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LI NI U..................................................................................................................... 2 Phn I. GII THIU V CNG TY........................................................................................3 1. Lch s thnh lp.......................................................................................................... 3 6. An ton lao ng ......................................................................................................... 5

Phn II. PHNG K THUT..............................................................................................10

II.1. CHC NNG............................................................................................................. 10 II.2. NHIM V................................................................................................................10 II.3. QUYN HN............................................................................................................. 12 II.4. TRCH NHIM..........................................................................................................13

Phn III. PHNG KIM NGHM......................................................................................13

III.1. TIU CHUN THC HNH SN XUT THUC TT (GMP)..........................................13 III.2. T CHC V NHN S............................................................................................16

III.2.1. T chc..................................................................................................16 III.2.2. Nhn s.................................................................................................17

III.3. PHNG KIM NGHIM CHT LNG........................................................................17

III.3.1. H thng cht lng..............................................................................17 III.3.2. Quy trnh thao tc chun.......................................................................19 III.3.3. C s vt cht........................................................................................19 III.3.4. Thit b phn tch v hiu chnh phn tch............................................20 III.3.5. H s v ti liu....................................................................................22 III.3.6. An ton trong phng kim ....................................................................24
A: QUI TRNH SN XUT GIO C LAM........................................................................26
Tng quan v terpin Hydrat:..........................................................................................36

3.2. Nguyn liu:...............................................................................................38 a. Du thng:.....................................................................................................38 3.3. Nguyn tc phn ng:................................................................................39

PHN V. CC THIT B S DNG TRONG SN XUT.................................................53

2. Thuyn rc....................................................................................................59 6. Thit b c c hot ng p sut thng (ni c h)................................65

KT LUN...........................................................................................................................69
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LI NI U
gip nhng sinh vin nm th 4 nhn thc c c bn v ni dung cng vic trong tng lai sau khi ra trng, khoa cng ngh ha hc v b mn Ha Dc v Ha cht bo v thc vt lin h vi cng ty c phn ha dc Vit Nam (a ch 273 Ty Sn H Ni), cho php sinh vin lp ha dc K53 n thc tp ti cng ty . L mt n v c truyn thng trong lnh vc sn xut t dc v thuc, cng ty l a im thc tp ca cc lp ha dc t kha 45 n kha 53 nm nay. t thc tp cung cp mt ci nhn thc t v trin vng pht trin v ngnh ha dc ang cn non tr ca Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh thc tp vi s ch bo tn tnh ca cc cn b k thut, cc ch t trng v cc anh ch cng nhn chng em c tm hiu nhiu phn xng ca cng ty. Trong thi gian thc tp c phn xng ch sn xut mt loi mt hng nh phn xng sn xut tecpin hidrat, phn xng sn xut canxi cacbonat, mui tim, do thit bi sn xut rt c th v lng sn xut ln. ng thi cng c phn xng sn xut t 2 n 3 mt hng ni tip nhau nh phn xng sn xut gio c lam do yu cu sn xut cc mt hng ny t v c th sn xut trn cng mt h thng thit b. Sau y em xin trnh by bn bo co thc tp v 4 sn phm ca cng ty. l :
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Sn xut Terpin hidrat.

Sn xut Canxi Carbonat. Sn xut Mui tim. Sn xut Gio c lam. Do thi gian thc tp khng di v hiu bit ca bn thn cn c nhiu hn ch, bo co ny cn nhiu thiu st. V vy, mong cc thy c gio trong b mn gp . Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Nguyn Tun Anh v c L Thi Thy, cng ton th cc cn b k thut, v cc cng nhn ti cng ty to iu kin gip em hon thnh tt t thc tp ny. Sinh vin: Phm Th Kim Anh

Phn I. GII THIU V CNG TY

1. Lch s thnh lp Cng ty c phn Ha Dc Vit Nam vi tin thn l X nghip thy tinh Ha Dc H Ni c thnh lp ngy 23/9/1966. Sau c tch thnh hai x nghip l: x nghip Thy Tinh v x nghip Ha Dc H Ni. X nghip Ha Dc H Ni c nhim v sn xut cc nguyn liu ban u lm thuc v sn xut mt s sn phm thuc n gin vi khong hn 40 mt hng, do nh nc cung ng v bao tiu. L n v sn xut nguyn liu lm thuc duy nht ng Dng, nhng vi qui m sn xut nh, c ch hot ng bao cp, x nghip hu nh khng pht trin. n nm 2004, b trng B Y T ph duyt phng n c phn ha, v ngy 8 thng 12 nm 2004, quyt nh s 4420/Q- BYT c k, X nghip chnh thc c tn giao dch mi l Cng ty c phn Ha Dc Vit Nam. Tn giao dch quc t : VIET NAM CHEMICO-PHARMACEUTICAL JOINT STOCK COMPANY.
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Tn vit tt : VCP Sau khi thnh lp Cng ty c phn Ha Dc Vit Nam c S k hoch v u t Thnh ph H Ni cp Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s 0103007195. ng k ln u ngy 29 thng 03 nm 2005. ng k thay i ln th nht ngy 17 thng 07 nm 2006. 2. C s vt cht, t ai, nh xng: a im : s 192 c Giang Gia Lm (Cch H Ni 12km) Din tch t : 14.141 m2 . in thoi: 043.8533396/5639852. 3. C cu t chc: - Ban gim c v hi ng qun tr. - Tng s cn b nhn vin : 194 ngi - Cng nhn trc tip sn xut : 91ngi - Cc phng ban chc nng gm : Phng TC HC, Phng KH CT, Phng KT NC, Phng KN. - Phn xng sn xut : 02 phn xng. + Phn xng Ha dc : gm 3 t sn xut v t c in, ni hi. + Phn xng bo ch : gm 2 t sn xut (Dp vin v ng gi). 4. Trnh cng ngh: Hu ht cc my mc thit b u s dng t nhiu thp nin trc y nn xung cp, lc hu. Phn ln cc cng ngh, dy chuyn sn xut l do cn b cng ty t nghin cu, thit k, trin khai lp t cc thit b nhp khu khng ng b hoc ch to trong nc. Quy m sn xut nh, nng sut sn xut cn thp. 5. Ngun nguyn liu: Ngun nguyn liu trong nc: Ch yu l cc loi qung, mui khong, axit, kim, cc loi mui v c cng nh cc loi dc tho phi kh. Ngun nguyn liu ngoi nhp :Quan trng nht l cc loi ha cht hu c c bn v trung gian. Do ngnh cng nghip ha cht trong nc cha p ng c nn nguyn liu ny ch yu nhp khu. Phn ln l t Trung Quc, Pakistan.
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Nh sn xut : 380 m2 Fax : 04.8534148

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6. An ton lao ng 6.1. Ni quy lm vic ti xng sn xut: - Khi s dng thit b,dng c v vt t k thut trong xng sn xut, ngi lao ng phi nm vng nguyn l vn hnh thit b. Khi c s c xy ra phi bo ngay cho ph trch n v bit, phi bo qun tt ti sn ca xng. - Khi lm vic ti phn xng sn xut, ngi lm vic phi c trang b bo h lao ng ng theo quy nh ca cng ty. - Khng c vo xng sn xut khi cha c trang b y bo h lao ng cn thit nh: Qun o bo h, m, gng tay, khu trang. Ch nhng ngi c hc quy trnh sn xut v c ph trch n v phn cng th mi c php lm vic ti xng sn xut. - Khi tinh ch phi tun th ng theo quy trnh c hun luyn, nghim cm vic ct b, bt xn quy trnh sn xut. Nu c hin tng bt thng trong qu trnh sn xut th phi kp thi bo cho ph trch n v bit. - Cc thit b, dng c s dng cho qu trnh sn xut phi m bo v sinh sch s. Sn phm to thnh phi c bo qun tt, trnh nhim cho nh hng n cht lng thnh phm. - Nghim cm vic t a thit b, dng c, ha cht v cc ti sn khc ra khi xng khi cha c s ng ca ph trch n v. Ti xng sn xut khng c cc cht d n, c hi qu mc quy nh. i vi cc cht c hi phi c quy nh nghim ngt v bo qun v xut nhp. Tt c cc ha cht u phi c nhn r rng. - Trong qu trnh sn xut phi c s pha ch ghi chp y ngy thng, cc bc thc hin, s m sn xut, s lng nguyn liu s dng, ngi thc hin. Khi cn lm vic ngoi gi quy nh phi bo co v c s ng ca ph trch n v. - Khng c tip khch l trong xng sn xut. Khng c n ung, ni chuyn tn gu, lm vic ring hay ri v tr khi ang trong dy chuyn sn xut. - Ht ca lm vic phi v sinh nh xng, xp gn gng cc thit b v dng c s dng.

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- Phi c s giao ca, ghi chp y thi gian, qu trnh tip theo ngi ca sau nm r. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra li nh xng, kha cc van kh, vi nc, tt cc cng tc v ngt cu dao in. - Sau mi thng lm vic hoc sau mi ln chuyn sang pha ch mt hng khc phi v sinh nh xng v thit b chung. - Ph trch n v phi c trch nhim n c mi ngi thc hin bn ni quy trn. 6.2. Ni quy an ton nh kho: a. Cc quy tc an ton khi sp xp hng Dng k k v nh v chc chn khi bo qun thnh phm. Thnh phm nn xp ring theo tng loi v theo th th thun tin cho vic bo qun, s dng, phi c bin bo i vi tng mt hng. Bo qun cc cht gy chy, cht d chy, axit. b. Cc quy tc an ton khi lm vic trong kho Th kho c giao nhim v qun l kho phi c s phn cng ca ph trch n v, nu l kho thuc ngi th kho phi c trnh v ngnh dc. Th kho nht thit phi c trang b bo h lao ng khi lm vic. Ch c i li cc li i dnh ring cho ngi xc nh. Khng i li trong khu vc c ngi lm vic bn trn hoc c vt treo trn. Khng bc, dm qua thnh phm. Khi c chng ngi vt trn li i phi dn ngay thng ng. Nhng ngi lm vic c lin quan n kho, khi vo kho phi c s ng ca th kho hoc th trng n v. Nhng ngi khng c nhim v th khng c v kho. Lun gi kho sch s, dng c, thnh phm c xp gn gng. Khi pht hin thy c hin tng bt thng khng an ton cho kho hng th phi bo ngay cho ph trch n v kp thi gii quyt. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra li kho hng, kha cc van kh, vi nc, tt cc cng tc v ngt cu dao in. 6.3. Ni quy an ton khi tip xc vi cht c hi: Cn phn loi, dn nhn v bo qun cht c hi ni qui nh.
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Khng n ung, ht thuc l ni lm vic. S dng cc dng c bo h ( qun o chng ha cht, gng tay), dng c phng h trong khi lm vic,vn chuyn, tip xc vi ha cht c hi. Nhng ngi khng lin quan khng c vo khu vc cha ha cht c. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra li hng, kha cc van kh, vi nc, tt cc cng tc v ngt cu dao in. Phi ra tay sch s trc khi n ung. 6.4. Quy tc an ton b phn c in: a. Cc quy tc an ton vi dng c th cng: i vi dng c th cng nh di, c, cn sa khi phn cn b te, hoc thay mi, khi li b hng, lung lay. Sau khi s dng nn bo qun dng c ni qui nh. Khi bo qun cn bt phn li di, c v xp v hm cc dng c c u sc nhn. S dng knh bo h khi lm vic ni c vt vng bn. b. Cc quy tc an ton in: Ch c nhng ngi c chng ch chuyn mn mi c sa cha in. Khi pht hin hng hc cn bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim. Tay t khng c s vo thit b in. Tt c cc cng tc cn c np y. Khng phun hoc ri cht lng ln thit b in, nh cng tc, mt, hm phn phi in. Kim tra nh k an ton ca dy dn in. Khng treo, mc vt ln dy dn in, dng c in. Khng cho dy chy vt qua gc sc hoc my c cnh sc nhn. Khng ni nhiu nhnh vi dy ng trc. 6.5. S cu ngi b bng Axit Sunfuric v Xt: Trong khi ang lm vic vi axit v xt, nu xy ra tai nn b bn axit hoc xt vo ngi, phi nhanh chng x l nh sau: Trng hp b bng axit: Di ra nhiu bng nc.
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-

p bng dung dch NaHCO3 5%. Ra li bng nc sch nhiu ln. Sau khi s cu ban u, a nn nhn i bnh vin iu tr. Trng hp b bng xt: Ra bng nc nhiu ln. p bng dung dch axit boric 3%. Sau khi s cu ban u, a nn nhn i bnh vin iu tr. 6.6.Phng php cp cu ngi b in git: ngt. 6.7. Ni quy phng chy cha chy: m bo an ton tnh mng, ti sn v trt t an ninh trong c quan, Gim c quy nh ni quy phng chy v cha chy nh sau: Nguyn tc : cp cu nhanh, kin tr, ti ch, chnh xc v lin tc. Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in : Tm cc bin php ng cao trc khi ct in. Ct cu dao in. Dng cc vt cch in nn nhn. Nm qun o nn nhn ko ra khi ngun in. Cp cu : a nn nhn ra ni thong. t nn nhn nm nga, u thp v nga v sau. Nu nn nhn b cht gi tin hnh h hi thi ngt kt hp xoa bp lng ngc, lm lin tc C ngi i gi cho y t c quan. Gi in thoi cp cu 115. Nghim cm a nn nhn i bnh vin khi trn ng i khng c thit b h hi thi

cho ti khi cn b y t ti.

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iu 1. Phng chy v cha chy l ngha v v trch nhim ca ton th cn b, cng nhn vin chc, k c nhng ngi khch n quan h cng tc. iu 2. Cm c s dng la, un nu, ht thuc trong kho v ni cm la. iu 3. Cm c cu, mc, s dng in ty tin, ht gi lm vic phi kim tra v tt n qut v cc thit b in khc trc khi ra v. Khng: Dng cc vt liu dn in khc thay cu ch. Dng dy in cm trc tip vo cm. cc cht d chy gn cu ch, bng in v dy dn in. xng, du v cc cht d chy trong phng lm vic. S dng bp in bng dy may-so, thp hng trong phng lm vic. iu 4. Sp xp vt t, hng ha, phng tin trong kho phi gn gng, sch s, xp ring tng loi c khong cch ngn chy, xa mi, xa tng, tin kim tra v cu cha khi cn thit. iu 5. Khu vc t, xe my phi gn gng, c li i li, khi xe phi hng u xe ra ngoi. iu 6. Khng cc chng ngi vt trn cc li i li, hnh lang, cu thang. iu 7. Phng tin dng c cha chy phi ni d thy, d ly, v thng xuyn kim tra bo dng theo quy nh, khng ai c ly s dng vo vic khc. iu 8. Cn b cng nhn vin thc hin tt quy nh ny s c khen thng, ngi no vi phm s ty thuc mc m b x l theo quy nh ca php lut.

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Phn II. PHNG K THUT

II.1. CHC NNG Tham mu cho Tng gim c v t chc thc hin cc lnh vc: Qun l k thut cng ngh, cht lng sn phm, k hoch bo dng, k thut an ton - bo h lao ng, xy dng chin lc pht trin sn xut, nghin cu ng dng, pht trin cng ngh sn xut v bo v mi trng. II.2. NHIM V 1. Lp k hoch p dng tin b k thut, pht trin sn xut ph hp vi k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty. 2. Xy dng cc phng n pht trin Tng cng ty, t vn cho Tng gim c chn phng n u t chiu su, u t m rng sn xut theo mc tiu k hoch nm v k hoch di hn ca Tng cng ty.

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3. Tham gia vic xt duyt cc d n u t m rng sn xut ca Tng cng ty v cc d n lin doanh vi nc ngoi do cc n v t vn hoc h s cho thu ca cc nh cung cp thit b thc hin. Tham gia nh gi kt qu chy nghim thu cc d n pht trin sn xut ca Tng cng ty. 4. Xy dng, r sot sa i ban hnh v gim st cc quy trnh cng ngh, quy trnh an ton lao ng - v sinh lao ng, tiu chun sn phm u vo, u ra cho ph hp vi cng ngh sn xut. Kt hp vi cc c quan qun l nh nc xy dng tiu chun cht lng sn phm cho ngnh. 5. Bin son v ban hnh cc quy trnh phn tch kim tra cht lng sn phm u vo, u ra v bn sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut; nghin cu p dng cc phng php th mi ph hp vi iu kin sn xut ca cng ty v tin b k thut ca ngnh. 6. Phn tch kim tra mt s thng s k thut ca bn sn phm trn dy chuyn sn xut cc n v hch ton bo s ca cng ty. 7. Ln yu cu mua sm dng c, thit b th nghim; tip nhn, bo qun, pha ch v cp pht ha phm cho cc t ha nghim cc n v hch ton bo s ca cng ty. 8. T chc trin khai cc hot ng kim tra, phn loi sn phm trc khi nhp kho. Lp bo co cht lng sn phm theo nh k v xut cc bin php ci tin nng cao cht lng sn phm; thc hin tt cc quy nh trong php lnh cht lng hng ha. 9. Phi hp vi cc phng Kinh doanh, phng Xut nhp khu v thit b ph tng trong cc hot ng xc tin bn hng, qun l v qung b thng hiu; tham gia gii quyt cc khiu ni ca khch hng v cht lng sn phm. 10. Lp k hoch, xut cc bin php v theo di gim st vic thc hin cng tc an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng theo cc quy nh ca cng ty v php lut ca Nh nc; phi hp vi t chc cng on xy dng v duy tr hot ng ca mng li an ton - v sinh ti cc n v trong cng ty. 11. Hng dn, t chc thc hin v qun l cng tc bo h lao ng cho cc n v trong cng ty. T chc o kim tra mi trng lao ng theo quy nh. 12. Thc hin vic khai bo, ng k v t chc khm nghim k thut cc thit b my mc, vt t v cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng; lp k
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hoch kim tra nh k v xin cp php s dng. T chc kim nh, hiu chun cc phng tin o do n v mnh qun l theo php lnh o lng. 13. Phi hp vi cc n v chc nng thc hin vic khai bo iu tra tai nn lao ng v bo co theo quy nh. 14. T chc hun luyn v an ton lao ng - v sinh lao ng v phng chng chy n cho ngi lao ng v cc i tng khc khi cn. 15. Lp k hoch bo dng thit b my mc ngn hn, di hn, lm u mi lp bin bn bn giao my mc, thit b sau bo dng. 16. Ln n hng mua sm thit b, ph tng phc v cho cng tc bo dng ngn hn, di hn; r sot hng theo mc Max - Min trong tn kho v kim sot cht lng hng trc khi nhp kho. 17. Tham gia iu tra nguyn nhn v lp bin bn s c hng hc my mc, thit b cc n v hch ton bo s ca Tng cng ty.

II.3. QUYN HN c quyn tham gia gp kin v xut gii php thc hin cc lnh vc hot ng ca Cng ty; K cc vn bn hnh chnh v nghip v theo quy nh ca php lut v ca Cng ty thc hin cc cng vic c phn cng v theo s y quyn ca Gim c; c tham gia vic b tr, bt, khen thng, k lut cn b nhn vin thuc phng v xut vi Gim c chm dt hp ng trc thi hn i vi nhng nhn vin trc thuc phng khng hon thnh nhim v c giao; c php c cn b ca phng tham gia cc t chc do Gim c k quyt nh thnh lp. c quyn s dng cc trang thit b, phng tin ca Cng ty vo mc ch phc v cng tc hon thnh cc nhim v nu trn; c quyn t chi thc hin nhng nhim v do lnh o giao nhng khng ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut v quy trnh thc hin cng vic ;

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II.4. TRCH NHIM Xy dng trnh Gim c k hoch v chng trnh lm vic ca n v mnh c quy nh ti mc a, m bo ng quy nh, cht lng v hiu qu ca cng tc tham mu; Bo m tun th theo quy nh ca Cng ty v php lut ca Nh nc trong qu trnh thc hin cng vic; Thng xuyn bo co Gim c vic thc hin cc nhim v c giao; Bo qun, lu tr, qun l h s ti liu, thuc cng vic ca phng theo ng quy nh, qun l cc trang thit b, ti sn ca n v c Cng ty giao; Chu trch nhim trc Gim c v trc php lut v vic thc hin cc nhim v nu trn;

Phn III. PHNG KIM NGHM

III.1. TIU CHUN THC HNH SN XUT THUC TT (GMP) Vi din tch 10.000 m2, y l mt d n ln trong ngnh dc Vit Nam. Vic thit k nh my c tin hnh cn c vo tiu chun xy dng v v sinh ca Lin minh Chu u v T chc Y t th gii (WHO) nhm m bo p ng cc tiu chun v sinh cng nghip v sn phm t cht lng cao. Vic khi cng xy dng d n c tin hnh vo thng 07/2005, sau hn mt nm xy dng, nh my c khnh thnh v c Cc qun l Dc B Y t cp giy chng nhn t tiu chun GMP WHO (Good Manufacturing Practice - Thc hnh tt sn xut thuc), GLP (Good Laboratary Practice Thc hnh tt phng th nghim), GSP (Good Storage Practice Thc hnh tt bo qun thuc).
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H thng cc tiu chun t c: - GMP (WHO):Good Manufacturing Practice Thc hnh sn xut tt theo tiu chun ca T chc Y t th gii. - GLP:Good Laboratory PracticeThc hnh phng th nghim tt. - GSP: Good Storage Practice Thc hnh tt bo qun thuc. - ISO 9001:2000: H thng tiu chun quc t v qun l (International Organisation of Standard) - Tiu chun ny do t chc NQA, Vng quc Anh xc thc. - HACCP: Tiu chun quc t v v sinh trong cng nghip thc phm v dc phm (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) - Tiu chun ny do t chc NQA, Vng quc Anh xc thc. B tr phng kim nghim Khu bo ch

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F A B

A Phng kim nghim 1 Gi ng ha cht Bn kim nghim 2 Ha cht chun 3 Mu ch kim nghim 4 T ht 5 - 1 s thit b: Dng c sc k, Cn k thut, My khuy t, My ly tm, 6 Hp thuc 7 Khu ra dng c

B Phng QC C Kho ha cht 1 Bn kim nghim 2 T ng ha cht c hi

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D Phng sy I Cc thit b sy: L nung, t sy xanh, t sy chn khng II T cha mu kim nghim E Phng my I, II Cc loi my dng trong kim nghim: My o pH, o cng, phn cc k t ng loi in t, my o im chy, my o quang, cn phn tch F Phng lu mu I, II, III Cha cc mu thnh phm hoc bn thnh phm nh: DEP, berberin, thuc nc cn 900, sodalime, gio c lam, trinh n hong cung, dip h chu, cao kh xng, CaCO3, BaSO4, III.2. T CHC V NHN S III.2.1. T chc Mt phng kim nghim thuc thng c chia lm nhiu n v kim nghim hoc cc b phn c chuyn mn ha da trn k thut kim nghim (v d : Ha l, Vt l, Vi sinh vt...) hoc chia theo cc i tng l sn phm c kim nghim (v d: khng sinh, vitamin, dc liu ...). i khi phng kim nghim cn c cc n v kim nghim chuyn bit phc v cc yu cu nh th v trng, th ch nhit t, o lng vt l c bit... Chc nng nhim v ca mi n v kim nghim cn phi c xy dng v c ngi c thm quyn ban hnh chnh thc. Ngoi cc n v kim nghim (hay cn gi l cc phng chuyn mn), mi phng kim nghim cn phi c b phn ng k mu v b phn lu tr h s tiu chun cht lng. B phn ng k mu c nhim v nhn mu v cc ti liu km theo, phn pht mu n cc phng chuyn mn v tr li kt qu kim nghim. B phn lu tr h s tiu chun cht lng phi

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m bo cung cp y cc tiu chun cht lng cp nht v cc ti liu lin quan cho cc n v kim nghim. Ngoi ra, phng kim nghim cn c mt s n v hu cn phc v cho vic cung ng trang thit b, vt t, ha cht, dng c v sc vt th nghim. III.2.2. Nhn s 1. Phng kim nghim phi c nhn vin c o to thch hp, c chuyn mn v kinh nghim hon thnh cng vic c giao. Cac nhan vien cn c qun trit tm quan trng ca cng tc kim nghim v khng c lm thm nhng cng vic c mu thun vi cng tc kim nghim. 2. Yu cu trnh chuyn mn ca cn b, nhn vin k thut. a- Trng phng kim nghim v trng cc b phn phi c trnh i hc hoc sau i hc, c kinh nghim trong lnh vc phn tch kim nghim v lnh vc kim tra, qun l cht lng thuc b- Kim nghim vin phi c bng i hc hoc sau i hc thuc mt ngnh chuyn mn thch hp nh dc, ha phn tch, dc l, sinh vt, vi sinh vt ... c- K thut vin trung hc phi tt nghip cc trng trung hc chuyn nghip thuc cc ngnh ph hp hoc c o to v cng tc kim nghim. d- Cng nhn k thut c trnh s hc c o to mt trng dy ngh hoc c hc tp, km cp ti cc n v kim nghim thuc t nht 01 nm. 3. S lng bin ch ph thuc vo quy m v iu kin c th ca mi phng kim nghim. Hin ti phng kim nghim gm c 10 nhn vin thc hin cc cng vic kim sot, kim nghim, pha ha cht v qun l chung. III.3. PHNG KIM NGHIM CHT LNG III.3.1. H thng cht lng
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1. H thng cht lng c t ra nhm m bo hot ng ca phng kim nghim tun theo cc nguyn tc Thc hnh tt phng kim nghim thuc. 2. Phng kim nghim phi ra cc quy nh, mc tiu, phng php v cc hng dn nhm m bo cht lng ca cc kt qu phn tch. Cc ti liu ny phi c phn pht ti tng nhn vin c lin quan, hiu v thi hnh. 3. Mi phng kim nghim phi c mt cun s tay cht lng gm c nhng mc sau a- T chc ca phng kim nghim b- Cc hot ng chuyn mn v qun l c lin quan n cht lng c- Cc quy trnh m bo cht lng chung d- Quy nh v vic s dng cht i chiu e- Thng bo v cc bin php x l khi pht hin sai lch trong qu trnh th nghim f- Quy trnh gii quyt cc khiu ni g- S ng i ca mu h- Quy nh cht lng: tiu chun ca cng tc kim nghim, mc ch ca h thng cht lng, vic thi hnh cc quy trnh v quy nh cht lng trong cng tc kim nghim. 4. H thng cht lng cn c nh gi nh k v c h thng m bo duy tr tnh hiu qu cng nh p dng cc bin php chn chnh khi cn thit. Kt qu ca vic xem xt nh gi v cc bin php chn chnh thc hin phi c ghi chp li trong h thng h s lu tr. 5. Mt c quan kim nghim hay mt phng kim nghim cn c mt ngi lm cng tc ph trch cht lng. Ngi ny, ngoi bn phn v trch nhim ring ca mnh, phi c trch nhim v quyn hn xc nh nhm m bo h thng cht lng c thi hnh. Ngi ph trch cht lng phi c quyn tho lun trc tip vi cp lnh o cao nht ca phng kim nghim v nhng quyt nh c lin quan n chnh sch cht lng.
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III.3.2. Quy trnh thao tc chun

Phng kim nghim phi c cc quy trnh thao tc chun c ngi c thm quyn ph duyt. Cc quy trnh ny hng dn nhn vin tin hnh cc thao tc chung nh : Ly mu, nhn mu v lu mu Kim tra mu Nhn, s dng v bo qun cht i chiu Vn hnh, bo tr, lm v sinh v hiu chnh thit b Pha ch , dn nhn v bo qun thuc th X l kt qu phn tch, bo co kt qu X l cht thi Cc h s v ti liu khc: S nhn mu, lu mu Tiu chun cht lng S theo di thuc th S theo di cht i chiu H s hiu chun thit b III.3.3. C s vt cht

1. Phng kim nghim phi c thit k ph hp, m bo ch cho trang thit b dng c chuyn mn, h s ti liu v khng gian lm vic cho nhn vin.
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2. Khi b tr cc phng chuyn mn, phi to c s ring bit cho cc hot ng kim nghim khc nhau. Trong mt phng chuyn mn, phi c cc khu vc ring m bo s c lp ca cc h thng phn tch. Phng kim nghim sinh hc/ vi sinh vt hay cht phng x phi cch bit vi cc phng kim nghim khc. Ring i vi phng kim nghim vi sinh vt, h thng cp kh sch phi m bo ng cc tiu chun k thut quy nh. Phng kim nghim dc l phi c khu chn nui sc vt th nghim thit k ng vi cc yu cu k thut quy nh. 3. Nn c nhng phng ring bo qun thuc th, cht chun, ph kin ca thit b phng kim nghim, phng lu mu, khu vc cha dung mi chy n hoc cc ha cht c hi. Nhng khu vc ny phi bit lp vi khu vc tin hnh cc phn tch v phi c trang b chng mi mt, cn trng, nhim, chy n...iu kin khng kh: m, nhit thch hp. 4. Mi trng tin hnh cc th nghim phi m bo khng lm sai lch cc kt qu hoc gy nh hng n chnh xc ca cc php o. Phng kim nghim phi c bo v trnh cc nh hng qu mc ca nhit , m, bi bm, ting n, cc rung ng v cc nhiu in t. 5. Vic i li ca nhn vin v s dng phng kim nghim phi c kim sot v gii hn theo ng mc ch v iu kin quy nh. Phi c bin php thch hp gi cho phng kim nghim lun sch s, gn gng v ngn np.

III.3.4. Thit b phn tch v hiu chnh phn tch

1. Phng kim nghim phi c trang b cc my mc, dng c thch hp cho vic ly mu, phn tch, hiu chnh v x l d liu. Cc thit b phn tch phi ph hp vi phng php kim nghim v phi p ng c yu cu kim tra cht lng ca n v.

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2. Thit b phn tch phi c thit k, cu to, iu chnh v bo tr cho ph hp vi cc thao tc c thc hin trn thit b . Thit k v cu to ca thit b phi cho php gim thiu ti a sai s, cho php vic lm v sinh cng nh bo tr c d dng. 3. Cc thit b phn tch t ng v phn mm km theo phi cho kt qu chnh xc nh yu cu v phi p ng c cc tiu chun k thut lin quan n th nghim. Cc thit b ny phi c hiu chnh nh k m bo kt qu phn tch khng mc sai s. 4. Tn s hiu chnh: Nu thit b khng c qui nh ring, th phi thc hin ng theo quy nh c ban hnh theo vn bn km theo. Vic hiu chnh thit b phi c thc hin theo mt lch c th v phi c lu vo s l lch ca my. Tn s hiu chnh thay i ty loi thit b. V d : - My o pH c chnh t nht 1 ln /ngy. - My o im nng chy : hiu chnh hng thng. - My quang ph hp thu t ngoi: hiu chnh hng thng song phi c kim tra hng tun v tin cy ca bc sng. - My quang ph hng ngoi : hiu chnh hng qu. - Cn phn tch, my o ch s khc x v my quang ph hunh quang : hiu chnh 6 thng / ln. 5. Phi c bn hng dn s dng cc thit b phn tch, trong nu r cc thao tc cn bn. Bn hng dn ny phi c t gn thit b ngi s dng tin tham kho. 6. Mi thit b phi c mt s ghi chp gi l s l lch my gm nhng thng tin sau : a- Tn thit b. b- Tn nh sn xut, loi thit b, s l sn xut hoc m s khc. c- Kt qu thm nh xc nhn thit b t cc tiu chun k thut.
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d- V tr t thit b. e- Cc hng dn ca nh sn xut ( nu c) hoc a ch nh sn xut. f- Ngy, kt qu, bn sao cc bo co v chng nhn hiu chnh, gii hn cho php v ngy hiu chnh k tip. g- Cc cng vic bo tr cho ti nay v k hoch bo tr. h- Cc bo co v h hng, ngng hot ng, thay i hoc sa cha. 7. Tt c cc thit b phn tch cn hiu chnh phi c nh s, dn nhn, ghi tnh trng hiu chnh v ngy hiu chnh tip theo. Nu v bt c l do g thit b c em ra khi phng kim nghim mt thi gian, phi kim tra li hot ng v tnh trng hiu chnh ca thit b trc khi a vo s dng tr li. Mc d thit b c hiu chnh nhng mi khi phn tch mt mu khng t cng phi xem li phn kim nh thit b. 8. Cc thit b c du hiu hot ng qu ti, vn hnh khng ng cch, cho kt qu khng ng tin cy, hng hc hoc khng t tiu chun k thut phi c nh du v dn nhn r rng, khng c a vo s dng m phi cch ly, ch sa cha cho ti khi kim tra li v kt qu hiu chnh t yu cu mi c php s dng.

III.3.5. H s v ti liu

H s kim nghim gm c : - S tay kim nghim vin - H s phn tch

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- Phiu kim nghim, Phiu phn tch. S tay kim nghim vin ghi li cc kt qu, cc tnh ton, s liu v nhn xt c lin quan n vic phn tch mt mu. S phi c nh s trang v khng c dng bt ch ghi chp, khng c ty xo, vit . H s phn tch phi c y nhng thng tin v mu, phng php th v kt qu phn tch. H s phn tch c in sn vi cc chi tit cn in vo nh sau: S ng k ca mu Tn mu Ni sn xut S l, hn dng, s ng k Ngi v ni gi mu Yu cu phn tch (s, ngy thng v ni dung) Ngy nhn mu, ngi nhn mu Tiu chun v phng php kim nghim Tnh trng mu khi nhn v trc khi phn tch Kt qu phn tch (k c cc php tnh ton) H s phn tch phi c lu vo h s kim nghim cng vi cc kt qu in ra t my phn tch t ng (ph hng ngoi, ph t ngoi, sc k ...). Phiu phn tch phi c ch k ca kim nghim vin v tn ngi gim st. Phiu kim nghim hoc phiu phn tch xc nhn cc kt qu phn tch v a ra kt lun cui cng v vic kim tra mt mu bao gm nhng thng tin sau : a- S ng k ca mu
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b- Tn mu c- Ni sn xut d- S l, hn dng, s ng k e- Ni gi mu hoc ni ly mu f- Ngy nhn mu g- Yu cu kim nghim ( s, ngy thng, ni dung ) h- Tiu chun kim nghim i- Tnh trng mu khi nhn v khi kim nghim j- Kt qu kim nghim k- Kt lun mu t hay khng t l- Ngy kim nghim m-Tn c quan kim nghim n- Ch k ca ngi c thm quyn H s kim nghim phi c lu li trong sut thi hn s dng ca thuc v theo cc qui nh hin hnh v lu tr h s ti liu. Khi ht thi hn lu phi lm th tc hy theo ng quy nh. III.3.6. An ton trong phng kim

Cc quy nh chung - Khng c ht thuc, n ung trong phng kim nghim.

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- Phng kim nghim phi c trang b cc thit b nh: bnh cu ha, t ht, vi hoa sen, t thuc cp cu,... - Nhn vin phng kim nghim phi bit s dng thnh tho t ht v cc phng tin phng chy, cha chy. - Dy in, thit b in, t lnh phi c cch in, ni t v phng chng pht sinh tia la in. - Trong khi lm vic, kim nghim vin phi mc o chong dng cho phng kim nghim hoc cc trang phc bo h lao ng thch hp khc. - Tt c cc bnh ng ha cht phi c dn nhn v ghi nhn c bit (v d: c, D chy, n mn...). - Kim nghim vin khng c lm vic mt mnh trong phng kim nghim. - Tt c nhn vin phng kim nghim phi c hun luyn v cch s cu, cp cu v dng cht gii c. Cc phng tin bo h lao ng nh knh bo h, khu trang, gng tay phi c trang b y . Phi dng qu bp cao su khi s dng pipet v ng siphon. Nhn vin phng kim nghim phi c hng dn cch s dng an ton dng c thy tinh, ha cht n mn, cc dung mi v cc qui nh v an ton lao ng trong khi pha ch hoc tin hnh th nghim. Khi tin hnh cc phn ng ha hc mnh, nguy him v kh kim sot nh ha ln nc vi acid hay hn hp acetone chloroform vi ammoniac, trn cc cht d chy hay tc nhn oxy ha...phi c bit thn trng v tun theo ng cc hng dn. Ho cht c hi phi ring v dn nhn cn thn. Trnh nhng tip xc khng cn thit vi thuc th, c bit l dung mi v hi dung mi. Hn ch s dng cc cht gy ung th hoc gy t bin bit, nu c th cc cht ny phi c loi b hon ton. C gng thay th cc thuc th v dung mi c hi bng cc cht t c hn, c bit khi nghin cu cc phng php th mi.
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X l cht thi - C gng s dng ha cht t nht c th c nhm gim thiu lng cht thi. - Tt c cc ho cht, dung mi thi c th gy nh hng xu n mi trng tuyt i khng c thi trc tip vo h thng nc thi sinh hot m phi c x l bng nhng phng tin, dng c thch hp, c bit i vi cc kim loi c nh thy ngn, ch, arsen... - Cc ha cht c, n mn, chy n, cc acid, base mnh phi c v hiu ha, lm long hoc trung ha trc khi thi.

PHN IV. CC QUY TRNH CNG NGH

A: QUI TRNH SN XUT GIO C LAM 1.1. Tng quan
Gio c lam l mt sn phm mi ca cng ty mi c a vo sn xut trong thi gian gn y. Gio c lam l mt cy thuc c nhiu tc dng qu. Cc tc dng ca gio
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c lm c th k ti nh : 3 gip: gip ng ngon, gip mnh khe, gip tiu ha; 3 chng : chng vim nhim (nng cao kh nng min dch ca c th), chng ung th, chng lo ha; 3 gim : gim mt, gim bo, gim cng thng; 6 tt : n cm ngon, nhun trng, ng c, tng kh nng lm vic, gip c th tr lu, mau li sc. Nhu cu gio c lam ngy cng tng do nhu cu ca cy thuc ny ang tng cao.

1.2. S quy trnh

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ng gi
Kim tra cht lng

C h khuy gn bt

C h, lng

Thng lng Lc tp bn, bt C tun hon chn khng

Ni lng

1.3. Nguyn liu Mc ch: Chun b nguyn liu cho m phn ng. Tin hnh: Gio c lam phi kh c nhp t cc ngun khc nhau c ra sch bng nc, sau cho vo long st to chun b cho qu trnh sn xut. Tng khi lng dng trong mt m l 800kg. 1.4. Chit Mc ch: Tch cc thnh phn c hot tnh cha bnh ra khi dung dch bng cch un nng v chit. Tin hnh: Gio c lam sau khi ra c a vo gi sau a gi cha vo thit b chit. Thm khong nc v tin hnh un trong ni 2 v, gia nhit bng hi nc trong vng 24h. Sau dng hi p ly dch, b b li. Khi cn y np thit b li.

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Sau khi nu v chit, dch chit c a ra ngoi qua van y, nhc gi ng tho

dc ra khi ni thu c lp b trong gi. ng lc chnh ca qu trnh ny l s tng p sut trong ni un. Do cn iu khin

gi tr thch hp qu trnh t hiu qu cao nht. 1.5. C h, lng Mc ch: Loi bt cn ra khi dch sau chit ng thi loi mt phn nc ra khi dch. Tin hnh: Dch sau chit c bm sang thit b c lng c dung tch 10m3 do p sut bn trong ni nu tng ti v tr van y. Sau , gia nhit cho hn hp ny bng hi nc loi bt nc ra khi dch. ng thi lng cc cn bn, hp cht khng tan cn st li ra khi dch sau chit.

1.6. C chn khng Mc ch: Thc hin qu trnh c bng p sut loi phn ln nc ra khi dch chit gip cho qu trnh c khuy c nhanh hn, hiu sut cao hn. Tin hnh: Qu trnh c chn khng c tin hnh trong h thng thit b c chn khng. Trong quy trnh ny nc c lm bay hi nh h thng tun hon. Dch trong thit b tun hon s i t di y ln qua hai thit b trao i nhit mi thit b c cc ng nh. Hi i vo gia khong khng gian gia cc ng cung cp nhit lm nc bc hi v bay ra ngoi qua h thng chn khng. Sau nc s c lm lnh nh thit b lm lnh v chy vo thit b cha. Dch trong thit b tun hon li tip tc mt vng tun hon mi i t di ln qua thit b trao i nhit v tip tc bay hi.

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Dch sau khi c xong s c chuyn xung cc thng lng ri tip tc a sang h thng c h c khuy tip tc hon thin sn phm. 1.7. C h c khuy Mc ch: To dng thuc bo ch - Cao ng dc, t y cc yu cu k thut. Tin hnh: Sau khi c chn khng xong, dch c a vo thit b c h c khuy c gia nhit bng hi. Ti y nc s b bay hi mt phn. Qu trnh ny c kt hp khuy trn lm tng s bay hi nc ng thi sn phm t ng u, snh cng nh cc thng s khc. 1.8. ng gi Mc ch: Tin li cho bo qun, s dng, vn chuyn. Tin hnh: Cao Gio c lam c ng vo cc thng nh v c bo qun trong iu kin ph hp.

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B: QUI TRNH SN XUT MUI TIM

2.1. Tng quan Natri clorid c s dng ph bin trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: - L thnh phn c bn ca cc dung dch mui v dung dch keo mui, dng lm dch th hay huyt tng. Dung dch ng trng tim di da, tnh mch v tht (trong trng hp mt mu, nhim c dch t..). - Ch phm dng sn xut cc dng thuc tim phn liu hoc khng c ni c t vi khun, b sung cht in gii. - NaCl dng ra vt thng, mt, nim mc mi. Dung dch 3,5-10% dng ngoi p, ra vt thng c m, thuc st trng, thuc nn, thuc ty - Trong cng nghip thc phm: bo qun thc n. - Trong cng nghip ty ra: sn xut x phng. - Trong khoa hc, c trn vi nc to hn hp lm lnh tt. - Trong nhum vi, lm bn mu thuc nhum. - Trong y hc, NaCl cn c s dng b in gii cho c th (vi cc ch phm dng bt pha thnh dch ung, dng tim), l cht gy nn, khng vim. - NaCl cn c s dng pha tim. - Dng trc tip: n ung, thc phm, thc n gia sc. 2.2 Tnh cht ca cc nguyn liu ch yu s dng trong cng ngh

2.2.1. Tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca Na2CO3

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Tnh cht vt l

O Na+
-

Na + O O-

Sodium Carbonate
- Tn ting Anh: Sodium Carbonate. - Tn gi khc: Natri cacbonat hay cacbonat natri (VN); Soda ash. - CAS number: [497-19-8]. - Nhit si: khng xc nh. - Nhit nng chy: 851 C. - tan: tan trong nc (30 g/100 ml (20 C)). - Khi lng mol phn t: 105.99 g/mol. - Dng tn ti: tinh th mu trng. - Khi lng ring: 2.5 g/cm (dng rn). Tnh cht ha hc - C tnh kim lm i mu giy qu thnh mu xanh. Dung dch Na2CO3 (dung mi nc) c pH = 11,6. - pKb = 3,67 - pKa1 = 6,3 - pKa2 = 10,33

2.3. Phng php tng hp Dng mui n sau s dng cc phng php vt l, ha hc loi b cc tp cht tr thnh mui sch.

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2.4. S nguyn l sn xut NaCl

Mui n th

Na2CO3

Dung dch NaCl th

Lng v lc

Loi MgCO3 v CaCO3

HCl

Ni c h

Loi keo Fe

Kt tinh

Nc ion

Vy

Sy
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ng gi

2.5. Quy trnh sn xut 2.5.1 Nguyn liu NaCl nguyn liu (cn ln mt s tp cht) Mui Natri cacbonat 99,2% Axit HCl

2.5.2 Tin hnh phn ng loi b cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ Thit b phn ng: tin hnh phn ng trong ni hai v. Tin hnh: Ha tan NaCl vo nc sau un nng n nhit si. Sau dng bm a sang thng cha. dung dch Na2CO3 pha sn cho vo cha. Phn ng sy ra: Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+ + CO32- = CO32- = CO32CaCO3 Mg CO3

Khi cho Na2CO3 phi ch n PH ca ni. Thng thng PH ca ni t khong PH = 9 l t yu cu. Lu : trong qu trnh phn ng phi lun th pH ca dung dch phn ng duy tr pH thch hp. C th iu chnh lng Na2CO3 a vo iu chnh pH ca phn ng.
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Th dung dch lc bng NaHCO3 nu dung dch khng cn xut hin vn c th chng t loi b ht ion Ca2+, Mg2+ v t yu cu. em lng ng dch phn ng trong thng trong vng 5h, sau lc ly dch trong (thnh phn chnh l NaCl v ln tp cht l Fe2+, Fe3+). Bm dch phn ng natri clorua ln ni hai v, bt cnh khuy, un n nhit si. Trong khi un, cho HCl tinh khit vo, lun ch kim tra pH, n khi pH = 5 5,5 th dng cho HCl. Mc ch ca vic cho HCl: thay i mi trng phn ng vo to kt ta nhanh, ln ht. Cc iu kin nhit , mi trng mc ch l lm tng s keo t ca Fe(OH)3. S hnh thnh keo t: Da trn phn ng to nhng cht kh tan: FeCl3 + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl.

[ Fe(OH)3 n.nFe3+.(3n-x)Cl-]x+.xCl-. Nhn Lp Stern Lp khuch tn

Mixen Mixen trung ha v in tch . Loi b lp keo ni thnh dng bt bn trn ta s loi c cc ion st ra khi dung dch NaCl. * Lu : khi cho HCl vo, lu thi gian phn ng ny ch khong 5h, nu lu hn, cc tinh th s kt tinh li vi nhau, gy kh khn cho qu trnh lc v tho sn phm lc.

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Nng nhit dung dch NaCl chuyn sang trng thi bo ha v kt tinh. NaCl kt tinh c em vy bng nc kh khong loi b cc ion cn st sau a i sy t = 80 oC. Sn phm sy c em kim nghim bn thnh phm, kim nghim thnh phm v ng gi ri a vo kho bo qun

C: QUI TRNH SN XUT TERPIN HYDRAT

Tng quan v terpin Hydrat: a.Cu to: - Cng thc phn t : C10H20O2.H2O - Khi lng phn t : 188,74 g/mol - Phn trm cc nguyn t : 69,72% C; 11,70% H; 18,58% O - Cng thc cu to :
HO OH HO

.H2O

OH

OH

OH

cis - form

trans - form

cis - terpin hidrat

S ng k : 80 53 5 Tn khoa hc : 4-Hydroxy-,,4-trimethylcyclohexanemethanol

- Tn khc : p-menthane-1,8-diot; dipenteglycol b. Tnh cht: - L tinh th khng mu dng bt kt tinh mu trng, khng mi, v hi ng. - Terpin hydrat d thng hoa nn nu nhit cao th terpin hydrat s tn ti th kh. Ngc li khi trong khng kh m th li d ht m.
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- Nng chy khong nhit t 115- 117oC ko theo s mt nc. - t tan trong nc lnh, ete, cloroform, khng tan trong ete du ha, tan nhiu trong nc nng v cn 96,5o. c.Tc dng dc l : Long m vi liu thp(< 0,6g /ngy). Nu dng liu cao th lm gim tit m do co mch ph qun. Kt hp vi codein : tr ho, long m trong iu tr vim ph qun mn tnh. Cha vim rt nim mc ng h hp. d.c tnh: Dng Cis S ng k: 2451-01-6 Tn gi khc: terpinol Dng Trans S ng k: 565-50-4 im chy 158 1590C. 200C 1

Terpin hydrate; c tnh: Kt tinh dng lng tr,

c tnh: Kt tinh dng hnh thp gram tan trong 11 ml methanol, thoi t nc, nng chy 116 20 ml etyl acetat, 100 ml nc, -117oC. Thng hoa nhit 250 ml benzene, 250 ml cacbon ~100 khi lm nng ln t t.c tetraclorid. mi hng nh nhng, v c v im chy: 158-159C ng, c dng xp khi trong khng kh kh. Dng cis Anhidrit: im chy 104 1050C, im si 2580C, chuyn nhanh thnh dng hidrat khi phi sang. 1 gram tan trong 34 ml nc si, 13 ml cn, 3ml cn si, 135 ml chloroform, 140 ml ete. 200 C, 1 gram tan trong 13 ml methanol, 13 ml etyl acetat, 250 ml nc, 77 ml benzene, 290
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ml cacbon tetraclorid. im chy: 104-105. mp 116-117; mp

3.2. Nguyn liu: a. Du thng: - Sn phm thu c t ch bin nha thng, l cht lng trong sut,khng mu, c trng khng c cn v nc. L hn hp ca hirocacbon monotecpen c cng thc chung C10H16. Ngoi ra, thng c mt lng nh cc setquitecpen v cc dn xut axit ca tecpen. - Tinh du thng cung cp -pinene cho phn ng hidrat ha to terpin hidrat. nh gi cht lng tinh du thng bng hm lng -pinen, -pinen chim 40% - 60%. - Loi du thng cng ty s dng thng c nhp v t Qung Ninh v Thanh Ha. Qua qu trnh kim nghim th thy du thng mua v t Qung Ninh c cht lng tt hn, iu ny c th l gii do Qung Ninh iu kin kh hu thun li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy thng hn. b. Axit Sunfuric (H2SO4): - C vai tr cung cp H+ cho phn ng. Do vy nng H2SO4 cng cao th hiu sut phn ng cng ln, nhng do axit sunfuric l mt cht oxi ha mnh nn nng cao d oxi ha tinh du thng. Qua qu trnh nghin cu v lm vic lu nm ngi ta rt ra c nng ti u ca axit sunfuric em dng l 25% hay l 19,5o Be c d = 1,5. - Axit mua v thng c nng cao thng l 98% - 99% do vy phi tin hnh pha ch trc khi s dng. Cch pha l nh t t axit m c vo thng cha y nc cho ti khi t
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nng yu cu th thi. Tuyt i trnh lm ngc li cho nc vo axit do qu trnh ha tan axit vo nc ta nhit rt mnh gy bn axit rt nguy him. c. Cn: - Do axit sunfuric v tinh du thng l hai pha lng khng ng tan nn ngi ta s dng cn l dung mi phn ng. C tc dng trn ln hai pha lng trn tan vo nhau. Do tinh du thng tan mt phn trong cn v axit sunfuric th tan tt trong cn. - Cn s dng thng l loi cn cng nghip 960.

3.3. Nguyn tc phn ng: a. Phng trnh phn ng: Phng trnh phn ng c biu din nh sau:
OH

+ H 2O ( H 2SO 4 )

+ H 2O

OH

OH . H 2O

pinen

terpineol

1,8-terpin hydrat

Trong : H2SO4 ng vai tr l cht xc tc, cung cp H+ cho phn ng hydrat ha. Cn 960 ng vai tr l dung mi, n lm tng tnh thm, ko 2 pha du thng v axit tan vo nhau, to hn hp phn ng. b. C ch phn ng:

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CH3 CH3 CH3 + H 2O ( H 2SO 4 ) CH3 + CH3 CH3 + H3C CH3 H3C OH CH3 H 3O
+

CH3 . H 2O

CH3

HO

OH

OH . H 2O H3C CH3

y l phn ng cng i nhn (AN) c im phn ng: + Phn ng c s dng xc tc H+ + Phn ng gia hai pha khng ng tan + Phn ng hai chiu, c ta nhit.

Do phi khng ch nhit phn ng (lm mt) v s dng lng xc tcH+ vi nng ti u. ng thi trong qu trnh thc hin phn ng lun khuy trn tng tip xc pha. 3.4. Quy trnh sn xut: 3.4.1 S sn xut: Hnh 1. Quy trnh sn xut Terpin Hydrat

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3.4.2. Thuyt minh s : 3.4.2.1. Tin hnh phn ng: Bc 1:Tin hnh lm v sinh thit b phn ng trc khi thc hin phn ng. Bc 2: Bm t 600l 700l du thng vo thit b phn ng.
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Bm khong 1600l 1800l axit sunfuric vo thng phn ng m bo t l Vtinh du : Vaxit = 1 : 2,45 v pH trong thit b l t 4,5 5,5. Tin hnh cho axit vo ng thi khuy trn lin tc, v axit c t trng ln hn nn s chm xung y thit b, trong qu trnh s l tng tip xc ca tinh du thng vo axit to thnh hn dch. khong 30l 40l cn 96o vo thit b phn ng, cn l cht thm vo ko hai pha axit v tinh du thng phn tn vo nhau. Sau khi cho nguyn liu vo bt u bt cnh khuy. Bc 3:Tin hnh cp nhit cho phn ng. Mc d l phn ng ta nhit song giai on u vn phi cp nhit cho phn ng ny. Bc 4: Sau khi thy hin tng tng nhit chng t phn ng bt u xy ra, ngng cp nhit cho phn ng v tin hnh duy tr nhit 35o - 37oC bng cch dng nc lm mt i trong v. Tin hnh phn ng trong 4 ngy cho n khi thy hin tng mt nhit trong thit b phn ng, iu ny chng t phn ng kt thc. Bc 5: Kt thc phn ng. ngui trong vng 4 5 gi. Lc ny do s khc nhau v t trng nn dung dch trong thit b chia lm 3 lp. Sau tin hnh cc cng on nh sau: - Tin hnh tho du thng sau phn ng ra bng xiphng. Du ny sau c loi axit ln vo v bn cho cc c s th cng m ngh. - Sau tin hnh tho y axit sunfuric sau phn ng. V axit ch c vai tr xc tc cho phn ng nn lng gn nh khng mt i sau phn ng. Tuy vy cn ln cn v du thng, do em i chng ct loi b tp cht v ti s dng trong cc ln sn xut sau.

Du thng Du thng

Sn phm phn Phm Th Kim Anh CNHC Ha Dc ng K53 Sn phm Axit sunfuric Axit sunfuric sau phn ng ti s dng phn ng

Page 42 Tinh ch

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Axit sunfuric sau phn ng

Sau khi tho ht axit ta tin hnh tho sn phm phn ng. Do sn phm to dng hidrat kt tinh nn trong khi thosn phm phi bm nc vo thit b trnh tc ng ng dn sn phm ra. 3.4.2.2. X l sn phm th: - Sn phm ly ra c x vo cc khay c lt vi lc, tin hnh ra axit v du thng bng nc my cho ti khi sn phm c mu trng ng. Chng t loi b phn ln du thng cn st. - Sau sn phm th c a ln my vy li tm vy kh. Trong qu trnh ny s loi bt nc gim nng axit. - Sau qu trnh vy kh pH ca sn phm l khong 7 7,5 l pH ca mi trng nc trung tnh. 3.4.2.3. X l sn phm tinh: a. Ha tan sn phm th: - Sn phm th sau khi c vy kh c a vo thng tinh ch li nhm loi b ht tp cht v du d. - Cch tin hnh nh sau : +Tin hnh gin on tng m mt. Bc 1: Cho cn vo trc, va cho va bt cnh khuy. Bc 2:Sau khi cho cn vo ta tin hnh a terpin hydrat th vo bt u qu trnh ha tan, sau sc hi t vo un hn hp. Qu trnh ha tan terpin hydrat th c thc hin di nhit

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cao, tm 70o 80oC. Phn ng c gia nhit bng hi nc bo ha trong thng 2 v. Trong qu trnh tinh ch cn bay hi c thu qua sinh hn v thu li vo thng ng. Bc 3: Dn dch trong ni cn nng vo cc thng kt tinh. Tin hnh lc qua cc lp vi nhm loi b cc thnh phn mu v khng tan. Lng vi lc ph thuc vo mu ca dung dch thng s dng 12 15 lp. b. Kt tinh: - Nguyn l : Da vo tan khc nhau ca terpin hydrat cc nhit khc nhau. Vi terpin hydrat th nhit cao c tan tt hn do vy khi gim nhit s c hin tng kt tinh ra tinh th. 1g/34 ml H2 O 1g/250 ml H2 O 1000 C 200 C

- Tin hnh kt tinh trong cc thng kt tinh c dung tch 200l. + Lm lnh bng nc lnh bm lin tc. + Terpin hydrat kt tinh to tinh th dng hnh kim bm xung quanh thnh bnh. + Tin hnh kt tinh cho n khi t yu cu. c. X l tinh th: - Tin hnh vt tinh th cc thng kt tinh, cho vo my vy ly tm. Do trong thng c c cn v tinh th Terpin Hydrat nn khi vy ly tm, nh lc ly tm cc tinh th va p vo nhau v bm vo vi cn cn s qua vi lc ra ngoi.Yu cu : +Ch tiu l t 12kg tinh th sau khi vy thu c 10kg tinh th l t yu cu. + Nhn bit qu trnh vy t yu cu l khng thy dung dch chy ra y thit b. Thng th thc hin trong vng t 5 10 pht l t yu cu. +Nng sut thc hin c: khong 80kg/ngy. - Sn phm sau khi vy kh c em i sy trong t sy 65 80oC. T dng khng kh nng sy, khng kh c qut gi mang vo v t nng bi hi nc bo ha i trong ng.

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+ Ch khng nhit trong bung sy qu cao v nh vy sn phm s b thng hoa. + Ch lm vic gin on. Vi nng sut 160kg/m 2 ngy. + Do cu trc l sy khng cn xng nn phi tin hnh o cc khay. Tin hnh o khay trn xung di v tri qua phi. + Trong thi gian u qu trnh sy, phi m van tho nc ngng cn sau th do lng nc rt t nn ng van li trnh tn tht nhit. + C 10kg sn phm sau vy sy cn khong 9kg l t yu cu. - Sn phm sau khi sy t yu cu c em bo qun trong nh lnh vi nhit 16oC (s dng my iu ha khng kh gim nhit ng thi ht m) m bo nu sn phm cn cht m no cng c ko ra ht (do ta bit l m ca khng kh nhit thp nh hn nhit cao). - Sau khi qua kim nghim t yu cu th tin hnh ng gi ngay ti phng bo qun. 3.4.3. Kim nghim thnh phm: Terpin hydrate c kim nghim theo tiu chun Dc in Vit Nam IV Tnh cht: Tinh th trong sut, khng mu hay bt kt tinh trng khng mi. Sy cn thn 100 0C, ch phm s thng hoa v to thnh nhng tinh th hnh kim. khng kh nng v kh, ch phm s dn dn b mt hi nc kt tinh v nhit nng chy s gim. Hi tan trong nc, tan trong nc nng v ethanol 96%, d tan trong ethanol 96% nng, hi tan trong ether, cloroform. nh tnh S dng mt trong cc phng php: Ph hng ngoi, xc nh im chy, phng php sc k, v mt s phng php s dng cht ch th ha hc khc.
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trong v mu sc ca dung dch Dung dch S: Ha tan 2,5g ch phm trong ethanol 96o, thm ethanol 96o va 50 ml. Dung dch S phi trong v khng mu. Gii hn acid kim Ly 10 ml dung dch S, thm 0,1 ml dung dch xanh bromothymol. Khng dng qu 0,2 ml dung dch HCl 0,02N hoc dung dch NaOH 0,02N lm chuyn mu ch th. Tp cht lin quan S dng phng php sc k lp mng xc nh. Nc T 8,0% - 10%. Dng 0,02g ch phm. Tro sunfat Khng c qu 0,1%. Dng 1,0g ch phm

nh lng: Bng phng php sc k kh.

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4.1. Tng quan 4.1.1. Tn, tnh cht vt l, ha hc, ng dng Cc loi tn v cng thc ca thnh phm
-

Tn gi: Canxi cacbonat hay cacbonat canxi. Tn ting Anh: Calcium carbonate. Tn gi khc: Limestone; Calcite; Aragonite; Chalk; Marble. CAS Registry Number: 471-34-1. CAS Name: Carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1) Cng thc phn t: CaCO3. Thnh phn nguyn t ha hc: C 12.00%, Ca 40.04%, O 47.95%. Dng tn ti trong t nhin: Calcite, Aragonite, Vaterite. Tn thng mi: Cacit (Norwich); Calcichew (Shire); Calcidia (Lefrancq); Citrical (Shire); Fixical (Pharmascience). Tnh cht vt l

Khi lng mol phn t: 100.087 g/mol. Dng tn ti: Dng tinh th hoc dng bt khng mi, khng v. Khi lng ring: 2.71 g/cm (dng Calcite); 2.83 g/cm (dng Aragonite). Nhit nng chy: 825 C. Nhit si: Phn hy. ha tan: Khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit. Tnh cht ha hc Cacbonat canxi c chung tnh cht c trng ca cc cht cacbonat:

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1. Tc dng vi axt mnh, gii phng dioxit cacbon: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O 2. Khi b nung nng, gii phng dioxit cacbon (trn 825C trong trng hp ca CaCO3), to oxit canxi, thng c gi l vi sng: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Cacbonat canxi s phn ng vi nc c ha tan dioxit cacbon to thnh bicacbonat canxi tan trong nc. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Phn ng ny quan trng trong s n mn ni vi v to ra cc hang ng, gy ra nc cng. ng dng Canxi Cacbonat c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: xy dng, thc phm, vt liu v n cng c ng dng rng ri trong y t vi vai tr l thuc b sung khu phn canxi gi r, cht kh chua v cht gn photphat. N cng c s dng trong cng nghip dc phm lm cht nn cho thuc vin lm t loi dc phm khc. 4.2. Phng php tng hp: CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O

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4.3. S nguyn l quy trnh cng ngh

1. Thit b phn ng ph 2. Thit b khuy trn to sa vi 3. Thng cha nc 4. Thng cha cn 5. Thit b phn ng chnh

6. Thng cha cn bn 7. Thuyn rc 8. My vy 9. T sy 10. My nghin mn

4.4. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut Canxi cacbonat

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4.4.1. Nguyn liu: - Vi sng (CaO cn ln mt s tp cht). - CO2 kh nn 4.4.2. Tin hnh phn ng Tin hnh: Chun b sa vi: Vi bt ha tan vo nc theo phng trnh: CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2

Sau cho thm nc vo v khuy trn lin tc sau a ra cc b lng tch cn, tip n lc qua 1 lp vi lc loi b cn bn cn st li v Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 kt ta : Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2 Fe2+ Fe3+ + 2OH+ 3OH= Fe(OH)2 = Fe(OH)3

Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O = Fe(OH)3

Dung dch sau c a vo ni phn ng c cnh khuy tin hnh phn ng. Thit b phn ng: Tin hnh phn ng trong ni 2 v c cnh khuy. Dng hi v sinh sch ni. Sau bm dch sa vi vo sau sc CO2 vo ni. Phn ng xy ra: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O Ch trong qu trnh phn ng, phi lun th pH ca dung dch phn ng. Dung dch lc u c pH trong khong 10-11. Phn ng tin hnh nhit thng, phn ng ta nhit nn
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trong qu trnh phn ng nhit s tng ln n khong 46-47oC v duy tr nhit ny n ht qu trnh phn ng. Kim tra: Phn ng bt u l khi ta thy nhit tng ln my o. Kim tra pH dung dch trong ni t t 7-7,5 l t yu cu v kt thc phn ng.

4.4.3. Tinh ch CaCO3 Lc qua thuyn rc Mc ch rc : Dch cha CaCO3 c a qua 1 thuyn lc mc ch l tch nc tch nc, thu c CaCO3 dng khan. Mt khc, trong qu trnh lm rc nc ny, ta lin tc cho nc chy qua 1 lp vi lc loi b ion Fe2+ v Fe3+ c trong nc cng nh cc ion khc. Tuy nhin nc s dng phn xng ny l nc lc cha qua thit b trao i ion. Mc ch ca vic cho nc vo ra bt lng ion c trong dch CaCO3 (cc ion Cl-, Na+.) Khi rc, bt CaCO3 c a vo mt tm vi lc trn thuyn rc nc. Thi gian thuyn rc khong 1-2 h. Vy Sau khi tch nc s b, ngi ta tin hnh vy tip tc loi b cc ion cn st li trong sn phm (Ba2+, Cl-,v ion Fe2+, Fe3+ c trong nc ra) . Bt CaCO3 c ly t thuyn lc a vo my vy bng mt lp vi lc. Trong khi vy, nc ( c lc s b qua bng, vi loi bt ion Fe) c ti u nn my vy ra sch sn phm. Cc ion Cl-, v ion SO42-, Na+... s theo nc ra ngoi di tc dng ca lc ly tm. Lu :

kim tra lng ion Cl- c trong sn phm ,dng AgNO3 v HNO3 : Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl (kt ta trng)

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So snh lng ion Cl- trong nc thi ra my vy, nu bng lng Cl- trong nc cp th t yu cu. Trong qu trnh ra, ban u ton b lng nc s dng trong qu trnh gia l nc my, ch giai on cui th nc ra trao i ion mi c a vo.

Thi gian ra khong 4-5h. Lu trong qu trnh ra phi lin tc th hm lng Cl-. trc khi ly thnh phm ta phi loi b lp ngoi ny. Sy Sau khi sn phm c vy, loi b cc ion t do ta tin hnh sy. Sy l cng on

Mt khc, khi vy xong thng c 1 lp Fe mu vng mt ngoi ca lp bt, v vy

cui cng lm kh sn phm. Yu cu khi sy: - Nhit sy 1200C. - Thi gian sy khong 16h. Nghin mn Sau khi c sy kh, sn phm c th dng vn cc, kt hp vi bp nh cc bt v. Ngi ta cn cho sn phm vo my xay to c mn, ti cho sn phm. 4.5. Kim nghim thnh phm.

Calcium carbonate phi cha 98,5- 100% CaCO3 tnh theo ch phm lm kh.

Cht khng tan trong acid acetic : khng qu 0.2%. Arsen : khng c qu 4 phn triu. Kim loi nng : khng c qu 20 phn triu. Clorid : khng c qu 0.033%. Sulfat : khng c qu 0.25%. St (Fe) : khng c qu 0.02%.
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Mg v cc kim loi kim : khng qu 1.5%. Mt khi lng do lm kh : khng qu 2%. 4.6. ng gi Sn phm sau khi sy, xay nh, kim nghim t tiu chun, c ly ra v em ng bao.

PHN V. CC THIT B S DNG TRONG SN XUT

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1. Ni phn ng trng men 1.1. Loi dung tch ln Cu to: L loi ni c cu to 2 lp v bng thp Cacbon hoc thp hp kim, bn trong c trng men bo v ni khi s n mn ca dch phn ng. - C hai loi c s dng l 4 m3 v loi 6 m3. Cu to ni (hnh v):
12 A A I 11

I
TL 1 : 1

14 6 5 13 10 9 4 A-A 8 7 3 2 1
M20

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1. Ca np liu 2. u o p sut 3. Ca quan st 4. Ca tho sn phm y 5. Tai treo 6. Ca dn hi nng vo 7. Ca tho nc ngng ra

8. V ngoi 9. V trong 10. Cnh khuy m neo 11. Bch ni thn v np thit b 12. ng c 13. Nhit k 14. Cnh chn

Hot ng:

Ni c ni thng vi ng ng hi v my ht chn khng.

ng hi dn hi nc (bo ha hay qu nhit) cp nhit cho ni. Hi nc i vo khng gian gia hai lp v ni, cp nhit, ngng t v c tho ra ngoi. Bm chn khng c tc dng duy tr chn khng cho ni phn ng. Trong nhiu trng hp, phn ng phi thc hin p sut thp, ngi ta s dng bm ny to v duy tr chn khng trong sut qu trnh phn ng. Cu to bn trong ni: C mt cnh khuy m neo. Cnh khuy ny hot ng di s iu khin ca 1 ng c pha trn ni phn ng. mt s ni, ngi ta cn gn thm tm nh hng, vi mc ch: tng cng v nh hng cho dng lng i lu trong ni. a cc dch phn ng vo trong ni. y np, vn hnh my ht chn khng (nu phn ng xy ra p sut chn khng). Bt cnh khuy, a hi nc cp nhit. Sau thi gian phn ng, tho sn phm qua ng tho sn phm y ni. ng dng: trong phn xng sn xut terpin hydrat, canxi cacbonat, ng dc.

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1.2.

Loi dung tch nh

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1
A A

3 5 4

A-A

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1. ng c 2. Ca dn hi gia nhit 3. Chn 4. Ca tho sn phm 5. Ca tho nc ngng 6. Cnh khuy m neo 7. Ca quan st 8. Ca np liu 9. ng gn nhit k hoc p k

- Thit b phn ng khuy gin on, 2 v trng men. Dung tch 2 m3. - Gia nhit bng hi nc qu nhit. - Trong qu trnh phn ng thc hin khuy lin tc Thng c dng cho cc phn ng to canxi cabonat vi yu cu v lng phn ng t hn. V nguyn tc hot ng th tng t loi thit b c dung tch 4 m3.

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2. Thuyn rc

Loi 1 Cu to: L mt khung hnh ch nht lm bng vt liu inox. C cc thanh chn song song cch u nhau, hoc cc l trn nh quanh thnh. Hot ng: Khi hot ng, ngi ta ph vo bn trong nhiu lp vi hoc giy lc, sau hn hp cn lc vo. Dch lng v cc tiu phn c kch thc nh s lt qua cc lp vi v chy xung pha di. Bn di thng c cc mng hng dch lng chy xung. Dch ny c th i hoc thu hi (nu vn cn gi tr s dng). ng dng: trong phn xng sn xut canxi cacbonat.

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3. My vy ly tm

6
1. Gi 2. Ca x nc 3. L 4. R 5. V thit b 6. ng c in

Cu to thit b(hnh v): Hnh tr trn c 2 lp. Lp ngoi c nh, lp trong c l, c gn vi mt ng c nn c th quay. Khi quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, nc ra s vng qua l ny i ra ngoi.
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Hot ng: vt liu cn vy vo khng gian lm vic bn trong my. Dn u vt liu v vn hnh my. Trong qu trnh vy, kt hp tin hnh ra. Nc ra c bm vo lin tc (thng s dng nc mm hoc nc Dion ra). Nc thi ra s c kim nghim xc nh hm lng tp cht cn ln trong vt liu. Nu t yu cu s ngng ra. Thi gian vy ty thuc vo tng loi vt liu khc nhau. i vi vt liu gi lng tt, thi gian vy s lu hn. ng dng: trong phn xng sn xut terpin hydrat, canxi cacbonat.

4. T sy in

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2 3 4

5 6 7 8
1. ng hi m thot ra 2. Cnh qut 3. Ca khng kh vo 4. H thng dy mayso 5. Dy curoa chuyn ng 6. ng c in

7. Cc tm nh hng hay phn phi kh 8. Cc khay cha vt liu 9. B iu khin

Cu to: Thuc loi phng sy lm vic theo nguyn tc gin on p sut kh quyn. Vt liu sy c xp vo khay t trn cc gi.
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Hot ng: Khng kh c t nng bng dy mayso, nh qut thi hi nng t tri qua phi, hi nng tip xc vi vt liu sy, lm kh sn phm. u im: Tun hon mt phn kh thi. Nhc im: Khng t ng o trn c trong qu trnh sy nn thi gian sy di. ng dng: Trong phn xng sn xut canxi cacbonat.

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5. Bung sy

1. Hi nng vo 2. Hi ra 3. B iu kin nhit v bm gi

4. Qut 5. Khay

Cu to: Bung sy c cu to (hnh v). L mt hp hnh ch nht lm bng vt liu Inox hoc thp, bn trong t cc gi song song vi nhau. Trn mi gi l cc khay ng vt liu sy. Thit b c mt u dn khng kh nng vo v mt u cho hi m i ra. C th kim sot tc , nhit sy bng b iu khin bn ngoi thit b. Qut c tc dng vn chuyn kh trong qu trnh sy. Hot ng: Tc nhn sy s dng y l khng kh c t nng bng khi l. Sau nh qut thi vo khng gian trong bung sy. Ti y, vt liu sy c t vo cc khay trn
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cc gi song song vi nhau. Qu trnh sy din ra tng t nh my sy in, hi nng cp nhit, lm bay hi m sau mang hi m ra ngoi. u im: Tn dng nhit khi l, do tit kim chi ph nng lng. Nng sut sy ln. Nhc im: Khng o trn vt liu c trong qu trnh sy. ng dng: trong phn xng sn xut terpin hydrat.

6. Thit b c c hot ng p sut thng (ni c h)

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4 1 2

1. Hi nng i vo 2. Ca tho nc ngng

3. Cnh khuy 4. ng c

Cu to: Ni c c cu to ging mt ci mng h, c hai lp v bng Inox, t trn mt gi bng thp. Bn trong ni c c th c cnh khuy o trn dch trong qu trnh c. Ngi ta s dng hi nc bo ha cp nhit. Hi nc bo ha c thi vo khong khng gian gia hai v, cp nhit cho qu trnh c c ri ngng t. Nc ngng c tho ra ngoi. Hot ng: Khi hot ng, dch lng c vo lng mng. a hi nc bo ha (hoc hi qu nhit) vo lm nng dch. Nhit dch lng tng dn, dung mi s ha hi bc ln. Theo thi gian, nng cht tan trong dung dch s tng dn, vt qu nng bo ha, xy ra hin tng kt tinh. Qu trnh c kt thc khi lng lng trong lng ni khng i hoc thay i rt t theo thi gian. u im: Cu to n gin, d vn hnh.

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Nhc im: Khng p dng vi cc loi dung mi c hi. Lng nhit tn tht ra mi trng bn ngoi ln. Ch lm vic c p sut thng, do khng p dng c vi loi cht tan khng bn nhit (cc cht ny phi tin hnh c chn khng). ng dng: trong phn xng sn xut ng dc.

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7. Thit b c c

1. Hi cp nhit cho thit b 2. Chn

3. Ca tho sn phm y 4. Ca tho nc ngng

Cu to (nh hnh v): gn ging vi thng phn ng tuy vy do dng c c nn dy ca vt liu c mng hn. Nguyn tc hot ng: Thit b c c p sut kh quyn. Nhit c hi nng cung cp t t cho thit b dung dich t nhit khong 80 90 0C. Khin hi nc thot ra t t lm tng nng ca mui vt qua nng qa bo ha. V kt tinh ra di dng tinh th rn. Tc v hiu qu ca qu trnh ph thuc vo tc bay hi ca hi nc. iu ny ph thuc vo khng ch lng nhit cp vo ni c m cn ph thuc vo din tch mt thong ca cht lng. Nu cp nhit qu mnh dung dch si th tinh th to ra rt nh v khng m bo yu cu.

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Ngc li nu cp nhit chm th tn thi gian v cc tinh th c xu hng hnh thnh ht to. Trong qa trnh c c trn b mt thong lun hnh thnh mt lp mng mui cn tr qu trnh bay hi ca hi nc do vy sau khong 1 thi gian phi tin hnh khuy trn ph v lp mng ny. Khng th s dng my khuy lm vic ny c v nh vy s ph v tinh th to cc tinh th rt nh. u im: loi thit bi ny c b mt bay hi ln hn Nhc im: thi gian sy cn di. Tn nng lng cung cp cho thit b. ng dng: c s dng trong phn xng ng dc.

KT LUN
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i vi mt sinh vin, vic tip nhn kin thc thng qua sch v l rt quan trng .N to nn tng c th hiu v nm vng nhng thao tc c bn nht. Ngoi ra vic tm hiu v thu thp nhng kin thc t thc t sn xut l rt cn thit.Qua vic tm hiu v phn tch s khc nhau gia l thuyt sch v vi thc t sn xut. Sinh vin s rt ra c nhng bi hc, nhng kinh nghim rt hu ch cho qua trnh lm vic sau ny. Trn c s b mn Ha Dc v HCBVTV to iu kin cho sinh vin c i thc tp ti Cng ty C phn Ha Dc Vit Nam. Sau thi gian tham quan tm hiu cc my mc, thit b v qui trnh cng ngh sn xut ti cc phn xng, c s gip ca cc c ch trong x nghip chng em thu nhn thm c nhiu kin thc b ch. c s quan tm to iu kin ca b mn Cng ngh Ha Dc v HCBVTV cng s gip tn tnh ca TS Nguyn Tun Anh v K.S L Th Thy chng em hon thnh t thc tp ny v tip thu c cho mnh nhiu hiu bit cng nh kinh nghim qu bu. Tuy nhin trong bi bo co cn khng trnh khi thiu st em rt mong nhn c s gp tn tnh ca c v cc bn bi bo co ca em c hon thin hn. Sinh Vin Phm Th Kim Anh

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