vt, chim vo


khong t 32-47% trong tng vt cht kh ca thc vt. Bao gm chui homosaccharit
c to thnh bi cc lin kt -1-4-glucose gi l xellobiose, thng qua cc cu ni
micro-fibres. Cellulose c th tiu ha c bi gia sc nhai li.
Hemicellulose, khc vi cellulose, hemicellulose c to thnh t heteropolymers khng c hnh dng nht nh bao gm tt c cc ng pentose nh xylose,
arabinose. Chui i phn t ca hemicellulose th ngn hn cellulose. Chng to thnh
mt ci khung polysaccharit lin kt vi phenol bao quanh si cellulose. Hemicellulose
ch tiu ha c mt phn.
Lignin l mt hetero-polyme phenol n gn vi hemicellulose. Mi lin kt gia
lignin v hemicellulose cho n nay vn cha c hiu mt cch chnh xc. T chc ca
cc tiu phn x ca xellulose to thnh hng ro chn c hc chc chn. V vy,
lignin khng c tiu ha v cn lm cn tr s tiu ha ca cc gluxit khc. T l
lignin trong cy trng c tng ln cng vi tui ca cy trng v t l nghch vi t l
tiu ha ca gia sc.

40

S 4. S v s tiu ha ca cc thnh phn mng t bo (Van Soest v Wine,


1967)
T l tiu ha (%)
0
50
100
Lignin
Cellulose
Xylanes
Arabanes
Pectins
- Ngho nit: Thc n rm r c t l protein rt thp, chim vo khong 2-5%.
T l cht dinh dng ny gim mnh theo tui. Mt khc enzymee ca vi sinh vt d c
li kh tip cn vi azot ca thc n th v s cn tr ca mng t bo lignin ha.
- Ngho khong v vitamin: trong thc t loi thc n ny thiu hu ht cc
nguyn t khong a lng nh Ca, P, Na v cc nguyn t khong vi lng. ng thi
chng cng thiu ht cc vitamin nh vitamin A, v D3.
- Kh thoi bin trong d c: Mng t bo lignin ha mt mt cn tr vi sinh vt
chui vo bn trong t bo, t cn tr enzyme phn gii cht x, mt mt to s bn
cht cho t bo, cn tr s chia ct trong qu trnh nhai li (bng 22). Thc n phi lu li
lu trong d c t lm gim lng n vo.
Bng 22. T l tiu ha v lng rm n vo ca b
Loi rm
T l tiu ha cht hu c,%
Lng n vo, g cht kh/kgW0,75
Rm la
35-55
26-65
Rm mch
45-48
35-51
Rm m
35-46
25-35
3.3. Ma
Ma l loi cy trng t c nng sut sinh khi ti a trn mt n v din tch.
Tuy vy s dng n lm thc n gia sc mt cch ti u, ma phi c p tch thnh
cc thnh phn ha tan v thnh vch t bo khng ha tan.
Ngn ma
Ngn ma l thc n truyn thng cho gia sc d dy kp ch yu cho tru b cy
ko, trong ma thu hoch ma. Vic s dng ngn ma cho gia sc lm vic cn cha
c nghin cu nhiu. B vn duy tr c th trng v vn lm vic hng hi trong khi
n mt khu phn ton ngn ma. iu chng t rng qu trnh ln men ca ngn ma
trong d c cung cp dinh dng cho duy tr v lao tc mc thp. Tuy nhin vi
khu phn n iu ch c ngn ma ko di v khng c b sung cc loi thc n khc
nh r mt, cm.. th sc lm vic s b gim st tnh trng ny cng ko di s lm cho
con vt gim trng lng c th. Chnh v vy ngn ma khng c s dng rng ri.
41

Tuy vy khi ngi ta s dng ngn ma nui gia sc dng ur v b sung cm s


nng cao t l tiu ha x v nng cao gi tr dinh dng lm thc n ca loi thc n
ny. Ngn ma gm ba phn: l, cung v bc (b l) v phn ngn non. Thnh phn ha
hc (bng 23) ca ngn ma rt khc nhau, n ph thuc vo tui, iu kin trng v cch
chm sc qun l...nhng gi tr trung bnh vo khong 5 tn vt cht kh/ha, nu tnh
theo l thuyt th lng ny cung cp cho mt con b c khi lng 500 kg.
Ngn ma c th c chua ti thi im thu hoch ma trc khi dng. Bng
cch bm nh ngn ma 3-4 cm ri ym kh vi r mt, hay cm v 1% amn sulphat.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh vn t kt qu tt m khng cn b sung thm cht ph gia vo.
C th bng cc khi nh khong 5 tn ngn, nui 2 con b trong mt thng. L
ma cng c th c km ngn nhng kh nng tiu ha rt thp v kh nng la chn
loi thc n ny cng rt khc nhau, a s b thch la chn phn b l hay phn mng
nuc cn rt t n phn l xanh. Nu cho n t do b c th n ti 90 kg/con/ngy phn
ngn non.
Bng 23. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc thnh phn ngn ma (%)
Ch tiu
Vt cht kh
Protein th
M
ng tng s
X
Khong tng s
Lu hunh

Li thn
22
1,4
0,2
46
45
1,9
0,2

V thn
39
3,2
1,0
24
70
3,1
0,3

Ngn
27
2,7
0,8
27
57
5,3
0,4

B ma
B ma l sn
Ma cy (144kg)
phm ph cn li ca
Thu hoch
qu trnh ch bin nc
Thn (100kg)
Ngn (28kg) + L bi (16kg)
ma. Cht lng ca
p
phn b cn li ph
thuc vo cng ng ch
Nc ma th
B ma ti (29kg)
bin th cng hay hin
i nhung nhn chung
Gia nhit
phn b cn li sau khi
thu nc ma c 1,5-4%
Nc c c
Lc
Vng bt
l ng sucrose. Phn
b ma s dng chn
Ly tm
nui tru b t c hiu
qu bi l do kh nng
ng tinh (11kg)
R mt A (3kg)
tiu ha thp. Hm
lng lignin cao, chim S 5. S ch bin ng theo phng php cng
vo khong >20% v rt nghip (Preston, 1983)
ngho protein (bng 24).

42

Bng 24. Thnh phn ha hc ca b ma


Thnh phn ha hc
Vt cht kh
Protein th
X th
Khong tng s
Cht chit
Dn sut khng m

% theo vt cht kh
99,2
1,0
50,1
2,5
0,3
46,1

R mt
R mt l ph phm ca sn xut ng kt tinh (s 4). Ty theo cc giai on
ca qu trnh chit tinh ng m c nhiu loi r mt. R mt A l l sn phm ph
u tin khi ly tm trch ly ng cho ra ng th, v chim vo khong gn 77% so vi
tng s. ng th l phn nc ma c gn lc v c c v kt tinh. R mt "A" l
phn ph phm ca qu trnh to ng "A", ng u tin ca s ch bin cha 8085% vt cht kh. R mt "B" l r mt th hai ca qu trnh gn lc cho ra 12% ng
th (ng B). R mt cui cng c bit n l r mt "C", l phn thu c t qu
trnh kt tinh phn cht lng c snh v r mt "B", m sau khi nu v ly tm cho ra
ng C v r mt C. Ngay c khi r mt C c lc k v l sn phm ph cui cng
ca nh my ng th r mt ny vn cha mt lng ng sucrose (vo khong 3242%) v n cng khng c lc li ln na tn thu ng cn li. R mt C lun c
mt trn th trng.
R mt l ngun m c cacbohydrat c kh nng ln men, l cht cao nng
lng, hm lng protein thp (2-4%), ch yu nit di dng nit phi protein. R mt
c s dng vo cc mc ch cho chn nui sau y:
- L c s v bo b nui thm canh
- L cht mang ur, khong v cc cht dinh dng khc ci thin hiu qu s
dng khu phn ngho nit (ph thi hoa mau, ma, ph phm nng nghip)
- Cht ph gia quan trng cho vic d tr chin lc thc n th cho tru b
Vai tr ca r mt trong thc n cho gia sc:
- Cung cp cacbohydrat ln men trong khu phn c s ca ng vt nhai li
- Cht mang ngon ming cho cc cht dinh dng khc (nh ur, khong..) b
sung vo khu phn giu x v cng l cht keo trong khi lim.
Bng 25. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi r mt Cu Ba (%)
Loi
Vt cht kh
R mt A
77
R mt B
78
R mt C
83
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998.

Protein
1,9
2,5
2,9

Khong
4,6
7,2
9,8

Ca
0,62
0,8
1,21

P
0,03
0,04
0,06

R mt l phn dch c to ra t nc ma khng c gn lc trong qu trnh


ch bin ng theo nguyn tc o lin tc chng li s kt tinh, ri cho bay hi nc
lm kh cho n khi thnh phn vt cht kh t vo khong 80%.
Ty thuc lng ng sucrose, 90-92% (theo vt cht kh), y l loi ngun
nng lng l tng cho gia sc d dy n. Tuy nhin n cng l loi thc n t tin.

43

C khong 60 nc cung cp ng sucrose t ng ma. Ty thuc vo ging


ma khc nhau, thi tit khc nhau v k thut ch bin m thnh phn ca sn phm ny
rt khc nhau. V d, ng Cu Ba cha sucrose l rt ln, chim ti 88% (VCK) nhng
mt s nc khc t l ny ch t khong 76-80%. Mt v d quan trng chng
minh iu ny l r mt B c to ra t nc ban u c c nguyn cht cao th c
t l kt tinh ng trong qu trnh bo qun rt cao. Nhng ngc li r mt A v B
c to ra t nc ban u c nguyn cht thp th kh nng kt tinh ng rt thp.
Tuy nhin vo trung bnh vo khong 78-80% ng s khng c kt tinh trong qu
trnh bo qun.
R mt c s dng ch yu l ngun cung cp nng lng; thnh phn dinh
dng khc nh cht bo, x thp v nit thp. Cht chit khng cha ni t chim
khong 85-95% theo vt cht kh, n l hn hp c phn ng n v phn khng phi
l ng. Phn khng phi l ng c kh nng ln men v t l tiu ha thp v chim
khong 18% tnh theo vt cht kh i vi r mt A, 23% r mt B, v 33% r mt C.
Hng s dng:
* Mc thp: R mt cui cng c s dng trong khu phn ca gia sc nng
cao ngon ming ca thc n kh vi mc 5-15%; 5-8% nh l cht kt dnh trong thc
n vin, trong thc n kh tiu nh b ma, li ma th t l ny l 15%. Mt hn hp
gm 3 phn nc, mt phn r mt c ha u v ri trn ng c tng tnh ngon
ming ca gia sc. K thut ny cng c s dng tng t vi khu phn ch yu l b
ma trong ma kh cho khu phn duy tr tuy nhin c b sung mt lng nh cht ni t
phi protein. R mt l loi nguyn liu ln men nhanh, do vy ngi ta c th s dng b
sung vo cc hn hp chua mc 5% nh l cht ph gia tng ngon ming ca gia
sc. R mt cng c s dng lm cht kt dnh tng keo ca thc n c tnh cht
hn ch s phn hy ca vi sinh vt d c nh l cht thot qua. R mt cng c s
dng trong nhng khu phn c nhng loi thc n c v ng, v cht nh ure th c th
s dng theo t l nh sau: R mt C: 80-85%, ure: 10-15%, mui 2,5% v dicanxi
phosphat: 5,5%.
R mt cng c s dng trong khi lim a dinh dng vi cng thc nh sau:
R mt: 50%, ure: 10%, mui 5%, dicanxi phosphat 5%, canxihydroxyt 10%, v 20%
thc n giu x nh rm hay b ma. Xi mng cng c th c s dng thay cho vi
canxihydroxyt nhng phi c trn vi nc mc 40% vi nc trc khi cho thm
vo cc thnh phn khc ca hn hp.
*Mc cao: H thng v bo b thng phm, pht trin Cu Ba v vn c s
dng c ci tin sau 25 nm vi ngun thc n ch yu l r mt hn hp vi 3% ure, hn
ch bt c v cc ngun protein khc, hn ch thc n th (3kg/100kg khi lng sng)
v la chn khong t do vi t l 50% dicanxi phosphat v mui. Hn hp r mt/ure
vi vt cht kh tng s 70%, gm 91% r mt v 6,5% nc. Ur v mui trc tin,
c ha tan vo nc sau mi trn vi r mt, nn cht v cho n mi ngy mt ln
vi lng cung cp 70 g protein thot qua (bt c)/100 kg trng lng sng.
Ngoi ra cng c th s dng cng thc v bo b c hiu qu vi khu phn
hng ngy/u gia sc c tnh nh sau: 90 g hn hp khong, 250 g bt c, 6 kg r
mt/ure v 10 kg thc n th. Vi khu phn trn c th lm tng trng t mc t 0.8
-1kg/b/ngy; v chuyn ha thc n mc t 10-12.
Ngoi ra, r mt cng c s dng trong chn nui ln v gia cm.

44

45

CHNG IV
TH C N HT V PH PHM CC NGNH CH BIN
I. THC N HT NG CC
1.1. c im dinh dng
Tn "ng cc" l tn t cho cc loi cy trng thuc nhm "c" c trng bng
ht. Ht cc gm: ht la, ng, i mch, k... Sn phm ph ca ht ng cc gm cm,
tm, tm bi, tru.... y l nhm thc n c thnh phn ch yu l tinh bt, trong
gm amylose v amylopectin-l thnh phn chnh. Hm lng vt cht kh ca thc n
ny ph thuc ch yu vo phng php thu hoch v iu kin bo qun nhng nhn
chung trong khong 800-900 g/kg, 85-90% thnh phn nit c trong protein. Protein c
trong tt c cc t bo ht cc, nhng ch yu phi, trong phn ni nh, protein tp
trung nhiu trung tm cho n ngoi bin. Thnh phn protein cc loi ht cc rt
khc nhau, bin ng t 80-120 g/kg vt cht kh, tuy nhin, cng c khi t n 220
g/kg vt cht kh. Protein ht cc thiu ht axit amin quan trng l lysine, methionine v
threonine, ring la mch hm lng lysine cao hn mt cht. Gi tr protein ht cc c
vai tr quan trng thc y s tng trng ca mm ht. Hm lng protein ca cc
loi ht cc c xp theo th t cao n thp nh sau: yn mch > la mch > ng > la
m.
Hm lng lipit t 2 - 5% nhiu nht ng v la mch. Hm lng x th t 7 14% nhiu nht l cc loi ht c v nh la mch v thc, t nht l bt m v ng t
1,8 - 3%. Gi tr nng lng trao i i vi gia cm cao nht ng 3,3Mcal/1kg v thp
nht la mch 2,4 Mcal/1 kg.
Ht cc rt ngho khong c bit l canxi, hm lng canxi 0,15%, photpho >
0,3 - 0,5% nhng phn ln photpho c mt trong ht ng cc dng phytate. Ht ng cc
rt ngho vitamin D, A, B2 (tr ng vng rt giu caroten), giu E v B 1 (nht l cm
go, 1 kg cm go loi I c 22,2 mg B1, 13,1mg B2.
Ht cc l loi thc n tinh ch yu cho b, ngh, ln v gia cm. Mi giai on
sinh trng, khi s dng ht cc c thay i t l cht t trong khu phn nhng ni
chung ht cc v sn phm ph ca n chim khong 90% ngun nng lng cung cp
trong khu phn.
1.2. Ng
Trc y, ng ch c trng nhiu Nam M, nhng hin nay c trng
rng ri ti cc nc nhit i v bn nhit i lm thc n cho c ngi v gia sc. y
l loi cy trng i hi kh hu m chn ht v khng chu c kh hu ng gi.
Ng ngy cng chim lnh th trng quc t. S dng ng lm thc n gia sc
i hi chi ph gi thnh cao, v vy xu th chung l thay th ng bng cc loi nguyn
liu hay cc ph ph phm sn c ca a phng gp phn lm gim chi ph thc n.
Ng gm 3 loi: ng vng, ng trng v ng . Ng vng cha sc t
crytoxanthin l tin cht ca vitamin A. Sc t ny c lin quan ti mu sc ca m, tht
khi v bo gia sc v mu ca lng trng gia cm tng cng th hiu ca ngi tiu
th. Ng , vng c gi tr caroten cao hn ng trng, cn gi tr dinh dng tng t
nhau.
46

Tuy nhin, hin nay ti Anh vic s dng ng vng v khng c a chung
trong khu phn v bo gia sc v l do lm m c mu vng, v vy i tng gia sc
ny thng s dng ch yu l ng trng.
Ng cha nhiu vitamin E nhng t vitamin D v vitamin nhm B. Ng cha t
canxi, nhiu photpho nhng ch yu di dng km hp thu l phytate.
Ging nh cc loi thc n ht cc khc, ng l loi thc n c t l tiu ha nng
lng cao, gi tr protein thp v thiu cn i axit amin. Ng cha 730 g tinh bt/kg vt
cht kh. Protein th t 8 - 13% (tnh theo vt cht kh). Lipit ca ng t 3 - 6%, ch yu
l cc axit bo cha no, nhng l ngun phong ph axit linoleic. Protein ca ng tn ti
di 2 dng chnh: zein v glutelin. Zein nm trong ni nh chim t l cao nhng thiu
cc axit amin thit yu nh tryptophan v lysine. Glutelin chim t l thp hn zein, n
cng nm trong ni nh. Gn y ngi ta to c mt s ging ng giu axit amin hn
so vi cc ging ng bnh thng, song vn ngho methionine. V vy, khi dng ng
Oparque-2 cho ln v gia cm, cn b sung thm methionine. Mt ging ng mi na l
Floury-2 c hm lng lysine v c methionine cao hn ng Oparque-2. Dng loi ng
ny khng phi b sung thm methionine.
Ng l loi thc n ch yu dng cho gia sc v gia cm, v l loi thc n rt
giu nng lng, 1 kg ng ht c 3200 - 3300 kcal ME (bng 26). Ngi ta dng ng
sn xut bt v glucoz cho ngi. Nhiu sn phm ca ng rt thch hp cho ng vt,
trong quan trng l mm ng, cm v gluten. Khi 3 loi ny hn hp li to thnh sn
phm c tn l bt gluten - ng, cha xp x 24% protein th, 3 - 5% x th. Hn hp ny
thch hp cho tt c cc loi gia sc v gia cm, c bit l b sa, tuy vy cng vn cn
b sung thm axit amin cng nghip.
Ng cn c tnh cht ngon ming vi ln. Lysine v tryptophan l hai loi axit
amin hn ch ca ng khi dng nui ln (bng 27). Khi dng ng lm thc n chnh cho
ln thng gy hin tng m nho ln. m ca ng c th bin i t 10-25%.
Mun bo qun tt m ti a cho php 15%. Ng thng c xem l loi thc n
nng lng so snh vi cc loi thc n khc.
Bng 26. T l tiu ha ca ng v mt s ph phm ng (%)
Ng ht
Bt ht v li
Li
Bt hominy
Bt gluten
Ng ht

Vt nui
Cu
Cu
B
Cu
Cu
Ln

Protein
76.0
74.0
55.0
66.0
80.0
69.9

X
57.0
69.1
76.0
34.0
55.0
40.7

47

M
91.0
78.4
53.0
81.0
73.0
55.7

DSK ME (Mcal/kg)
94.0
3.47
90.3
3.23
79.0
2.74
81.0
2.81
73.0
2.62
92.9
3.64

Bng 27. Thnh phn axit amin (% theo protein)


Arg
4.6

Cys
1.2

Gly His Ils


3.6 3.3 3.1

Arg
4.6

Cys
1.4

Gly His Ils


3.4 2.9 3.1

Arg
5.1

Cys
1.7

Gly His Ils


3.5 3.1 4.4

Arg
3.9

Cys
2.0

Gly His Ils


3.6 3.7 4.1

Arg
4.3

Cys
1.8

Gly His Ils


3.0 2.5 4.0

Arg
3.5

Cys
1.2

Gly His Ils


3.7 2.6 3.1

Arg
3.3

Cys
-

Gly His Ils


2.2 4.4

Ng trng
Leu Lys Met Phe
12.7 3.0 1.1
5.1
Ng vng
Leu Lys Met Phe
13.1 2.4 0.6
4.9
Opaque-2, ht trng
Leu Lys Met Phe
10.7 4.2 1.9
5.3
Opaque-2, ht vng
Leu Lys Met Phe
11.3 3.5 1.8
4.8
Floury-2, ng ht
Leu Lys Met Phe
13.0 3.3 1.6
6.1
Thc n gluten
Leu Lys Met Phe
12.5 2.3 2.2
4.9
Bt gluten
Leu Lys Met Phe
16.5 2.1 2.7
6.1
Bnh du mm ng
Leu Lys Met Phe
13.0 2.9 3.1
5.4

Thr
3.8

Try
0.6

Tyr Val
3.7 4.4

Thr
3.6

Try
0.6

Tyr Val
3.7 4.2

Thr
3.1

Try
1.0

Tyr Val
4.0 6.7

Thr
3.2

Try
1.0

Tyr Val
4.4 5.4

Thr
3.2

Try
-

Tyr Val
5.0 5.6

Thr
3.7

Try
0.9

Tyr Val
4.1 5.0

Thr
3.6

Try
0.5

Tyr Val
- 5.2

Arg
Cys Gly His Ils
Thr
Try Tyr Val
4.7
2.4
3.8 3.2 4.0
3.5
0.8 4.5 6.0
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998.
1.3. Thc
Thc l loi ht cc ch yu ca vng ng Nam . Cy la rt thch hp vi
kh hu m v bn nhit i v cng c trng mt t Bc u. Ht thc c 2 phn: v
tru bn ngoi, lp v mng bn trong (cm) bao quanh ht go. Thc c dng ch yu
cho loi nhai li v nga, go, cm dng cho ngi, ln v gia cm. V tru chim 20%
khi lng ca ht thc, n rt giu silic v thnh phn ch yu l cellulose. Cm go
cha khong 11 - 13% protein th v 10 - 15% lipit.
Trong chn nui c khi ngi ta dng c la nguyn ht (c v tru) nghin mn
dng lm thc n cho gia sc. Tuy nhin, nhng mnh v tru trong thc n nghin c
cnh sc gy thng tn nim mc ng tiu ha ca gia sc, nh hng ti t l tiu
ha.
II. THC N HT B U V KH DU
2.1. Ht b u
Gm ht u tng, u xanh, u mo, u triu, lc, vng...
c im dinh dng

48

L loi thc n giu protein, protein th t 30 - 40%, cht lng protein cao hn
v cn i hn so vi ht cc. Tuy cht lng protein ca thc n h u khng bng
protein ng vt, nhng c mt s ht u gi tr sinh vt hc protein (BV) ca chng gn
bng vi c, trng, sa, nhng PER thp hn (bng 28).
Bng 28. G tr dinh dng protein ca mt vi loi thc n
Loi thc n
La mch
La m
Ng
Kh du bng
Kh du lc
Bt u tng
Bt c
Sa
Trng

BV (chut)
65
67
57
80
58
75
77
85
95

CS
46
37
28
37
24
49
69
100

PER (chut)
1,5
1,2
2,0
1,7
2,3
2,8
3,8

GPV (g con)
7,7
48
79
102
90
-

Nhng im cn ch khi s dng


Ht h u ni chung cha hon ton cn i v axit amin, trong axit glutamic,
cystein v methionine thng thiu. V vy, khi dng cho loi d dy n cn phi hp
vi protein ng vt. Mc s dng trong khu phn cn hn ch khong 10 - 15% (tnh
theo vt cht kh) cho ln v gia cm v 5 - 10% cho nhai li.
Khng cho vt nui n ht h u dng sng, v n s lm gim tnh ngon
ming, gim t l tiu ha v gy ng c cho con vt. Cn c bin php x l nhit thch
hp nh rang vng, hp chn, luc hoc dng tia hng ngoi nng cao t l tiu ha v
kh cht c c sn trong mt s loi ht.
2.2. u tng
u tng l mt trong nhng loi ht h u c s dng ph bin i vi vt
nui. Trong u tng c khong 50% protein th, trong cha y cc axit amin
thit yu nh cystine, lysine, nhng methionine l axit amin hn ch th nht, v16 - 21%
lipit. Trong u tng c nhiu loi khng dinh dng, gm cc cht c ch enzyme
protease, lectin, phytoestrogen (estrogen thc vt), saponin, goitrogen (cht gy bu c).
Cht c ch protease cn gi l anti-trypsin v c ch hot ng ca enzyme trypsin v
chymotrypsin ca tuyn ty. Khi c mt ca cc cht anti-trypsin th hot ng ca
trypsin v chymotrypsin b c ch lm bi trin tuyn ty tng cng sn xut ra cc
enzyme nhiu hn v vy gy mt cc protein v axit amin cn thit cho s sinh trng
ca c th. S c mt ca cht ny lm gim gi tr sinh hc ca protein u tng,
gim kh nng tiu ha ca peptit, nhng cht ny c th b ph hy bi nhit . Cc
anti-trypsin ch b mt hot tnh khi s l nhit 105 C trong vng 30 pht. Cn lu khi
x l nhit, nu x l qu mc s gy phn ng ng ha cc axit amin gi l phn ng
Maillard lm mt gi tr dinh dng ca thc n. Trong u tng cn tn ti mt s cht
kch thch, cht c ch nh cc cht gy d ng, cht gy bu c, cht chng ng. u
tng giu Ca, P hn so vi ht cc, nhng ngho vitamin nhm B nn khi s dng cn
b sung thm vitamin nhm B, bt tht, bt c. Trong thc tin nui dng, nu ch cho
con vt n protein u tng m khng b sung thm cc nguyn liu trn ln ni con

49

ra s yu, sinh trng chm (do con m b gim sn lng sa), ln m ng dc khng
u n, mc bnh lit chn. i vi g mi gim t l p n, g con n ra yu.
Ngoi ra, cn mt s loi ht b u khc cng rt giu protein nh ht ci du,
ht hng dng cha 38% protein th, ht vng cha 46% protein th, rt giu arginine
v leucine (lysine v methionine thp).
2.3. Lc
Lc l cy trng ph bin cc nc nhit i. Tuy nhin trong thc t, lc t
c s dng trong chn nui dng nguyn ht m ch s dng dng ph ph phm ca
ch bin du t lc. Lc rt giau nng lng do hm lng du cao, nhng li thiu ht
cc axit amin cha lu hunh v tryptophan. Trc khi s dng loi thc n ny cho gia
sc, gia cm cn phi s l nhit nh l rang hay nu chn nhm gim hm lng antitrypsin.
III. SN PHM PH CA CC NGNH CH BIN
3.1. Sn phm ph ngnh xay xt
Cm go
Cm go l sn phm ph ca la khi xay xt. Lng cm thu c bnh qun l
10% khi lng la. Cm go bao gm mt s thnh phn chnh nh v cm, ht phi
go, tru v mt t tm. Cht lng ca cm thay i ty thuc vo hm lng tru trong
cm. Nhiu tru s lm tng hm lng cht x th v silic, gim nng nng lng
ca thc n, gim t l tiu ha. Ty theo lng tru cn t hay nhiu m cm c phn
thnh loi I hay loi II.
Cm l ngun B1 phong ph, ngoi ra cn c c vitamin B6 v biotin, 1kg cm go
c khong 22 mg vitamin B1, 13 mg vitamin B6 v 0,43 mg biotin. Cm go l sn phm
c gi tr dinh dng, cha 11 - 13% protein th, 10 - 15% lipit th, 8 - 9% cht x th,
khong tng s l 9 - 10% (bng 29). Du cm ch yu l cc axit bo khng no, cc axit
ny d dng lm cho m b i, gim cht lng ca cm v cm tr nn ng, kht. Do
vy, nu p ht du th cm go bo qun c lu hn. Cng c th bo qun cm bng
cc bin php hp, trn vi mui, xng khi...
Cm go l mt ngun ph phm rt tt cho vt nui v dng cm c th thay th
mt phn thc n tinh trong khu phn loi nhai li v ln. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca cm
l cc cht ng khng phi tinh bt, l nhng ng a do nhng ng n to
nn thng qua cc lin kt -1,4; -1,6-glycosit ... Nn gia sc d dy n khng th tiu
ha c.
Cm go cha 14-18% du. Du ny c th c chit t cm trnh gy mi
i kh chu trong qu trnh bo qun, nguyn nhn l do s hot ng ca cc enzymee
lipolytic khi cm c tch ra t go v lm tng nhanh thnh phn acid bo t do. Hm
lng axit bo t do ca cm t go luc qua l di 3%, nhng ngay sau khi nghin
c th tng nhanh vi t l 1%/gi. Qu trnh gy i ca du trong cm c th c hn
ch bng phng php x l nhit hay phi kh ngay sau khi xay nghin go. X l nhit
nhit 100oC trong vng 4-5 pht bng hi nc nng l lm chm li qu qu
trnh sn sinh acid bo t do. Cm c th c lm kh bi nhit bng cch tri rng trn
50

cc khay cha v s l nhit 200oC trong vng 10 pht. m trong cm tt nht


nn 4% trong khi bo qun s lm v hiu ha cc cht khng dinh dng.
Cm go cn l ngun vi ta min B phong ph v l loi thc n kh hp dn cho
gia sc gia cm. Du cm l nguyn nhn gy m mm, ngoi vic lu du cm ra, cm
l ngun thc n cho tt c cc i tng gia sc. Lng cm ti a c th dng trong
khu phn tru b ti a l 40%, ca ln khng qu 30-40%, tuy nhin giai on cui v
bo cn gim t l cm trong khu phn trnh hin tng m mm, gia cm ch nn
dng 25% ca khu phn. Cm khng c kh du c s dng nh l cht mang, cht
kt dnh trong hn hp thc n. Cm go thng c pha ln v tru v vy thnh phn x
c th tng ln 10-15%

M th

Ca

5.2
9.3
4.5

1.7
1.2
1.5

69.4
69.8
75.4

0.11

0.29

1.5
1.0

1.6
1.3

88.4
85.4

0.3
1.8
30.0
43.9

0.6
1.4
14.0
21.6

0.1
1.8
0.8
1.7

89.9
87.1
50.9
29.0

0.05
0.21

0.32
0.07

11.3

48.6

20.8

1.0

18.3

0.16

0.21

12.4
10.6
13.2
7.7

10.2
18.9
10.1
27.7

12.8
13.8
28.1
15.0

18.3
10.6
5.1
4.2

46.3
46.1
43.5
45.5

0.29

24.1

10.5

9.8

19.3

36.3

X th

Dn sut
khng
m

Vt cht
kh

Protein

Go Guyana
Go India
Go M
Go nu
Philippine
Vit Nam
Go bng
Nigeria
Iraq
Tru, Malaysia
V tru
V tru x l
NH3 M
Cm, Iraq
Cm, Philippines
Cm, Guyana
Go Zimbabwe
Thc ny mn
Ty Ban Nha

Khong

Bng 29. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi go v ph ph phm ch bin go (%


vt cht kh)

86.9

11.9
7.8
9.3

11.8
11.9
9.3

7.6
10.8

0.9
1.5

90.1
87.5
87.0
89.9

9.1
7.9
4.3
3.8

92.0
91.1
88.8
88.7
94.6

89.5

51

Bng 30. T l tiu ha go v ph phm go trn cc i tng vt nui (%)


Gia sc

Protein

Go nhm
Cu
76.0
Go nh bng
Cu
86.6
V
Cu
7.4
Thc n nghin
Tru, b
64.5
Cm
Ln
68.9
Cm mn
Ln
79.5
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998 (tropical feeds).

23.0
46.7
21.4
12.8
51.6
50.6

76.0
50.0
48.0
54.7
85.8
88.9

Dn sut
ME
khng m (Mcal/kg)
91.0
2.96
97.2
3.47
42.0
0.85
77.6
1.80
79.2
3.00
85.0
3.58

Tm go cng l mt ph phm t la c gi tr dinh dng gn tng ng vi


bp nhng khng c sc t nn khng c a chung s dng trong thc n cho g.
Tm c th s dng trong thc n ca heo nh v d tiu ha, tuy nhin do gi thnh t
nn t c s dng nhiu trong thc n chn nui.
Nhng im cn ch khi s dng cm
- C th s dng vi mc cao trong khu phn: t 30 - 70%, nhng phi phi hp
thm cc loi thc n giu m.
- Cn c bin php ch bin thch hp nh men, chua, ln men nh, ng
ha, nu chn... nng cao t l tiu ha.
- Khi dng hn hp ht ng cc cn b sung thm Ca. i vi gia sc d dy n,
khng nn cho n qu nhiu v cn b sung thm P v c.
3.2. Sn phm ph ngnh chit p du thc vt
Kh du (bnh du) l sn phm ca cc ht c du sau khi p ly du. Cc sn
phm ny bao gm kh du lc, kh du u tng, kh du lanh, kh du bng, kh du
da, kh du hng dng...
c im ca cc loi thc n kh du l rt giu protein (40 - 50% protein th),
giu nng lng (1 kg kh du lc p c khong 3.523 kcal ME, 1 kg kh du u tng
p c khong 3.529 kcal ME), nhng hm lng m thp.
3.2.1. Kh du u tng
Kh du u tng l ph phm ca qu trnh ch bin du t ht u tng. Hm
lng du cn li khong 10g/kg. Kh du u tng l mt ngun protein thc vt c
gi tr dinh dng tt nht trong cc loi kh du. Thnh phn axit amin gn ging vi
protein sa v dng thay th mt phn protein ng vt trong khu phn vt nui.
Trong kh du u tng ch tn ti mt lng nh khong v nhiu vitamin, tr vitamin
B12.
Cng ging nh bt u tng, kh du u tng c hm lng protein cao,
chim khong 42-45% theo vt cht kh (bng 31). Protein ca kh du u tng cng
cha hu ht cc axit amin thit yu, nhng ngho axit amin cha lu hunh nh cystine
v methionine (bng 32). Methionine l yu t hn ch th nht cc khu phn c gi
tr nng lng cao. Gi tr dinh dng v cc yu t hn ch trong kh du u tng gn
ging vi ht u tng.

52

Protein

X th

Khong

M th

Bng 31. Thnh phn ha hc ca u tng v ph phm (% vt cht kh)


Dn sut
khng
m

26.4
42.9
49.9
56.7

19.0
4.9
5.0
3.1

7.2
5.2
6.3
6.2

11.0
20.4
0.7
0.9

36.4
26.6
38.1
33.1

0.20
0.29

0.74
0.69

44.0

8.1

7.5

7.7

32.7

0.20

0.73

47.5

5.1

6.4

6.4

34.6

0.13

0.69

7.8
16.2

44.0
31.7

7.0
4.4

0.8
1.8

40.4
45.9

Vt cht
kh
Ht c v, Zimbabwe
91.2
Ht khng v, Trinidad
95.8
Kh du c v, Israel
89.2
Kh du khng v, M
89.8
Kh du c v p
91.0
my,Israel
Kh du c v p my,
84.8
Malaysia
V, Trinidad
89.8
V, M
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998.

Ca

Bng 32. T l tiu ha ht v sn phm ph u tng (%)

Ht c v
Kh du chit
Kh du p
V

Vt nui

Protein

B
Cu
Cu
B

85.0
92.0
85.0
64.4

72.0
87.0
73.0
61.1

84.3
47.0
86.0
43.8

Dn sut
khng m
88.1
94.0
91.0
78.6

ME (Mcal/kg)
3.34
3.46
3.42
2.52

Bng 33. Thnh phn axit amin ca kh du u tng (g/100 g protein)


Arg
7.4

Cys Gly
His
Ils
1.6
4.5
2.4
4.6
Ngun: Bo Gohl, 1998

Leu
7.8

Lys
6.1

Met
1.4

Phe
5.5

Thr
3.8

Try
1.3

Tyr
3.5

Do x l bi nhit trong qa trnh chit du nn kh du u tng kh an ton


khi s dng nui ln v gia cm. Bt kh u tng l ngun thc n rt tt cho tt c
cc loi vt nui. Tuy nhin, kh du chit bng trichloroethylene rt c i vi mt s
vt nui, v vy khng nn s dng.
3.2.2. Kh du lc
Trong kh du lc c 35 - 38% protein th, axit amin khng cn i, thiu lysine,
cystine, methionine. Axit amin hn ch th nht ca kh du lc l lysine. Ngoi ra trong
kh du lc khng c vitamin B12, do vy khi dng protein kh du lc i vi ln v gia
cm cn b sung cc loi thc n giu vitamin B 12. Mt khc i vi ln ch nn s dng
mc ti a l 25% tnh theo khi lng khu phn, nu nhiu hn s lm cho tht, m
mm nho. Vi cc kh du p th cng lng cht bo cn li kh cao (8-10%) nn d
gy i to mi kh chu v d b mc. Tuy nhin, nu kh du mi p c s dng ngay
khng b mc th y l ngun m kh r tin, c mi thm nn gia sc thch n.
Nm 1961, ngi ta pht hin thy trong kh du lc c cha c t gy c
rt mnh vi vt, g v g ty. c t l aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 do nm Aspergillus
flavus to ra. Do khun lc c mu vng nn d pht hin khi kh du b nhim loi nm
53

ny. Ngoi ra, c 4 loi aflatoxin khc c phn lp t cc vi khun A. flavus v A.


parasiticus c tn l M1, M2, B2a, G2a nhng gy c khng mnh so vi cc loi trn
v thng chim t l thp trong thc n (bng 34).
Bng 34. nh hng ca aflatoxin i vi gia cm, ln v tru b
Loi gia sc

Nng trong khu phn


(mg/kg thc n)
Gia cm
0,25
0,6 - 1
1,5 - 2,5
2-8
1 - 10
Ln
0,26
0,86
2-4
Tru b
0,5
0,7
2
Ngun: J. Anim., Pier, 1980.

B phn tc ng
H thng min dch suy yu
Gim sc khng
Gam tch ly
Gim sn lng trng
Cht th cp, hoi t gan, xut huyt gan
Gim tc sinh trng
H thng min dch suy yu
Cht th cp
Cht (b), xut huyt da, hoi t gan
Tch ly c th gim
Gim sn lng sa (b)

c t aflatoxin B1 l loi hot ng mnh nht, c quan tc ng ch yu l gan


(thng gy ra ung th gan v hoi t gan). Thc tin cho thy khi khu phn ca b
cha 0,2mg aflatoxin/1kg khi lng thc n s lm b gim sinh trng. i vi b sa
khi cho n 15 - 20% kh du lc b nhim c aflatoxin/1kg khi lng khu phn th b
sa ngng tit sa v c th cht. i vi gia cm khi b nhim c aflatoxin gim sc
khng, gim sinh trng, gim hiu qu s dng thc n. C th tm tt nh hng ca
c t aflatoxin vi cc loi trong bng 30.
c t nm mc pht trin mnh trong iu kin m thc n trn 15 - 20%,
nhit 20 - 30oC. Do vy, cn ch bo qun kh du ni thong mt, kh ro, trnh
m cao, y l bin php tch cc hu hiu nht. Mt khc, cn pht hin thng
xuyn c t nm mc aflatoxin v x l kp thi bng nhiu phng php:
- Phng php sinh hc: th nghim trn vt con hoc g ty con (hai loi ny rt
mn cm vi c t aflatoxin), vt con hoc g ty con n kh du b nhim c t ch
sau 1 - 2 ngy c triu chng km n, r, m thy gan sng to. Hoc tim cho phi g,
sau 5 ngy phi cht.
- Phng php c hc: Theo Mann v cng s (1970), c th dng formaldehyt
2% x l nhit 100oC, thi gian 120 pht s lm gim hot tnh ca aflatoxin. Theo
Jorgensen v Price (1981) c th dng NH3 nng 2% cho vo mt ti nylon kn, x l
nhit 43oC, c th lm gim hm lng aflatoxin B1, B2 t 800 g/kg thc n xung
di mc 200 g/kg thc n. Cng c th x l p sut cao kh aflatoxin.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn c th dng phng php ELISA, sc k lp mng, sc k
kh pht hin c t aflatoxin v cc c t khc. Hai phng php sau chnh xc
nhng phc tp v qu tn km nn t c s dng rng ri.
3.2.3. Kh du bng
Kh du bng vi l sn phm ph ca qu trnh p du t ht bng vi. Ht bng
vi chua p du c cha khong 23% protein th, 23% bo v 17% x th. Kh du bng
vi c cha 40% protein th, 12% x th. So vi kh du u nnh, kh du bng giu
54

protein nhng t l axit amin khng cn i, cc axit amin thit yu nh cystin,


methionin v lyzin thp. Nhng y l loi thc n by-pass protein vi gia sc nhai li v
ngun protein r tin (bng 35).
Hm lng Ca cng thp, t l Ca/P mt cn i (thng l 1/6). Kh du bng
giu vitamin B1 nhng ngho caroten. Trong kh du bng c cha sc t mu vng c
tn l gossypol khong 0,03 - 0,2%, l mt aldehyt thm c tnh chng oxy ha, c
ch enzyme polymerase. Kh du bng khng thch hp vi gia sc d dy n do kh
tiu ha v s c mt ca c t gossypol. i vi gia cm, gossypol vo c th s kt
hp vi st trong lng trng to thnh hp cht c mu xanh liu, ng thi lm
gim tng trng, gim kh nng tip nhn thc n. Nu s dng ko di trong khu phn
s gy tn thng tim, gan phi... V vy, khng nn dng qu 9% loi thc n ny trong
khu phn ln v gia cm. Vi mc gossypol ch 0,016% l c th gy c cho g con.
Nhng cht c gossypol s b ph hy nhit cao, nn trc khi s dng kh du
bng cho gia sc, ngi ta phi tm cch kh c t bng cch hp kh du bng p
sut cao (phng php ny kh c hon ton c t nhng mt protein) hoc cng c
th trn kh du bng vi FeSO4 (phng php ny n gin, t tn km v khng b mt
mt protein). Ring i vi loi nhai li t b nh hng ca c t ny.
Khong

231 (77)*
457 (86)

Dn sut
khng
m

X th

880
900

M th

C v
Khng v

Vt
cht
kh

Protein

Bng 35. Gi tr dinh dng v t l tiu ho ca kh du bng

55 (94)
89 (94)

400 (54)
293 (67)

248 (20)
87 (28)

66
74

Nng
lng trao
i
(MJ/kg)
8,5
12,3

* S trong ngoc n l t l tiu ho (%)


3.3. Sn phm ph ca ngnh nu ru bia
C th tm tt qui trnh lm bia cng nghip v sn phm ph ca ngnh lm bia
nh sau (s 6):
S 6. Qui trnh lm bia cng nghip v sn phm ph ca ngnh lm bia
La mch + nc
Ngm nc
Ht cc + nc
Lm kh r
B bia t

Bia cha ln men


p hublng
Men

Loi b hublng
Ln men bia

Bia
Ph phm
55

Trong qu trnh lm bia, trc tin la mch c ngm nc v ln mm, trong


vng su ngy qu trnh thy phn tinh bt thng qua h thng enzyme to thnh
dextrins v maltose. S hot ng ca enzyme bt u t khi ny mm ht ha tho. S
chuyn i ch yu ca tinh bt trong ht ha tho thnh ng maltose v cc loi
ng khc din ra trong qu trnh tip theo... Sau khi ln mm nhng trc lc ngm
vo nc nng ht ha tho hoc mch nha c lm kh cn thn trnh s hot
ng ca enzyme. Phn mm hoc chi ny sau s c tch v a sang mt b phn
khc. Sau mch nha c p v lm kh ri c trn thm mt phn ht cc nh l
ng hoc go v a nhit ln khong 65C.
B bia, bng ru cha 75-80% nc sau khi lc xong. Trong cc x nghip ln,
b bia c sy kh bng ng dn hi nc n m 10%. B bia d b h hng, v vy
nn s dng dng ti v phi bo qun trnh khng kh. B bia c th bo qun di 2
tun nu nh ng v nn cht v y bng ti vi t. Tuy nhin, b bia t khng nn
d tr vi lng ln. d tr lu hn, c th thm 2-3% r mt. Qu trnh ln men xy
ra 4-6 tun, sau khi n nh v c cht lng tt. B t c th bo qun 1-2 tun
nu thm 0.4% hn hp axit formic v propionic.
B bia cha nhiu protein, x nhng nng lng thp (bng 36 v 37). B bia l
ngun thc n an tan cho hu ht cc loi vt nui nu trc khi cho n cn loi thc n
tha cho khng b chua. B bia l thc n cng knh, nng lng thp v thnh thong
ngi ta mi s dng v bo b. Tuy nhin, b bia cng c s dng nui b tht
thm canh nhm lm gim chi ph thc n. Khu phn thng dng cho b tht bao gm
v cam chanh kh 40%; kh da 40%; v b bia kh 20%. B bia chua v ti c th
nui b tht. i vi b di 500 kg th c th cho n n 12 kg/ngy, cn b trn 500 kg
th c th cho n n 20 kg/ngy. Hu ht b bia c s dng cho b sa. Mc s dng
bnh thng l 10-25%, nhng c th vi t l cao hn, ph thuc vo gi c ngun nng
lng v protein tng ng trong khu phn. trnh c mi trong sa nn cho b sa
n b bia sau khi vt sa. B bia d b chua nu bo qun trong iu kin bnh thng
trong vi ngy, nu cho b n c th lm mt cn bng axit-baz v gy c nu n lng
ln. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta thm 150 g natri bicacbonat 2 ln trong ngy s
gim chua b bia. B bia khng phi l thc n thng dng trong khu phn g nui
cng nghip. Tuy nhin, b sung di 20% b bia kh trong khu phn cho kt qu tt.
C gi thit rng mt yu t cha bit no trong b bia c th lm nh hng n sc
sn xut, tng thnh thc v t l p n ca trng. B bia khng phi l thc n thng
dng cho ln, nhng c th s dng lng nh trong khu phn cho ln trn 35kg m
khng nh hng sc sn xut. Lng b bia trong khu phn cho ln ph thuc tui,
nhng ti a 50% protein khu phn. B bia chua v ti nui ln trn 35 kg vi khi
lng 1-3 kg/ngy, ph thuc vo tui. C trh tch phn v nhiu x khi b bia.
B sung b bia, b ru kh c th n 13-14% khu phn thc n nu cho n
ti th cho 80-85% b ru, trn thm 10-12% cm, 5% bt c, cho thm bt xng.
Nhiu vng Nam B thng dng cch pha trn ny nui ln tht, ln lai kinh t sau
cai sa n v bo.
Cc loi thc n ny c th sy kh d tr v s dng cho ln v gia cm. Phi
d tr b bia, b ru bng cch gn bt nc, ri ln sn gch, sn ximng cho kh dn,
56

ri sy trong cho hay tm tn, o nhiu ln cho n kh u, cho vo chum vi hoc


bao nilon trnh m mc.
Mc s dng cho ln v gia cm: 5 - 10% khi lng khu phn, b l 20% khi
lng khu phn.
Bng 36. Thnh phn dinh dng b bia t ht ng cc (g/kg vt cht kh)
Gi tr trung bnh
Vt cht kh
263
X th
234
M th
176
Khong tng s
77
Cht hu c tiu ha
41
Nng lng trao i (MJ)
594
Protein tiu ha
11,2
Ngun: Barber W P v Lonsdale CR, 1980

Khong bin ng
244-300
184-262
155-204
61-99
36-45
552-643
10,5-12,0

Khong

M th

27.8
19.5
17.0
21.4
23.9

12.6
18.4
13.2
16.5
18.9

4.9
4.4
9.3
7.4
6.4

8.0
5.1
6.8
3.8
7.6

Ca

Ngun

X th

22.3
91.8
84.3
90.8
25.1

DSK

Protein th

B bia t, Malaysia
B bia kh, Trinidad
B bia kh, Tanzania
B bia kh, Kenya
B bia chua, Trinidad

Vt cht
kh

Bng 37. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr ca b bia (% vt cht kh)

46.7 0.16 0.65


Lim, '67
52.6
Devendra, '70
53.7 0.08 0.10
Niak, '67
50.9 Rogerson, '56
43.2 Gohl, '70

X th

M th

Dn sut
khng m

ME (Mcal/kg)

B bia t
B bia kh
B bia chua
B bia t

Vt nui

Protein th

Bng 38. T l tiu ha ca b bia (%)

Ngun

Cu
Cu
Cu
Ln

73,0
72,6
78,3
58,9

39,0
70,3
51,0
7,8

88,0
85,7
91,8
0,0

62,0
67,5
57,9
59,7

2,65
2,59
2,60
1,99

Neumark, '70
Rogerson, '56
Dijsktra, '55
Paloheimo, '59

Bng 39. Thnh phn axit amin ca b bia (g/100 g protein)


Arg
Cys Gly
His Ils Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Try Tyr
Val
4.6
1.8 5.4 8.3 3.3 1.2 4.7 3.2 1.3 4.1
5.4
Ngun: Tropical Feeds, Gohl, 1998.
3.4. Sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin thu sn
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh ch bin thu sn mang li ngun thu nhp
ln thng qua xut khu.
57

3.4.1 Sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin tm


Sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin tm l ph phm t cng ngh ch bin tm
ng lnh xut khu. Nhng ph phm ny rt khc nhau v thnh phn c gii, bao gm
u c c ni tng, v v ui. Thnh phn c gii n y ph thuc v phng php ch
bin v loi tm. Theo nghin cu ca L c Ngoan (2000), t l ph phm ca ch
bin tm chim 50% (30-55 % theo khi lng ti).
Ph phm ca tm giu protein, khong, m, cht to mu (astaxanthine), chi tin
v enzyme. Thnh phn ha hc ca ph phm ch bin tm rt khc nhau v ph thuc
vo thnh phn c gii ca ph phm (bng 40). Nhn chung, m cao (75-83%);
protein th (20-60%); chitin (10-30%); cht bo (2-10%) v khong (20-40%). nh
hng ca b sung chitin vo khu phn thc n chn nui g mc 0,5% ca khu phn
cho g 60 ngy tui lm tng trng tng 10%.
Bng 40. Thnh phn ha hc ca ph phm ch bin tm (% vt cht kh)

Protein th
Cht chit
Chitin
Khong
Canxi
Phospho

Ngoan et al.,
2000a, b

Chau et al.,
1997

Bolagun and
Akegbejo, 1992

Watkins et
al., 1982

35 - 56
4-8
14 - 18
22 - 30
8 - 11
1 - 1,4

23 - 54
6-9
11 - 27
23 - 32
7 - 11
2-3

62 - 66
3-4
26 - 35
2-5
1-2

34
3-4
18 - 19
28 - 29
14
2

Bng 41. Thnh phn axit amin thit yu ca sn phm ph ch bin tm so vi bt


c (g 16 g-1 N)
Axit amin

(1)

Sn phm ph ca tm
(2)
(3)

(4)

Bt c
(5)

Arginine
9.6
6.2
6.3
7.2
5.8
Histidine
2.1
2.4
1.9
2.8
2.2
Isoleucine
3.4
2.9
3.3
4.8
4.3
Leucine
5.6
6.5
7.6
7.1
7.1
Lysine
5.5
6.3
6.2
6.9
7.5
Methionine + cystine
1.8
1.7
2.8
3.7
3.4
Phenylalanine
4.5
4.3
4.6
6.0
3.7
Threonine
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.9
4.0
Tyrosine
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.0
(*)
Tryptophan
0.6
1.3
1.0
Valine
4.7
4.3
4.4
5.9
4.8
Ngun: (1) Ngoan et al., 2000; (2) Fagbenro and Bello-Olusoji, 1997; (3) Meyers, 1986;
(4) Watkins et al., 1982; (5) Rhne Poulenc Animal Nutrition, 1989.
Phn ln cc axit amin thit yu trong sn phm ph ca ch bin tm ph hp
vi nhu cu protein l tng cho ln sinh trng (NRC, 1998), ngoi tr methionine

58

(bng 41). Hm lng lysin v methionin + cystine thp lm nh hng n sinh trng
ca ln nui khu phn cha nhiu ph phm ny (Fagbenro and Bello-Olusoji, 1997).
3.4.2 Sn phm ph ca ngnh ch bin c
Bt c: l loi thc n b sung hon ho cho gia sc gia cm, l loi thc n giu
protein, cht lng protein cao. Loi bt c tt cha 50 - 60% protein, t l axit amin cn
i, c nhiu axit amin cha lu hunh. 1 kg bt c c 52g lisine, 15 - 20g methionine, 8
- 10g cystine, giu Ca, P t l tng i cn i: Ca khong 6 - 7%, P khong 4%, giu
vitamin B12, B1 ngoi ra cn c vitamin A v D.
Tuy vy, cht lng bt c cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo loi c v cc b phn ca
c em ch bin. Nu bt c ch bin t loi c nh hoc u c, vy c th hm lng
protein rt thp t 20 - 25%, trong khi bt c c ch bin t c ln, hm lng
protein trn 50%. Ngi ta thng quy nh cht lng bt c nh sau (bng 43):
Bng 43. Quy nh cht lng bt c
Protein (%)
Tricanxiphotphat (%)
m (%)
Lipit (%)
NaCl (%)

Loi I
60
55
< 12
< 10
<5

Loi II
50
53
< 12
< 10
<5

3.4.3. Sn phm ph ca cc ngnh ch bin tht, sa


Bao gm bt tht, bt tht xng, bt mu kh, sa kh m, nc sa...
- Bt tht, bt tht xng: bt tht v bt tht xng l sn phm c ch bin t
tht v xng ca ng vt, sau khi em xay nghin v sy kh. Bt tht v bt tht xng
c th sn xut hai dng kh v m. dng kh, cc nguyn liu c un nng trong
mt bp hi tch m, phn cn li l b. dng m, cc nguyn liu c un nng
bng hi nc c dng in chy qua, sau rt nc, p tch m v sy kh.
- Bt tht cha 60 -70% protein th, bt tht xng cha 45- 55% protein th, cht
lng protein ca hai loi ny u cao, axit amin hn ch l methionine v tryptophan.
M dao ng t 3 - 13%, trung bnh l 9%. Bt tht xng giu khong hn bt tht, rt
giu Ca, P v Mg. Bt tht v bt tht xng u giu vitamin B1.
Hai loi thc n ny thng c b sung vo khu phn ca gia sc, gia cm
lm cn bng axit amin trong v c th s dng mc ti a cho ln v gia cm ti 15%
trong khu phn. Cn bo qun tt m khi i v mt vitamin.
- Bt mu kh: Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php sn xut bt mu. Ngi ta
tin hnh lm kh mu nhit 100oC. Mu c ng trong mt gi , c l thng
v cho hi nc nng i qua, tin hnh kh trng v lm kt li thnh khi. Sau rt ht
nc, p v lm kh hon ton.
Bt mu cha rt t lipit v khong nhng rt giu protein, khong 80% protein
th. Tuy vy, protein ca bt mu cht lng rt thp, kh nng tiu ha thp, hm lng
izoleucine v methionine thp. Gi tr sinh hc v tnh ngon ming ca bt mu khng
cao, nn ch phi hp cho ln v gia cm di 5% khi lng khu phn, nu trn mc
ny s lm cho con vt a chy. Khi dng bt mu thay th protein cn b sung thm
Ca, P.

59

Sa kh m: L phn cn li sau khi ly ht vng sa bng phng php ly


tm. Trong sa kh m hm lng lipit rt thp di 1%, nng lng cng thp nhiu so
vi m: gi tr nng lng ca sa l 748 kcal/kg, sa kh m l 356 kcal/kg, trong c
rt t hoc khng c vitamin ha tan trong m.
Sa kh m l loi thc n b sung protein rt tt cho loi d dy n, t s dng
cho loi nhai li. i vi ln con v gia cm, nu trong khu phn phi hp nhiu ht ng
cc, sa kh m s c tc dng b sung cc axit amin thiu ht trong khu phn . i
vi ln ngi ta hay b sung dng lng, b sung khng qu 2,8 - 3,4 lt/1 kg thc
n/ngy.
Vi gia cm thng b sung sa kh m dng bt khong 15% trong khu
phn. Cht lng ca sa kh m cng khc nhau, ph thuc vo quy trnh sn xut.
Protein th trung bnh khong 35%, hm lng axt amin cystin tng i thp.
Sa kh m sn xut bng hai phng php cun kh v phun kh nn t l tiu
ha protein v gi tr sinh vt hc protein ca sa kh m c sn xut bng phng
php cun kh thng thp hn (bng 44). Mc s dng bt sa kh m vo khu phn
vt nui c th tham kho bng 45.
Bng 44. nh hng ca phng php sn xut ti gi tr dinh dng ca sa kh
m
Phng php sn
xut
Phun kh
Cun kh

T l tiu ha
protein (%)
96
92

BV protein (%)
89
82

Lysine c th s
dng (g/16g N)
8,1
5,9

- Nc sa: L sn phm cn li ca sa sau khi sn xut phomat. Nc sa c


hm lng vt cht kh rt thp xp x 5%, hu ht protein v m c ly ra khi
nc sa. So vi sa, nc sa rt ngho nng lng (khong 271 kcal/kg), ngho
vitamin ha tan trong m, ngho protein v Ca, P. Tuy vy, protein trong nc sa phn
ln l lactoglobulin, y l loi protein c gi tr nn ngi ta thng dng cho ln n t
do v thng s dng dng lng. Dng nc sa kh t c s dng v n rt d ht
m v kh bo qun.
Bng 45. Mc s dng ca mt s loi thc n b sung trong khu phn (%)
Loi gia sc
Ln tht
Ln ni
Gia cm
B 1-6 thng

Bt tht
8-10
12
8-10
8

Bt mu
8
7
-

60

Bt sa kh m
7
7
7
10

Bt c
5-7
8
5-10
10

CHNG V
TH C N HN HP
I. KHI NIM
Thc n lun l vn quan trng nht trong chn nui v n quyt nh trc tip
n nng sut, cht lng v gi thnh ca cc sn phm tht, trng sa...Trong nhng
nm gn y, nghnh sn xut thc n chn nui nc ta pht trin kh nhanh. Mt s
nh my sn xut thc n chn nui c quy m ln quen dn vi cng ngh thng tin nm
bt tnh hnh gi c nguyn liu trong nc v ngoi nc. Hng loi my mc thit b p
vin, sn xut thc n a nng tin dng c nhp v lp t nhiu nh my phc v
cho cng nghip chn nui. Nm 2002 c khong 138 nh my sn xut thc n nhng
n thng 5-2004 c nc hin c 197 doanh nghip sn xut thc n chn nui. Trong
c 138 nh my thc n chn nui cng sut t 2 tn/h tr ln v 100 c s sn xut
thc n chn nui cng sut 0,5- 1 tn/h.Trong vng 10 nm t 1993 -2003 , sn lng
thc n chn nui tng gp 50 ln. Nm 1993, sn lng thc n hn hp t 68 ngn tn,
nm 2002 t 3,4 triu tn. Sn lng thc n hn hp cui nm 2003 t khong 4 triu
tn chim 30 % tng s thc n s dng cho chn nui, so vi bnh qun th gii l 48
% , cc nc pht trin t 80 -90 %.
Thc n hn hp l loi thc n ch bin sn, do mt s loi thc n phi hp
vi nhau m to thnh. Thc n hn hp hoc c tt c cc cht dinh dng tha mn
c nhu cu ca con vt hoc ch c mt s cht dinh dng nht nh b sung cho
con vt.
II.VAI TR CA THC N HN HP
Kt qu thu c trong chn nui trn th gii v trong nc cho thy vic s
dng thc n hn hp hon chnh v thc n hn hp b sung nn tng nng sut cc
sn phm chn nui ng thi h thp mc chi ph thc n trn mt n v sn phm.
Chn nui bng thc n hn hp sn xut theo cc cng thc c tnh ton c cn c
khoa hc l a cc thnh tu v pht minh v dinh dng ng vt vo thc tin sn
xut mt cch nhanh nht v hiu qu nht.
- Thc n hn hp gip cho con ging c c im di truyn tt th hin c
tnh u vit v phm cht ging mi.
- S dng thc n hn hp tn dng ht hiu qu u t trong chn nui.
- S dng thc n hn hp thun tin, gim chi ph sn xut trong cc khu cho
n, ch bin, bo qun v gim lao ng, s dng t thc n nhng cho nng sut cao
em li hiu qu kinh t cao trong chn nui.
- Ch bin thc n hn hp cho gia sc, gia cm s lin quan n nhiu ngnh
(sn xut nguyn liu, ch to c kh, ng lc, in...). V vy, pht trin thc n
hn hp s ko theo s pht trin a nghnh, to ra s phn cng lao ng, gii quyt
cng n vic lm cho nhiu ngi.
- Thc n hn hp c gi tr dinh dng ph hp vi tui gia sc, ph hp vi
hng sn xut ca gia sc, gia cm tho mn cc yu cu v qun l v kinh t chn
nui gp phn thay i c cu nng nghip, hin i ho nn sn xut nng nghip.

61

III. PHN LOI THC N HN HP


Hin nay c ba nhm loi thc n hn hp: hn hp hon chnh, hn hp m c
v hn hp b sung (thc n hn hp m c).
Thc n hn hp hon chnh (cn gi l thc n tinh hn hp hoc thc n hn
hp - xem v d 1) l hn hp thc n hon ton cn i cc cht dinh dng cho gia sc,
gia cm; n duy tr c s sng v sc sn xut ca con vt m khng cn thm mt loi
thc n no khc
(tr nc ung). V d 1: Thc n hn hp hon chnh dng bt do cng ty VINA
Thc n hn hp (Bin ho- ng Nai) sn xut m s 6 dng cho ln t 30 kg -60 kg
hon chnh sn vi c im dinh dng nh sau:.
- m (max):
14 %
xut di hai
Protein
th
(min)
15 %
dng: Thc n
X
th
(
max)
6%
hn hp dng bt
- Lysine (min)
0,95 %
v dng vin.
Met
+
Cys
(min)
0,57 %
Hin ti nc
- Threonine (min)
0,63 %
ta c hn 50 nh
P
(min)
0,5 %
my sn xut
- NaCl (min- max)
0,6 - 0,8 %
thc n hn hp
Ca
(minmax)
0,7 - 0,9 %
vi quy m khc
- Khng sinh :
Khng c
nhau.
- Hormon
Khng c
- Nng lng trao i ME (min):
3300 Kcal/kg
Thc n
v
sn
xut
t
cc
nguyn
liu:
Bt
bp,
cm go, bt c, bt
hn hp m
u
tng,
bt
xng
s,
thuc
kch
thch
tng
trng.
Premix vitamin,
c gm 3 nhm
chnh: protein (v khong cht, men tiu ho. Hn s dng 90 ngy.
d 2), khong,
vitamin, ngoi ra
cn c thuc
phng bnh. Thc n hn hp m c nhm b sung vo khu phn cc cht dinh dng
thng thiu nh cp trn.

62

63

64

Thc n m c, theo hng dn ghi nhn hng ha, ngi chn nui c th
em phi hp vi cc ngun thc n giu nng lng (tinh bt) thnh thc n hn hp
hon chnh. Thc n m c rt tin li cho vic s dng, vn chuyn v ch bin th
cng quy m chn nui gia nh hay trang tri nh nhm tn dng ngun thc n ti
ch h gi thnh.
V d 2. Thc n hn hp m c dng bt do cng ty VINA sn xut m s 109 dng cho
ln ni hu b, ln ni ch phi, ni cha, ni nui con v ln c ging .
+ Thnh phn dinh dng
V d 3: Thc- n
hp m c cho ln tht dng
bt do cng ty VINA sn
hn
m (max):
12 %
xut m s 101 dng -cho
ln t
kg - xut chung c c38
im
Protein
th5 (min):
% dinh dng
+ Thnh phn- X
dinhth
dng
( max):
6,0 %
- m (max):
12 %;
- Protein th (min)
44 %
- Lysine (min):
2,8 %
- X th ( max)
4,5
%;
Lysine
(min)
3,4 %
- Met + Cys (min):
1,3 %
- Met + CyS (- Threonine (min):
2,0 %;
- Threonine (min)
0,63 %
1,5 %
- P (min)
1,5
%;
NaCl
(minmax)
2,8 - 3 %
- P (min):
1,2 %
- Ca (min- max)
3,5
3,7%;
Khng
sinh
:
Khng
c
- NaCl (min- max):
2,3 - 2,5 %
- Hormon - Ca (minKhng
c
max):
3,5 - 3,7 %
- Nng lng
trao i
ME (min) : 2600 Kcal/kg Khng c
- Khng
sinh:
+ Nguyn liu:
Bt c, bt tht, bt u tng,Khng
bt xng,
thuc kch thch
- Hormon:
c
tng trng. Hn s
dng
90
ngy.
-Nng lng trao i ME (min) :
3000 Kcal/kg
dn
5 kgu
m
c 101
phi hp
vi kch
(kg):thch tit sa, premix
+ NguynHng
liu: Bt
c,pha
bt trn:
tht, bt
tng,
bt xng,
thuc
Loi ln
T
Bp
Cm go,
vitamin, khong cht, men tiu ho. Hn s dng 90 ngy.
+ Hng dn pha trn (tnhm
bng kg): cm m
5 -30 kg
12
5
3
Loi ln
VINA 109
Bp
Tm
Cm go, cm m
3160
10
5
1050
Hu b, ni ch phi
15
15
20
kg ni cha
Ln
18
15
15
52
61xut
chung
10
5
15
Ln ni nui con
20
20
15
45
c ging
IV. QUI TRNG CNG NGH SN XUT THC N HN HP
4.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp
Thc n hn hp c sn xut cc x nghip cng nghip hoc c th c sn
xut trc tip ti cc tri chn nui nh nc hoc t nhn. Thi gian gn y rt nhiu
c s chn nui t sn xut ly thc n hn hp, nht l thc n hn hp cho g nui
cng nghip v ln.

65

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp cho g, ln khc vi tm, c. Quy
trnh sn xut thc n cho tm, c phc tp hn v thm mt s cng on nhm lm ni
v tng cng... Tuy nhin, sn xut thc n hn hp dng bt cho vt nui gm 3 cng
on chnh nh sau (S 7):
- Nghin nguyn S 7 . QUY TRNH SN XUT THC N CHO
liu t mn theo tiu VT NUI
chun.
Nguyn liu
- Phi trn cc loi
nguyn liu theo tng
Lm sch/Nghin/nh lng
cng thc chun b sn.
- Ra bao, ng gi
Thm thc n b sung
v in nhn mc. Kim tra
Trn
cht lng.

cc
x
Hi nc
nghip, thc n hn
hp sn xut theo mt Thc n dng bt Lm chn s b
dy chuyn khp kn,
tt c cc khu np ng bao
p vin
nguyn liu, nghin
Hi nc
nh, cn, trn, ra bao
u c c gii ha,
Lm chn
nhiu x nghip cn
c t ng ha.
Sy kh
Cng on nghin
nguyn liu:
Lm ngui
Tt c cc loi
nguyn liu ch bin
B vn
thc n hn hp sau
khi lm sch cc tp
Phn loi
cht u a vo my
nghin nh ring tng
Cn/ng bao
loi. mn ca
nguyn liu khi nghin
c th iu chnh bng
cch thay i mt sng
trong my nghin. Cn
c vo kch c bt ht
nghin ngi ta chia
lm 3 loi:
- Bt c ng knh ht sau khi nghin t 0,6 - 0,8 mm
- Bt mn trung bnh l bt c ng knh ht sau khi nghin t 0,8 - 0,9 mm
- Bt th l bt c ng knh ht sau khi nghin ln hn 1 mm.
Ngi ta kim tra mn ca bt nghin bng cc loi ry chuyn dng. C 3
loi ry tng ng vi 3 mn ni trn. Khng bt qu mn v d bay bi gy ra
hao ht trong qu trnh np nguyn liu hoc trt d, bc xp.
66

Cng on trn:
Thc n hn hp trn bng my trn v vi quy m nh t vn u t c th trn
bng tay nhng nht thit phi m bo ng u.
nh lng v cn sn khi lng ca tng nguyn liu theo cng thc ch bin
thnh cc m trn theo di trong qu trnh np nguyn liu vo my trn (nu trn
bng tay cng phi lm nh vy). Vic lm ny rt cn thit trnh nhm ln hoc qun
khng np nguyn liu no , hoc np hai ln.
Nhng loi nguyn liu trn vo thc n vi s lng t nh: Premix khong vitamin, cc axit amin: lysine, methionine, v thuc phng bnh... Nu cho vo my trn
ngay nhng nguyn liu trn vi khi lng nh th s rt kh trn u. V vy, m
bo ng u th phi trn v nhn ra (pha long) vi ng, tng.... Cc nguyn liu
ny c ly t nguyn liu dng trong m trn. Mun trn u phi dng ti thiu 2 - 3
kg nguyn liu pha long.
Trnh t np nguyn liu vo my trn nh sau:
Cho chy my trn. u tin np mt na nguyn liu chnh nh ng, cm, tm...,
tip theo np ton b nguyn liu premix, thc n b sung trn pha long trc. Sau
tip tc cho cc loi thc n b sung protein (kh lc, tng, bt c...), cui cng
cho nt s cn cn li. Thi gian trn ko di 15 pht t lc np nguyn liu ln cui
cng. Khng nn np qu y vo my v s lm gim nng sut my v b ngng gi
chng do qu ti. Nu trn th cng khng nn trn m qu ln (trn 50 kg) v cng theo
trnh t nh trn.
ng bao v dn nhn:
Thc n hn hp sau khi trn xong c ng vo bao. Thng nn dng bao
giy xi mng (giy kraff) nhiu lp. Loi giy ny dai, t b rch v, chng m tt. Theo
quy nh mi bao thc n u c nhn hiu khu lin vi mp bao, trong nhn ghi:
Tn thng phm:..............
M hng:.............
i tng s dng:..........
C s v a ch sn xut:...........
Cc ch tiu k thut, v d:
Nng lng trao i (ME kcal/kg hay MJ/kg):
Protein th (%):
Lysine (%):
Methionine + Cystine (%):
Ca (%):
P (%):
......................
Thnh phn nguyn liu (khng cn ghi r s lng c th):......
Khi lng tnh:.........
Thi hn s dng:........
Ngy sn xut:.........
S l hng:.......
Ngy sn xut:.....
L hng s:......
4.2. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca thc n hn hp:
+ Hnh dng, mu sc, mi v:
67

Thc n hn hp hnh dng bn ngoi phi ng nht, khng c hin tng nhim
su, mt. Mu sc phi ph hp thnh phn nguyn liu ch bin, phi c mu sng. Mi
v ph thuc vo nguyn liu phi trn. Thc n tt c mi thm d chu. tri li thc n
khng cn tt - ng mu, c mi mc, chua l thc n km phm cht.
+ m. Hm lng nc cao trong thc n hn hp to iu kin cho nm mc,
su mt pht trin. m trong thc n hn hp khng c qu 14 %.
+ nghin nh. i vi gia cm ty theo la tui nn sn xut thc n hn hp
nghin mn, nghin trung bnh v nghin th. i vi ln thch hp thc n nghin trung
bnh. Cn c vo lng thc n khng lt qua mt sng kim tra (sng chuyn dng)
xc nh nghin nh. Nghin mn: Lng thc n cn li trn mt sng 2 mm
khng qu 5% hoc lt ht qua mt sng 3 mm. Nghin trung bnh: Lng thc n cn li
trn mt sng 3 mm khng qu 12% hoc lt ht qua mt sng 5 mm. Nghin th: Lng
thc n cn li trn mt sng 3 mm khng qu 35% hoc cn li trn mt sng 5 mm
khng qa 5%.
+ Cc ch tiu nh gi gi tr dinh dng. xc nh thnh phn ha hc, gi tr
dinh dng ca thc n hn hp cng nh ca cc nguyn liu ch bin phi gi mu
thc n n cc phng phn tch thc n ca cc trng i hc, cc vin nghin
cu....iu cn lu l cc kt qu phn tch c ng hay khng ph thuc vo vic ly
mu phn tch c i din v ng quy nh hay khng.
Cc ch tiu nh gi gi tr dinh dng ca thc n thng thng l (cho 1 kg):
m (%), protein th (%), ME (kcal/kg thc n hn hp), x th (%), Ca (%), P (%),
mui n (%).
V. THC N HN HP DNG VIN
Trn th gii thc n vin chim 60 - 70% tng lng thc n hn hp sn xut.
5.1. u im ca thc n vin
- Thc n vin khi cho gia sc n gim c lng thc n ri vi. Lng thc n
ri vi so vi thc n bt gim 10 - 15%.
- Gim c thi gian cho n, d cho n. V d:
+ g thi gian cho n thc n bt chim 14 % v thc n vin 5% trong 12 gi
nui.
+ G ty thi gian cho n thc n bt chim 19% v thc n vin 2% trong 12
gi nui.
- Lm tng hiu qu li dng thc n, gim tiu hao nng lng khi n.
- Thc n vin cn trnh c s la chn thc n, p con vt n theo nhu cu
dinh dng nh.
- Vitamin tan trong du m oxy ha chm hn.
- Thc n vin cn lm gim c khng gian d tr, gim dung tch mng n, d
bao gi, d vn chuyn v bo qun lu khng hng. V du: khi lm sn vin thu gn th
tch c 25%, gim s lng bao b.
- Thc n khi cho gia sc n khng bi, trnh c nhng triu chng bi mt,
bnh ng h hp.
- Tc ng c gii, p sut, nhit trong qu trnh p vin ph v kt cu ca
lignin v cellulose lm cho t l tiu ha tinh bt, x tng.
- Nhit , p sut trong qu trnh p vin tiu dit phn ln vi sinh vt, nm
mc, meo v mt s mm bnh.
68

- Thc n vin khi cho c n khng b ha tan trong nc nhanh nh thc n bt.
- Thc n vin ph hp vi tp tnh n ca vt, khng b dnh m nh khi n thc
n bt, trnh hao ph thc n.
5.2. Nhng nhc im ca thc n vin
- Gi thnh cao hn do chi ph thm cho qu trnh p vin.
- Nhit trong qu trnh p vin cng lm phn hy mt s vitamin.
G nui cng nghip n thc n vin t l g m cn nhau (Cannibalism) tng ln
v th phi ct m.
Ch : Khi cho g n thc n vin nn cung cp nc v lng nc tiu th
khi cho n thc n vin cao hn thc n bt.
5.3. Quy trnh lm thc n vin
Sn xut thc n vin l cng on tip theo sn xut thc n hn hp dng ri.
Thc n hn hp dng ri c chuyn vo bung trn, y c thit b phun du m
( tng nng lng cho thc n nu thy cn thit) v thit b phun r ng lm cht
kt dnh. Sau khi trn u vi du m hoc r mt ng, thc n c chuyn n
bung phun nc si h ha tinh bt, to m 15 - 18% ri a tip vo khun to
vin. Ty loi vt nui m vin thc n c kch c khc nhau do s dng cc khun to
vin khc nhau. Sau , thc n to vin c chuyn n bung lnh lm ngui.
Hin nay, mt vi c s Vit Nam sn xut thc n vin cho gia cm, tm,
c...

69

CHNG VI
TH C N B SUNG
I. VAI TR CA THC N B SUNG
1.1. Khi nim
Thc n b sung (supplement) l mt cht hu c hay mt cht khong dng t
nhin hay tng hp, khng ging vi thc n khc ch khng ng thi cung cp nng
lng, protein v cht khong. Thc n b sung c a vo khu phn n ca ng vt
vi liu hp l hoc vi liu rt thp ging vi liu ca thuc.
Ty theo chc nng m c th phn thc n b sung thnh cc nhm khc nhau.
V d, phn theo dinh dng thc n b sung c hai nhm: b sung dinh dng v b
sung phi dinh dng. Nu phn theo thnh phn ha hc th c nhng loi thc n b
sung sau y:
- Thc n b sung protein
- Thc n b sung khong
- Thc n b sung vitamin
- Cc loi thc n b sung khc: cht kch thch sinh trng, cht bo v, bo
qun thc n, chng khun, chng mc, cht to mu mi v, thuc phng bnh nh
thuc phng cu trng, bch ly...
Thc n b sung ang c s dng ph bin trong chn nui c tc dng nng
cao kh nng chuyn ha v hiu qu s dng thc n, tng kh nng li dng thc n,
kch thch sinh trng, tng kh nng sinh sn v phng bnh. Mt s loi c tc dng
bo v thc n trnh oxy ha, trnh nm mc tt hn. Do s pht trin ca cng ngh
sinh hc, ngy cng c nhiu loi thc n b sung c s sng trong chn nui. Tuy
nhin, vic s dng thc n b sung cng c nhng mt tri ca n. Khng sinh, thuc
chng cu trng, hormon.. a vo khu phn n thiu s kim sot ca th y gy
nhng tc hi nht nh: khng sinh to nhng dng vi khun khng khng sinh, gy
kh khn v tn km cho vic bo v sc khe ca ngi v gia sc. Cc cht tn d ca
kim loi nng, cc hormon.. c th gy ung th cho ngi.
1.2. Nhng xu hng mi s dng thc n b sung trong chn nui
Cng ngh thc n b sung ngy nay rt pht trin v ngy cng hin i. Quan
im s dng thc n b sung cng thay i su sc. Vic s dng hormon kch
thch ng vt nui tht b cm t lu v d lng ca hocmon trong tht gy ung th
cho ngi s dng; khng sinh cng b nhiu nc cm v khng sinh dng vi liu thp
trong thc n to ra nhng dng vi khun khng khng sinh. Nhng xu hng mi
thay th khng sinh trong thc n chn nui nh sau:
- Axit ho ng rut (acidifier) c ch vi khun gy bnh tiu chy,
tng cng tiu ho thc n.
- S dng vi khun c li cho ng rut (probiotic) cho vo thc n chn
nui
- a vo trong thc n nhng hp cht (prebiotic) gip cho vi khun
c li trong ng rut pht trin c ch vi khun gy bnh tiu chy.
Hin nay, cc nc EU thc n b sung trong thc n gia sc c phn loi
nh sau:
70

- Thc n b sung cng ngh (cc cht bo qun)


- Thc n b sung cm th (cc cht to mu)
- Thc n b sung dinh dng (cc vitamin)
- Thc n b sung chn nui (cc cht iu ho h vi sinh vt ng rut,
cht kch thch sinh trng khng c ngun gc vi sinh vt).
- Thuc chng cu trng (phng bnh gia cm)
Ngy nay thc n b sung c s dng theo nhng mc ch sau y :
+ Tng nng dinh dng ca khu phn: sinh trng ca ng vt nui
tng ln khi tng nng nng lng v lysine trong khu phn.
+ Nng cao kh nng tiu ho hp thu ca con vt bng cch s dng cc
enzyme b sung vo thc n. Cc enzyme thng s dng vo thc n: enzyme amylase,
maltase, protease (phn gii tinh bt, ng maltose, protein). Ngi ta s dng cc
enzyme phn gii xylose v beta-glucan (c nhiu trong la my, i mch) tng t l
hp thu cc cht dinh dng. Enzyme phytase cng ang c dng ph bin c tc dng
gii phng pht pho khi phytat c nhiu trong cc ht ng cc v ph phm.
+ Thay i axit ca rut v cn bng cc cht in gii bng cch a
axit hu c vo thc n cho ln con v cho c g. Hai nhm axit hu c c s dng
lm thc n b sung. Nhm 1 gm cc axit: fumaric, xitric, malic v lactic c tc dng h
thp pH d dy, gim vi khun gy bnh ng tiu ho. Nhm 2 bao gm axit
formic, axetic, propionic, sorbic.. ngoi gim thp pH d dy cn dit c vi khun
gram m gy a chy.
+ S dng cht probiotic (cht ph sinh) v prebiotic (cht tin sinh).
Probiotic l nhng vi khun sng, khi vo ng tiu ho ca ng vt, nhng vi
khun ny c kh nng hn ch ti a nh hng c hi ca cc vi khun gy bnh. Cc
vi khun probiotic thng c a vo thc n: Lactobacilus, Enterococuccus,
Pediococcus, Pediococcus, Bacillus v cc chng nm men thuc loi Sacharomyces
cerevisiae. Ngi ta cho rng probiotic ngn chn vi khun gy bnh s dng cht dinh
dng sn sinh cht c, chng kch thch ng tiu ho sn sinh enzyme, nng cao
kh nng tiu ho thc n. Probiotic c tc dng kch thch p ng min dch, tng kh
nng chng bnh ca con vt. B sung probiotic trong thc n c tc dng lm con vt
kho mnh, tng kh nng sinh trng. Tuy nhin, c ch tc ng ca nhng vi khun
probiotic n nay cng cha c lm sng t.
Prebiotic l nhng cht h tr cho vi khun c li, hn ch vi khun c hi, ci
thin cn bng vi khun trong ng tiu ho, hn ch vi khun E. coli, Samonella..., ci
thin h mim dch ca t bo vch rut, kch thch tng trng v tng hiu qu s dng
thc n.
+ H tr h thng mim dch bng cch s dng nhng thc n cung cp
globin min dch hay khng th cung co cho con vt trong nhng thi k khng hong
nh thi k cai sa ln.
+ S dng cc cht khng khun tho mc nh ti, gng, hi, qu, ht
tiu, t, bc h. Tinh du ca cc tho mc ny c tc dng dit khun rt hiu qu v c
th thay th khng sinh trong chn nui.
Xu hng dng thc n b sung trn y nhm m bo ngy cng trit v sinh
an ton thc phm, nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm chn nui, nht l cc sn
phm xut khu.

71

II. THC N B SUNG PROTEIN


2.1. Cht cha N phi protein (NPN - non protein nitrogen)
Cht cha N phi protein l nhng hp cht khng nm trong cu trc ca protein,
c th l nhng sn phm chuyn ha trung gian hoc cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn ha
protein, hoc l mt s Vitamin hay mt s hot cht sinh hc khc c cha N, cc a xit
amin tng hp, trong thc n thc vt, cc loi c trng NPN chim 1/3 lng N tng s.
- Cc cht NPN c gi tr cao nh: Cc peptit mch ngn, cc axit amin thit yu
v khng thit yu, cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc c cha N nh: Cholin, B 1, B2 PP, B6
Pantotenic, Biotin, Folic, Biotin, B12,...
- Cc cht NPN c gi tr thp nh: Amit, purin, pyrimidin, nitrat, nitrit, ur, axit
uric, camonium, cc alkaloit, lin kt glycozit c cha N nh HCN. Gia sc nhai li c vi
sinh vt d c c kh nng bin i cc cht ny thnh a xit amin, protein. Trong cc cht
NPN th ur l cht quan trng nht c s dng b sung m cho gia sc nhai li.
2.1.1 C s khoa hc ca vic s dng ur cho gia sc nhai li
Cng thc ha hc ca ur l: (NH2)2CO, thnh phn N ca ur chim t 42-46%.
Cnh quy c i ur thnh protein tng s bng cch ly N ur x 6,25 v protein tiu
ha ca ur bng protein tng s ca ur x 75%. Nh vy, c 100g ur cha 262 - 281 g
protein tng s hoc 198 - 210g (ly trn l 200g) protein tiu ha.
Ur vo trong d c loi nhai li, c enzyme urease chuyn thnh amoniac v
cacbonic theo phn ng:
urease
CO(NH2)2

H 2O

>

2NH3 + CO2

Hot tnh ca urease trong d c rt cao, ur vo d c trong khong 1 gi l phn


gii ht thnh amoniac, t khi ko di ti 3 gi.
Tm tt s chuyn ha amoniac t thc n trong c th loi nhai li nh sau (S
8):
B sung ur cho S 8. Chuyn ha Nit amoniac trong c th nhai li
loi nhai li chnh l
cung cp N t amoniac
NPN thc n
cho vi khun v cho
protozoa d c tng hp
nn protin ca chng.
Urease
NH3tuyn nc bt
Lng protein sinh vt
tng hp c cng
NH3 trong dch d c
nhiu th vic s dng
ur cng c hiu qu.
NH3 hp thu vo mu
Hiu qa s dng
ur tng hp protein vi
N vi sinh vt d c
sinh vt ph thuc vo
nng NH3 dch d c.
C quan/M
Nng NH3 dch d c
qu cao hay qu thp
NH3 trong dng chp
72

u lm gim hiu qu s dng ur ca vi sinh vt d c trong vic tng hp protein vi


sinh vt.
S tng hp protein vi sinh vt t NH3 d c t mc ti a khi nng NH 3 dch
d c n nh mc150 - 200 mg/l dch d c. Nng amoniac dch d c qu thp lm
gim s tng hp protein vi sinh vt (c 1 MJ nng lng ca axit bo bay hi ch sn
xut c 12g protein trong khi nng amoniac dch d c cao, 1 MJ nng lng sn
xut c 23g protein). Tuy nhin, nng amoniac dch d c qa cao th cng c ch
hot ng ca vi sinh vt v amoniac s nhanh chng chuyn vo mu, tng nng
amoniac trong mu dn n ng c.
Cung cp ur vi mt lng thch hp, chia lm nhiu ba u n (mt yu cu
k thut quan trng trong vic s dng ur cho loi nhai li) chnh l xut pht t c s
khoa hc trn y.
Ngoi ra, tng s tng hp protein ca vi sinh vt d c t ngun NH3 cn phi
ch n ngun nng lng ca vi sinh vt. C 130 - 140g protein (ch yu l protein
ha tan) cn 1.000g cht hu c d hp thu.
cung cp nng lng, ngi ta cung cp gluxit. Cn ch rng tt c cc loi
gluxit khng cng mt gi tr cho vi sinh vt s dng ur. Ur c thy phn nhanh
cng cn gluxit d li dng, d ln men. X kh ln men l ngun gluxit khng tt bng
tinh bt khoai ty hay ng cc nhng ng c ci hay mt r li qu d ln men nn
khng tt bng tinh bt khoai ty hay ng cc. Trong thc t nhng khu phn giu ng
cc, t thc n th, nhiu x l nhng khu phn thch hp nht cho vic b sung ur.
Nhng yu t c lin quan n sinh trng ca vi sinh vt d c cng rt quan
trng i vi hiu qu s dng ur. Vitamin A hay caroten, cc nguyn t khong nh
Co, Mn, Zn v c bit S (S nguyn t, sunfat hay methionine) kch thch khng ch s
tng hp protein t ur ca vi sinh vt d c m cn tng kh nng tiu ha thc n.
2.1.2. Nhng nguyn tc s dng ur
- Ur ch dng b sung cho nhng thc n ngho nit v giu gluxit d ln men
nh l:
+ Ht ng cc
+ Cy ng, cy cao lng chua
+ Nhng sn phm lm kh nh b c, c kh, rm.
Khng b sung ur vo khu phn cy c h ha tho, h u cn xanh hay
chua, bp ci v cy c thuc h hoa thp t, b t ca c ci...
- Ur khi dng phi:
+ Trn tht u vo thc n
+ Cho n dn dn con vt lm quen vi ur. Ch dng cho nhng con vt c d
c pht trin y (trn 6 thng tui).
+ Cho n nhiu ba mi ngy, cng c th cho n t do.
+ B sung khong, vitamin A, D.
- Liu dng:
+ Khng qu 30g ur/100kg th trng b mi ngy
+ Lng nit ur khng vt qu 1/3 tng s nit khu phn.
V d: mt b sa c th trng 500kg mt ngy cn 1.400g protein tng s (tng
ng 224 g nit tng s), ch c dng mt lng ur khng qu 150g (lng ur ny
cha 67,5g N nu dng loi ur cha 45% N).

73

Ngy nay, do k thut ch bin tt nn ngi ta c th dng ur vi t l cao hn


nhiu so vi cc ti liu trc y bng cch tr hon s phn gii ur trong d c v tng
hiu qu tng hp protein ca vi sinh vt. Mt s kt qu nghin cu cho bit bin php
s dng ur c hiu qu nh sau:
1. S dng cc cht ha hc chm tan nh gelatin hoc parafin bao bc xung
quanh b mt ht ur.
2. S dng cht ha hc c ch hot ng ca enzyme urease d c n phn
gii ur chm li, to mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt d c tng hp a xit amin.
3. Phi hp ur vi h tinh bt v cht bo n tan chm nhm cung cp t t
NH4+ , va trnh ng c, va trung ha axit sinh ra thng xuyn trong d c.
4. S dng cht hp ph b mt gi NH4+ khng cho n hp thu nhanh vo
mu. Cht hp ph b mt r tin c s dng nhiu nht trn th gii l bentonit zeolit.
Hng nghin cu s dng ur trong thc n ca gia sc nhai li nh sau:
1. Vn an ton khi s dng ur trong thc n ca gia sc nhai li, nu cung cp
1 ln vi liu lng cao khi ur vo d c s b phn gii nhanh thnh NH3 hp thu vo
mu qu nhiu c th gy ng c cho gia sc. Nu ur c chia ra cung cp t t mi
ln mt t trong ngy th s trnh c ng c bng cch trn ur vo thc n tinh hc
lm lim cho n nhiu ln trong ngy.
2. trnh s phn gii ur qu nhanh ngi ta s dng cc cht c ch hot
ng ca enzyme urease nh: Axeto-hydroxamin Coban - Nitrat. Tuy vy, nhng cht
ny c liu c ch enzyme urease v liu gy c cho gia sc nhai li gn nhau nn gy
nhiu kh khn cho thc tin sn xut. Hin nay, ngi ta ang nghin cu cc cht mi
v an ton hn.
3. gii quyt vn tn ti trn ngi ta h tinh bt ur bng cch hp tinh bt
ht ng cc hoc c bt vi ur cho ur lin kt yu vi h tinh bt, tan chm trong d
c, h thp c NH4+ trong mu. Vi phng php ny nhiu nc trn th gii sn
xut ra nhng thc n tinh m c ur ong vin nh STAREA cha 20 - 30 % ur
(Hungary) v DEHY-100 (M).
4. S dng cc axit bo c mch cacbon di, bo ha x l vi ur. Ur lin kt
lin kt vi axit bo s tan rt chm trong d c nn khng gy ng c cho gia sc,
ngi ta thng dng axit stearic.
5. S dng cht hp ph b mt l bentonit zeolit sn xut thc n cung cp ur
gim s hp thu nhanh NH4+ vo mu, sn phm ny c tn gi l bentokarb-30.
6. S dng cc dn sut ca ur kh phn gii trong d c gim qu trnh NH 4+
vo mu, ngi ta thng s dng nhiu dng hp cht ha hc nh: biurea; carbamitphotphat, mui ammon, axit uric.
Axit uric l cht thi trong nc tiu ca gia cm c cha nitrogen. Axit uric c
cha 33 % nitrogen c phn gii chm trong d c. Trong iu kin chn nui cng
nghip tp trung c th tn dng phn ca gia cm ch bin thnh thc n b sung m
cho gia sc nhai li.
7. Tm ur, amoniac vo trong cc si cellulose bng cch x l rm r trong iu
kin c bit hoc vi r mt ng. Vi cc phng php trn vic s dng ur s an
ton v cho hiu qu cao.
Dng ur dng lm thc n cho tru b thng l dng tinh th cha 44 - 46% N,
cng c dng dung dch cha 400 g ur/lt hoc 184 g nit/lt. S dng ur khng hp l
hoc qu liu c th gy ng c ur.
74

Liu 30g ur/100kg th trng cho ung 1 ln/ngy c th gy cht hay ng c


mnh nu con vt nhn i hoc n t thc n gluxit ln men nh bt, ng. Nu ur
dng vi khu phn giu ng cc th liu c trn 50g/100kg th trng.
Du hiu c xut hin rt sm (ch 1/2 gi sau khi n), nng amoniac dch d
c t ti 1.000mg/l. Biu hin ng c ur l tit rt nhiu nc bt quanh mm, kh
th, thn kinh b kch thch v cht.
Cha c ur bng cch cho ung 5 - 7 lt dung dch du dm (cha 5 % axit
axetic v du thc vt).
2.1.3 Ur x l rm r lm thc n cho tru b
Rm r cng nh cc ph ph phm khc nh (thn cy ng, b ma...) l loi
thc n c gi tr dinh dng thp do ngho protein nhng t l x cao, t l tiu ho
thp. S dng ur kim ho rm r c p dng nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit
cc nc ang pht trin. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy hm lng protein trong rm
vi ur tng r rt trong khi hm lng x th gim ng k (bng 46).
Bng 46. Thnh phn ho hc ca rm x l ur v rm kh
Liu lng ur x l (X mx)
3%
4%
5%
Vt cht kh ( %)

Thi gian bo qun

Rm kh

Ngay sau x l
10 ngy
20 ngy
30 ngy
60 ngy

88,70 0,51

54,38 0,57
53,20 0,28
52,58 0,39
51,07 0,86
49,77 0,43

56,69 0,43
56,41 0,46
55,37 0,33
54,25 0,43
51,76 0,57

Ngay sau x l
10 ngy
20 ngy
30 ngy
60 ngy

3,41 0,14

7,35 0,08
7,15 0,12
6,90 0,04
6,59 0,13
6,27 0,08

8,24 0,08
8,408 0,04
7,71 0,15
7,25 0,15
7,07 0,05

Ngay sau x l
10 ngy
20 ngy
30 ngy
60 ngy

32,93 0,47

32,23 0,13
29,54 0,17
29,06 0,26
28,54 0,21
27,58 0,23

32,16 0,11
29,16 0,08
28,96 0,18
28,72 0,21
27,40 0,34

53,58 0,79
53,29 0,54
51,99 0,41
51,98 1,41
48,96 0,50
Protein th ( %VCK)
6,71 0,22
6,41 0,12
6,27 0,13
6,28 0,14
6,13 0,08
X th ( % VCK)
32,48 0,20
29,71 0,11
29,26 0,26
29,05 0,31
27,90 0,23

Ngun: Nguyn Xun B v CTV, 1997.


Vic x l rm bng ur lm tng ng k lng n vo v kh nng tng trng
ca gia sc (bng 47).

75

Bng 47. Lng n vo v tng trng ca b n khu phn c rm ur v rm


kh
Ch tiu

Nghim thc
Rm ur 4%

Rm kh + 4% ur

Rm kh

4,57
2,96

3,72
2,49

1,50
1,03

262,8

157,7

n vo (kg cht kh/ngy):


+ 1 gia sc
+ 100kg th trng

Tng trng (g/ngy)


356,8
Ngun: Nguyn Xun B v CTV, 1997.
2.1.4. Ur trong thc n tinh

Ur c th trn vo thc n tinh cho loi nhai li (theo lut ca nhiu nc th


thc n thng phm ch c trn vo khng qu 6% ur). Ur c trn tht u vi
thc n giu tinh bt, i khi trn vi r mt lm tng hm lng ng v tng
ngon. Ngi ta tnh ra rng: 1kg ng cc + 150g ur tng ng vi 1 kg kh du giu
m. Sau y l mt v d v mt hn hp thc n tinh cha ur:
Khng ur
Vi 2% ur
Vi 3% ur
Ng cc (%)
66
78
85
Kh du lc (%)
31
17
9
Ur (%)
2
3
Khong b sung
3
3
3
2.1.5 Ur trong bnh a dinh dng (multinutrient-block)
Bnh a dinh dng l mt dng ch phm b sung, c p thnh bnh b
sung cho khu phn c s l thc n c cht lng thp. Bnh dinh dng ch yu l
cung cp ng thi cc cht dinh dng cn thit nh N d phn gii, khong , vitamin,
axit amin hoc peptit v nng lng d ln men cho vi sinh vt d c. Khng c mt cng
thc tiu chun no cho bnh a dinh dng m ty theo nhu cu ca gia sc v nguyn
liu ca tng a phng (bng 48). Tuy nhin, nguyn liu lm bnh a dinh dng
nh: Ur, r mt, khong, cc cht kt dnh (xi mng, vi sng, t st), cc cht x v
cc thnh phn khc (kh du, cht n chung g, bt tht, bt c.., cc mui phot pho
nh di-can xi).
Bng 48. Mt s cng thc bnh dinh dng nc ta
Cng thc 1

Cng thc 2

Cng thc 3
R mt
52 % R mt
25 % R mt
40 %
Bt b ma
20 % Bt b ma
30 % Bt b ma
30 %
Bt dy lc
20 % Cm
15 %
Cm go
10 %
Ur
3 % U r
10 %
U r
4%
H. Hp khong
1%
Xc men
14 %
H. Hp khong 1 %
Mui n
2 % CaO
6 % Mui n
5%
Vi bt
2%
Bt sn
10 %
Bnh a dinh dng c u im: l hn hp b sung dinh dng c tnh cht
xc tc i vi vi sinh vt d c lm tng s lng vi sinh vt d c nn c li cho cc
76

qu trnh ln men, ngoi ra cn tng lng protein cung cp cho vt ch. Bnh dinh
dng cn b sung khong, d vn chuyn v s dng v c bit hn ch nguy c ng
c ur. Tu iu kin tng vng nguyn liu v t l cc loi trn c th thay i.
2.2. Mt s axit amin l yu t hn ch
Yu t hn ch ca mt thc n l axit amin m s lng khng hn ch
s li dng nhng axit amin khc ca thc n . Axit amin thiu nhiu nht so vi nhu
cu v lm gim hiu sut protein ln nht c gi l yu t hn ch th nht v c
theo cch nh ngha ny th c yu t hn ch th hai....
2.3. Nguyn tc b sung axit amin cng nghip
- Ch b sung yu t hn ch, b sung yu t hn ch th nht ri mi b
sung yu t hn ch th hai. Nu lm ngc li th c hi (sinh trng gim, tiu tn
thc n tng...)
- C th ch tng hp protein t mt mu axit amin cn i. B sung axit amin
hn ch to s cn i, nu b sung axit amin khng hn ch th lm mt s cn i.
Vi khu phn cho g cha tng v ng cc th yu t hn ch th nht l
methionine, vi khu phn cho ln cha kh du lc v ng cc th yu t hn ch th
nht l lysine. Cc yu t hn ch khc ca hai loi khu phn trn c th l tryptophan
hay treonine ty theo loi ng cc c dng (ng thiu triptophan, bt m thiu
treonin...).
Trong thc t sn xut c hai loi axit amin cng nghip c dng ph bin l
lysine v methionine. Dng axit amin cng nghip c u im:
- Thay th c mt phn thc n giu protein t tin nh bt c, kh tng.
1 kg bt c 65% = 0,65 kg kh tng + 0,15kg bt xng + 0,125kg m
ng vt + 0,015kg methionine hoc 0,992kg ng + 0,008 kg methionine = 0,81kg kh
tng + 0,19kg m ng vt.
- n gin ha thnh phn nguyn liu trong khu phn.
- Gip lp nhng khu phn m c hn.
Do tin b ca di truyn v chn ging, gia cm v ln c tc sinh trng rt
nhanh i hi khu phn phi giu nng lng (khu phn cao nng) bng cch b sung
thm du, m. Tuy nhin, nhng khu phn ny ch c hiu qu khi cn bng axit amin
t mc ti u.
III. THC N B SUNG KHONG
Khong l nguyn liu ch yu trong qu trnh trao i cht, hnh thnh nn t bo
xng. Khong b sung gm hai loi: khong a lng v vi lng
3.1. B sung khong a lng
B sung Ca
Cacbonat canxi hay phn c ti 40% Ca, c dng kh ph bin. V hn c 30 35% Ca, rt thch hp cho g mi .
Ngoi ra, cc ngun khc nh: vi c 32 - 36 % Ca, bt v s cha 33 % Ca,
v trng cng c dng b sung can xi cho gia cm dng bt hc dng v bp nt
v ngoi ra cc ngun khc nh san h, trm tch bin.
B sung P, v b sung Ca v P

77

- Bt xng: bt xng c ch bin t xng ng vt, bt c mu trng xm,


cha 26 -30 % Ca v 14 - 16 % P, ngoi ra trong bt xng cn cha cc nguyn t a v
vi lng khc.
- Tro ci: tro ci l ngun b sung khong rt tt cho ln con kch thch qu
trnh tiu ho. L sn phm thu c sau khi t ci v l cy tro ci cha 18 - 20 % Ca;
9,4 % Na; 7,2 % K; 7,1 % Mg v nhiu nguyn t vi lng khc.
- Bt photphorit : Ca3(PO4)2 cn gi l photphat canxi cha 32 % Ca v 14 % P v
di 0,2 % F.
Photphat canxi gm cc loi:
- Photphat monocanxi cha 22 - 24% P v 16 - 18% Ca, photphat dicanxi cha
17 - 18% P v 22 - 25% Ca, photphat tricanxi cha 15 - 19% P v 25 - 35% Ca. Photphat
monocanxi v dicanxi c ngun P d ng ha hn photphat tricanxi ( ha tan ca
photphat tricanxi trong axit citric 2 % bin ng t 30 - 90%, ty ngun gc).
Tt c cc mui photphat khng c cha trn 0,2% fluor nu dng lm
thc n gia sc.
Photphat natri gm c cc loi:
- Tripolyphotphat natri (cha 25% P, 34% Na c tn l gobaphor 25), rt d ha
tan trong nc v d ng ha.
- Disodium photphat (Na2HPO4 cha 10%P v 13%Na) v monosodium photphat
(NaH2PO4 cha 24% P v 16% Na).
B sung Mg
- Mui magi (sulphat, chlorua, cacbonat) thng a vo hn hp khong hay
lim.
- Dolomit l mui cacbonat Mg v Ca (10% Mg v 24% Ca), loi ny c ng
ha km nn t dng.
- Litotam (Lithothamne) mt loi to cha Ca, Mg v Si (33% Ca, 4,3% Mg,
1,7% Si v cc nguyn t vi khong - c ti 30 vi khong). y l ngun khong hu c
c thnh phn ha hc phc tp nhng d ng ha.
B sung mui n ( NaCl)
Mui n thng dng tinh th mu trng, tan trong nc cha 30% Na v 57%
Cl. Mui n c dng b sung trong khu phn thc n ca tt c cc loi gia sc.
Lng mui n b sung vo khu phn ph thuc vo khi lng, loi gia sc, nng sut
ca chng v thnh phn thc n trong khu phn.
3.2. B sung vi khong
Cc dng mui vi khong khc nhau c li dng khc nhau, cho nn khi dng
phi la chn. Cc mui sau y c th dng:
CoCO3, CoSO4.7H2O, Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O b sung Co.
CuSO4.5H2O, CuCO3 b sung Cu.
FeSO4.5H2O b sung Fe.
ZnSO4.6H2O, ZnCO3 dng b sung Zn.
MnO2, MnSO4.4H2O dng b sung Mn.
KI b sung I.
B sung vi khong cho ln c th tham kho nhu cu sau (bng 49):
Bng 49. Nhu cu, mc cho php v mc c mt s khong i vi ln
Nguyn t

Nhu cu

Mc cho php
78

Mc c

(mg/kg thc n)
(mg/kg thc n)
(mg/kg thc n)
(1)
Cu
10
100
250
Fe
80
1000
4000
I
0,2
Mg
400
Mn
40
80
500
Zn
50 (2)
1000
2000
Se
0,1
5
(1): Nhu cu cho ln con; (2): Khu phn nhiu Ca nhu cu s cao hn
i vi gia sc nhai li, khu phn ch yu l thc n x th, hm lng N,
khong,vitamin v gluxit d tiu thp. Thc n x th thng khng cc loi khong
v vitamin cn cho qu trnh sinh tng hp v hot ng ca vi sinh vt d c. Cc loi
khong thng thiu thng l Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe v S. Trong cc nguyn t , P v
S l hai nguyn t rt quan trng c nh hng ln n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt d c.
Theo nghin cu ca cc tc gi Chnost v Kayouli (1997), hn hp khong sau y s
dng b sung trong khu phn cha rm.
3.3. Tnh ton nhu cu khong b sung
Mun tnh nhu cu khong b sung vo khu phn phi da vo nhu cu ca mi
loi gia sc i vi tng nguyn t khong v hm lng ca nguyn t trong thc n.
Hm lng cc nguyn t khong trong thc n b sung c th hin di dng nguyn
t (hoc di dng hp cht). quy i cc dng hoc tnh ton lng nguyn t
trong thc n b sung
khong c th s dng cc Thnh phn hn hp khong
%
loi khong khc nhau
a lng
(Bng 40).
55
3.4. S ng c cc nguyn Ca2HPO4.2H2O (dicanxiphotphat)
NaCl (mui n)
26
t vi lng khi cho n qu
MgSO
10
H
O
9
4
2
liu
NaSO410 H2O
7
B sung cc nguyn Lu hunh
1
t vi lng vt qu nhu Vi lng
2
cu v mc chu ng ti a Thnh phn vi lng
%
ca con vt u gy ra tc ZnSO 7H O
47,40
4
2
hi. Nu lng khong s MnSO .H O
23,70
4
2
dng vt qu mc chu FeSO 7H O
23,70
4
2
ng s gy ra t vong, CuSO 5H O
4,70
4
2
liu lng cao nhng di CoSO 7H O
0,09
4
2
mc chu ng c th lm SeO Na
0,04
3
2
gim nng sut ca con vt
v gy ng c tch lu. V
vy, lng khong b sung
ch p ng nhu cu ca con vt. Tuy nhin, mt s trng hp khi s dng vi
khong liu cao c th tng kh nng tng trng, gim chi ph thc n. V d v vic
nghin cu s dng CuSO4 lm thc n b sung. Anh (1950), khi nghin cu nhu cu
Cu ngi ta th liu cao vt nhu cu 40 -50 ln (tng ng 200 -250 mg Cu/kg thc
n) cho ln tht cho thy ln khng b ng c m cn tng trng nhanh hn l i chng
79

6 -8 %, li dng thc n tt hn i chng 4 -5 %. Ngi ta nhn thy khi s dng liu


cao Cu cho vo thc n c nhng hin tng ging nh s dng khng sinh liu thp
kch thch tng trng.
Khong c b sung bng nhiu ngun khc nhau (bng 50), chng ta
cn quan tm gim tnh c.
Bng 50. Ngun thc n b sung khong
TH C N B SUNG KHONG

Phn canxi cacbonat (CaCO3)


vi
Bt xng
Bt photphorit [Ca3(PO4)2]
Photphat kh flo{Ca3(PO4)2}
Canxi hydro photphat [CaHPO42H2O]
Canxidihydro photphat [CaH2PO42H2O]
Natridihydro photphat [NaH2PO42H2O]
Natrihydro photphat [NaHPO42H2O]
Amoni hydro photphat [(NH 4)2H PO4]
Amonidihydro photphat [NH 4H 2PO4]
Mui n (NaCl)
[Na2 SO4 .10 H2O]MgO
FeSO47H2O
CoSO47H2O
CoCl26 H2O
CuSO45H2O
MnSO45H2O
ZnSO47H2O
Kali iodua ( KI)
Natri molypdat (Na2Mo4.2H2O)
Natri selennit (Na2SeO3)

Hm lng nguyn t
(g/100g)
Ca -37
Ca-32-36
Ca- 26-30; P- 14-16
Ca-32; P-14
Ca-34-36; P-16 -18
Ca-22-27; P-16
Ca-17; P-27
P-22; Na -16
P-9; Na-13
P-23; Na-20
P-26; N -11
Na-30; Cl-57
S-10; Mg-60
Fe- 20
Co-21
Co-24
Cu -25
Mn-23
Zn-22
I-76
Mo- 36
Se-45

tan trong nc
Khng tan
Khng tan
Khng tan
Khng tan
Khng tan
Rt t tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan tt
Tan
Khng tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan

nh hng ca b sung CuSO4 ln sau cai sa c hiu lc cao nht v gim dn


khi ngy tui ca ln tng ln. Khi s dng CuSO4 cho ln n ngi ta thy thnh rut
ca ln cng mng ging nh khi cho n khng sinh. Mt pht hin khc l Cu ++ cng
nh cc ion ho tr hai khc nh Ca ++, Mg ++ c tc dng hot ho enzyme Trypsine v
Chymotrypsine ca tuyn tu, n gip cho tiu ho cht m c tt hn (Kakuk T. v
Schmidt J., 1988).
i vi gia cm, s dng CuSO4 liu cao khng c tc dng. i vi gia sc nhai
li rt mn cm vi Cu liu cao. Gia sc nhai li c th trng c liu so vi liu ca
ln v gia cm. c bit cu c th b trng c Cu liu 12 ppm.
Khi cho ln n Cu liu cao th hm lng Cu trong gan cng tng ln, nhng n
khng gy nguy him cho ngi tiu th nu nh trc khi git tht 10 ngy ngng cho
ln n Cu.

80

Bng 51. Liu chu ng v liu gy c ca Cu i vi gia sc gia cm


Loi gia sc
Liu c th chu ng c (ppm)
Liu gy ng c( ppm)
G
250
3000
Ln
250**
500
B
50
115
Cu
?
12
**
Nu khu phn n ngho protein ng vt th liu 250 ppm Cu c th gy c cho ln
an ton, ngi ta s dng liu Cu t 100 - 150 ppm lm liu kch thch tng
trng cho ln, tuy nhin ch p dng cho ln tht ch khng c s dng trn ln ging.
ln ni khi s dng hm lng Cu cao, ln ni c hin tng thiu st do c s cnh
tranh gia Fe v Cu tch t trong gan lm cho bo thai b thiu mu, gy ra tnh trng sy
thai. Hin nay, nhiu nc c chn nui nhiu gia sc n c nh cu, d, h cm s dng
liu cao Cu kch thch tng trng cho ln v ln n nhiu Cu th trong phn v cht thi
s cha nhiu Cu - cht thi rn. Khi s dng phn bn cho cy trng lm Cu trong
cy s tng cao c th gy ng c cho gia sc n c nht l cu.
IV. THC N B SUNG VITAMIN
Vitamin thuc nhm vi dinh dng (micro-nutrient). Vitamin l hp cht nu c
c phn t lng tng i nh, c trong c th vi s lng rt t, nhng khng th
thiu c, v n c vai tr quan trng l tham gia nhm ghp trong nhiu h thng
enzyme, xc tc cc phn ng sinh hc duy tr mi hot ng sng bnh thng nh:
Sinh trng, sinh sn, bo v c th v sn xut cc sn phm chn nui...
Mi s thiu ht vitamin u dn n ri lon trao i cht, gy hi cho ng vt.
Vitamin khng phi l ngun nng lng, nhng chng tham gia vo qu trnh
chuyn i thc n sang dng d hp thu i vi c th, v vy vitamin c gi l cht
khng thay th trong dinh dng. Ch c mt s rt t vitamin c th tng hp trong c
th gia sc vi s lng rt nh, cn a s c tng hp trong cy, c v a vo c th
cng vi thc n. Vitamin c tnh cht c hiu ring, mi loi vitamin c mt tc dng
c hiu n mt loi phn ng nht nh trong c th, nhng v c th l mt khi thng
nht, nn tt yu s nh hng gin tip n tt c cc hot ng khc ca c th. Nu
thiu loi vitamin no , trc tin nh hng n s pht trin ca c th, l gim khi
lng, gim nng sut, gim kh nng chng bnh.. v sau din ra cc triu chng c
hiu ca s thiu ht vitamin ny.
Mun tng kh nng s dng cc cht dinh dng thc n v khc phc nhng
hin tng bnh l do thiu vitamin gy ra, thng phi b sung vo thc n hn hp mt
lng vitamin hoc dng vitamin th, vitamin tinh khit hoc vitamin tng hp (premix
vitamin) trn c s tho mn nhu cu c th v vitamin.
Do c hot tnh sinh hc cao, vitamin c th pht huy tc dng ngay vi nhng
liu lng rt nh. Do khi b sung vitamin vo khu phn, phi theo ng ch dn
trong ghi r hot tnh v liu s dng chng i vi tng loi gia sc, gia cm. Vic
b sung vitamin di dng premix vitamin l hn hp ng nht ca cc loi vitamin A,
D, E, B1, B2, B12, PP.. khng sinh, thuc phng bnh, axit amin thit yu, cht chng -xy
ho... Nhiu loi premix cho g tht, g , cho ln con, ln hu b , ln tht, ln ni..
c sn xut nc ta v nhiu loi c nhp t nc ngoi.

81

V. KHNG SINH
Nm 1929, th gii tm ra khng sinh, n nm 1940 th khng sinh c dng
rng ri vo vic cha bnh cho ngi v gia sc. n nm 1949, ngi ta cn pht hin
ra rng s dng khng sinh vi liu lng rt thp so vi liu cha bnh vo thc n
cho gia sc th khng nhng hn ch nhiu bnh truyn nhim m cn lm cho con vt
ln nhanh, cho nhiu tht, nhiu trng. Sau pht hin ny khng sinh c dng ph bin
trong chn nui. Gn y xut hin mt s thuc khng sinh c s dng nh l cht
kch thch sinh trng c th mt phn l nguyn nhn ca vic tng tnh khng thuc ca
vi khun, sc khng c th c cc vi khun gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt v cng c
th l ngun gc ca mt vi hin tng ng c thc n. Vic s dng khng sinh trong
chn nui ngy cng c tranh lun bi v y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm
mt i hiu qu ca mt s thuc khng sinh trong iu tr trong nhn y v th y.
5.1. Tc dng ca khng sinh s dng vi mc ch dinh dng
Khng sinh c tc dng kch thch sinh trng. Ln n thc n c b sung khng
sinh tng trng hn i chng 15 - 20%, g 7 - 15%, b 4 - 5%, khng sinh cn lm g
mi nhiu trng hn (9 - 10%) v tng t l n ca trng.
Khng sinh gip cho con vt khe mnh, hn ch ci cc, hn ch bnh tiu chy
v ri lon tiu ha.
Khng sinh lm tng hiu qu s dng thc n. Ngi ta tnh rng, nu thc n c
thm khng sinh th c tng 100 kg th trng tit kim c 15 - 20 kg thc n.
Hin nay, vic b sung khnh sinh vo thc n ch tng mc tng trng 3- 5%,
gim chi ph thc n khong 5%, mt s trng hp cn thp hn. Nguyn nhn l gim
hiu lc ca khng sinh do iu kin chn nui c ci thin, ch dinh dng c
m bo, chm sc qun l v chung tri tt hn trc, mt khc do vic s dng
thng xuyn khnh sinh lm cho vi khun ln thuc, mt hiu lc ca khng sinh.
C ch tc ng ch yu ca khng sinh l liu thp trong thc n khng sinh c
ch s pht trin ca vi khun c hi trong ng rut, tng s tiu ha hp thu dng
cht trong thc n. Tnh nhy cm ca vi trng gy bnh vi khng sinh cao nn n b c
ch khng pht trin v gy bnh, thnh rut non mng v mc lng nhung, to iu
kin hp thu thc n tt hn , do vy tng kh nng li dng thc n hn nn ci thin
tng trng v hiu qu s dng thc n.
iu kin chn nui nh hng n khng sinh
- Mi trng chn nui: Chung tri v thc n nu km v sinh, khu phn thc
n khng cn i, nui dng km th hiu lc khng sinh s cao hn.
iu kin v
sinh tng i km khng sinh c tc dng mnh hn so vi iu kin v sinh tt. Ngi
ta thy rng ln nui chung c cho n khng sinh (loi auromicin) tng trng cao hn
ln khng n khng sinh 0,15 kg/con/ngy, chnh lch nhau 34 %. Nhng ln nui
chung mi cho n khng sinh sh tng trng cao hn i chng 0,05 kg/con/ngy, chnh
lch nhau 3%.
- Tui gia sc: Gia sc non, sc khng y s dng khng sinh s cho hiu lc
cao hn gia sc trng thnh i vi ln, g con, b v cu con. Ln con, b con , g con
s dng khng sinh b sung vo thc n c hiu lc cao hn cc giai on khc.
- Loi gia sc khc nhau, hiu qu s dng khng sinh khc nhau. Khng sinh
khng c tc dng i vi loi nhai li trng thnh, th v vt. Gia sc tit sa nh b
sa, ln ni ang tit sa, khng sinh c tc dng khng r rng. i vi nhng loi ng
vt ny khng nn b sung khng sinh vo khu phn.
82

Cch s dng khng sinh


- Dng liu thp kch thch tng trng, tng nng sut ng vt. Ty theo
loi khng sinh m liu dng khc nhau, nhng trong khong 15 -30 mg/ kg thc n hay
15 - 30 g/1 tn thc n (ch nhng loi khng sinh c php s dng b sung trong thc
n).
- Dng phng bnh khi b Stress thng dng liu cao hn liu kch thch
sinh trng khong gp 10 ln. Thi gian khng qu 5 ngy. g nhng trng hp
Stress cn phi s dng khng sinh phng bnh nh: Lc vn chuyn, chuyn g t t
ln lng, t lng xung t, lc chng vc xin... ln: lc vn chuyn i xa, chuyn ch
mi, lc cai sa. Hiu qu tt khi khi kt hp khng sinh v vitamin (thc n chng
stress: antistress hoc preventive ration).
- Dng khng sinh iu tr: liu cao hn liu phng gp 3 - 4 ln. Thi gian 3
-5 ngy ty loi khng sinh. Sau khi gia sc cha tr bng khng sinh khong 2 tun mi
c git tht trnh tn d khng sinh trong tht.
Tuy nhin, trc khi git tht 1 - 4 tun, ty theo loi khng sinh, khng c
s dng cho gia sc trnh tn d trong tht. M, qui nh thi gian ngng khng
sinh trc khi git tht nh sau:
Loi khng sinh
Liu s dng
Thi gian ngng khng sinh trc
khi git ln
Apramycin
150 g/1 tn TA
28 ngy
Oxytetracyline
10 Mg/ LB
5 ngy
Tiamulin
35 g/1 tn
2 ngy
200 g/ 1 tn
7 ngy
Timicosin
181 - 363/ 1 tn
7 ngy
M, trc nm 1995 FDA cho php nhiu loi khng sinh c s dng
trong thc n chn nui, sau y l mt s loi c s dng trong thc n chn nui
(bng 52).
Bng 52. Cc loi khng sinh v thuc s dng trong thc n chn nui M
Tn cc loi thuc
Amprolium
Apramycin
Axit arsanilic
Bacitracin km
Bambermycine
Carbadox
Chlortetracycline
Erythromycine
Licomicin
Oxytetracycline

Cc ging, Loi ng vt
G, g Ty, b, b sa
Ln
G, g Ty, ln

Mc ch s dng
Kim sot cu trng
Kim sot cu trng
Ci thin tng trng, sc t
gim chi ph thc n
Ci thin tng trng, gim chi ph thc n

G, g ty, g trng
Ln, b, chim tr, Ct
G, g ty, ln
Ln
G, g ty
Vt
B, cu, nga, ln
G, g ty
G, ln
G

Ci thin tng trng, gim chi ph thc n


Ci thin tng trng, gim chi ph thc n
Ci thin tng trng, gim chi ph thc n
Kim sot t huyt trng
Ci thin tng trng, gim chi ph thc n
Phng nga bnh CRD
Tng sinh trng, gim chi ph thc n
Kim sot bnh CRD, phng bnh t
huyt trng, ci thin kh nng sn xut
trng, gim chi ph thc n, phng bnh
83

vim gan truyn nhim ca gia cm


Tng sinh trng, gim chi ph thc n
ci thin kh nng sn xut trng.
Kim sot bnh vim xoang, vim khp
truyn nhim
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph thc
n, phng bnh vim rut do vi rt.
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph thc
n, gim p xe gan, phng bnh tiu chy
do vi khun
Phng bnh tiu chy do vi khun, gim
vim v
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph thc
n, phng bnh CRD
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph T
Kim sot k sinh trng ng rut
Phng giun a
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph T
Kim sot bnh kit l.
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph thc
n, phng bnh CRD
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph T
Kim sot bnh kit l.
Gim vim p xe gan
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph T
Ci thin sinh trng, gim chi ph T
Kim sot bnh kit l
Phng bnh cu trng

G ty

Ln, b, cu
B tht
B sa
Penicilline
Thiabendazole
Tiamulin
Tylosin

G
Ln, chim Tr, chim Ct
B, cu, d
Ln
Ln
G
Ln

Virginiamycin

B
G, g Ty
Ln

Zoalene

G, g Ty

Liu dng cho cc loi gia sc nh sau:


Ln nh 20 - 50 g/tn thc n.
B 20 g/tn thc n
G con 10 g/tn thc n
Khi dng khng sinh vi liu cao (liu iu tr) khng sinh s xut hin trong
mu. Nhng ion kim loi ha tr 2 hn ch s hp thu ca khng sinh. V d:
Tetraciline + Ca2+ ----> phc khng ha tan, do vy s hp thu b gim.
khc phc tnh trng ny cn phi gim thp lng Ca khu phn hoc
b sung axit terephtalic hay tetrasodium ethylen diamin tetraxetat vo khu phn.
5.2. Nhng hn ch ca vic s dng khng sinh
Ngy nay rt nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit cc nc chu u cm dng
hoc hn ch dng khng sinh b sung vo thc n chn nui v nhng l do sau:
- Khi c khng sinh thng xuyn trong thc n c th khng sn sinh sc
khng chng li vi trng, do sc khng ca ng vt gim.
- Vi khun gy bnh tip xc vi khng sinh liu thp s thch ng, c mt
s bin i, thay i cu trc ADN chng li khng sinh.
84

- Tn d khng sinh trong sn phm ng vt c hi cho sc khe ca


ngi. Do khng sinh to ra s khng khng sinh vi nhng vi khun gy bnh cho
ngi, v vy vic iu tr bnh ngi gp kh khn. Mt s loi khng d tn d trong
sn phm ng vt gy ung bu cho ngi, v d: carbadox, olaquindox thuc nhm
cht ha hc quinolon (Commission Regulation EC s 2788/98). Theo bo co ca
Gounellec (1972) vin Hn lm Y hc Paris th tn d ca khng sinh thy c 58%
tht ln, 36% tht b v 7% tht b. Tn d khng sinh lm xut hin vi khun khng
khng sinh, gy c (nh tetracilin i vi xng v rng ca thai v tr nh), gy d
ng.
Nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca Anderson (Anh) ch ra rng Salmonellatyphi-anaurium gy nguy him cho ngi (thm ch gy t vong) v khng sinh khng c
tc dng tr n. Dng khng sinh vi liu thp v lin tc lm xut hin vi khun
khng li khng sinh. Ngi ta cng pht hin ra tnh cht khng khng sinh c di
truyn t vi khun ny sang vi khun khc bng mt cht trung gian c tn l plasmide.
S tng s lng cc dng vi khun khng khng sinh cng ng s hn khi m
ngy nay ngi ta a vo sn xut nhng ch phm cha hn hp nhiu loi khng sinh
vi liu rt thp. Nhng ch phm ny lm tng nhanh cc dng vi khun khng khng
sinh, thm ch khng c nhiu loi khng sinh.
- Dng khng sinh cn khng tt ch khng sinh khng nhng loi b cc vi
khun c hi m cn loi b c vi khun c ch trong ng tiu ha. Cc ging vi khun
c ch trong ng rut nh Lactobacillus, Lactoccoccus, Bifidobacterium, Pediococcus,
Leuconostoc.. thng s dng ngun dinh dng l carbonhydrat ln men sinh ra axit
lactic l ch yu c tc dng gim pH ng rut, c ch vi khun ln men thi gy
phn hu protein. Khi s dng khng sinh c ch vi khun gy bnh trong ng tiu
ho c th tn thng n mt s loi vi sinh vt hu ch lm nh hng n s ln men
sinh axit hu c (bng 53).
Bng 53. nh hng ca mt s loi khng sinh ln s sn sinh axit lactic trong
ng rut (mmol/lt)
Din gii
L i chng
Flavomycin (2 ppm)
Lincomycin (4 ppm)
Bacitracin (50 ppm)
Virginamycin (15 ppm)
Ngun: Intervet Co., 2000)

Diu
5.45
4.32
5.45
3.33
1.36

Rut non
40.11
36.16
22.16
8.16
6.36

Tng cng
45.56
40.48
27.61
11.49
7.72

%
100
88.80
60.60
25.20
16.90

Hu qu ca vic s dng khng sinh thng xuyn trong thc n phng bnh
tiu chy lm ph v cn bng t nhin ca h vi sinh vt ng rut, lm gim hiu qu
iu tr ca khng sinh khi gia sc mc bnh. Ngoi ra s hnh thnh nhiu loi vi khun
khng thuc gy kh khn cho cng tc iu tr bnh, tng mc thi salmonella,
clostridium trong phn tng nguy c dch bnh.
Khng sinh tn d trong sn phm chn nui gy hi cho sc kho ca ngi tiu
dng c th xy ra nh sau :
- Mt s ngi mn cm, c th d ng vi khng sinh khi tiu th tht c s tn
d ca khng sinh.
85

- Mt s loi khng sinh tng hp c ngun gc t quinolon nh: Olaquidox,


Carbadox,Norfloxacin.. tn d trong thc phm c th gy ung th trn ngi.
- n sn phm tn d khng sinh thng xuyn s gy ra ri lon khu h vi sinh
vt ng rut trn ngi, s to nhng loi vi khun gy bnh trn ngi khng li
khng sinh.
Nhng dc phm th y v cc hp cht ho dc ca n cm s dng hoc
trng im gim st khng ch s dng trong chn nui cc nc.
Qui nh ca hi ng EU s 282198 ngy 17/12/1998 th nhng khng sinh sau
y tip tc b cm s dng trong thc n gia sc nh: Zn-Bacitracin, Tylosinphosphate,
Virginiamycin, Spiramycine, do nhng loi khng sinh ny rt d dng to ra nhng dng
vi trng gy bnh khng li khng sinh, t vic iu tr nhim khun tr nn kh khn.
Nhng khng sinh c ngun gc tng hp ha hcnh Carbadox, Olaquindox thuc
nhm cht ha hc quinolon cng b hi ng EU cm s dng trong thc n gia sc
(Quyt nh s 2788/98 ngy 22/12/98) do n l tc nhn gy ung th cho ngi. Thy
in cng ngh cm lun monensin sodium v salinomycin sodium (thuc nhm
inophore) thuc tr cu trng g.
Bng 54. Cc loi thuc v khng sinh cm s dng Vit Nam
STT
1
2

3
4
5

Tn ha cht v khng sinh cm s dng Vit Nam


Chloramphenicol (Tn khc: Cholormomycetin, Chlonitromycin, Lavomycin,
Chlorocid, Leukomycin)
Furazolidon v mt s dn sut nhm Nitrofuran (Nitrofuran, Furacilin,
Nitrofurazon, Furacin, Nitrofurantoin, Furoxon, Orafuran, Furadonin,
Furadantin, Furaltadon, Payzone, Furazolin, Nitrofumethon.Nitrofuridin,
Nitrovin)
Dimetridazole (Tn khc: Emtryl)
Metronidazole (Tn khc:Trichomonoacid, Flagy, Klion, Avimetronid)
Dipterex (Tn khc: Metriphonat, Trichlorphon, Neguvon. Chorophos,
DTHP); DDVP (Tn khc: Dichlorvos, Dichlorovos)
S 29/2002/ Q- BNN, ngy 24/4/2002.

86

87

Thng 7/2003, EU thng qua quyt nh v kim tra v s dng cc cht b


sung trong thc n gia sc, n thng 1 nm 2006 s cm tt c cc loi khng sinh cho
vo thc n. nc ta ngy 20 thng 6 nm 2002 trong quyt nh s 54/2002/Q- BNN
ca B Nng Nghip v Pht trin Nng Thn " v cm sn xut, nhp khu, lu thng
Bng 54. Danh mc dc dc phm th y v cc hp cht ho dc cm
s dng hin nay trong chn nui cc nc.
Lin minh chu u
1. Avoparcin
16. Dimetridazole
2. Ronidazoie
17. Nicarbazin
3. Carbadox
18. Stilbenes, mui v este ca
4. Olquindox
n nh: Diethystilbestrol
5. Bacitracin Zine (Cm ngt b sung trong
19. Antithyroid agent, v d
thc n chn nui)
nh: Thiamazol; Propranolol...
6. Spiramycine (Cm ngt b sung trong
20. Steroics, v d nh:
thc n chn nui)
Estradiol; Testosterone...
7. Virginiamycin (Cm ngt b sung trong
21. Resoreylic acid lac- tone
thc n chn nui)
22. Loi gy hng phn:
8. Tylosin Phosphate (Cm ngt b sung trong Agonists nh: Clenbutenol;
thc n chn nui)
Stalbutamol; Cimaterol...
9. Ariprinocide
23. Aristolochia.spp.v cc
10. Dinitolmide
sn phm ca n
11. Ipronidazole
24. Chroramphenicol
12. Meticlopidol
25. Chloroform
13. Meticlopidol/Mehtylbenzoquate
26. Chrorpromazine
14. Amprolium
27. Colchicine
15. Amprolium/ Ethopabate
28. Dapsone
29. Metronidazoie
30. Nitrofurans
M
1. Chroramphenicol;
2. Chlenbutenol
3. Diethystilbestrol;
4. Dimetridazole
5. Ipronidazole;
6. Other Nitroimidazoles
7. Furazilodone (ngoi khoa c th dng); 8. Nitrofurazone (dng ngoi khoa)
9. Fluoroquinolones;
10.Glycopeptides, Vancomycin, Avoparcin
11. Bvt sa cm dng dc phm th y gc Sulformamides,
Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfabromomethazine, Sulfaethoxypyri.

v s dng mt s loi khng sinh, ho cht trong sn xut v kinh doanh thc n chn
nui "gm 18 loi trong c 2 loi khng sinh: Chloramphenicol v Furazolidon (bng
54).

88

VI. PREMIX
Premix l t ghp ca pre ngha l trc v mixture l pha trn, c ngha l mt
hn hp c trn trc. Do cc nguyn t khong vi lng (st, ng, km, mangan, iot,
selen...) v cc loi vitamin cn thit cho ng vt chim s lng rt nh trong thc n
nn thng c tnh bng miligam (mg) trong 1 kg thc n hoc ppm (phn triu- part
per million). V vy, trong pha trn thc n, cc nguyn t khong vi lng v cc loi
vitamin thng c trn trc vi cht ph gia (cht mang). Premix l mt hn hp ca
mt hay nhiu vi cht cng vi cht pha long (cn gi l cht mang hay cht m). Nh
vy, premix c hai loi cht, l hot cht v cht mang. cho hot cht v cht mang
u vi nhau cn nhng iu kin sau:
- Cht mang v hot cht phi c kch thc nh v tng t nh nhau hot
cht phn tn u trong cht mang (cc ht nh c kch thc 0,1 - 0,3 micron nh
riboflavin, niacin hay pantotenat canxi d b phn tn hn cc cht c dng tinh th).
- Khi lng ring ca hot cht v cht mang cng phi tng ng nhau, nu
khng khi hn hp v vn chuyn s gy s phn cch gia cc cht (cht khong c khi
lng ring 2,1 - 2,2 trong khi khng sinh v vitamin ch c khi lng ring l 0,5 - 0,6).
- Cc hot cht khi hn hp vi nhau khng ph hoi ln nhau v c bn tng
i trong cng mt iu kin d tr.
- Ngoi nhng iu kin trn, ngi ta cn ch n tnh cht ha l, pH, tnh
cht in ca cc cht trong premix.
Trong sn xut ang lu hnh nhiu loi premix khong, premix khng sinh vitamin - axit amin, premix thuc phng bnh. Cng c nhng loi premix tng hp
khong - khng sinh - vitamin - axit amin.
Premix c cht lng tt phi kh, gi c n nh v mt hot lc c bit l
premix vitamin.
VII. CHT KCH THCH SINH TRNG V CC LOI THC N B SUNG
KHC
7.1. Enzyme
Enzyme l cc hp cht hu c c ngun gc l protein c t bo c th ng
vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt tit ra h tr cho s tiu ho cc c cht khc nhau trong
qu trnh sng. B sung enzyme vo thc n ci thin t l tiu ho hp thu thc n,
tng kh nng tng trng ca gia sc.
Cc enzyme thng s dng vo thc n: enzyme amylase, maltase, protease
(phn gii tinh bt, ng maltose, phn gii protein). Ngi ta s dng cc enzyme phn
gii xylose v beta-glucan (c nhiu trong la m i mch) tng t l hp thu cc cht
dinh dng. Enzyme phytase cng ang c dng ph bin c tc dng gii phng pht
pho khi axit phytic c nhiu trong cc ht ng cc v ph phm.
7.2. Nm men
Cc nm men c s dng vi t cch l cht tr sinh l Saccharomyces
cerevisiae v Aspergillus oryzae. Mt s nghin cu ang tin hnh s dng vi khun
hoc nm men, nm mc (mold) trong thc n va c tc dng phng bnh v to ra
nhng nhng sn phm ph ngay trong ng rut c li cho ng vt nh loi
Lactobacillus to axit amin lysine. Cc vi khun tit enzyme phn gii NSP tng kh

89

nng tiu ho thc n v nhng vi khun, nm men, mc (mold) c kh nng phn gii
c t trong thc n hoc c t hnh thnh t qu trnh tiu ho.
Ngoi vic s dng cht tr sinh theo ng ngha l cc vi sinh vt sng, mt
hng ch phm khc lin quan n vi sinh vt cng ang c ng dng l l s dng
mt vi thnh phn trong t bo vi sinh vt lm cht b sung thc n nh: mannanoligosaccharides.
Mng t bo nm men c ch a ba loi ng l mannan-oligosaccharide,
fructo-oligosaccharide v galacto-oligosaccharide. Trong mannan-oligosaccharide c
kh nng khng nguyn cao nh vo thnh phn ng mannan v glucan trong cu to
phn t. Nm 1956, cc nghin cu cho thy kh nng gy phn ng min dch chut
nh cu trc protein-mannan-glucan trong vch t bo nm men. Cc ng manose ca
mannan-oligosaccharide nh hng h thng min dch bng cch kch thch s tit cc
protein kt dnh manose gan. Cc protein kt dnh ny cng s dnh kt vi nhng
mng bao (capsule) ca vi khun xm nhp nh clostridium v samonella. Nh thnh tu
ca cng ngh sinh hc hin nay nn vic nui cy men v chit xut thnh phn t vch
t bo nm men tr nn ph bin, to thnh sn phm ng dng i tr trong chn
nui.
7.3. Cht bo qun thc n v cht kt dnh
- Cht chng mc (antifungal)
Sau khi mc c pht trin trn c cht (thc n chn nui) s to ra c t. Vic
kh hoc hn ch hu qu ca c t mc rt tn km v tc dng i khi khng r rt.
V vy, ngn nga khng cho mc pht trin trong thc n cn b sung nhng cht c
tc dng dit hoc ngn nga khng cho mc pht trin hn ch nguy c thc n c
c t mc. Phng php quan trng chng nm l gim m. Theo qui nh chung,
m bo qun tt thc n khong 12 - 13% tr xung, ring vi cm go m
10%.
Cht chng mc thng l mt hoc hn hp cc loi axit hu c nh axit
propionic, axit sorbic, sodium diacetate, axit phosphoric. Cc ho cht chng nm mc
thng c s dng nh sau:
Propionic v mui ca chng nh: propionat amn, propionat canxi, propionat
natri. Mui dng bt d s dng hn.
Khng sinh chng nm l cht nisztatin.
Cc cht trn c ch khng cho nm mc pht trin ch khng kh c c t
nm mc sn c trong thc n t trc.
Cc cht chng khun nh axt formc c tc dng h thp pH v st khun nn n
cng c s dng bo qun thc n. Ngi ta thng s dng hn hp gia 3 loi
ho cht sau y bo qun thc n:
Axit formc
Axit propionic
Formalin liu thp, v formalin rt c nn hin nay t dng.
Thng dng nht l axit formc, axit propionic v NH3. Ngoi ra, cng c th s
dng hn hp gia 2 loi axit v c l axit chlohydric v axit sulfuric bo qun thc
n xanh chng s ln men ca vi khun v nm mc.
iu quan trng l cc cht chng mc phi dit c mc v khng lm gim
ngon ming ca thc n. S n mn kim loi my trn v sc kho ca cng nhn trn
thc n cng l iu cn lu tm khi s dng cc cht chng mc.
90

- Thuc chng oxy ha


Cht chng oxy ho c s dng gn nh thng xuyn trong thc n c nhiu
tc nhn gy oxy ho nh nhi cht bo, kim loi nng (trong premix). Cht chng oxy
ho c th c trong t nhin nh: vitamin E, vitamin C nhng thng t tin, ch dng
trong thc phm ngi. Trong thc n chn nui thng s dng cht chng oxy ho
tng hp nh cc loi BHA (butyl hydroxy anisol - C11H16O2), BHT (butyl hydroxy
toluen - C15H24O) dng chng oxy ha du v m (dng vi liu 20g/100kg m hay
du), ethoxiquin dng chng oxy ha c v bt c (liu cho ln v gia cm l 125 150 mg/kg thc n, trnh ht vo v tip xc vi da).
- Cht kt dnh (pellet binder)
lm thc n dp vin c kt inh tt ngi ta dng n cc cht kt dnh
nh: t st trng, r mt, ph phm ca cng nghip t si nh hemicellulose, lignin
sulfonate, hoc s sn phm t nhin nh bt l cy gn. Khi s dng cht kt dnh s
lm tng gi thnh thc n nhiu nn thng cht kt dnh ch c dng cho mt s thc
n cn thit nh thc n cho tm, c.
7.4. Cht nh ha
Ngi ta thng s dng cht nh ho nhm mc ch lm gim sc cng mt
ngoi ca nhng ht m, lm cho ht m phn tn nh trong mi trng nh trp ca ng
tiu ho v t lm tng kh nng hp thu cht bo, cc vitamin v sc t tan trong cht
bo. S ng dng ca n c ch nhiu nht l trong k thut ch sa nhn to
nui b con hoc heo con bng sa kh b v c thm du m thc vt hoc ng vt.
Cht nh ho trong t nhin c s dng nhiu nht l Leucitin, mt loi sn
phm ph trong k ngh du thc vt. y l cht va c tc dng nh ho, va c tc
dng tng s hp thu ccVitamin tan trong cht bo, li va cung cp cholin cho c th
khi n thu phn trong ng tiu ho. Tuy vy, leucitin c nhc im l rt kh bo
qun v trong phn t ca n c cha axit bo cha no nn d b oxy ho bin thnh
aldehyt c mi hi. V l , thay th leucitin ngi ta cn c rt nhiu cht nh ho
m khc, l nhng cht nh ho tng hp nh:
MG: Mono-Glicerit
SMG: Sulfat Mono Glycerit
Ester gia axit bo v ng
Polyglicol c cha axit bo
Natri tetrapropylen benzensunfonat
Natri de decyl benzensunfonat
Natri de decylsulfat
Cc dn xut ca benzensunfonat l sn phm ph ca ngnh du m c cha
vng 6 cnh lin kt ester vi axit sulfuric to ra 1 gc tan trong nc v nhm khc
lin kt vi vng benzen l chui cacbon di ngn khc nhau tan c trong cht bo nn
n tr thnh cht nh ho ni ting.
Khi s dng loi ny cn kim tra xem nhn benzen c lu gi nhiu trong sn
phm hay khng. l gc kh phn gii v c th l tc nhn gy ung th, nu n lin
kt c vi DNA. V vy, cn thn trng khi s dng cc cht c ngun gc tng hp
ny.
Trong c th ng vt, dch mt l cht nh ho ni ting, c th tan trong cht
bo v trong nc. Chng ta gi chung cht nh ho l cht lng cc c cha 2 nhm
chc: lipophyl tan trong cht bo v hydrophyl tan trong nc.
91

Cht nh ha monoglyxerit ca axit oleic hay axit stearic dng vi liu cho b,
ln con, cu v d l 2g/100g cht bo.
7.5. Cc cht to mu, mi
Tu theo yu cu th trng, cc cht b sung thc n cn c th c nhng cht
gip to mu sn phm chn nui hoc to mi thm, v ngt cho thc n gip cho gia
sc tiu th c thc n nhiu hn. lm da, m, lng trng g, trng vt c mu
vng ti p mt ngi ta c th trn vo thc n cc loi bt c, bt l, bt ngh hoc
sc t trch t cc sn phm t nhin c mu vng, hay cc sc cht tng hp nh:
cataxantin (C40H52O2) hay apocaroten este (C32H44O2) dng nng cao m mu ca
lng trng hay da g. Cc cht to mi v v thng l sn phm tng hp ho hc v
kh t tin.
Cc cht to mu, mi v thc n khng c hoc t tc dng trc tip n nng
sut ng vt hoc gi tr dinh dng thc n m ch yu lm tng tnh cnh tranh ca
sn phm chn nui hoc sn phm thc n thng qua mu sc, hnh dng bn ngoi nn
quyt nh s dng s tu thuc vo gi c v nhu cu th trng tiu th quyt nh.

92

93

CHNG VII
PHNG PHP CH BIN THC N
I. CHUA (SIL - SILAGE)
chua (cn gi sil hay xanh) l mt qu trnh lm gim pH n gi tr m
ti thc n c th khng b h hng. Do pH thp nn khi c mi v chua nn ngi
ta gi l chua. Hin nay c hai phng php chua: chua axit v chua vi sinh vt.
chua axit l qu trnh lm gim pH nh thm vo trong thc n mt s axit v c, v d
axit phtphoric, sulphuric, clohydric.. hay hu c, v d nh axit phoocmic, propionic..
hoc l kt hp gi v c v hu c. Trong khi , chua vi sinh vt l qu trnh lm
gim pH khi nh vi sinh vt (ch yu l tn ti trong t nhin), trong nhm
chnh l vi khun ln men lc tc.
chua c tin hnh kh lu chu u, ni c iu kin thi tit lnh v m
ko di khng ph hp cho phi kh thc n. Hin nay, nhiu nc chu u, chu M,
chu c p dng rng ri phng php chua lm thc n cho gia sc qua v ng. Ban
u, chua ch tin hnh trn c xanh ha tho (ch yu l cy ng v cao lng), nn c
lc gi l xanh. Trong thi gian ny, vic s dng axit lm gim pH ca thc n v
c ch ln men l ph bin. S dng axit lm gim pH tng hm lng cht khong
v tn d mt s axit gy c cho gia sc. Hin nay, chua bng ln men vi sinh vt
c s dng rng ri v t c hn s dng axit. Trong phn ny chng ti ch cp
n chua bng ln men vi sinh vt.
1.1. Vai tr enzyme thc vt trong qu trnh chua
Ngay sau khi cy c b ct ri, t bo thc vt cn sng v qu trnh h hp xy
ra. Tinh bt v ng b thy phn bi enzyme t bo thnh kh CO2 v nc, do nng
lng t thc n b tiu hao:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 kcal
S thy phn tinh bt thng xy ra khi c mt xy trong khi v nhit ti
thch cho qu trnh ny l 28-370C. S mt mt ch yu l cacbohydrat d tiu. hn
ch qu trnh ny th cn phi gim cung cp -xy cng nhanh cng tt.
Trong cy c, protein chim khong 75-90% tng lng nit. Sau khi thu hoch,
protein thc vt cng b phn gii nhanh bi enzyme t bo thnh cc hp cht nit phi
protein (NPN) nh cc axit amin t do. Trong khi phi ho c, hm lng protein c th
gim ti 50%. Qu trnh phn gii protein di hay ngn ph thuc ging c, hm lng
vt cht kh v nhit mi trng. Ngay khi em chua, s phn gii protein vn tip
tc nhng tc chm v pH gim. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca emzym thc vt b hn ch khi
pH gim thp. Qu trnh phn gii protein ch yu do vi sinh vt ch khng phi bi
enzyme thc vt.
Nu s ln men NPN tip tc (tuy nhin, khng do enzyme thc vt) th sn sinh
ra mt s amin nh tryptamin, histamin... Nhng amin ny to ra mi, v kh chu v c
th c.

94

1.2. Vai tr vi sinh vt trong qu trnh chua


Vi khun v nm hiu kh l nhng vi sinh vt hot ng ni tri khi cy c cn
ti, nhng trong iu kin ym kh, chng c thay th bi vi khun sng trong iu
kin thiu -xy. Nhng vi khun ny bao gm: vi khun ln men lactic, clostridia v
enterobacteria.
Vi khun ln men lactic
Vi khun lactic ch chim 1% tng s vi khun ca thc vt. N pht trin trong
mi trng ym kh. S pht trin nhanh ca chng s quyt nh phm cht ca thc n
xanh v sn sinh axit lactic lm gim nhanh pH khi . Vi khun ln men lactic sinh sn
nhanh khi cy b ct ngn, hoc b tn thng. C 3 yu t gip cho vi khun lactic pht
trin nhanh c l: ym kh, ng v vi khun lactic nhiu.
Nu nhng yu t trn c p ng, ng trong thc n xanh s c chuyn
phn ln thnh axit lactic l nhn t ch yu bo tn thc n xanh vi pH = 3,5 - 4,2.
Trong c ha tho t pH ny cn 1,5 - 2,0% axit lactic.
Vi khun ln men lactic gm hai nhm: t dng - homofermentative bacteria
(Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococus pentosaceus v Enterococus feclis) v d dng heterofermentactive bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis v Leuconostoc mesenteroides).
Khi chua, vi khun lactic tip tc tng v ln men cacbohydrat tan trong nc
thnh axit hu c, ch yu l axit lactic, lm gim pH khi . Nhm t dng s dng
ng hexoz hiu qu hn vi khun d dng. Trong qu trnh chua, hemicellulose c
th b thy phn gii phng ng pentoz v vi khun lactic phn gii thnh axit lactic v
axetic.
Clostridia
Clostridia c mt t trong cy c, ch yu do nhim t t ai. Nhm ny dng
bo t v ln ln khi mi trng ym kh. Chng c th gm 2 nhm chnh: nhm ln
men ng v nhm phn gii protein. Nhm ln men ng (Clostridium butyricum v
Clostridium tyrobutyrricum) ln men axit lactic v cacbohydrat tan trong nc thnh axit
butyric, v v vy tng gi tr pH. Nhm phn gii protein (Clostridium bifermentn v
Clostridium sporogenes) ln men ch yu axit amin thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau nh
axit axetic, butyric, cc amin (putrescine, histamine, cadaverine) v amn.
Clostridia sinh sn nhanh pH 7-7,4 v chng khng sng c trong mi trng
pH di 4,2. Chng pht trin km khi hm lng cht kh khi trn 30% v hon ton
khng pht trin khi cht kh trn 40%.
Nhm bacillus
Nhm ny b ly lan khi thu hoch cy c, nhng khi pH thp th khng pht
trin. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng hiu kh nhm ny pht trin rt nhanh. B d b sy
thai khi cho n thc n chua cha nhiu Bacillus lichiniformis.
Nm
Nm c nhiu trong t, trong cy v sinh sn nhiu hnh thc, n bo (nm
men) hay a bo (nm mc). Nm men c trong thc n chua gm cc chng thuc:
Candida, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis. Chng c vai tr quan trng trong vic gy thi
khi khi tip xc vi khng kh.
Nm mc hot ng ch yu trong mi trng hiu kh v hot ng tch cc
lp b mt ca khi . Nhiu chng c kh nng sn sinh mycotoxin (bng 56).

95

Bng 56. Mt s nm sn sinh mycotoxin trong thc n chua


Tn nm
Penicillium roqueforti
Byssochlamys nivea
Paecilomyces viriotii
Aspergillus clavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus flavus
Fusarium culmorum
Fusarium crookwellense

Mycotoxin
Roquefortine A, B, C; c t PR; axit microfinolic v
penicillic
Bo t (patulin)
Bo t
Bo t, cytochanasin E; tryptoquinolin
Fumiclavine A, C; fumitoxin A, B, C; glioxin
Aflatoxin; axit cyclopiazonic
c t T2 v HT; zearelenone
Zearelenone

Tuy nhin, vic gy c do n thc n chua rt t khi gp. Mt phn l do vi


sinh vt d c c th phn hy cc c t nh zearelenone, ochrotoxin. Mt khc, gia sc
nhai li c kh nng chuyn i trichothecene n vo rt hiu qu.
Tm li, cn gim thiu s tip xc ca khng kh hoc s c mt ca khng kh
trong thc n chua.
Enterobacteria
Enterobacteria lin quan nhiu n chua, c lc gi l vi khun ln men axetic
hay vi khun coliform, thng c mt vi vi s lng rt t trong cy trng. Nhm ny
c cc i din l Escherichia coli v Erwwinia herbicola. Chng sinh trng nhanh
trong mi trung k kh, khc vi clostridia, v cnh tranh vi vi khun lactic trong vic
s dng cacbohydrat d tan trong nc. Chng ln men cacbohydrat thnh hn hp axit
axetic, ethanol v hydr. Ging vi clostridia ch c kh nng kh cacboxyl v amin
ca cac axit amin hnh thnh amoniac. Chng sng trong pH thch hp l 7,0 v
thng hot ng trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men.
Tm tt mt s con ng ln men (bng 57) v qu trnh chua (s 9).

96

Bng 57. Mt s con ng ln men trong qu trnh chua


Vi khun lactic
Nhm t dng

Glucose 2 axit lactic


Fructose 2 axit lactic
Pentose axit lac tic + axit axetic

Nhm d dng

Glucose axit lactic + ethanol + CO2


3 Fructose axit lactic + 2 mannitol + axit axetic + CO2
Pentose axit lactic + axit axetic

Clostridia
Nhm ng ha

2 axit lactic axit butyric + 2CO2 + 2H2

Nhm phn gii protein

Axit glutamic axit axetic + 3NH3 + CO2


Lysine axit axetic + axit butyric + 2NH3
Arginine putrescine + CO2
Axit glutamic axit aminobutyric + CO2
Histidine histamine + CO2
Lysine cadaverine + CO2

Enterobacteria

Alanine + 2 glycine 3 axit axetic + 3NH3 + CO2


Glucose axit axetic + ethanol + 2CO2 + 2H2

1.3. Nhng nhn t nh hng n qu trnh xanh


Lng protein trong thc n lin quan n lng axit lactic cn thit t pH n
nh v axit lactic th lm gim pH ca thc n , cn protein v nhng sn phm phn
hy ca protein (NH3) li chng li s gim pH. Hm lng protein trong thc n em
cng cao th cng cn nhiu axit lactic (cng cn nhiu ng) t pH thch hp (bng
58). V d bng 58 cho thy, u tm c hm lng protein cao (40-45%) nn cn phi
phi hp vi cht ph gia cha nhiu ng (trong trng hp ny ph gia l r mt
ng). Nu t l u tm trn 75% (tnh theo ti - t l 4:1 v 6:1 trong th nghim) th
khi s h hng sau 14 ngy chua.

97

S 9. Cc qu trnh bin i sinh ho v vi sinh trong chua (Muck, 1993)


Ban u

Ln men
Giai
ch ng on n
nh

Lm thc n

H hp thc vt
Phn gii
Phn gii cacbon
hydrat bi enzyme
Phn hu t bo thc
Nm
Nm mc
Enterobacteria
Bacilli
Vi khun ln men
Clostridia
Phn ng Maillard
Thu phn x bi
axit
(hemicellulose)
C cn lng axit lactic nhiu gp 5 ln so vi b ma. Trong thc t vi c ha
tho mun xanh t kt qu tt cn ti thiu 2% ng, 25 - 30% vt cht kh thu
c, 1,5 - 2,0% axit lactic.
Bng 58. nh hng ca t l u tm v r mt n pH v hm lng vt cht kh,
protein th v NH3 tng s (%) ca khi
Th
nghim1
P T-RM 6 :1
CHC T-RM 4 :1
T-RM 3 :1
V T-RM 6 :1
VCK T-RM 4 :1
T-RM 3 :1
C T-RM 6 :1
CP
T-RM 4 :1
T-RM 3 :1

14

8.5
8.3
8.0a
31.6a
33.2a
32.4a
29.1
25..3
23.2a

7.6
7.6
4.5b
27.4b
30.0b
29.5b
29..2
25..4
26..4b

8.7
8.1
4.5b
26.6c
29.6b
29.1b
29..3
25. 0
26..6 b

Ngy
21
4.6b
28..9b
28..2b

98

SEM
28

56

4.66
28..3bc
28..3b

4.8b
28..0c
27.9c

0.09
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.18
0.57
0.19
0.42

0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.977
0.337
0.001

N T-RM 6 :1
NH3- T-RM 4 :1
N
T-RM 3 :1

1.2a
1.0a
1.5a

14.2b
7.2b
3.4b

20.8c
8.6c
4.1c

4.4c

4.5c

6.5d

0.40
0.14
0.12

0.001
0.001
0.001

Ngun: L c Ngoan, 2000.


1
T-RM 6:1; 4:1 v 3:1: l t l u tm (6, 4 v 3) v r mt (1) theo khi lng ti.
SEM : sai s ca s trung bnh; P: xc sut; a b c trong cng hng ( P< 0.05)
Lng ng cn thit lm xc tc cho qu trnh ln men hnh thnh cc axit
hu c. Nhng ng trong thc vt ch gii phng ra khi t bo b cht nn tt c cc
bin php lm cho t bo thc vt cht nhanh u gip cho s ln men to axit lactic.
Khi nn khi khng kh ra ngoi cng nhanh, ct c cng nh th pH gim cng
nhanh. Lng ng c trong thc n ha tho cao hn h u.Thng s ng/protein
l lng ng thc t trong thc n so vi lng protein trong (bng 59). chua
cng d khi thng s ny ln cao.
Bng 59. Thng s gia hm lng ng/protein thay i theo h thc vt
Loi c
Thng s ng/protein
C alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
0,2 - 0,3
C ba l trng
0,3
C hn hp
0,3 - 1,3
Ng ngm sa
1,5 - 1,7
Trong iu kin khng vi khun lactic, thng s ng > 0,8 th thc n c
th chua rt tt; 0,4- 0,8: tt; v di 0,4: kh . c bit c ha tho ma xun d
hn ma thu v hm lng ng trong ma xun ln: 12 - 20% tnh theo vt cht kh,
cn trong ma thu ch t 3 - 12%.
Hiu s ng: Hiu s ng l hiu s gi lng ng thc t (E) v hn
ng ti thiu (F). Hiu s ng ln hn 0 l thc n c kh nng tt. Hn ng
ti thiu: F = B - 1,7; Trong , B l lng axit lactic nng 0,1N trung ha 100 cht
kh ca thc n c pH = 4,2. H s 1,7 l c 100 g glucoz khi ln men to thnh 60 g
axit axetic. V du, F ca thn cy ng = 2,91 x 1,7 = 4,94, nh vy cn 4,94 g ng
glucoz th mi c th c pH = 4,2.
Bng 60. Hm lng ng v lng ng ti thiu cn cho qu trnh xanh ca
mt s cy c
Loi c cy
C Pangola (Digitaria decumbens)
C voi (Pennisetum pupureum)
C Guine (Panicum maximum)
C Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Ng (Zea maiz) chn sa
Cy cao lng (Shorgum vulgaris)

Vt
cht kh (%)
22,0
20,9
28,2
18,8
25,0
22

T l
ng (%)
1,20
4,65
2,07
1,15
16,00
12,60

Lng
ng ti thiu
5,00
3,70
6,00
7,90
4,95
5,18

Hm lng ng ti thiu l lng ng cn thit m bo cho hot ng


ca vi khun lactic hnh thnh axit lactic cn thit t nhanh pH = 4,2, yu t quan
trng bo qun thc n xanh.

99

qu trnh chua thun li nn hn hp cc loi c nhiu ng cng vi cc


loi c t ng (bng 60). V d, hiu s ng ca thn cy ng E - F = 21,84, c h
u E - F = - 5,78; hn hp hai loi trn: E - F = 16,06.
Trong thc t mun thc n xanh c cht lng cao cn:
- Ct ngn, ri u, nn cht gim mt mt trong qu trnh h hp thc vt, to
iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ln men lactic. Axit lactic cn thit bo qun thc n
sil nh ru cn c alcolhol.
- ng tng s t 25 tr ln (c th cho thm r mt, ng th..) trong thc n
xanh em .
- Phi ho c trc khi em t 25 - 30% vt cht kh.
- C th thm axit hu c hay v c gim nhanh pH xung di 4,2.
- Thc n chua cn ni cao ro, thot nc nu l trong h.
1.4. S mt mt trong qu trnh chua
Nh ni trn, mt mt xy ra trong qu trnh chua thc n qua nhiu cng
on: thu hoch, khi em , ln men v mt do r r qua cht thi. Mt qua thu hoch ch
yu giai on phi kh. Cng ko di thi gian phi kh cng mt nhiu dinh dng.
V d, lng vt cht kh mt i khong 6% sau 5 ngy phi v 10% sau 8 ngy. Cht
dinh dng mt ch yu l cacbohydrat d tan trong nc v protein do thy phn thnh
axit amin.
Mt dinh dng trong giai on h hp m bo hay ni cch khc l do khi
tip xc khng kh ph thuc vo b mt khi v mc ym kh. V vy, din tch b
mt khi cn phi nh.
Mt dinh dng trong qu trnh ln men vi sinh vt ph thuc vo con ng ln
men. Ln men do clostridia v enterobacteria mt nhiu dinh dng hn ln men lactic.
c tnh mt mt cht kh do ln men vo khong 5%. Mt ch yu qua kh CO 2, hydro
v amoniac.
Cht thi c (effluent) t khi c hnh thnh mang i nhiu cht dinh dng.
y l mt mt ln nht. Lng cht thi t khi ph thuc ln vo m thc n em
. V d, m thc n em 85% th lng vt cht kh mt 10%, nu m 70% mt
rt t hoc khng xy ra. Tng quan gia hm lng cht kh (D, kg/tn) v lng cht
thi (Vn, lt/tn) nh sau:
Vn = 767 - 5,34D + 0,00936D2.
Cht thi bao gm ng, hp cht nit d tan, khong v axit ln men. Tt c cc
cht ny c gi tr dinh dng cao. V vy, trong khi lm thc n chua cn quan tm
n m ban u v tnh trng khi .
1.5. nh gi thc n chua
bit c khi no tt th cn da cc phng php khc nhau gim nh.
Gim nh bng cm quang: mu sc, mi, v, v gim nh ha hc, ch yu l pH v NNH3 c trong khi .
c im ca khi tt l:
pH thp hn 4,5; tt nht l 4,0
T l axit butyric thp, axit lctic cao
Sn phm phn hy protein l axit amin
N-NH3 nm trong khong 60 g/kg N
Ym kh trong khi
Mu sc t thay i so vi vt liu ti
100

Mi thm d chu v d b mt
Di y l v d c im ca khi chua ng v c rye tt (bng 61).
Bng 61. c im mt s loi thc n chua tt (ng v c rye)
C rye
Cy ng
Ti
Lm ho
Vt cht kh (g/kg)
186
316
285
PH
3,9
4,2
3,9
N tng s (g/kg cht kh)
23
22,8
15
N protein (g/kg N tng s)
235
289
545
N-amn (g/kg N tng s)
78
79
63
Axit axetic (g/kg cht kh)
36
24
26
Axit butyric (g/kg cht kh)
1,4
0,6
0
Axit lactic (g/kg cht kh)
102
59
53
Ethanol (g/kg cht kh)
12
6,4
<10
Ngun: Donalson v Edwards, 1976; Wilkinson v Phipps, 1979.
II. CH BIN THC N HT (HT CC V HT H U)
2.1. Tnh cht vt l, ho hc ca tinh bt ht
Tinh bt l polysacarit d tr trong ht, c, qu. i phn t tinh bt c hai cu t
l amylose v amylopectin. Amyloz l mt polyme mch thng do cc phn t D-glucose
lin kt vi nhau theo kiu 1,4-glucoside. Thng thng tinh bt ht cc cha 20 - 30%
amyloz. go ngon cha 25 - 30% amyloz, t l ny cao hay thp hn u lm thay i
ngon ca go.
Amilopectin l mt polyme mch nhnh do cc phn t D-glucose lin kt vi
nhau qua mch 1,4 v 1,6-glucoside. Trng lng phn t ca amilopectin l hng chc
triu, trong khi amylose ch khong 106 .
- Cu trc ca ht tinh bt kh c bit, mi ht c mt rn ht (hilum), xung
quanh rn ht l cc vng ng tm hay cn gi l vng sinh trng. Cc ht tinh bt ng
cc thng c cc vt na hnh thnh do s mt nc nhanh ca ng cc trong qu trnh
thnh thc. Chnh nh nhng vt nt ny m enzyme tiu ho d thm nhp to iu kin
d dng cho s phn gii. Cc ht tinh bt ca cc loi c khng c cc vt nt ny cho
nn kh tiu ho hn. Tinh bt c cu trc tinh th, di tc dng ca nhit hay axit cu
trc tinh bt b ph v.
2.2. Bin i vt l, ho hc ca tinh bt trong qu trnh ch bin
S gelatin ho:
Di tc dng ca c, nhit hoc ho cht lin kt hydro gia cc i phn t
amylose v amilopectin b ph v, cu trc t nhin ca ht tinh bt b bin i. Khi tinh
bt c ngm trong nc v nhit ca nc tng dn ln ti 55 oC, cc ht tinh bt
ht nc v trng phng ln. S trng phng ny l qu trnh thun nghch, sau khi
lm lnh v lm kh, ht tr li bnh thng nhng nu nhit cao hn (60 - 80 oC),
cc ht tinh bt ht nc b trng phng v ht khng tr li bnh thng c na. Lc
ny tinh bt mt i cu trc tinh th. Nhit un nng cng cao, cng ko di th cu
trc ht cng b ph v cng nhiu. Qu trnh ny gi l gelatin ho. Nhit gelatin ho
khc nhau ph thuc vo ngun gc tinh bt. Tinh bt i mch 59 - 64oC, tinh bt ng
62 - 72oC, tinh bt la m 65 - 67oC, tinh bt cao lng 67 - 77oC. Gelatin ho c th
101

xut hin khi nghin hoc cn mng cc loi ht ng cc. Mt s dung dch kim hay axit
cng c tc dng thc y qu trnh gelatin ho.
S rn anh v dextrin ho:
Rn anh l qu trnh trong cc ht tinh bt t trng thi trng phng hoc
gelatin ho tr v trng thi qun t thnh tng m v khng ho tan. Kt qu ca qu
trnh ny l lin kt hydro gia amyloz v amylopectin c phc hi. Mc rn anh
ph thuc vo bn cht ht, vo hm lng nc t do, nhit ... S rn anh ca tinh
bt lm gim hiu qu tc ng ca enzyme, do lm gim t l tiu ho .
Dextrin ho l qu trnh phn ct phn on cc cu t amylose v amylopectin.
Dextrin ho c th thc hin bng phng php x l tinh bt bng nhit v m
hoc bng dung dch axit hoc mui. X l bng tia hng ngoi hay n bng l cc
phng php dextrin ho in hnh v t l tiu ho tinh bt tng r rt.
Tc ng ca enzyme amylase ln tinh bt:
Cc enzyme -amylase gn vo cc mch .1,4 v .1,6 glucoside phn ngoi
vi ca i phn t tinh bt, thu phn tinh bt thnh maltose v glucose. i vi cc cu
t amylopectin, -amylase u tin tc ng vo cc lin kt phn nhnh. V i th cc
amylase tc ng ln b mt ht tinh bt, trc ht nhng ch gy hay nhng vng
khng hon ho v cu trc, sau lan to ra cc vng xung quanh, to thnh nhng hc
hnh nn, xi mn cc ht v lm cho chng ho tan hon ton.
2.3. Cc phng php ch bin thc n ht
2.3.1 Cc phng php ch bin kh
- Nghin bng ba
Nghin bng ba trong my nghin, ht c p v bng h thng ba p.
nh ca ht ph thuc vo loi ht, m ca ht, kch c mt sng v tc dng ht
lu chuyn.
- Nghin bng trc ln
Nghin bng trc ln lm ht c lm v, b cn mng v nghin nh bi cc
trc ln trong my nghin. nh ca ht ph thuc vo kch c v cu trc, tc vng
quay ca con ln v cc yu t khc nh: loi ht, m ca ht.
- N bng (popping)
Phng php ny lm gin n v ph v cc ht bng nhit v p sut cao.
Ng, go, cao lng, la m c th p dng n bng nhng i mch v yn mch khng
thc hin c. Nhit n bng thng l 150oC, nhng mc bung n khc nhau
tu thuc vo loi ht v m ca ht.
- Phng php dng sng cc ngn (micronizing)
phng php ny nh tc ng ca vi sng, nhit ca ht tng nhanh trong
khong 140 - 180oC vi thi gian ngn ch vi chc giy tu theo loi ht, tinh bt ht
c gelatin ho, vitamin trong thc n ht c bo ton.
- Phng php rang chn
Ht c quay trong mt khoang kim loi chuyn ng theo chu k qua tia la.
Nhit ca ht trong qu trnh rang t khong 150oC.
- p n ( extruding)
Phng php p n l ht c p qua mt xy lanh trn, bn trong l mt trc c
rnh xon. Lc ma st to ra nhit khong 95oC. Tinh bt ht c gelatin ho, cc
cht khng dinh dng cng b ph hu, cc cht dinh dng trong thc n ht c bo
ton.
102

2.3.2 Cc phng php ch bin t


- Ngm nc
Ht c ngm nc trong khong thi gian 12 - 24h v c ngm mt lng
nc. Phng php ny thng p dng vi cc loi ht cng nhm gip qu trnh tiu
ha c hc xy ra nhanh v s tip xc ca enzyme tiu ha tt hn.
- Phng php ht t
Ht c ngm nc t hm lng nc 25 - 30%, sau em ym kh 20
ngy. Trong qu trnh , cc enzyme c sn trong ht s tc ng n tinh bt. Cht
lng ca sn phm ch bin s ph thuc vo loi ht, nhit mi trng v m
ca ht.
- X l kim (alkali treatment)
Ht c ngm hoc phun bng dung dch xt nng 2,5 - 4% ph thuc vo
loi ht. C th s dng dung dch amoniac, tuy nhin phung php ny ng vai tr bo
qun nhiu hn l lm thay i tnh cht vt l, ho hc ca ht.
- X l axit (acid treatment)
X l axit thng p dng cho ht cc ti, axit c dng l axetic, propionic,
izobutyric, formic, benzoic nhng ph bin l axit axetic hoc propionic hoc hn hp
ca hai axit ny. Tu theo m ca ht m t l axit c dng t 0,5 - 3% tnh theo
khi lng ht, m cng cao lng axit cng nhiu. u im ca phng php x l
axit l khng cn c hm kn (ht ngm axit c th bo qun trong ti polyetylen,
trong thng g), thi gian bo qun c th ko di ti mt nm. Tc dng bo qun ca
ht vn cn duy tr khi a ht ra khi ni bo qun.
- Phng php hp cn (steam rolling)
Trc ht ht phi chu tc ng bi hi nc trong khong thi gian t 3-5 pht,
sau ht c nghin bng trc ln. Phng php ny nhm lm mm nhanh chng cc
loi ht cng.
- Hp v lm v (steam flaking)
Theo phng php ny ht c phun mt lng hi nc nng trong khong
thi gian sao cho m ca ht tng ln 18% (ng mt 12 pht; cao lng mt 25 pht).
Nhit ht t c 100oC khi a vo trc ln.
- Hp chn p sut cao (pressure cooking)
Ht c hp chn nhit 143oC v p sut 3kg/cm2. Sau khi hp chn nguyn
liu c lm mt cho n khi nhit cn 90 oC v hm lng m gim cn 20%
trc khi cn v nghin bng trc ln.
- Phng php lm gin n (exploding)
Theo phng php ny ht c hp chn trong iu kin c hi nc nhit
o
200 C v p sut 15kg/cm2 trong 20 giy. Di p sut v nhit cao, ht b trng
phng sau gin n n mc ti a.
- p vin (pelleting)
Thng thng ngi ta a hi nc nng vo khi nguyn liu a nhit
ln khong 60 -94oC. nhit ny mt phn tinh bt c gelatin ho. Nh sc p ca
trc ln ln syranh vin thc n c hnh thnh khi chui qua cc rnh ca thnh syranh.

103

III. X L RM R V PH PHM X TH
p dng cho cc loi thc n th, ph phm nng nghip: rm, b ma, thn cy
ng.. ngho cc cht hu c tiu ha. Tuy nhin, cc nc sn xut la go th rm l
ngun thc n cho tru b... Rm r c hai c tnh c bn l:
- Hm lng N thp (< 1%), ngho khong v vitamin
- Cha nhiu x th nn t l tiu ha thp. Tiu ha x nh hot ng ln men
ca vi sinh vt trong ng tiu ha.
Cht x trong rm ch yu l cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin. Gia chng c
cc lin kt ha hc to nn s bn vng ca mng t bo thc vt. Cellulose gm nhiu
chui thng ghp nhau thnh b di nh mch ni hydrogen to thnh cc mixen bn
vng. Hemicellulose l nhng heteropolysacarit cng vi xellulose c mng t bo thc
vt. Hemicellulose khng ha tan c trong nc nhng ha tan c trong dung dch
kim v b thy phn bi axt d dng hn so vi cellulose. Khi b thy phn t
hemicellulose s to ra glucose, fructose, mantose, galactose, cuabinose v xilose.
Thnh phn th ba ng ch trong x l lignin. Lignin lun i km vi cellulose
v hemicellulose trong thnh phn t bo. Lignin khng ha tan trong nc, trong cc
dung mi hu c bnh thng v rt bn vng bi enzyme ca h vi sinh vt d c.
Nhng di tc dng ca kim th lignin mt phn b phn gii v chuyn vo dung dch.
Trong d c loi nhai li c nhng vi khun c bit cha enzyme cellulase phn gii
c xellulose. Cellulose v hemicellulose l nhng cht c th tiu ha c. Nhng
phn ln cellulose tham gia cu to lp trong ca mng t bo rm nn enzyme ca h vi
sinh vt khng d dng tc ng c. Lp ngoi thnh t bo c to thnh ch yu t
cc phc cht ligno-hemicellulose m cc enzyme vi sinh vt d c phn gii v cng
chm. iu cn tr nhng lp trong giu cellulose trc tc ng ca enzyme vi sinh
vt, cng nh cn tr s phn gii cht cha t bo.
nng cao t l tiu ha ca rm, thn cy ng.. cc nh nghin cu tin
hnh x l rm bng nhiu phng php nh: l hc, ha hc, vi sinh vt hc...
S 10. Cc phng php x l ph phm x th
Cc phng php x l ph phm x
Vt l
Ngm
Nghin
Vin
Luc
Hp cao p
Chiu x

Ho hc
Sinh hc
Xt
Ch phm enzyme
Vi
Nm
Hyroxit kali
Hyroxit amon
Amoniac
Ur
Cacbonat natri
Cc phng php x l chnh c th phn thnh cc nhm: vt l, sinh hc, ho
hc.., hoc c th phi hp gia cc hnh thc x l ny.

104

3.1. X l vt l
- X l c hc
X l c hc l phng php c gii bm cht, nghin nh thc n, nhm thu
nh kch thc ca thc n, v kch thc ca thc n c nh hng ti qu trnh thu
nhn v qu trnh tiu ho thc n ca gia sc nhai li. Phng php ny gip ph v cu
trc vch t bo nn thnh phn cacbohydrat khng ho tan s c gi tr hn vi vi sinh
vt d c. u im ca phng php ny l gip gia sc tn nng lng thu nhn v
to kch thc ca thc n thch hp cho vi sinh vt d c. Tuy nhin, phng php ny
cng c nguy c lm gim tit nc bt v tng tc chuyn di qua d c lm gim t
l tiu ho. Phng php ny p dng ch yu vi ph ph phm trng trt mc
trang tri. Nn kt hp phng php ny vi phng php x l ho hc hoc kt hp vi
x l sinh hc.
-X l bng nhit hi nc
X l cc loi thc n th cht lng thp bng nhit vi p sut hi nc cao
lm tng t l tiu ho. C s ca phng php ny l qu trnh thu phn x bng hi
nc p sut cao ph v mi lin kt ho hc gia cc thnh phn ca x v to ra
s tch chui. Theo cc tc gi Sundstol v Owen (1984) th c th dng hi nc p
sut 7 - 28 kg/cm2 x l rm trong 5 pht. Rangnekar v cng s (1982) x l rm
v b ma bng hi nc p sut 5 -9 kg/ cm 2 trong 30 - 60 pht. Kt qu tng t nh
x l p sut cao trong thi gian ngn. Phng php ny ch yu li dng cc ngun
nhit tha cc nh my.
-X l bng bc x
Khi cht x c chiu x, chiu di ca chui cenlulose s gim v thnh phn
ca cacbohydrat khng ho tan s tr nn d dng tc ng bi vi sinh vt d c. Nm
1951, Lawton v cng s s dng bc x lm tng t l tiu ho ca thc n th. C
mt s phng php bc x khc nhau nh bc x cc tm, tia gamma c th dng
tng t l tiu ho ca thc n th. Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny phn ln i hi
trang thit b t tin, cao cp v khng an ton. Do vy, cc phng php x l bng bc
x khng em li hiu qu kinh t.
3.2. X l sinh hc
C s ca phng php ny l dng nm hay ph phm enzyme ca chng cy
vo thc n phn gii lignin hay cc mi lin kt ho hc gia lignin v cacbohydrat
trong vch t bo thc vt. Lnh vc ny c chiu hng trin vng khi mt s loi nm
nh White Rod c pht hin c kh nng ph v cc phc hp lignin-hydrat cacbon
ca vch t bo. Tuy nhin, cc nm ho kh ny lm tiu hao nng lng trong thc n
v kh tm c nhng loi nm ch phn gii lignin m khng phn gii cenlulose/ hemi
cenlulose. Phng php ny c nhng hn ch ln khc nh nui cy vi khun gp kh
khn, phng tin thit b v qui trnh phc tp nn cho ti nay vn cha c p dng
rng ri trong thc tin. Trong tng lai nu nh cng ngh di truyn c th nhn c
cc loi vi sinh vt d c c kh nng phn gii lignin th c th c nhiu ng dng trong
tng lai vo mc ch ny.

105

3.3. X l ho hc
X l ha hc ci thin gi tr dinh dng ca rm c bt u t th k XIX.
Hin nay, vic dng cc cht ho hc x l ph ph phm nng nghip lm thc n gia
sc ang c p dng rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii. Mc ch ca x l ha hc l
ph v cc mi lin kt gia lignin v hemicellulose lm cho hemicellulose v
cellulose vn b bao bc bi phc hp lignin-hemicellulose d dng c phn gii bi vi
sinh vt d c.
Trong phng php x l ha hc, dng tc nhn oxy ho, axit hay kim (S
11).
S 11. Nguyn l x l thc n giu x (Chesson, 1986)
Cht xy ha, SO2 , nm

Lin kt khng bn
vi kim

LIGNIN

LIGNIN

NaOH
H3

X l nhhit
m > 150OC

Lin kt khng kim

HEMICELLULOSES
Cc cht oxyho (nh a xit peroxyaxetic, clorit natri c axit ho, zn..) c
tc dng phn gii lignin kh hiu qu.
Cc a xit mnh nh nhng axit c dng trong cng nghip giy.
Cc cht kim (vi, kali, xt, amoniac...) c kh nng thu phn cc mi lin
kt ho hc gia lignin v cc polysacarit ca vch t bo thc vt.
Trong tt c cc phng php ho hc th x l kim c nghin cu su nht v
c nhiu trin vng trong thc tin. Cc mi lin kt ho hc gia lignin v cacbohydrat
bn trong mi trng ca d c nhng li km bn trong mi trng kim (pH> 8), li
106

dng c tnh ny cc nh khoa hc s dng cc cht kim nh: NaOH, NH 3, ur,


Ca(OH)2 x l cc ph phm nng nghip nhiu x vi mc ch ph v mi lin kt
gia lignin vi hemicellulose/cellulose trc khi chng c s dng lm thc n cho gia
sc nhai li, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ln men ca vi sinh vt d c.
Kim ho c th ph v lin kt este gia lignin vi hemicellulose/cellulose ng
thi lm cho cu trc x phng ln v mt vt l. Nhng nh hng to iu kin cho
vi sinh vt d c tn cng vo cu trc cacbohydrat nh cellulose, hemicellulose c d
dng, lm tng t l tiu ho, tng tnh ngon ming ca rm x l.
Sau y l mt s phng php kim ho chnh c nghin cu v p dng
cc nc khc nhau trn th gii.
- X l bng xt (NaOH)
Mt s phng php x l rm v cc loi thc n th khc nhau bng NaOH
c nghin cu v ng dng;
* X l t:
- un si vi NaOH: Lehman (1895) x l rm bng NaOH p sut v nhit
cao (100 kg rm trong 200 lit nc un si vi 4 kg NaOH, sau ra v phi kh)
thu c kt qu tt tng t l tiu ho. Jackson (1977) x l cc loi thc n th v rm
bng NaOH. Tuy nhin, phng php ny lm mt nhiu vt cht hu c v thc n thu
c khng ngon ming. Mt hn ch na l phng php ny tn nhiu nng lng v
lao ng.
- Phng php Beckmann: Beckmann (1921) ci tin bng cch ngm rm
trong dung dch NaOH pha long (8 lt NaOH 1,5 % cho 10 kg rm) vi thi gian 2 - 3
ngy, sau ra sch phn NaOH d n khi khng cn mi kim v cho gia sc n.
Phng php ny cho thy s mt mt vt cht kh thp hn so vi phng php un si,
lm tng gi tr nng lng ca rm tng ng vi c ct sm (Sundstol, 1984). Tuy
nhin, phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im: Nc ra rm sau khi ch bin gy
nhim mi trng v lm mt nhiu cht dinh dng ho tan trong qu trnh ch bin
v ra trc khi cho n.
- Phng php nhng (deep treament): Phng php ny c tin hnh nh sau:
Rm c nhng trong b cha NaOH 1,5% trong khong 1 - 2h, sau vt ln v
cho nc cha kim d chy tr li b ngm. Tip theo, rm c trong 3 - 6 ngy
trc khi cho n. Phng php ny rt hiu qu, nhng do rm sau x l c hm lng
Na cao nn khng nn cho n nh l ngun thc n th duy nht trong khu phn.
- Phng php tun hon: Rm ng bnh c phun dung dch NaOH +
Ca(OH)2 (15 -25g NaOH v 10 - 15g Ca/kg VCK) v trong phng kn sau phun
cht trung ho nh axit photphorit (H3PO4) ln bnh rm. Khi lng nc tha rt ht
nhng bnh rm ny c th n c. Phng php ny c a ra thc t x l
rm cho kh nng tiu ho cao, cha t NaOH d, nhng i hi qui trnh v iu kin
tin hnh phc tp.
* X l kh
Ngi ta ch bin kh rm bng cch bm hoc nghin nh ri trn vi NaOH
theo t l 100 - 400 lt dung dch NaOH 20 - 40% cho 1 tn rm. Rm sau khi x l
khng c ra. Phng php ny lm tng t l tiu ho cht hu c thp hn so vi x
l t nhng trnh c s nhim mi trng do nc ra rm gy ra. Phng php
ny cn trnh c s mt mt nhng cht dinh dng ho tan trong qu trnh ch bin
v ra.
107

Nhn chung, cc phng php x l rm bng NaOH c hiu qu lm tng t l


tiu ho. Tuy vy, do nhng bt li nh: chi ph cao, nhim mi trng do thi Na d
v nguy him cho ngi cng nh gia sc nn cc nc ang pht trin t s dng.
Bng 62. nh hng ca NaOH v Ca(OH)2 n t l tiu ha vt cht kh ca b
ma (Martin, 1979)
Phng php x l
B ma
B ma x l vi 3% NaOH
B ma x l vi 6% NaOH
B ma x l vi 14% NaOH
B ma x l vi 8% Ca(OH)2
B ma x l vi 16% Ca(OH)2

T l tiu ha ca vt cht kh (%)


3,8
33,3
59,0
78,8
10,7
43,1

Mt s phng php thay cho x l bng NaOH l x l bng Ca(OH) 2, c bit


l x l bng NH3 (bng 62). u im ca NH3 l ch: mt phn ca n bm cht vo
rm, thc n th v c th s dng nh ngun nit phi protein (Orskov, 1984).
- X l bng amoniac
Amniac c chp nhn hn bt k loi ho cht no khc trong x l rm r.
Amoniac l mt ngun nit phi protein c VSV d c s dng nn vic x l bng
amoniac cn gp phn lm tng hm lng protein th. Hn na, x l bng amoniac cn
c tc dng bo qun chng mc thi. Cc phng php x l amoniac nh sau:
* X l bng kh amoniac:
Rm c cht ng v dng vi nilon en che li. Thng ng kh amoniac
c ni vi ng kim loi di c c l (ng knh 4 cm) xuyn vo ng rm. Thng
thng, dng 3kg amoniac/100kg rm. Thi gian x l c th ln ti 8 tun. Ngoi ra,
ngi ta cn dng phng php rm vi kh NH3 trong phng kn nhit 95oC.
Kh NH3 c tun hon trong rm . Phng php ny c th lm gim thi gian x l
xung khong 24 gi k c 3-4 gi thot kh sau x l.
* X l bng amoniac lng:
Amoniac lng c th s dng x l rm theo mt s cch khc nhau. Thng
thng n c bm vo ng rm ph kn qua mt ng dn. Nc amoniac cng c th
cho chy t pha trn ng rm xung v amoniac s bc hi t t v thm vo rm.
X l bng amoniac kh hay lng u t ra c hiu lc tt: lm tng t l tiu ho,
tng NPN v lng thu nhn. Tuy nhin n i hi phi c cc bnh cha chu p lc v
cc trang thit b h tng tt. X l amoniac cng gy nhim mi trng do NH 3 thi
vo khng kh. Trong mt s trng hp c th sinh c t (4-metyl imidazol) nu x l
amoniac nhit cao v nguyn liu c nhiu ng.
* X l bng ur
Thc cht x l bng ur cng l x l bng NH3 mt cch gin tip v khi c
nc v ureaza ca vi sinh vt th ur s phn gii thnh amoniac.
CO(NH2)2 + H2O

urease

2NH3 + CO2

Cc nh nghin cu cho rng: trong thc t sn xut hin nay th ly NH3 t ur


bng qu trnh t rm hay cc thc n th khc l phng php n gin v thun tin
hn c. NaOH v NH3 lm ct mch lin kt gia lignin vi cc thnh phn khc ca
mng t bo nh cellulose, hemicellulose v protein. Mt phn hemicellulose tr thnh
108

ha tan trong nc v cc cu trc vn khng th tc ng ti tr thnh d dng chu tc


ng ca enzyme vi sinh vt.
Ur c th s dng x l rm ch yu theo hai cch sau:
- Trn quy m cng nghip, rm trn vi ur kt hp vi vic nghin v ng
thnh bnh.
- Trn quy m nng h rm c trn vi ur ri trong cc ho, h hay cc bao
b c nn cht v gi kn kh.
Khi x l rm bng ur cn m bo cc iu kin sau:
- Liu lng ur s dng bng 4-5% so vi VCK ca rm.
- Lng nc s dng cn m bo cho m ca rm sau khi trn nm trong
khong 30-70%. Nu qu t nc th s kh trn u v nn cht. Nu thm qu nhiu
nc s lm mt ur do nc khng ngm ht vo rm m tri mt v d gy mc. Trong
thc t c th dng 6-10 lt nc/10kg rm kh.
- Cc ti hay h phi c nn cht v m bo kn kh khng cho amoniac
sinh ra b lt ra ngoi lm mt hiu lc x l v rm s b mc.
- Thi gian tu thuc vo nhit mi trng. Nu nhit khng kh cao th
qu trnh amoniac ho s nhanh,lnh th chm li. Nu nhit trn 30 0C th thi gian t
nht l 7-10 ngy, 15-300C phi 10-25 ngy, 5-150C th phi 25-30 ngy.
Phng php x l bng ur an ton hn phng php x l bng amoniac lng
hoc kh. Hn na, ur r hn NaOH v NH3 v rt sn v n l phn bn cho cy trng.
Mt khc, ur l cht rn nn d vn chuyn v s dng. Tuy nhin, phng php ny vn
c nhng kh khn nh: NH3 ch c gii phng khi c enzyme urease v enzyme ny
ch hot ng trong iu kin nhit v m nht nh. Nhit v m cao l iu
kin thun li cho enzyme ny hot ng. Do , x l ur ch thch hp cho cc nc
nhit i. Bn cnh , mc d x l ur b sung NH3 cho vi sinh vt d c, nhng y
vn l cch b sung t tin bi v lng ur cn dng m bo x l c hiu lc t
nht cao gp 2 ln so vi nhu cu ca vi sinh vt d c. Thm vo , cc nc ang
pht trin do tr cp nng nghip ngy cng gim nn ga ur c xu hng tng ln. Vic
p dng phng php ny c th s mang li hiu qu kinh t khng cao nu gi ur cao.
Do , vic dng thm mt cht kim khc r hn (nh vi chng hn) kt hp vi mt
mc ur thp c th mang li hiu lc tt hn v bn vng hn v mt kinh t.
Phng php x l rm bng ur:
Ha tan lng ur theo cc t l thch hp, thng 4-5%. V d, x l bng dung
dch ur 4% th ha tan 4 kg ur trong 100 lt nc, trn u vi rm ct ngn 4-5 cm
sau cho rm x l ur vo ti nilon, hn kn v trong 21 ngy l c th cho gia
sc n (xem phn sau).
Bng 63. nh hng ca x l rm bng dung dch ur 4 % n thnh phn dinh
dng ca rm
Loi thc n
Rm cha

VCK (%)

81,0
100
Rm ur 4% 56,8
100
X l bng vi

Protein th
(%)
4,2
5,2
6,4
11,3

X th
(%)
26,7
33,3
18,1
31,9

109

TDN (g/kg) ME (kcal/kg)


369
456
262
462

1346,7
1664,4
956,3
1886,3

Trong s cc cht khc c th dng kim ho rm th vi (Ca (OH)2) hay CaO


ang c quan tm nhiu nht. C hai hnh thc x l bng vi:
* Ngm rm trong nc vi: tng t nh x l vi NaOH.
* rm vi vi: rm c trn u vi 4-6% vi (Ca(OH)2 hoc CaO),
nc (40-80kg/100kg rm) v trong 2-3 tun.
Vic dng vi x l rm c cc u im l vi r tin v sn c, b sung thm Ca
cho rm, an ton v khng gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, v vi l kim yu nn
tc dng x l khng cao nu ngm nhanh. Hn na , vi kh ho tan v khng bc hi
nn kh trn u trong nguyn liu x l v khi x l vi rm d b mc, do vy lng
thu nhn khng n nh.
X l kt hp ur vi vi:
Theo Van Soest (1994) vic kt hp dng ur v vi s em li hiu qu tt hn
dng ring vi hoc ur. Khi dng CaO kt hp vi ur th ur c th c phn gii
nhanh hn v tng s phn ng gia NH3 vi rm. Vic kt hp ny s cn cho php b
sung c NPN v Ca cng mt lc, cng nh chng c mc, trong khi gim c lng
N va Ca d so vi x l bng ur hay bng vi ring l. Cc nghin cu trong phng th
nghim, cc nh gi in-sacco, in-vivo v cc th nghim nui b sinh trng bng rm
x l bng ur kt hp vi vi c tin hnh Vit Nam v cho kt qu rt tt
(Nguyn Xun Trch, 2000). Quy trnh x l rm bng ur kt hp vi vi p dng cho
nng h c trnh by c th phn di y.
IV. CH BIN PH PHM LM THC N CHO TRU B
4.1. X l rm kh vi ur v vi
Nguyn liu:
C th x l theo mt trong cc cng thc sau y:
1) Rm kh 100 kg, ur 4 kg, nc sch 70-100 lt.
2) Rm kh 100 kg, ur 4 kg , vi ti 0.5 kg, nc sch 70-100 lt (nu gi ur r)
3) Rm kh 100kg, ur 2.5 kg, vi ti 2-3 kg, nc sch 70-100 lt (nu gi ur
t)
H v dng c:
C ba loi h : c ba vch, c hai vch cnh nhau hoc c hai vch i din. Ni
chung, cn ti thiu hai vch nn rm cho cht. Nn c th l xi mng, gch hay lt
nhiu l chui hoc nilon. Dung tch h ph thuc vo s lng rm cn p ng
nhu cu ca gia sc.
Nu khng lm h c th rm trong ti nilon (bao ng phn m) lng trong
bao ti da (100kg rm cn 10-12 bao ti da).
Cc dng c khc gm cn 1 chic chu to hay vi snh 1 ci ho tan ur, vi,
x tn 2 - 3 chic, doa ( ti cho u), ni lng, dy ni lng.
Cch :
- Ur v vi c ho tan vo nc cho tan u.
- Nu trong h th ri tng lp rm mng (20 cm) ri ti nc ur/vi sao cho
u rm, o cho ngm nc u r, dng chn nn cht, ri li tip tc lp khc nn cht.
Sau khi xong ph bao ni lng ln trn sao cho tht kn, khng khng kh nc ma
ngoi lt vo v kh amoniac trong bay ra.
- Nu trong ti th trn sn sch hay trn tm nilng tri tng lp rm dy
khong 20 cm. Sau ti nc ho tan ur v vi cho thm t u tt c cc lp
110

rm (khng di qu nhiu lm tha nc ur gy lng ph). Tip theo, lp rm mi c


ph ln v li ti u cho n khi lm m ht lng rm cn x l. Cc lp di nn
ti t hn cc lp trn v phn nc d tha s thm xung cc lp di. Sau khi rm
c ti u cho chng vo cc bao ti da, nn tht cht ri buc cht. Bo qun cc
bao ti ny ni sch s, trnh nng, ma, m t.
Cch cho n:
- Sau khi 2 - 3 tun (ma h) hoc 3 - 4 tun (ma ng) c th s dng rm r
cho tru b n. Ly va lng rm cn thit cho tng ba, y kn h hoc buc kn
bao nilng li.
- Rm c cht lng tt c mu vng m, mi ur, khng c mi mc, rm
m, mm.
- Nu tru b cha c n thc n u r trc , phi tp cho chng n, lc u
vi s lng t v trn vi cc loi thc n khc sau tng dn s lng. C th ly rm
ra, phi trong mt chng 1 gi bay bt mi, cho rm vo mng sch s trn thm
c xanh, hoc mt t thc n khc nh : cm, bt ng, bt sn, r mt hay khoai lang ti
ln trn rm hp dn tru b, lm nh vy khong vi ngy. Khi tru b n quen rm
, lng n vo nhiu hn so vi khi cha , nu cho n trong ma ng th hiu qu s
tt hn.
4.2. Rm ti vi ur
Vic rm ti c nhiu u im hn rm kh, v:
- Rm ti c gi tr dinh dng cao hn rm kh do trong qu trnh phi kh,
mt s cht dinh dng trong rm b mt, t l tiu ho rm ti cao hn rm kh.
- Rm ti c t l nc cao, khi khng cn ho ur vo nc m c th ri ur
trc tip ln rm tng lp.
- rm ti vi ur m bo gi tr dinh dng ca rm, t hao tn cht dinh
dng.
Nguyn liu
Lng ur dng khong 4% vt cht kh ca rm, cn c vo hm lng nc
ca rm khi em tnh ton lng ur cho ph hp, nu rm mi ly sau khi thu
hoch th m thch hp (> 50 %), nhng nu rm kh phi vy thm nc.
H
H lm ging nh rm kh vi ur, do khi rm ti s lng thng nhiu
hn do sau khi thu hoch nn kch thc h c th ln hn.
Cch
- Cho rm vo h , trn mi lp rm dy th ri mt lp ur (cn tnh c th
m bo t l quy nh), lm nh vy cho n khi y h. Do rm cn ti nn i hi
phi nen tht cht v ph ni lng tht kn trnh mt ur v hao tn cc cht dinh
dng.
Ch :
+ Khi rm ti cn lu : Do rm cn ti non c nhiu ng glucose nn nu
m thp (rm kh 1 phn nhng khng thm nc) v nhit cao (cho rm vo
h lc tra nng) th c t 4-methyl-imidazol s c hnh thnh do phn ng gia
glucose v NH3 phn gii t ur, c th gy c cho b.
+ Gia sc cho n rm ti cng tng t nh rm kh c vi ur /vi nh
trn.
111

4.3. Phng php lm bnh a dinh dng:


Nguyn liu: Ur:
10 kg
R mt:
45 - 50 kg
Xi mng:
2 kg
Bt t st:
4 kg
NaCl:
0,5 kg
Bt sn hay cm go:
5 kg
Cht n nhiu x:
20 -30 kg (nh v lc, dy lang, dy l lc
kh hay rm kh bm nh).
Dng c: Chu to, x tn, khun ng gch, chy gi, cn, nilng.
Cch lm:
+ Bc 1:
- Trn ur, mui n vo r ng cho u (hn hp 1)
- Trn u cc cht cn li v ph gia vi nhau (hn hp 2)
+ Bc 2:
Trn u hai hn hp trn vo nhau, sao cho chng va kt dnh. Ch
n m bng cch dng tay nm li, nu thy to c hnh trong lng bn tay, khi
bung ra khng b r ri l c. Nu qu nho cho thm mt t cht n nhiu x. Nu
qu kh cho thm mt vi kg r mt. Sau khi trn xong phi ng trong thi gian 1 -2
ting ng h, ri mi ng thnh cc bnh nh.
+ Bc 3:
- Dng khun ng gch th cng hoc khun ng gch xi hay x tn
hng ng bnh.
- Dng chy g nn tht cht nguyn liu vo khun kt dnh tt.
- Phi kh bnh dinh dng trong bng mt 5 -7 ngy ni cao ro sch
s, sau mi s dng cho tru b.
+ Bc 4: S dng cho tru b n
- t bnh dinh dng vo ni cao ro sch s trong chung tru b
(trnh nc ma hay phn, nc tiu gia sc trn ln vo).
- C th t trong r hoc dng c khc v treo vo pha u trau b,
ngang vi tm mn ca chng tru b d lim hoc n.
- Ch cho mt bnh dinh dng vo r, khi no n ht mi cho n bnh
mi.
- Mt tru b hng ngy c th n c t 0,4 - 0,6 kg bnh dinh dng
ny.
- Cn cho n bnh dinh dng lin tc.
- Tuyt i khng ho tan bnh dinh dng vo nc ung v ur trong
bnh dinh dng s ho tan vo nc lm gia sc ng c ur c th gy cht tru b t
ngt.
- C th s dng bnh dinh dng trong vng 2 - 3 thng k t sau khi
sn xut.

112

CHNG VIII
TIU CHU N V KHU PHN
Mi loi gia sc khc nhau cn nhu cu cc cht dinh dng khc nhau tu theo
c im ring ca tng loi, ging. Trong tng loi, ging tu theo giai on pht trin
m nhu cu dinh dng khc nhau. Cn i cc cht dinh dng cn thit trong khu
phn so vi nhu cu ca gia sc l bin php rt quan trng nhm tng nng sut v hiu
qu trong chn nui.
I. KHI NIM
1.1. Tiu chun n
Tiu chun n c xc nh da trn nhu cu cc cht dinh dng (phn ny
cp trong hc phn Dinh dng gia sc). Nh bit, nhu cu dinh dng l khi
lng cht dinh dng m con vt cn duy tr hot ng sng v to sn phm (tng
trng, tit sa, cho trng..) trong ngy m.
Tiu chun c xy dng trn c s nhu cu. V vy, c th khi nim tiu chun
n l khi lng cc cht dinh dng (c tnh bng n v khi lng hoc tnh bng
phn trm trong thc n hn hp) m con vt yu cu trong mt ngy m. Tiu chun n
c th hiu nh sau:
Tiu chun n = Nhu cu + S d an ton
S d an ton l s lng cht dinh dng cn thm vo ngoi nhu cu ca gia
sc c xc nh thng qua cc thc nghim. Trong thc t, xc nh nhu cu dinh
dng c tin hnh trong phng th nghim (on-station) vi nhiu c th v gi tr thu
c l trung bnh s hc ca cc quan st. Gi tr v nhu cu dinh dng (v d: 14,7 MJ
ME) l gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr thu c trn hoc di gi tr trung bnh ni trn
(c th 12-16 MJ ME). C ngha, nu p dng gi tr trung bnh trn xc nh nhu cu
th mt s vt nui khng p ng nhu cu cht dinh dng (nhng quan st trn 14,7 MJ
ME). Do , ngi ta mi s dng khi nim s d an ton.
Tiu chun n c qui nh bi mt s ch tiu c bn, nhng ch tiu ny ph
thuc vo s pht trin chn nui ca mi nc.
1.2. Ni dung tiu chun n
- Nhu cu nng lng: Biu th bng kcal (Mcal) hay kJ (MJ) ca DE, ME, NE
tnh cho mt ngy m hay tnh cho 1 kg thc n. Khi nhu cu nng lng tnh trn 1 kg
th gi l mt nng lng hay mc nng lng. V d: nhu cu cho ln tht l 3200
kcal ME/kg, th hiu l mt nng lng trao i l 3200 kcal.
- Nhu cu protein v axt amin: Nhu cu protein c th th hin bng khi lng
(g; kg) cho mt ngy m hay t l (%) protein th hay protein tiu ha trong khu phn.
Axit amin cng c tnh theo khi lng (g) cho mt ngy m hay t l (%) so vi vt
cht kh hoc t l (%) so vi protein. Mt s nc (Anh, M, Australia..) s dng
axit amin tiu ha ton phn hoc tiu ha hi trng (t l tiu ha biu kin hoc t l
tiu ha thc) biu th nhu cu axit amin cho ln v gia cm.

113

114

- Nhu cu m v axit bo: V d: Tiu chun n ca ln ni nui con


Nhiu nc s dng cc axit bo ging ni c trng lng 81 -90 kg cho 1 ngy
thit yu trong tiu chun n ca vt m (TCVN):
ME (kcal) :
8.621 hoc 36 MJ ME
nui (Anh, M, Australia..).
Cht
kh:
2,67 kg
- Nhu cu cc cht khong:
453
g
+ Khong a lng: Ca, Protein th:
Protein
tiu
ho:
336
g
P, Mg, Na, Cl ,K, S (g/con ngy hoc
X th (g):
187 g (khng vt qu)
% TA).
Ca:
21,4 g
+ Khong vi lng: Fe,
P:
17,4
g
Cu, Co, Mn, Zn.. (mg/con ngy).
NaCl:
15,8
g
- Nhu cu vitamin: A, D, E
Fe:
367
mg
(UI), VTM nhm B, C, K (mg); B12 (
Cu:
37 mg
g).
Zn:
158 mg
1.3. Khu phn n
Mn:
143 mg
hin th tiu chun n bng Co:
5,6 mg
cc loi thc n c th th ngi ta s I:
1,1 mg
dng khi nim khu phn n. Khu
phn n l khi lng cc loi thc n cung cp cho con vt tho mn tiu chun n.
Khu phn n c tnh bng khi lng trong mt ngy m hoc t l phn trm trong
thc n hn hp.
V d, m bo tiu chun n cho ln ni c khi lng 80kg: nng lng
7000 kcal ME; protein tiu ho 308 g; Ca: 16 g; P: 11 g; NaCl: 11 g, ngi ta thit lp
khu phn n nh sau: 5 kg rau lang; 1,5 kg cm loi 2; 0,45 kg ng; 0,1 kg bt c; v 0,2
kg kh du lc.
Nhu cu dinh dng hay tiu chun n ca ng vt nui tng i n nh
nhng khu phn thc n thay i tu thuc ngun thc n c th c cc vng sinh
thi hay kh hu khc nhau.
II. NGUYN TC PHI HP KHU PHN
Ti u ho khu phn hay cn gi l lp khu phn tho mn nhu cu dinh
dng ca gia sc gia cm vi gi thnh thp nht l rt quan trng nng cao hiu qu
kinh t trong chn nui. C hai nguyn tc lp khu phn l khoa hc v kinh t.
2.1. Nguyn tc khoa hc
+ Khu phn n phi p ng y nhu cu dinh dng, tho mn c tiu
chun n. m bo c s cn bng cc cht dinh dng: axit amin, khong , vitamin...
+ Khi lng khu phn n phi thch hp vi sc cha ca b my tiu ho.
khng ch khi lng khu phn n ngi ta dng lng thc n (% vt cht
kh) c th thu nhn tnh theo t l khi lng c th .
- Tru b tht: lng vt cht kh c th thu nhn c l 2,5 - 3,0% khi lng
c th (W).
- B sa: lng vt cht kh c th thu nhn c: 2,5% W + 10% sn lng
sa.
Mt nng lng ca khu phn:
Tng nhu cu ME (Kcal, Mcal)
ME (Kcal, Mcal/kg VCK) =
Tng kg VCK ca khu phn
115

- Ln: lng vt cht kh c th thu nhn c l 2,5%W.


- Nga: lng vt cht kh c th thu nhn c l 2%W.
2.2. Nguyn tc kinh t
Khu phn n phi c gi c hp l v r. khu phn thc n va m bo nhu
cu dinh dng cho ng vt va ti u v mt kinh t cho ngi chn nui khi lp khu
phn phi ch cc vn sau y:
+ Tnh sn c, cht lng v gi c ca ngun nguyn liu thc n.
+ c tnh sinh hc, tnh nng sn xut v nng sut, tui ca ging.
+ Mc tiu nui dng ng vt ( nui ly tht, trng hay lm ging...).
+ c im c bn ca h thng nui dng, n t do hay hn ch.
+ Nhit , m ca mi trng nui dng...
III. PHNG PHP XY DNG KHU PHN THC N CHO VT NUI
Mun xy dng khu phn n cho vt nui mt cch khoa hc v hp l chng ta
cn bit:
- Tiu chun n ca gia sc gia cm v cc cht dinh dng nh: nng lng,
protein, axit amin, hm lng x, khong...
- Thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng, ga c ca cc loi thc n d kin s
s dng trong khu phn (ch gii hn tt a % ca tng loi nguyn liu). Gi c ca
cc nguyn liu lm thc n c th tnh cho 1 kg hay cho 1.000 kcal nng lng (tiu ho
hay trao i) v 100 gam protein th trong thc n.
3.1. Phng php tnh ton n gin
Bng 64. Khuyn co gii hn ti a s dng nguyn liu trong khu phn ln v
gia cm (kg/100kg khu phn)
Nguyn liu
Ln tht c trng lng (kg)
Ln ni sinh sn
G, vt
5- 10
11- 20
21- 50
51 -100 Mang
Nui
thai
con
Ng
50
50
50
65
50
50
70
Tm go
50
50
50
65
50
50
70
Cm go
10
20
30
45
50
40
20
Sn
0
20
30
45
30
30
30
Cm m
10
15
25
45
50
40
20
La
0
0
5
10
15
10
15
Bt c
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
Bt c
10
10
8
8
5
8
10
Bt c mn
0
0
8
10
7
6
0
Bt tht
3
3
5
5
3
5
5
Bt mu
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
Kh u tng
25
25
15
15
15
15
35
u tng ht
25
25
15
10
10
15
25
Kh du lc
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
Kh du da
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
Bt sa
15
15
Du, cht bo
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
Ngun: L Vn Knh, 2004.
116

Phng php ny p dng tnh ton cho cc khu phn thc n ch bao gm mt
vi nguyn liu v yu cu tnh mt vi cht dinh dng ch yu trong khu phn. Cc
phng php kinh in c s dng xy dng khu phn nh: Phng php th -sai
(trial - error), phng php hnh vung Pearson, phng php lp phng trnh i s.
Cc phng php c chung cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1:
Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng, tiu chun cho gia sc, gia cm. Nhu cu dinh
dng theo tiu chun Vit nam (TCVN) hoc tham kho tiu chun NRC (M), ARC
(Anh), tiu chun ca Nht Bn, H Lan, n .. ph hp vi kh hu v cc vng sinh
thi khc nhau; ph hp vi cc ging gia sc gia cm v tng giai on sinh trng pht
trin ca con vt.
Bc 2:
Chn la cc nguyn liu thc n lp khu phn n. Phi bit gi tr dinh
dng v gi thnh cc nguyn liu thc n . Nguyn liu thc n phi bo m cht
lng tt v phi ph hp vi tng loi gia sc, m bo tnh ngon ming ca con vt.
Bc 3:
Tin hnh lp khu phn. Phng php ny thng theo cc bc chnh sau y:
- Xc nh khi lng cc loi thc n b sung nh khong vi lng , premix
vitamin... Cc loi thc n ny thng chim t l thp trong khu phn (bng 64).
- n nh khi lng mt s loi thc n giu protein hoc thc n giu nng
lng (tham kho khuyn co trn).
- Trn c s thc n n nh tnh ton khi lng cc loi thc n cn li. Ta
c th xc nh khi lng ca tng loi thc n ny bng 2 phng php: phng php
ng cho Pearson hoc phng php dng phng trnh i s.
- Tnh ton gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn d kin.
- iu chnh v b sung. Da vo tiu chun n iu chnh v b sung cc cht
dinh dng cho ph hp vi nhu cu con vt
V d, phi hp khu phn thc n cho g theo phng php ng cho
Pearson.
Bng 65. Gi tr dinh dng ca nguyn liu thc n
Thc n

ME (Kcal)

Protein
Ca (%)
P (%)
Lys (g/kg) Met (g/kg)
(%)
Ng vng
3321
8,9
0,22
0,3
2,74
1,7
Cm go
2527
13
0,17
1,65
5,55
2,49
Bt c 45
2319
45
5,00
2,50
22,5
7,25
.tng
3360
39,25
0,23
0,63
24,00
5,43
Kh lc
2917
45,54
0,18
0,53
16,34
5,45
Bt xng
24,0
16,0
Bt s
33,0
Lysine
98,0
Methionin
99,0
Xc nh cng thc sn xut thc n hn hp cho g , yu cu 1 kg thc n hn
hp c: nng lng: 2750 -2800 Kcal ME; Protein th: 16 %; Lysine: 0,8 %;
Methionine: 0,3%; Ca: 3,5%; P: 0,8 -1%; NaCl: 0,5%.

117

Cc nguyn liu thc n bao gm: ng vng, cm, bt c, u tng, kh lc, bt


s, bt xng, Premix khong v vitamin, NaCl, DL-methionine, L-Lysine (bng 65).
n nh mt s nguyn liu trong thc n hn hp cho g (%)
- Bt c :
5
- Bt s:
8
- Bt xng:
1
- Premix:
1
- NaCl:
0,5
Tng s:
15,5
Xem xt v khi lng: phi hp cho 100 kg thc n c 15,5 kg thc n n
nh, s lng cc nguyn liu khc cn phi hp l (100 - 15,5 =) 84,5 kg t 4 nguyn
liu l ng, cm , kh lc, u tng.
V protein: protein c trong 5 kg bt c l (5 kg *0,45 =) 2,25 kg; v vy,
lng protein cn li trong cc nguyn liu khc l (16 - 2,25 kg =) 13,75 kg. Nh vy,
trong 84,5 kg thc n ca 4 nguyn liu cn li phi c 13,75 kg protein ngha l hm
lng protein th l (13,75 * 100/84,5 =) 16,27%. Thc hin bc tip theo.
Chn cp phi hp: chn cp phi hp nhm tha mn hm lng protein
(16,27%). C 2 cch chn cp l:
1 loi thc n giu nng lng + 1 loi thc n giu protein, hay
1 cp thc n giu nng lng hoc 1 cp thc n giu protein.
v d ny, gi s chn cch 2 (1 cp thc n giu nng lng v 1 cp thc n
giu protein)
Cp 1: (ng + cm) vi t l 3:1; th gi tr protein th l (8,9 * 3 + 13)/4 =
9,93%
Cp 2: (u tng + kh lc ) vi t l 2:1,
9,93
41,35
th gi tr protein th l (39,25 * 2 + 45,54)/3
= 41,35 % .
16,27
Khi c 2 cp ny th tin hnh kt hp vi nhau
theo cch 1 (1 thc n giu nng lng-cp 1 v 1 thc
25,08
-6,347
n giu protein-cp 2) theo hnh thc vung Pearson.
Gi x l s phn ca hn hp cp th 1 kt hp
vi 1 phn hn hp 2 (cp 2) c 1 hn hp thc n c 16,272 % protein ta c phng
trnh sau:
25,075 - 6,347 X = 0
X = 25,075/6,347 = 3,95.
(Kt hp 3,95 phn hn hp 1 v 1 phn hn hp 2 s c 4,95 phn hn hp 3 c protein:
16,272 %).
Qui ra %: Hn hp 1 (cp 1): 3,95/4,95 * 100 = 79,8 %
Hn hp 2 (cp 2): 1/4,95 * 100 = 20,2 %
Tnh c th:
Cp 1: (Ng + cm) vi t l 3 : 1
Cp 2: (u tng + Kh lc ) Vi t l 2 :1
Tnh trong 84,5 kg, th:
Ng:
59,85%
50,57 kg
Cm:
19,95%
16,86 kg
118

u tng: 13,47%
11,38 kg
Kh lc:
6,73%
5,69 kg
Kt qu: Cng thc hn hp nh sau (%):
Ng:
50,57
Cm:
16,86
u tng:
11,38
Kh lc:
5,69
Bt c:
5
Bt s:
8
Bt xng:
1
Premix K/VTM:
1
NaCl:
0,5
* iu chnh v b sung
Kt qu kim tra gi tr dinh dng ca cng thc thc n hn hp trn p ng
nhu cu dinh dng cho g (tnh ton b gi tr dinh dng ca 1 kg thc n, sau
so snh vi tiu chun nu tha hay thiu s iu chnh v b sung t ng nh
tiu chun ca khu phn phi phi hp).
3.2. S dng phn mm trn my vi tnh
Hin nay, nhiu phn mm lp khu phn thc n vt nui c ng dng
nhm rt ngn c thi gian tnh khi nhu cu dinh dng ngy cng c nhiu ch tiu
hn. Mt s phn mm nh UFFDA, Brill for Window, Feedmania, FeedLive, Format,
Winfed.. ang c s dng.
Ti u ho khu phn thc n hay cn gi l lp khu phn vi gi thnh thp
nht l cng vic rt quan trng ca cn b k thut trong cc nh my thc n hay cc
trang tri chn nui. khu phn thc n c lp mt cch ti u nhm tho mn nhu
cu dinh dng ca gia sc gia cm v gi thnh r nht cn cc thng s u vo phi
chun xc. Nu c my tnh hin i vi cc phn mm lp cng thc chuyn nghip
nhng cc thng s u vo (input data) khng chun xc th kt qu u ra khng c gi
tr. Cc bc c bn ca qu trnh lp khu phn trn my vi tnh nh sau:
Bc 1: Nhp cc d liu v cc cht dinh dng
Bc 2: Nhp cc d liu v nguyn liu (bao gm tn nguyn liu, m s, gi
thnh tnh cho 1 kg, gi tr dinh dng tnh theo phn trm hay s tuyt i)
Bc 3: Nhp cc d liu v nhu cu dinh dng ca khu phn
Bc 4: Nhp cc d liu v gii hn s dng nguyn liu trong khu phn
Tu theo nhu cu dinh dung v kh nng thch ng ca gia sc gia cm vi tng
loi nguyn liu, tnh ngon ming, gi c ca nguyn liu m c gii hn s dng khc
nhau. Phi ch s cn i dinh dng ca khu phn v t l b sung cc cht khc
nh: premix khong, vitamin, men tiu ho, cht to mu, cht chng o xy ho, cht
chng mc, cht bao bc hp ph c t...
Bc 5: Lnh cho my tnh chy v in kt qu
Bc 6: Kim tra, nh gi hiu qu ca khu phn.
Sau khi sn xut thc n theo cng thc tnh ton, phi phn tch kim tra
li gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn hoc qua nui dng nh gi.

119

PHN PH LC
I. TIU CHUN N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI
Ph lc 1. NHU CU CC CHT DINH DNG CA B C GING
(C khi lng t 300 -800 kg, tng trng: 0,5- 2,5 kg/ngy; NRC, 1996)
Khi lng b (kg)

300

Nng lng thun duy tr (Mcal/ngy)


6,38
Protein trao i (g/ngy)
274
Canxi (g/ngy)
9
Pht pho (g/ngy)
7
Nng lng thun cho tng trng (Mcal/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
1,72
1,0
3,68
1,5
5,74
2,0
7,87
2,5
10,05
Nhu cu protein trao i cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
158
1,0
303
1,5
442
2,0
577
2,5
710
Nhu cu canxi cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
12
1,0
23
1,5
33
2,0
43
2,5
53
Nhu cu pht pho cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
5
1,0
9
1,5
13
2,0
18
2,5
22

120

400

500

600

700

800

7,92
340
12
10

9,36
402
15
12

10,73
461
19
14

12,05
517
22
17

13,32
572
25
19

2,13
4,56
7,12
9,76
12,47

2,52
5,39
8,42
11,54
14,74

2,89
6,18
9,65
13,23
16,90

3,25
6,94
10,83
14,85
18,97

3,59
7,67
11,97
16,41
20,97

145
272
392
506
617

122
222
314
400
481

100
175
241
299
352

78
130
170
202
228

58
86
102
109
109

10
19
27
35
43

9
16
22
28
34

7
12
17
21
25

6
9
12
14
16

4
6
7
8
8

4
8
11
14
17

3
6
9
11
14

3
5
7
8
10

2
4
5
6
6

2
2
3
3
3

Ph lc 2. NHU CU CC CHT DINH DNG CA B THT ANG SINH


TRNG V V BO (C tm vc va v nh, vi khi lng: 200 -450 kg, tng
trng: 0,5- 2,5 kg; NRC, 1996)
Khi lng b (kg)

200

Nng lng thun duy tr (Mcal/ngy)


4,1
Protein trao i (g/ngy)
202
Canxi (g/ngy)
6
Pht pho (g/ngy)
5
Nng lng thun cho tng trng (Mcal/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
1,27
1,0
2,72
1,5
4,24
2,0
5,81
2,5
7,42
Nhu cu protein trao i cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
154
1,0
299
1,5
444
2,0
580
2,5
718
Nhu cu canxi cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
14
1,0
27
1,5
39
2,0
52
2,5
64
Nhu cu pht pho cho tng trng (g/ngy)
Tng trng (kg/ngy)
0,5
6
1,0
11
1,5
16
2,0
21
2,5
26

121

250

300

350

400

450

4,84
239
8
6

5,55
274
9
7

6,23
307
11
8

6,89
340
12
10

7,52
371
14
11

1,5
3,21
5,01
6,87
8,78

1,72
3,68
5,74
7,88
10,06

1,93
4,13
6,45
8,84
11,29

2,14
4,57
7,13
9,77
12,48

2,33
4,99
7,79
10,68
13,64

155
300
440
577
712

158
303
442
577
710

157
298
432
561
687

145
272
391
505
616

133
246
352
451
547

13
25
36
47
59

12
23
33
43
53

11
21
30
39
48

10
19
27
35
43

9
17
25
32
38

5
10
15
19
24

5
69
13
18
22

4
8
12
16
19

4
8
11
14
17

4
7
10
13
15

Ph lc 3. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN CHO B SINH TRNG V B V BO HNG THT C TRNG
LNG TRNG THNH 640 Kg (p dng cho c b sinh trng, b hu b v b
trng thnh; NRC, 1996)
Khi
lng
b (kg)

350

380

413

445

477

508

TDN
(% CK)

NEm
(Kcal/kg
)

NEg
(Kcal/k
g)

50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90

991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291

440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
446
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586

Khi
lng thc
n
(kg cht
kh/ngy)
8,9
9,4
9,2
8,7
7,9
9,5
10,0
9,8
9,3
8,5
10,0
10,7
10,4
9,8
9,0
10,7
11,3
10,9
10,4
9,6
11,2
11,8
11,6
10,9
10,0
11,7
12,4
12,2
11,5
10,6

122

D kin
tng
trng
(kg/ngy
)
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14
0,36
1,00
1,53
1,90
2,14

Protein
th (%
cht kh)

Ca
(% cht
kh)

P
(% cht
kh)

7,3
10,1
12,9
15,6
18,1
7,1
9,6
12,1
14,5
16,8
6,9
9,1
11,3
13,5
15,6
6,7
8,7
10,7
12,6
14,5
6,6
8,3
10,1
11,9
13,6
6,5
8,0
9,6
11,2
12,8

0,22
0,36
0,49
0,61
0,72
0,21
0,34
0,45
0,56
0,65
0,21
0,32
0,42
0,51
0,60
0,20
0,30
0,39
0,47
0,56
0,20
0,28
0,37
0,44
0,51
0,19
0,27
0,34
0,41
0,48

0,13
0,19
0,24
0,29
0,34
0,13
0,18
0,23
0,27
0,32
0,13
0,17
0,22
0,26
0,30
0,17
0,20
0,24
0,28
0,30
0,16
0,20
0,23
0,26
0,13
0,16
0,19
0,22
0,25
0,25

Ph lc 4. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN CHO B SINH TRNG V B V BO HNG THT C TRNG
LNG TRNG THNH 540 Kg (p dng cho c b sinh trng, b hu b v b
trng thnh; NRC, 1996)
Khi
lng
b (kg)

300

327

354

341

408

435

TDN
(% CK)

NEm
(Kcal/kg
)

NEg
(Kcal/k
g)

50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90

991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291

440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586

Khi
lng thc
n
(kg cht
kh/ngy)
7,9
8,4
8,2
7,7
7,1
8,4
8,9
8,7
8,3
7,6
8,9
9,5
9,3
8,8
8,0
9,5
10,0
9,8
9,3
8,5
9,9
10,6
10,3
9,8
8,9
10,5
11,1
10,8
10,2
9,4

123

D kin
tng
trng
(kg/ngy
)
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93
0,33
0.91
1,38
1,72
1.93

Protein
th (%
cht kh)

Ca
(% cht
kh)

P
(% cht
kh)

7,3
10,2
13
15,8
18,4
7,1
9,7
12,2
14,6
17
6,9
9,2
11,4
13,6
15,8
6,8
8,8
10,8
12,8
14,7
6,6
8,4
10,2
12
13,8
6,5
8,1
9,7
11,3
13

0,22
0,36
0,49
0,61
0,72
0,21
0,34
0,45
0,56
0,66
0,20
0,32
0,42
0,52
0,61
0,20
0,30
0,39
0,48
0,56
0,19
0,28
0,37
0,44
0,52
0,19
0,27
0,34
0,41
0,48

0,13
0,19
0,24
0,29
0,34
0,13
0,18
0,23
0,27
0,32
0,13
0,17
0,21
0,26
0,30
0,13
0,16
0,20
0,24
0,28
0,12
0,16
0,19
0,23
0,26
0,12
0,15
0,19
0,22
0,25

Ph lc 5. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN CHO B SINH TRNG V B V BO HNG THT C TRNG
LNG TRNG THNH 450 KG (p dng cho c b sinh trng, b hu b v b
trng thnh; NRC, 1996)
Khi
lng
b (kg)

250

270

295

318

340

363

TDN
(% CK)

NEm
(Kcal/kg
)

NEg
(Kcal/k
g)

50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90
50
60
70
80
90

991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291
991
1344
1674
1982
2291

440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586
440
770
1057
1344
1586

Khi
lng thc
n
(kg cht
kh/ngy)
6,9
7,3
7,1
6,7
6,2
7,3
7,8
7,6
7,2
6,6
7,8
8,3
8,0
7,6
7,0
8,3
8,7
8,5
8,0
7,4
8,7
9,2
8,9
8,5
7,8
9,2
9,7
9,4
8,9
8,2

124

D kin
tng
trng
(kg/ngy
)
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70
0,29
0.80
1,22
1,52
1.70

Protein
th (%
cht kh)

Ca
(% cht
kh)

P
(% cht
kh)

7,1
9.8
12.4
14.9
17.3
7,0
9,5
11,9
14,3
16.5
6,9
9,2
11,5
13,7
15,9
6,8
8,8
10,9
13.0
15.0
6,7
8,5
10,3
12.2
14.0
6.5
8.1
9.8
11.5
13.2

0,21
0,36
0,49
0,61
0,73
0,21
0,34
0,45
0,56
0,66
0,20
0,32
0,42
0,52
0,61
0,19
0,30
0,39
0,48
0,56
0,19
0,28
0,37
0,45
0,52
0,19
0,27
0,34
0,42
0,48

0,13
0,19
0,24
0,29
0,34
0,13
0,18
0,23
0,27
0,32
0,12
0,17
0,21
0,26
0,30
0,12
0,16
0,20
0,24
0,28
0,12
0,16
0,19
0,23
0,26
0,12
0,15
0,18
0,22
0,25

Ph lc 6. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN N CHO B M HNG THT THI K MANG THAI (Dng cho b tht
c khi lng trng thnh: 450 kg; NRC,1996)
Ch tiu
TDN (% cht kh)
ME (kcal/kg)
Nng lng thun duy
tr (Kcal/kg)
Khi lng thc n
(kg cht kh/ngy)
D kin tng trng
(kg/ngy)
Khi lng (kg/con)
Protein th (% trong
cht kh)
Can-xi % cht kh)
Pht-pho (% cht kh)

Thng cha
5
6
51.3
52.3
1035
1079
484
529

1
50.1
1013
463

2
50.2
1013
463

3
50.4
1013
463

4
50.7
1.13
463

7
54.0
1145
573

8
56.8
1233
660

9
61.3
1378
815

7.58

7.8

8.04

8.26

8.49

8.8

9.08

9.4

9.67

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

0.331

282
7.18

292
7.16

302
7.16

312
7.21

322
7.32

332
7.56

646
7.99

353
8.74

363
10.02

0.22
0.17

0.22
0.17

0.22
0.17

0.22
0.17

0.21
0.17

0.20
0.16

0.32
0.23

0.31
0.23

0.31
0.22

Ph lc 7. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN N CHO B M HNG THT THI K MANG THAI (Dng cho b tht
c khi lng trng thnh: 540 kg; NRC, 1996)
Ch tiu
TDN (% cht kh)
ME (kcal/kg)
Nng lng thun duy
tr (kcal/kg)
Khi lng thc n
(kg cht kh/ngy)
D kin tng trng
(kg/ngy)
Khi lng (kg/con)
Protein th (% cht
kh)
Can-xi (% cht kh)
Pht-pho (% cht kh)

Thng cha
5
6
51.4
52.3
1.57
1.79
506
529

1
50.1
1013
463

2
50.2
1013
463

3
50.7
1.13
463

4
50.9
1.35
485

8.76

8.98

9.22

9.49

9.76

0.34

0.34

0.34

0.34

339
7.21

351
7.19

363
7.18

0.23
0.18

0.23
0.18

0.22
0.18

125

7
53.8
1123
573

8
56.2
1211
661

9
59.9
1344
771

10.07

10.44

10.76

11.07

0.34

0.34

0.34

0.34

0.34

375
7.22

387
7.31

340
7.52

412
7.89

424
8.53

436
9.62

0.22
0.17

0.22
0.17

0.21
0.17

0.31
0.23

0.31
0.22

0.30
0.22

Ph lc 8. NHU CU V HM LNG CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU


PHN N CHO B M HNG THT THI K MANG THAI (Dng cho b tht
c khi lng trng thnh: 540 kg; NRC,1996)
Ch tiu
TDN (% cht kh)
ME (kcal/kg)
Nng lng thun
duy tr (kcal/kg)
Khi lng thc n
(kg cht kh/ngy)
D kin tng trng
(kg/ngy)
Khi
lng
b
(kg/con)
Protein th
(% cht kh)
Can-xi (% cht kh)
Pht-pho (% cht
kh)

Thng cha
5
6
51.6
52.4
1057
1079
506
529

1
50.7
1035
485

2
50.8
1035
485

3
50.9
1035
485

4
51.2
1035
485

7
53.7
1123
573

8
55.8
1211
639

9
59.0
1322
749

9.85

10.12

10.4

10.67

10.99

11.3

11.71

12.07

12.44

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

0.463

395

410

424

438

452

466

480

494

508

7.25

7.22

7.21

7.23

7.31

7.48

7.81

8.38

9.33

0.24
0.18

0.24
0.18

0.23
0.18

0.23
0.18

0.22
0.18

0.22
0.18

0.31
0.23

0.30
0.22

0.30
0.22

126

II. TIU CHUN N CHO LN


Ph lc 9. NHU CU A XIT AMIN TRONG KHU PHN CHO LN THT
(n t do, 90 % vt cht kh; NRC, 1998)
3-5
Kki lng trung bnh (kg)
4
DE trong khu phn 3400
(kcal/kg)
ME trong khu phn 3265
(kcal/kg)
c tnh DE n vo 855
(kcal/ngy)
c tnh ME n vo 820
(kcal/ngy)
c tnh thc n n vo 250
(g/ngy)
Protein th (%)
26.0
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleusine
Leusine
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine +Tyrosine
Thereonine
Tryptophan
Valine

0.54
0.43
0.73
1.35
1.34
0.36
0.76
0.80
1.26
0.84
0.24
0.91

Arginine
Histidine
Isoleusine
Leusine
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine +Tyrosine
Thereonine

0.51
0.40
0.69
1.29
1.26
0.34
0.71
0.75
1.18
0.75

5-10
7.5
3
400
3
265
1
690
1
620
500
23.7

Khi lng c th ( kg)


10 -20
20 -50
50 -80
15
35
65
3400
3400
3400

80-120
100
3400

3265

3265

3265

3265

3400

6305

8760

10450

3265

6050

8410

10030

1000

1855

2575

3075

20.9

18
15.5
13.2
Nhu cu axit amin
Da vo t l tiu ho thc qua hi trng (%)
0.49
0.42
0.33
0.24
0.16
0.38
0.32
0.26
0.21
0.10
0.65
0.55
0.45
0.37
0.29
1.20
1.02
0.83
0.67
0.51
1.19
1.01
0.83
0.66
0.52
0.32
0.27
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.68
0.58
0.47
0.39
0.31
0.71
0.61
0.49
0.40
0.31
1.12
0.95
0.78
0.63
0.49
0.74
0.63
0.52
0.43
0.34
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.81
0.69
0.56
0.45
0.35
Da vo t l tiu ho biu kin qua hi trng
(%)
0.46
0.39
0.31
0.22
0.14
0.36
0.31
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.61
0.52
0.42
0.34
0.26
1.15
0.98
0.80
0.64
0.50
1.11
0.94
0.77
0.61
0.47
0.30
0.26
0.21
0.17
0.13
0.63
0.53
0.44
0.36
0.29
0.66
0.56
0.46
0.37
0.28
1.05
0.89
0.72
0.58
0.45
0.66
0.56
0.46
0.37
0.30
127

Tryptophan
Valine

0.22
0.84

0.19
0.74

Arginine
Histidine
Isoleusine
Leusine
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine +Tyrosine
Thereonine
Tryptophan
Valine

0.59
0.48
0.83
1.50
1.50
0.40
0.86
0.90
1.41
0.98
0.27
1.04

0.54
0.43
0.73
1.32
1.35
0.35
0.76
0.80
1.25
0.86
0.24
0.92

0.16
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.63
0.51
0.41
0.32
Da vo t l axit amin tng s (%)
0.46
0.37
0.27
0.19
0.36
0.30
0.24
0.19
0.63
0.51
0.12
0.33
1.12
0.90
0.71
0.54
1.15
0.95
0.75
0.60
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.65
0.51
0.44
0.35
0.68
0.55
0.44
0.34
1.06
0.87
0.70
0.55
0.74
0.61
0.51
0.41
0.21
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.79
0.64
0.52
0.40

128

Ph lc 10. NHU CU A XIT BO, VITAMIN V KHONG CA LN THT


(n t do, 90 % vt cht kh; NRC, 1998)
3-5
Kki lng trung bnh (kg)
4
DE trong khu phn (kcal/kg)
3400
ME trong khu phn (kcal/kg) 3265
c tnh DE n vo 855
(kcal/ngy)
c tnh ME n vo 820
(kcal/ngy)
c tnh TA n vo (g/ngy)
250
Cc cht khong
Can xi (g)
2.25
Pht pho tng s (g)
1.75
Pht pho d hp thu (g)
1.38
Natri (g)
0.63
Clo (g)
0.63
Magi (g)
0.10
Kali (g)
0.75
ng (mg)
1.50
It (mg)
0.04
St (mg)
25
Mangan (mg)
1
Selen (mg)
0.08
Km (mg)
25
Vitamin
Vitamin A ( IU)
550
Vitamin D3 ( IU)
55
Vitamin E (IU)
4
Vitamin K (mg)
0.13
Biotin (mg)
0.02
Cholin (g)
0.15
Folacin (mg)
0.08
Niacin d hp th (mg)
5.00
Axit pantothenc (mg)
3.00
Riboflavin (mg)
1.00
Thiamin (mg)
0.38
Vitamin B6 (mg)
0.50
5.00
Vitamin B12 (g)

5-10
7.5
3400
3265
1690

Khi lng c th ( kg)


10 -20 20 -50
50 -80
15
35
65
3400
3400
3400
3265
3265
3265
3400
6305
8760

80-120
100
3400
3265
10450

1620

3265

10030

Axit linoleic (g)

0.25

6050

8410

500

1000
1855
2575
Nhu cn (s lng trn ngy)
4.00
7.00
11.13
12.88
3.25
6.00
9.28
11.59
2.00
3.20
4.27
4.89
1.00
1.50
1.86
2.58
1.00
1.50
1.48
2.06
0.20
0.40
0.74
1.03
1.40
2.60
4.27
4.89
3.00
5.00
7.42
9.01
0.07
0.14
0.26
0.36
50
80
111.3
129.75
2
3
3.71
5.15
1.15
0.25
0.28
0.39
50
80
111.3
129.75

13.84
12.30
4.61
3.08
2.46
1.23
5.23
9.23
0.43
123
6.15
0.46
153.75

1100
110
8
0.25
0.03
0.25
0.15
7.50
5.00
1.75
0.05
0.75
8.75

1750
200
11
0.50
0.05
0.40
0.30
12.50
9.00
3.00
1.00
1.50
15.00

2412
278
20
0.93
0.09
0.56
0.56
18.55
14.84
4.64
1.86
1.86
15.55

3348
386
28
1.29
0.13
0.77
0.77
18.03
18.03
5.15
2.58
2.58
12.88

3998
461
34
1.54
0.15
0.92
0.92
21.53
21.53
6.15
3.08
3.08
15.38

0.50

1.00

1.86

2.58

3.08

129

3075

Lys

Met

22.5

1.65

0.45

0.94

3300

22.0

1.50

0.41

3300

20.0

1.35

3200

18.0

3200

Try

Ca

P
tng
s

P
hu
ch

NaCl

Protein

Ph lc 11. KHUYN CO NHU CU DINH DNG CHO LN (%)

1.04

0.33

0.90

0.70

0.55

0.50

0.86

0.95

0.30

0.90

0.70

0.55

0.50

0.36

0.77

0.85

0.27

0.80

0.65

0.40

0.50

1.10

0.30

0.63

0.69

0.22

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

16.0

0.90

0.24

0.51

0.57

0.18

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3200

13.0

0.70

0.19

0.40

0.44

0.14

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3100
3100

13.0
18.0

0.60
0.95

0.16
0.24

0.39
0.46

0.47
0.61

0.11
0.17

0.80
0.80

0.65
0.65

0.30
0.30

0.50
0.50

3100

13.0

0.70

0.19

0.49

0.58

0.14

0.80

0.65

0.30

0.50

3300

20.0

1.35

0.36

0.77

0.85

0.27

0.80

0.65

0.40

0.50

3200

18.0

1.10

0.30

0.63

0.69

0.22

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3200

16.0

0.90

0.24

0.51

0.57

0.18

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3200

14.0

0.75

0.20

0.43

0.47

0.15

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3200

12..5

0.65

0.18

0.38

0.42

0.13

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.50

3000

12.0

0.55

0.15

0.36

0.43

0.10

0.80

0.65

0.30

0.50

3100

14.0

0.85

0.22

0.41

0.55

0.15

0.80

0.65

0.30

0.50

3100

13.0

0.60

0.16

0.42

0.50

0.12

0.80

0.65

0.30

0.50

Loi ln

ME
(kcal
/
kg)

Ln con
tp n 7 kg
Ln con
7 - 12 kg
Ln tht
12- 20 kg
Ln tht
20 -35 kg
Ln tht
35 -60 kg
Ln tht
60- 100 kg
Ni mang thai
Ni nui
con
Ln c ging

3300

Ln con
tp n-7 kg
Ln con
7 - 15 kg
Ln tht
15- 30 kg
Ln tht
30 -60 kg
Ln tht
60 - 100kg
Ni ni
mang thai
Ni ni nui
con
Ln c
ging ni

Met
+
cys

Thr

Ging ngoi

Ln lai ngoi - ni

Ngun: L Vn Knh,2004.

130

III. TIU CHUN N CHO GIA CM

Loi
cm

gia

G tht cng
nghip 0 -2
tun tui
G tht cng
nghip 2- 5
G tht cng
nghip > 5 TT
G ta th vn
0-2 tun tui
G ta th vn
2-6 tun tui
G ta th
vn> 6 tun
G hu b
trng 0-6 tun
G hu b
6 -12 tun
G hu b
12- 18 tun
G
18- 22 tun
G
22 - 32 tun
G
> 32 tun
Vt con
0 -3 tun
Vt tht
3- 6 tun
Vt v bo
> 6 tun
Vt th ng
0 - 3 tun
Vt th ng
3- 6 tun

Protein

Ph lc 12. NHU CU DINH DNG CHO GIA CM CC LOI (%)


Lys

Met

Met
+
Cys

Thr

Try

Ca

P tng
s

P
hu
ch

N
aCl

22..5

1.20

0.46

0.86

0.89

0.22

1.00

0.60

0.45

0.50

3200

20.0

1.10

0.42

0.79

0.81

0.20

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3200

19.0

0.95

0.36

0.68

0.70

0.17

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3200

20.0

1.10

0.42

0.79

0.81

0.20

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3200

18.0

0.95

0.36

0.68

0.70

0.17

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3200

16.0

0.80

0.28

0.58

0.64

0.16

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

2900

19.0

0.90

0.32

0.66

0.72

0.18

0.90

0.65

0.40

0.50

2900

16.0

0.75

0.26

0.55

0.60

0.15

0.80

0.60

0.35

0.50

2900

15.0

0.65

0.23

0.47

0.52

0.13

0.80

0.60

0.35

0.50

2900

18.0

0.90

0.38

0.81

0.81

0.23

2.0

0.60

0.35

0.50

2900

17.5

0.87

0.44

0.73

0.61

0.17

4.00

0.80

0.60

0.50

2900

16.5

0.82

0.42

0.68

0.57

0.16

3.60

0.80

0.60

0.50

3100

21.0

1.15

0.41

0.84

0.92

0.23

1.00

0.60

0.45

0.50

3200

19.0

1.05

0.37

0.77

0.84

0.21

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3200

17.0

0.85

0.30

0.62

0.68

0.17

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

3000

20.0

1.05

0.37

0.77

0.84

0.21

1.00

0.60

0.45

0.50

3000

17.0

0.80

0.28

0.58

0.64

0.16

0.90

0.50

0.35

0.50

ME
(kcal/
kg)
3100

131

Ph lc 13. NHU CU NNG LNG, PROTEIN V A XIT AMIN CA G


TRNG THNG PHM GIAI ON T 0 TUN TUI N KHI QU
TRNG U TIN (NRC,1994)
n
v
Cht dinh dng
Khi lng c th
Nng lng trao i

G
Kcal

Protein th

Arginine
Glycine + Serine
Histidine
Isoleucin
Leucin
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine +Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine + Tyr
Threonine
Trytophan
Valine
Linoleic

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

G trng mu trng (tun tui)


0-6
6-12 12-18 18 n
qu trng
u tin
450
980
1375
1475
2850 2850
2900
2900
Protein v axit amin
18.0 16.00 15.00
17.00
0
1.00
0.83
0.67
0.75
0.70
0.58
0.47
0.53
0.26
0.22
0.17
0.20
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.45
1.10
0.85
0.70
0.80
0.85
0.60
0.45
0.52
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.22
0.62
0.52
0.42
0.47
0.54
0.54
0.36
0.40
1.00
0.82
0.67
0.75
0.68
0.57
0.37
0.47
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.62
0.52
0.41
0.46
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

132

G trng mu nu (tun tui)


0-6
6-12 12-18 18 n
qu trng
u tin
500
1100
1500
1600
2800 2800
2850
2850
17.0
0
0.94
0.66
0.25
0.57
1.00
0.80
0.28
0.59
0.51
0.94
0.64
0.16
0.59
1.00

15.00

14.00

16.00

0.78
0.54
0.21
0.47
0.80
0.56
0.23
0.49
0.42
0.78
0.53
0.13
0.49
1.00

0.62
0.44
0.16
0.37
0.65
0.42
0.19
0.39
0.34
0.63
0.35
0.10
0.38
1.00

0.72
0.50
0.18
0.42
0.75
0.49
0.21
0.44
0.38
0.70
0.44
0.11
0.43
1.00

Ph lc 14. NHU CU CHT KHONG V VITAMIN CA G TRNG


THNG PHM GIAI ON T 0 TUN TUI N KHI QU TRNG U
TIN (NRC,1994)
Cht dinh dng

n
v

Khi lng c th

Canxi
Nonphytate phot pho
Kali
Natri
Clo
Magie

%
%
%
%
%
mg

Mangan
Km
St
ng
Iodine
Selen

mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg

Vitamin A
Vitamin D3
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

IU
ICU
IU
mg

Riboflavin
Axit pantothenic
Niacin
B12
Choline
Biotin
Axt pholic
Thiamin
Pyrydoxine

mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg

G trng mu trng (tun tui)


G trng mu nu (tun tui)
0-6
6-12 12-18 18 n
0-6
6-12 12-18
18
qu
n
trng
qu trng
u tin
u tin
450
980
1375
1475
500
1100
1500
1600
Khong a lng
0.90
0.80
0.80
2.00
0.90
0.80
0.80
1.80
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.32
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
600.0 500.0 400.0
400.0
570.0 470.0 370.0
370.0
Khong vi lng
60.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
56.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
40.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
38.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
80.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
75.0
56.0
56.0
56.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
.035
0.35
3.5
3.5
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.10
0.11
0.11
Cc vitamin tan trong du
1500
1500
1500
1500
1420
1420
1420
1420
200.0 200.0 200.0 300.0
190.0
190.0 190.0
280.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
9.5
4.7
4.7
4.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
Cc vi tamin tan trong nc
3.6
1.8
1.8
2.2
3.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
27.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
26.0
10.3
10.3
10.3
0.009 0.003 0.003 0.004
0.009
0.003 0.003
0.003
1300 900.0 500.0 500.0 1225.0 850.0 470.0
470.0
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.55
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.52
0.23
0.23
0.23
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8

133

Ph lc 15. NHU CU NNG LNG, PROTEIN AXT AMIN V CHT


KHONG CA G TRNG THNG PHM (Theo lng thc n n vo khc
nhau giai on trng; NRC, 1994)
Cht dinh dng

n
v

Mt dinh dng
trong thc n cho g
trng mu trng

Nhu cu hng ngy/g mi


(mg hocUI/kg)
G ging b
G thng
G thng
m trng phm trng phm trng
mu trng
mu trng
mu nu
100 120
100
100
100
15.0 12.5
15000
15000
16500
0.70 0.58
700
700
770
0.17 0.14
170
170
190
0.65 0.54
650
650
715
0.82 0.68
820
820
900
0.69 0.58
690
690
760
0.30 0.25
300
300
330
0.58 0.48
580
580
645
0.47 0.39
470
470
520
0.83 0.69
830
830
910
0.47 0.39
470
470
520
0.16 0.13
160
160
175
0.70 0.58
700
700
770
1.0 0.83
1000
1000
1100
Khong a lng
3.25
2.71
3250
3250
3600
0.13
0.11
1.30
1.30
145
500
420
50
50
55
0.25
0.21
250
250
275
0.15
0.13
150
150
165
0.15
0.13
150
150
165
Khong vi lng
35
29
4.5
3.5
3.9
0.035 0.029
0.01
0.004
0.004
45
38
6.0
4.5
5.0
20
17
2.0
2.0
2.2
0.06
0.05
0.006
0.006
0.006

Thc n n vo
Protein th
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucin
Leucin
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine +Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine + Tyr
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Axit linoleic

gam
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

80
18.8
0.88
0.21
0.81
1.03
0.86
0.83
0.73
0.59
1.04
0.59
0.20
0.88
1.25

Canxi
Clo
Magie
Nonphytate pht pho
Kali
Natri

%
%
mg
%
%
%

4.06
0.16
625
0.31
0.19
0.19

Zn
I
Fe
Mn
Se

mg
mg
mg
mg
mg

44
0.044
56
25
0.08

134

Ph lc 16. NHU CU VITAMIN CA G TRNG THNG PHM


(theo lng thc n n vo giai on trng; NRC, 1994)
Cht dinh dng

Thc n n vo
Vitamin A
Vitamin D3
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Choline
Folacin
Niacin
Axit pantothenic
Pyridoxine
Riboflavin
Thiamin

n
v

Mt dinh dng
trong thc n cho g
trng mu trng

Nhu cu hng ngy/g mi


(mg hocUI/kg)
G ging b
G thng
G thng
m trng phm trng phm trng
mu trng
mu trng
mu nu
gam
80
100
120
100
100
100
Cc vitamin ho tan trong du
IU 3750 3000 2500
300
300
330
ICU 375
300
250
30
30
33
IU
6
5
4
1.0
0.5
0.55
mg
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.005
0.055
Cc vitamin ho tan trong nc
mg 0.004 0.004 0.004
0.008
0.0004
0.0004
mg
0.13
0.1
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.011
mg
1310
1050
875
105
105
115
mg
0.31
0.25
0.21
0.035
0.025
0.028
mg
12.5
10.0
8.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
mg
2.5
2.0
1.7
0.7
0.20
0.22
mg
3.1
2.5
2.1
0.45
0.25
0.28
mg
3.1
2.5
2.1
0.36
0.25
0.28
mg
0.88
0.70
0.60
0.07
0.07
0.08

135

Ph lc 17. NHU CU NNG LNG, PROTEIN, AXT AMIN V KHONG CA


G BROILER (90% VCK; NRC,1994)
Cht dinh dng

n v

Nng lng trao i


Protein th
Arginine
Glycine + Serine
Histidine
Isoleucin
Leucin
Lysine
Methionine
Methionine +Cystine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine + Tyr
Proline
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Axit linoleic

Kcal
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Canxi
Clo
Magie
Nonphytate pht pho
Kali
Natri

%
%
mg
%
%
%

Cu
I
Fe
Mn
Se
Zn

mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg

0-3
tun tui
3200
23.00
1.25
1.25
0.35
0.80
1.20
1.10
0.50
0.90
0.72
1.34
0.60
0.80
0.20
0.90
1.00
Khong a lng
1.00
0.20
600
0.45
0.30
0.20
Khong vi lng
8
0.35
80
60
0.15
40

136

0-3
tun tui
3200
20.00
1.10
1.14
0.32
0.73
1.09
1.00
0.38
0.72
0.65
1.22
0.55
0.74
0.18
0.82
1.00

0-3
tun tui
3200
18.00
1.00
0.97
0.27
0.62
0.93
0.85
0.32
0.60
0.56
1.04
0.46
0.68
0.16
0.70
1.00

0.90
0.15
600
0.35
0.30
0.15

0.80
0.12
600
0.30
0.30
0.12

8
0.35
80
60
0.15
40

8
0.35
80
60
0.15
40

Ph lc 18. NHU CU VITAMIN TRONG KHU PHN CA G BROILER


(90% VCK; NRC, 1994)
Cht dinh dng
Vitamin A
Vitamin D3
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Choline
Folacin
Niacin
Axit pantothenic
Pyridoxine
Riboflavin
Thiamin

n v

0-3
0-3
tun tui
tun tui
IU
1500
1500
ICU
200
200
IU
10
10
mg
0.5
0.5
Cc vitamin ho tan trong nc
mg
0.01
0.01
mg
0.15
0.15
mg
1300
1000
mg
0.55
0.55
mg
35
30
mg
10
10
mg
3.5
3.5
mg
3.6
3.6
mg
1.80
1.80

137

0-3
tun tui
1500
200
10
0.5
0.007
0.12
750
0.5
25
10
3.0
3
1.80

Lipt th (%)

X th (%)

(%)Dn sut khng m

Khong tng s (%)

C g
C l tre
C mn
tru
C mt
C t
nhin hn
hp
C tranh
Cnh l
keo du
Bo ci
Bo du
Bo tm
Bo ty
Rau lp
Rau
mung
Rau
mung

Protein th (%)

Loi thc
n

Cht kh (%)

Ph lc 19. Thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng ca thc n cho tru b, ln v gia cm

26.37
25.10
23.10

3.24
3.30
3.00

0.60
1.10
0.50

7.11
9.40
6.60

12.13
9.10
10.50

3.29
2.20
2.50

Thc n xanh
0.11
0.06 562
0.14
0.06 525
0.18
0.09 502

336
311
303

186
169
170

332
309
298

22.50
24.10

2.80
2.60

0.50
0.70

7.40
6.90

9.70
11.60

2.10
2.30

0.08
0.11

0.09
0.05

480
528

288
321

159
182

284
315

27.90
25.30

1.70
7.20

0.90
0.90

10.00
4.30

13.70
11.50

1.60
1.40

0.08
0.40

0.04
0.30

593
716

354
478

195
317

350
453

8.60
7.00
8.50
7.60
8.30
10.60

1.20
1.30
1.60
0.80
1.20
2.10

0.30
0.30
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.70

1.20
0.70
0.50
1.50
1.50
1.60

4.30
3.20
5.00
3.60
4.10
4.70

1.60
1.50
1.20
1.40
1.20
1.50

0.09
0.05
0.07
0.16
0.08
0.12

0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05

189
157
219
155
189
259

114
96
142
90
117
165

65
56
90
48
68
102

112
94
136
90
114
159

208
183
258
162
206
290

196
173
246
152
192
270

8.40

1.90

0.70

1.40

3.30

1.10

0.09

0.04

210

135

85

130

236

218

Nng lng (kcal / kg)


Tru b
Ln
Ca
(%)

P
(%)

ME
(kcal
)

Duy
tr
NEm

Tg
trng
NEg

Tit sa
NEl

Gia
cm

DE

ME

ME

144.9
210.4
139.6
226.7
179.2

147

1.50

0.14

0.06

250

150

90

150

18.50

3.50

0.40

2.50

9.90

2.20

0.25

0.06

465

299

187

287

9.00

2.50

0.20

1.60

3.80

0.90

0.08

0.03

237

155

99

147

Khong tng s (%)

4.40

Dn sut khng m (%)

1.60

X th (%)

0.70

Lipit th (%)

C Ghin
C Ghin 25
ngy
C Ghin 50
ngy
C Ghin
Hamill
45
C Ghin K-280

1.80

Protein th (%)

Loi
thc n

11.00

(%)Cht kh

Rau
mung
trng
Cy dm
bt l
Rau tu
bay

23.30

2.47

0.51

7.30

10.62

2.40

0.13

0.03

490

291

158

288

20.03

1.91

0.60

6.74

8.52

2.28

0.16

0.07

402

232

120

234

19.96

2.15

0.48

6.85

8.03

2.46

0.13

0.07

394

225

114

227

17.10

2.19

0.43

5.83

6.99

1.66

0.09

0.05

360

214

117

212

23.98

4.27

0.60

8.27

9.43

1.41

0.18

0.04

554

345

205

335

298

280

Nng lng (Kcal) / kg


Tru b
Ln
Ca
(%)

P
(%)

ME
(kcal
)

Duy
tr
NEm

Tg
trng
NEg

Tit sa
NEl

DE

217.1

Gia
cm
ME

ME

148

1.03

0.05

0.04

297

183

106

178

13.68

2.08

0.60

1.72

6.07

3.21

0.86

0.04

282

166

89

165

16.07

3.36

0.53

2.67

8.25

1.26

0.22

0.02

424

278

179

264

24.60

4.10

0.80

8.00

7.60

4.10

0.22

0.06

477

269

132

274

25.34

1.79

0.50

8.59

12.94

1.52

0.09

0.05

547

330

184

325

22.43
19.12

2.91
3.13

0.32
0.40

7.11
5.40

10.73
8.98

1.37
1.22

0.11
0.12

0.06
0.06

455
412

264
248

138
138

265
244

19.13

2.66

0.35

5.82

9.08

1.22

0.18

0.05

442

275

163

267

19.94

2.30

0.37

6.53

9.56

1.18

0.14

0.05

448

276

160

269

tng s (%)Khong

5.63

5(%)Dn sut khng m

4.22

X th (%)

0.30

3(%)Lipit th

C ba l
- thn l
L Styl

2.02

Protein th (%)

Loi
thc n

13.20

(%)Cht kh

C Ghin K-280
30 ngy
Cy
Gigantea
Thn l
Gliricidi
a
C lng
Para,
Cuba
C
Pangla
C Ruzi
C Ruzi
25 ngy
C Ruzi
30
C Ruzi
35 ngy

Ca
(%)

20.40

3.30

0.60

5.30

9.60

1.60

0.22

0.06

487

307

186

296

20.10

4.10

0.40

3.30

10.70

1.60

0.40

0.04

527

344

220

328

Nng lng (Kcal) / kg


Tru b
Ln
P
(%)

ME
(kcal
)

Duy
tr
NEm

Tg
trng
NEg

Tit sa
NEl

DE

Gia
cm
ME

ME

149

Thn l
Styl
C c rt
C ci

C khoai
lang
C khoai
lang kh
C khoai
ty
C sn
b v
C sn
b
v kh
C sn
c v
C sn
c v
kh
Qu b

Cy bp
ci- l
gi

24.27

4.13

0.54

6.81

10.80

1.99

0.61

0.05

567

355

212

344

246
199

160
129

234
190

476
383

464
373

441.7
356.0

13.80
11.20

0.90
1.00

0.10
0.10

1.00
0.70

10.90
8.60

0.90
0.08

Thc n c qu
0.03
0.03 373
0.05
0.03 302

29.38

1.21

0.33

0.75

26.16

0.93

0.05

0.04

831

555

368

526

1093

1083

1057.6

86.80

3.20

1.70

2.20

77. 10

2.60

0.17

0.16

2527

1700

1172

1668

3248

3219

2952.0

21.5

1.80

0.30

0.90

17.50

1.00

0.02

0.04

602

401

264

380

789

774

701.4

31.5

0.90

0.60

0.70

28.6

0.70

0.08

0.05

925

623

418

589

1150

1142

1084.5

88.36

2.06

1.39

2.01

81.33

1.58

0.14

0.40

2530

1695

1127

1604

3227

3206

3283.7

27.70

0.90

0.40

1.00

24.70

0.70

0.05

0.04

799

537

358

507

977

968

89.10

2.91

2.38

4.07

77.56

2.18

0.17

0.19

2586

1737

1162

1644

3175

3145

3203

11.79

1.17

0.70

1.28

7.48

1.16

0.04

0.04

318

210

136

199

404

388

401.5

4.50

Ph phm ngnh trng trt


2.00
0.26
0.05 254

158

93

153

11.00

2.20

0.70

1.60

150

Protein th (%)

Lipit th (%)

X th (%)

5(%)Dn sut khng m

Khong tng s (%)

6.39

23.87

4.91

0.29

0.56

3072

2135

1498

2016

4138

3800

3296

12.70

27.10

6.10

0.32

0.71

2677

1807

1217

1709

3542

3225

2895

10.70

16.3
0
11.8
0
4.10

9.90

58.70

3.30

0.10

0.35

2354

1559

1079

1480

2802

2701

2845

88.61

23.68

1.95

4.37

55.09

3.52

0.24

0.42

3354

3189

2871

89.80

19.20

23.30

28.80

4.40

Ht nhiu du
0.29
0.75 2375

1555

1000

1481

87.00

13.10

25.86

13.49

4.58

0.30

0.78

2727

1863

1276

1758

2621

2442

89.90

15.30

14.1
0
29.9
7
25.2
0

28.60

17.90

2.90

0.24

0.90

2633

1774

1189

1677

2720

2509

92.40

19.80

43.4
0

11.50

12.50

5.20

0.74

0.67

5103

4752

4107

(%) Cht kh

37.02

Ht u
tng
Ht u
tng lp
Ht yn
mch
Ht u
xanh

88.48
90.40

32.70

86.70

Ht bng
vi
Ht cao
su c v
Ht
hng
dng
Ht m
trng

Loi
thc n

Nng lng (Kcal) / kg


Tru b
Ln
Ca
(%)

P
(%)

Gia
cm

ME
(kcal
)

Duy
tr
NEm

Tg
trng
NEg

Tit sa
NEl

DE

ME

ME

Ph phm ch bin nng sn- Cc loi b du


B du
bng vi
c v p
B d
u nnh
chit ly

91.49

33.54

7.43

17.54

27.1
9

5.79

0.53

0.98

2363

1536

976

1466

3042

2764

2058

89.00

44.70

1.50

5.10

31.2
0

6.50

0.28

0.65

2619

1766

1186

1670

3692

3350

2669

151

B d
N p
my
B d
phng
nhn
B d
vng

86.46

42.57

7.40

5.86

24.6
5

5.97

0.26

0.76

2720

1860

1275

1755

3665

3312

2795

90.19

45.54

6.96

5.25

26.7
0

5.74

0.18

0.53

2857

1965

1344

1846

3648

3341

2970

91.70

38.12

11.2
8

10.87

18.4
9

12.94

1.60

1.07

2683

1806

1211

1708

3406

3071

2807

152

7.96
10.30

7.61
9.20

31.39
10.00

31.51
54.50

10.54
6.00

Cc loi cm
-

2005
2562

1234
1714

717
1138

1203
1623

90.00

12.15

6.85

52.64

6.93

0.28

0.17

2659

1794

1207

1697

2746

2633

2689

87.40

11.20

7.10

47.00

9.30

0.11

1.22

2586

1746

1175

1650

2759

2637

2598

89.00

13.70

11.4
3
12.8
0
17.9
0

6.80

37.00

13.60

1.50

2695

1829

1240

1727

2794

2646

2621

87.57

13.00

7.77

46.40

8.37

0.17

1.56

2555

1720

1152

1626

2680

2553

2527

89.70

7.60

12.0
3
5.00

23.30

38.90

14.90

0.34

0.65

2053

1273

749

1237

1390

1308

87.70
86.90

14.70
9.50

4.30
1.90

9.90
0.80

54.50
72.60

4.30
2.10

0.12
0.13

0.89
0.34

2350
2344

1546
1537

1001
991

1470
1463

2653
3061

2536
3001

2496
2865

0.82

Cc loi b
0.09
0.06

563

370

239

352

613

567

21.10

6.76

2.19

2.94

8.39

(%) Khong tng s

X th (%)

89.01
90.00

Dn sut khng m (%)

Lipit th (%)

B bia
t

Protein th (%)

Cm bi
Cm cao
lng
Cm go
lau
Cm go
np
Cm go
t gi
chy
Cm go
t loi I
Cm go
t loi II
Cm m
Tm go
t

Cht kh (%)

Loi
thc n

Nng lng (Kcal) / kg


Tru b
Ln
Ca
(%)

P
(%)

ME
(kcal
)

Duy
tr
NEm

Tg
trng
NEg

Tit sa
NEl

DE

Gia
cm
ME

ME

2640

151

B bia
kh
B bt
khoai
lang kh
B bt
khoai t

88.00

10.40

10.40

51.70

5.20

0.52

0.05

2536

1701

1134

1610

2342

2243

3.80

10.3
0
4.90

84.10

14.30

52.70

8.40

2197

1433

916

1366

1723

1668

2609

23.40

1.00

0.80

4.00

15.30

2.30

596

386

243

369

478

464

66.51

152

B chp
Bt c l
30% CP
Bt c l
50% CP
Bt c
nht
40% CP
Bt c
nht
45% CP
Bt c
nht 50%
CP
Bt c
nht 55%
CP
B
chp
Bt u
v v
tm
Bt tm

Khong tng s (%)

5(%)Dn sut khng m

X th (%)

Lipit th (%)

Protein th (%)

Cht kh (%)

Loi
thc n

Ca
(%)

P
(%)

ME
(kcal
)

Nng lng (Kcal) / kg


Tru b
Ln
Duy
Tg
Tit sa
tr
trng
NEl
DE
ME
NEm
NEg

Gia cm
ME

54.70
87.55

14.20
30.81

5.10
2.00

4.77

4.60
7.10

30.8
42.87

Cc loi thc n ng vt
2.91
1.98 1410
910
9.26
3.79 1974 1215

89.00

52.80

6.10

1.80

0.10

28.20

5.35

2.79

87.50

38.30

4.80

1.50

42.90

7.34

1.67

2368

2077

1514

89.71

64.19

10.9
1

1.06

0.52

31.03

5.52

2.53

3207

2841

2183

88.98

51.58

10.5
2

2.97

1.37

22.54

4.34

3.01

3585

3174

3380

90.26

35.55

10.2
5

0.89

1.17

24.40

5.09

2.88

3709

3280

2625

54.70

14.20

5.10

4.60

30.80

2.91

1.98

1091

975

89.00

33.50

3.50

12.30

13.30

26.40

10.80

1.41

1781

1589

87.50

57.60

10.5
0

13.10

0.00

4.50

2.00

0.60

3811

3349

2597

1410

1748

910

580
706

880
1184

1977

1731

2004.6

1170

1653

3223

2825

2113

580

880

1671

151

Sa bt
Bt
CaCO3
Bt
vi
Bt
Ca2HPO4
Bt mai
mc
Bt
xng

96.50

26.50

26.0
0

38.50

5.50

0.90

0.80

5399

5023

Thc n khong
40.00
30.00
24.80

17.4

4.8
92.00

22.43

3.87

1.75

4.09

59.85

22.62

11.3

1999

1208

680

1188

152

154

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH


PHN TING VIT
1. Nguyn Xun B v CTV (1997). Nghin cu s dng urea x l rm la lm thc n cho
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trng i hc Nng Lm Hu. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, H ni; Tr. 157-160.
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Nng Nghip, H ni.
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dn tc, H ni.
4. V Duy Ging (2001). Gio trnh dinh dng v thc n gia sc. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip,
H ni.
5. V Duy Ging, Nguyn Th Lng Hng, Tn Tht Sn (1999). Dinh dng v thc n gia
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6. V Duy Ging (2003). Nhng xu hng mi s dng thc n b sung trong chn nui. Tp
ch Thc n chn nui. c san khoa hc k thut thc n chn nui. S 1 -2003. H ni.
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16. Schiere, J.B. and M.N.M. Ibrahim (1989). Feeding of urea-ammonia treated rice straw.
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Edition. National Academy Press.
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Additives: The added value to feed. Nefato, Netherlands.
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27. Le Duc Ngoan (2000). Evaluation of Shrimp by-products for pigs in Central Viet Nam.
Doctoral thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
28. IPC Livestock Barneveld College (2001). Formulation of compound feeds for pigs.
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