MC LC

MC LC.......................................................................................................................................1 LI M U..................................................................................................................................1 Chng 1. Nhng im c bn ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t ...................................................................................................................2 1.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................2 1.2. Phn loi hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t...........................................................................................3 1.3. c trng ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t................................................................................4 Chng 2: Thc trng thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam...............................................................................................7 2.1. Cc ngun lut iu chnh hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam.....................................................7 2.2. Nhng hn ch, vng mc trong qu trnh thc thi php lut ti Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin..............9 Chng 3. Gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t.........................................................................................................10 3.1. Nhng nguyn tc c bn khi hon thin php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t...................................10 3.1.5. Bo m tnh d liu trc ca php lut bo him hng hi ti Vit Nam..............................................................................................13 3.2. Mt s gii php v kin ngh c th nhm hon thin php lut bo him Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin....14 KT LUN....................................................................................................................................25 Trn y, nhm chng em trnh by mt s vn php l v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t cng nh cc gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t..........25

LI M U
Bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong hot ng ngoi thng ca cc quc gia, c bit l nhng nc m vn ti bin l phng thc vn ti ch yu trong thng mi quc t nh Vit Nam. Bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t chu s iu chnh ca mt h thng quy phm php lut ht sc phc tp. Tnh cht quc t ca vic vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin i hi mt s tng thch nht nh gia lut bo him hng hi ca mi quc gia vi cc chun mc tin tin v bo him hng hi quc t. Cng nh nhiu nc trn th gii, bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin Vit Nam l mt nghip v bo him hng hi, do n c iu chnh trc tin bi B lut hng hi Vit Nam. B lut hng hi Vit Nam u tin c ban hnh

t nm 1990, sau hn 10 nm p dng nhng ch cho B lut hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005. So vi B lut hng hi nm 1990, B lut hng hi nm 2005 c nhiu im tin b vt tri. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng im tin b, bn thn B lut ny vn cn c nhng hn ch, khim khuyt. Bn cnh , hin trng thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn trong lnh vc hng hi nc ta cng t ra nhng vn php l cn phi gii quyt. Xut pht t l do trn, nhm quyt nh la chn ti "Mt s gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t". Ngoi phn m u, kt lun v danh mc ti liu tham kho, ni dung ca tiu lun bao gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Nhng im c bn ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t. Chng 2: Thc trng thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam . Chng 3: Gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Mong c v cc bn c nhng ng gp bi tiu lun ca chng em c hon thin hn. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Chng 1. Nhng im c bn ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t 1.1. Khi nim
Khi nim hp ng bo him c quy nh ti iu 567 B lut dn s 2005 v iu 12 Lut kinh doanh bo him nm 2000. Tuy nhin, y ch l khi nim chung v hp ng bo him. C hai o lut trn u khng quy nh v bt k hp ng bo him c th no. Do , i n khi nim v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t, trc ht lun vn bt u bng khi nim hp ng bo him hng hi c cp ti iu 224 B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005.

1. Hp ng bo him hng hi l hp ng bo him cc ri ro hng hi, theo ngi bo him cam kt bi thng cho ngi c bo him nhng tn tht hng hi thuc trch nhim bo him theo cch thc v iu kin tha thun trong hp ng. Ri ro hng hi l nhng ri ro lin quan n hnh trnh ng bin, bao gm cc ri ro ca bin, chy, n, chin tranh, cp bin, trm cp, k bin, qun thc, giam gi, nm hng xung bin, trng thu, trng dng, trng mua, hnh vi bt hp php v cc ri ro tng t hoc cc ri ro khc c tha thun trong hp ng bo him. 2. Hp ng bo him hng hi c th m rng theo nhng iu kin c th hoc theo tp qun thng mi bo v quyn li ca ngi c bo him i vi nhng tn tht xy ra trn ng thu ni a, ng b hoc ng st thuc cng mt hnh trnh ng bin [2]. T khi nim hp ng bo him trong B lut dn s; Lut kinh doanh bo him v khi nim hp ng bo him hng hi trong B lut hng hi ni trn, c th hiu: Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l s tha thun bng vn bn gia ngi mua bo him v ngi bo him, theo ngi mua bo him phi tr ph bo him cn ngi bo him phi bi thng cho ngi c bo him khi c s kin bo him xy ra cho hng ha c bo him trong sut hnh trnh c bo him.

1.2. Phn loi hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t

Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t thng c chia thnh hai loi l hp ng bo him chuyn v hp ng bo him bao. Hp ng bo him chuyn l hp ng bo him cho mt l hng trn mt chuyn hnh trnh t a im ny n a im khc. y l loi hp ng "tng minh" nht bi l nhng thng tin v i tng bo him nh: tn hng, s lng xp xung tu, c im nhn bit, gi tr bo him, ph bo him... cng nh nhng thng tin v phng tin vn chuyn, hnh trnh nh: tn tu, ch tu, cng xp hng, ngy xp hng... u c th hin r trong hp ng bo him. Hp ng bo him bao l hp ng bo him trn gi, c p i vi i tng bo him l mt loi hng ha hoc mt s hng ha m ngi c bo

him gi i hoc nhn c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (thng l 1 nm). Hp ng bo him bao thng p dng cho cc khch hng nhp khu thng xuyn vi khi lng hng ha ln t nhiu cng, nhiu ni trn th gii hay vi l hng ln, vn chuyn giao hng nhiu ln. Khc vi hp ng bo him chuyn, khi giao kt hp ng bo him bao c nhiu thng tin lin quan n hp ng ngi bo him cha c bit. Chnh v l m hp ng bo him bao c coi l mt dng hp ng nguyn tc trong cc bn tha thun cc iu khon lm c s cho vic tnh gi tr bo him, ph bo him tng ng vi nhng iu kin bo him, phng thc thanh ton ph, cam kt v phng tin chuyn ch... Vi mi chuyn hng bn mua bo him phi c ngha v cung cp nhng thng tin m bn bo him yu cu v theo yu cu ca bn mua bo him, bn bo him phi cp giy chng nhn bo him cho tng chuyn hng m bn mua bo him nhp (xut). Trong thc tin kinh doanh, do mang li nhiu li ch v u th hn so vi hp ng bo him chuyn nn hp ng bo him bao lun c cc doanh nghip bo him khuyn khch p dng. Hp ng bo him bao ph hp i vi nhng khch hng c khi lng hng ha nhp, xut ln trong nm. Hp ng bo him bao c k kt v thc hin trn tinh thn thin ch.

1.3. c trng ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t

So vi nhng hp ng khc, hp ng bo him ni chung hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t ni ring c nhng nt c trng ring, l: - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l loi hp ng c yu t nc ngoi Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l loi hp ng c yu t nc ngoi. S d nh vy bi l hp ng bo him ny c mi quan h mt thit vi hp ng ngoi thng. Cc ch th ca hp ng mua bn

ngoi thng cc nc khc nhau, c ngn ng, lut php, tp qun v thi quen bun bn khc nhau. Do , cc ch th ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t c th l ngi nc ngoi. Bn cnh , ngi vn chuyn c th l hng tu ca chnh nc nhp khu, nc xut khu hoc nc th ba. Qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha thng qua lnh hi ca nhiu quc gia. Chnh v vy, trong mt chng mc nht nh, yu t nc ngoi lun chi phi n cc kha cnh k thut v php l ca hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t. - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l loi hp ng song v. Khc vi dng hp ng n v, trong hp ng bo him hng ha, hai bn trong hp ng bo him u c ngha v i vi nhau. Ngha v bi thng bo him ca bn bo him tng xng vi ngha v ng ph bo him ca bn c bo him; ngha v gii thch cc iu kin, iu khon ca hp ng bo him i i vi ngha v k khai thng tin ca bn c bo him ... Ngha v ca cc bn trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn c Lut kinh doanh bo him quy nh ti cc iu 17, 18. Tuy nhin, php lut kinh doanh bo him cng khng ngn cm cc bn trong hp ng c nhng tha thun ring. - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l loi hp ng m sn, ty thuc (hp ng theo mu) Mu hp ng bo him c a ra bi bn bo him - ngi bo him son tho sn cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng bo him. Khi giao kt hp ng bo him, i vi phn iu kin chung, ngi tham gia bo him ch c th chp thun ton b hoc khng giao kt hp ng bo him. Ngi tham gia bo him ch c th m phn tha thun v cc iu khon ring ca hp ng nh: gii hn hnh trnh c bo him, s tin bo him, ph bo him ... Chnh v c trng ny m trong hp ng bo him, nu c iu khon no khng r rng th bn bo him phi chu bt li khi gii thch iu khon . - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l loi hp ng bi thng

Cng nh mi hp ng bo him thit hi khc, hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin l loi hp ng bi thng. Thc cht, i ly khon ph bo him ca ngi mua bo him, ngi bo him phi cung cp cho ngi c bo him mt loi dch v c bit. l cam kt bi thng khi xy ra s kin bo him gy thit hi cho ngi c bo him. Vic thanh ton tin bi thng trong trng hp ny c mc ch b p nhng tn tht v chi ph m ngi c bo him phi gnh chu khi hng ha ca h gp ri ro trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bc d. Cn c ngi bo him thc hin ngha v bi thng l thit hi thc t ca ngi c bo him, cc quy nh ca php lut lin quan v cc tha thun trong hp ng bo him. - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t l mt hp ng "tn nhim" Hp ng bo him ch c gi tr php l khi vic xc lp hp ng c tin hnh trn c s cc thng tin trung thc ca cc bn. Trung thc, thin ch trong vic thc hin ngha v v quyn tha thun trong hp ng l iu kin tin quyt cho vic duy tr hp ng bo him. Hp ng bo him b v hiu hoc buc phi chm dt v nhng hnh vi gian ln, trc li bo him ca ngi c bo him. - Hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t chu s iu chnh ca mt h thng cc quy nh php l phc tp Bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t chu s iu chnh ca mt h thng cc quy phm php lut kh phc tp. H thng cc quy phm php lut ny c quy nh trong Lut hng hi quc gia, Lut hng hi Anh quc, cc iu c quc t, cc iu kin thng mi quc t... Nhng quy phm php lut lin quan n ngha v, trch nhim ca cc bn trong quan h mua bn, vn chuyn c cp trong cc ngun lut ny c lin quan cht ch ti vic giao kt, thc hin v gii quyt tranh chp v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin.

Chng 2: Thc trng thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam. 2.1. Cc ngun lut iu chnh hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam
nh gi v hin trng thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam khng th khng ni n nhng kt qu t c t vic ban hnh cc quy phm php lut v tc ng ca n n hot ng kinh doanh nghip v bo him ny nc ta. Khi xng t i hi ng VI, nn kinh t Vit Nam bt u chuyn sang c ch th trng t na cui thp k 80. Trc i hi ca c ch th trng trong xu th hi nhp kinh t quc t, Nh nc Vit Nam c nhiu n lc trong vic ci thin mi trng php l cho hot ng kinh doanh. H thng cc vn bn php

lut trong mi lnh vc c r sot, sa i v ban hnh mi theo xu hng cng bng v minh bch hn. Trong lnh vc kinh doanh bo him, bc ngot ln nht trn kha cnh php l cho hot ng kinh doanh bo him l vic ban hnh Lut kinh doanh bo him ngy 09/12/2000 v chnh thc c hiu lc t 01/4/2001. Trc Lut kinh doanh bo him, B lut Hng hi Vit Nam cng c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha VIII, k hp th 7 thng qua ngy 30/6/1990 v chnh thc c hiu lc t 01/01/1991. Sau 15 nm p dng, B lut ny bc l nhiu im li thi v khim khuyt, y chnh l l do cho vic ra i B lut hng hi Vit Nam mi. K tha B lut hng hi Vit Nam 1990, B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 c Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 7 thng qua ngy 14/6/2005 v c hiu lc thi hnh t 01/01/2006. So vi B lut hng hi Vit Nam 1990, B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 c nhiu im mi, ph hp hn vi h thng php lut hng hi quc t, st vi i hi ca thc tin hot ng hng hi v bo him hng hi Vit Nam ng thi khc phc c nhiu khim khuyt trong B lut hng hi 1990. u im ln nht lin quan n hot ng bo him hng hi t c trong B lut ny l nhng nhng thay i trong quy nh v ngha v v trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn. Trong bo him hng hi, ngoi B lut hng hi Vit Nam, B Ti chnh cn ban hnh Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin 1990 (QTC 1990). Quy tc ny c son tho theo ni dung ca b iu khon bo him ca Hip hi bo him London ban hnh nm 1982 (ICC 1982). y l c s quan trng cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam vn dng trong kinh doanh bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin Cng vi nhng vn bn php l trn, hng lot vn bn di lut c ban hnh hng dn thi hnh B lut hng hi v Lut kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam. Trn nn tng ca cc vn bn php lut v bo him, vic thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t Vit Nam c nhng kt qu nht nh. Trc tin, l s chuyn bin trong nhn thc ca ngi bo him v ngi mua bo him. Qu trnh nhn thc v php lut bo him ni chung

v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t ni ring to nn mt t duy php lut c ngi bo him ln ngi mua bo him. iu ny chi phi n cc hnh vi php lut t vic th hin mun n vic giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him. Sau na, nhng tranh chp xut pht t s thiu hiu bit, u tr php lut ca cc bn lin quan trong hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t cng c xu hng t dn. y l kt qu ca s hiu bit php lut bo him ngy cng cao trong hng ng nhng ngi lm bo him v cc nh kinh doanh xut nhp khu.

2.2. Nhng hn ch, vng mc trong qu trnh thc thi php lut ti Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin
Qua nghin cu thc tin, nhng hn ch, vng mc trong qu trnh thc thi php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin c tng kt trong nhng im ch yu sau: (1) Nhng hn ch, khim khuyt trong cc quy nh php l t B lut hng hi n Lut kinh doanh bo him v Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin dn n nhng hiu bit lch lc v s li dng s h ca lut php thc hin cc hnh vi trc li bo him. Nhng hn ch, khim khuyt ny bao gm: - Quy nh v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin vn c hiu lc trong trng hp hng ha b tn tht trc thi im giao kt hp ng bo him nu ngi c bo him khng bit v iu trong Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin l mt s h ln nht m bn mua bo him, thm ch c cn b, nhn vin ca doanh nghip bo him c th li dng trc li bo him. - S khng nht qun v khim khuyt trong quy nh v bo him trng gia B lut hng hi Vit Nam v Lut kinh doanh bo him cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn ti nhng vng mc trong qu trnh vn dng gii quyt nhng vn thc tin ny sinh trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him.

(2) Tnh khng r rng, kh hiu trong mt s quy nh php l c lin quan n bo him hng hi ni chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring, c th dn n nhng hiu lm v ng nhn trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him. (3) S khc bit gia B lut hng hi Vit Nam vi cc ngun lut quc t, vic thiu cc chuyn gia c trnh , c kinh nghim su v lnh vc hng hi lm vic ti cc c quan c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp trong bo him hng hi khin qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n hp ng bo him hng hi ko di, gy tn km v lm cho vic truy i ngi th ba trong bo him hng hi kh li cng kh hn.

Chng 3. Gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t 3.1. Nhng nguyn tc c bn khi hon thin php lut v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t
3.1.1. m bo tnh k tha trong cc quy nh ca php lut bo him hng hi Vit Nam Qu trnh xy dng mi hoc sa i b sung bt k mt vn bn php lut no u da trn nguyn tc m bo tnh k tha ca php lut. Tnh k tha y mun ni ln rng ci mi ra i phi trn nn tng ca ci c, khng ph nh hon ton (ph nh sch trn) ci c. m bo tnh k tha ca php lut c ngha quan trng i vi cc nh lm lut ca bt k quc gia no. m bo tnh k tha, i hi phi c s nghin cu mt cch nghim tc v ton din nhng quy phm php lut c a ra t trc. Trn c s , s k tha c t trn quan im duy tr v cht lc nhng iu cn ph hp vi thc tin cuc sng.

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Chnh v l do , vic nghin cu v kin ngh nhm hon thin php lut v bo him hng ha trong lnh vc hng hi trong ti phi t ra nguyn tc u tin l m bo tnh k tha trong quy nh ca php lut hng hi Vit Nam. 3.2.1.2. p ng c yu cu pht trin, hi nhp v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca ngnh hng hi v ngnh bo him Vic ra i ca bt k mt vn bn php lut no hoc rng hn l bt k mt ngnh lut no, trc tin u xut pht t nhng i hi ca thc tin cuc sng. Xut pht t nhng i hi ca thc tin cuc sng, lut php li quay tr li phc v cuc sng x hi. Thc tin cuc sng lun phc tp v vn ng khng ngng, chnh v vy ci ng ca ngy hm nay cha chc ng ngy mai. Trit l ny to nn tnh lch s ca php lut. Trong bi cnh hin nay, trc thm ca vic Vit Nam gia nhp vo T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO), mi chnh sch v lut php ban hnh trc y u phi r sot li, sa i, b sung cho ph hp vi qu trnh hi nhp ngy cng su rng. Nm nm gn y chng kin hng lot thay i ln trong lnh vc lut php ca Vit Nam. Nhng thay i ny u xut pht t i hi ca vic minh bch ha v to nn mt s cng bng cho tt c ch th chu s iu chnh ca php lut, khng phn bit yu t trong nc, ngoi nc, khng phn bit thnh phn kinh t t ra trong qu trnh hi nhp. Suy cho cng, mi s thay i ni trn u hng ti vic ph hp hn vi cc quy lut ca kinh t th trng v thc y pht trin kinh t, nng cao sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. Chnh v vy, vic nghin cu ti khng th vt ra ngoi mc tiu p ng c yu cu pht trin, hi nhp v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca ngnh hng hi v ngnh bo him Vit Nam. 3.2.1.3. m bo tnh ph hp, thng nht vi h thng php lut bo him Vit Nam Trong mt quc gia, h thng cc quy phm php lut bao gm rt nhiu vn bn php lut c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Chnh i hi ca tnh ph hp, tnh thng nht trong h thng cc quy phm php lut to nn s gn b hu c gia Hin php vi cc b lut v cc vn bn di lut. Trong mi ngnh lut, tnh ph hp, tnh thng nht gia cc quy phm php lut cng l mt i hi chnh ng ca thc tin.

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H thng php lut bo him Vit Nam bao gm cc quy phm php lut c quy nh trong Lut kinh doanh bo him, B lut dn s, B lut hng hi, Lut thng mi, Lut hng khng, v cc vn bn di lut khc. Cc quy phm php lut ny c ni dung iu chnh nhng mi quan h php lut ny sinh t hot ng kinh doanh bo him. Bo him hng hi ni chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring chu s iu chnh trc ht bi B lut hng hi Vit Nam. Chnh v vy, yu cu t ra l to nn tnh ph hp gia B lut hng hi Vit Nam v cc quy tc, iu khon, quy nh trong bo him hng hi vi h thng php lut bo him Vit Nam c ngha quan trng. 3.1.4. Ph hp vi php lut v thng l bo him hng hi quc t trn c s st vi thc tin ca hot ng bo him hng hi ti Vit Nam Hot ng hng hi khng ch lm pht sinh cc mi quan h php lut gia cc ch th trong mt quc gia m cn pht sinh cc quan h php lut gia cc ch th ca nhiu quc gia khc nhau. Chnh v vy, hot ng hng hi l mt trong cc hot ng mang tnh quc t su rng. Tnh quc t ca hot ng hng hi quyt nh tnh quc t ca hot ng bo him hng hi. Trong bo him hng hi, mt hp ng bo him c th bao gm nhiu ch th thuc cc nc khc nhau. Do , mt s khc bit trong php lut bo him ca mt nc c th ko theo nhng xung t php lut trong qu trnh xc lp, giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him hng hi. Tnh quc t ca hot ng bo him hng hi, ngoi vic b chi phi bi tnh quc t ca hot ng hng hi, cn b chi phi bi chnh c th ca hot ng phn tn ri ro trong kinh doanh bo him. Phng php phn tn ri ro ch yu v c th nht ca cc doanh nghip bo him l Ti bo him. Ti bo him l nghip v m ngi bo him s dng chuyn mt phn trch nhim chp nhn vi ngi c bo him cho ngi bo him khc trn c s nhng li cho ngi bo him mt phn ph bo him. Chnh hot ng ti bo him to nn s gn kt cc nh bo him trn ton cu.

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S bt trc trong cc hnh trnh hng hi dy cho cc nh bo him s dng ti bo him nh mt bin php phn tn ri ro, m bo s an ton trong kinh doanh. Trong quan h ti bo him, mt hp ng bo him gc c k kt cn phi c nhng iu khon ph hp vi hp ng ti bo him. S ph hp trc tin l phi cc iu khon quy nh v phm vi bo him, loi tr bo him, cch tnh v thanh ton bi thng, Xut pht t nhng l do trn, trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him hng hi i hi phi c s ph hp gia php lut bo him ca mi nc vi php lut v thng l hng hi quc t. Bn cnh , vic xy dng, sa i, b sung php lut bo him mi quc gia phi tnh ti s ph hp vi thc tin hot ng bo him hng hi quc gia . Nhng phn tch trn y cho thy vic tun th nguyn tc ph hp vi php lut v thng l bo him hng hi quc t trn c s st vi thc tin ca hot ng bo him hng hi ti Vit Nam l yu cu cho mi nghin cu nhm a ra cc kin ngh hon thin php lut bo him Vit Nam trong lnh vc bo him hng hi. 3.1.5. Bo m tnh d liu trc ca php lut bo him hng hi ti Vit Nam Khng ph nhn rng php lut ra i xut pht t i hi thc tin ca cuc sng. Tuy nhin, cuc sng khng ng yn m lun vn ng, thay i. Do , m bo cho cc quy phm php lut c ban hnh c gi tr s dng lu di th vic m bo tnh d liu trc ca php lut c ngha quyt nh. Trn th gii, khng t nhng b lut c gi tr s dng hng th k. Vit Nam, tnh li thi nhanh chng ca nhiu vn bn quy phm php lut mt phn do yu cu ca vic xy dng lut l qun trit v th ch ha Cng lnh ca ng, ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc trong tng thi k, mt phn l do tnh d liu trc trong qu trnh xy dng lut cn hn ch. Thc tin ny cho thy vic m bo tnh d liu trc ca php lut bo him hng hi Vit Nam l yu cu t ra cho mi nghin cu trong lnh vc ny. 3.1.6. m bo tnh d hiu, d vn dng ca php lut bo him hng hi D hiu, d vn dng (tnh i chng) l yu cu t ra cho vic xy dng bt k mt vn bn lut no. Trong lnh vc bo him ni chung v bo him hng

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hi ni ring, vic m bo yu cu ny c ngha quan trng. S d nh vy bi l mt s khng r rng trong cc quy nh ca lut hng hi v cc quy tc, iu khon bo him u c nguy c dn n nhng tranh chp khng ng c trong qu trnh vn dng. c im ca php lut bo him hng hi l trong lut c s dng nhiu thut ng chuyn ngnh. Hn th na, vic k tha cc ngun lut c tnh quc t u vp phi vn kh khn v ngn ng. Trong thc tin kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam, nhiu quy tc, iu khon bo him c dch t cc vn bn ting Anh nn t nhiu gy ra nhng s kh hiu, kh vn dng. Nhng kh khn trong vic chuyn ti ng ngha trong qu trnh Vit ha cc vn bn ny l nguyn nhn ch yu dn n nhng hiu lm v ng nhn trong qu trnh thng nht ch, xc lp v thc hin hp ng bo him hng hi. T nhng l do trn m yu cu t ra i vi php lut bo him ni chung v php lut v bo him hng hi ni ring l hn ch n mc thp nht nhng tranh chp c th ny sinh t tnh khng r rng v khng i chng trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng bo him hng hi.

3.2. Mt s gii php v kin ngh c th nhm hon thin php lut bo him Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin
3.2.1. To ra tnh thng nht gia Lut kinh doanh bo him v B lut hng hi Vit Nam trong quy nh v bo him trng Vn bo him trng c quy nh trong iu 44 Lut kinh doanh bo him nh sau: 1. Hp ng bo him trng l trng hp bn mua bo him giao kt hp ng bo him vi hai doanh nghip bo him tr ln bo him cho cng mt i tng, vi cng iu kin v s kin bo him. 2. Trong trng hp cc bn giao kt hp ng bo him trng, khi xy ra s kin bo him, mi doanh nghip bo him ch chu trch nhim bi thng theo t l gia s tin bo him tha thun trn tng s tin bo him ca tt c cc hp ng m

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bn mua bo him giao kt. Tng s tin bi thng ca cc doanh nghip bo him khng vt qu gi tr thit hi thc t ca ti sn [4]. Trong khi , ti iu 234 B lut hng hi Vit Nam li quy nh: 1. Trng hp c hai hoc nhiu n bo him do ngi c bo him, ngi i din ca ngi c bo him giao kt v cng i tng bo him v cng mt ri ro hng hi m tng s tin bo him vt qu gi tr bo him th ngi c bo him c coi l bo him vt qu gi tr bng cch bo him trng 2. Trong trng hp bo him trng quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny th tt c nhng ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim bi thng trong phm vi gi tr bo him v mi ngi ch chu trch nhim tng ng vi s tin bo him m mnh nhn bo him [2]. Nghin cu quy nh v bo him trng trong Lut kinh doanh bo him v B lut hng hi Vit Nam t ra ba vn cn c gii quyt: Vn th nht: S khim khuyt v s h trong quy nh bo him trng trong Lut kinh doanh bo him. Tht vy, theo Lut kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam, c gi l bo him trng ch cn c ba du hiu, l: - Cng mt i tng bo him; - i tng c bo him bi hai hp ng bo him tr ln; - Cc hp ng bo him c cng iu kin v s kin bo him. Theo nh ngha bo him trng trong B lut hng hi, c gi l bo him trng cn c bn du hiu, l: - Cng mt i tng bo him; - i tng c bo him bi hai hp ng bo him tr ln; - Cc hp ng bo him c cng iu kin v s kin bo him; - Tng s tin bo him ca cc hp ng vt qu gi tr bo him.

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Nh vy, so snh vi nh ngha v bo him trng trong B lut hng hi, nh ngha bo him trng trong lut kinh doanh bo him cn thiu quy nh v tng s tin bo him ca tt c cc hp ng phi ln hn gi tr bo him. S khim khuyt trong nh ngha bo him trng trong Lut kinh doanh bo him s ny sinh mt vn trong thc tin l khng c mt ranh gii no phn bit bo him trng vi ng bo him v bo him gi tr gia tng v dn ti mt s h trong lut. lm r iu ny, xin a ra mt v d minh ha. Chng hn, mt ngi c mt ti sn tr gi 100 triu ng, c bo him ng thi bng hai hp ng bo him ti doanh nghip bo him A v doanh nghip bo him B vi s tin bo him ln lt l 20 triu ng v 30 triu ng. Gi s xy ra mt tn tht 50 triu ng thuc trch nhim bi thng ca c hai doanh nghip bo him. i chiu vi quy nh ti khon 1 iu 44 Lut kinh doanh bo him th r rng y l bo him trng v nh vy, theo khon 2 iu ny th cc doanh nghip bo him s phi bi thng nh sau: - Doanh nghip bo him A bi thng = 50 tr x (20 tr: 50 tr) = 20 triu ng - Doanh nghip bo him B bi thng = 50 tr x (30 tr: 50 tr) = 30 triu ng Tng s tin bi thng ca hai doanh nghip bo him l 50 triu ng. S s h trong lut c th hin trong v d trn l ch ngi c bo him nhn c tng s tin bi thng l 50 triu ng trong khi l ra h ch c nhn s tin bi thng l 25 triu ng vi cch tnh ton bi thng theo quy tc t l i vi cc hp ng bo him di gi tr tng ng l: - Doanh nghip bo him A bi thng = 50 tr x (20tr: 100 tr) = 10 triu ng. - Doanh nghip bo him B bi thng = 50 tr x (30tr: 100 tr) = 15 triu ng. Vn th hai: S khng r rng trong iu 234 B lut hng hi Vit Nam v cch gii quyt bi thng trong trng hp bo him trng. Quy nh ti khon 2 iu 234 B lut hng hi Vit Nam, mi ngi bo him ch chu trch nhim tng ng vi s tin bo him m mnh nhn bo him trong trng hp bo him trng l thiu r rng. iu ny s dn ti kh khn trong vic vn dng ca cc doanh nghip bo him trong thc tin kinh doanh bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin.

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Vn th ba: Trong thc t, nhiu trng hp bo him trng xy ra do bn mua bo him c ch t trc vi mong mun trc li trong quan h bo him. y l vn m nhiu doanh nghip bo him quan tm v thc t h tn khng t cng sc, tin bc vo vic pht hin v hn ch hnh vi trc li kiu ny. Tuy nhin, c gng ca cc doanh nghip bo him cng khng th lm lnh mnh ha quan h gia cc bn trong hp ng bo him nu thiu s hu thun ca Nh nc bng cng c lut php. Vi gc nh vy, thit ngh cc quy nh ca php lut bo him Vit Nam trong Lut kinh doanh bo him v B lut hng hi cn thiu mt khon quy nh v ch ti s dng trong trng hp cc doanh nghip bo him c bng chng chng minh rng vic tham gia bo him trng xut pht t trc li ca bn mua bo him. T ba vn t ra trn y, chng ti xin a ra cc kin ngh sau: Th nht: Sa i khon 1 iu 44 Lut kinh doanh bo him theo hng b sung thm mt du hiu na ca bo him trng l tng s tin bo him ca cc hp ng bo him phi ln hn gi tr bo him. iu ny khng nhng to ra s thng nht gia Lut kinh doanh bo him vi B lut hng hi, to ra s cht ch trong nh ngha bo him trng trong Lut kinh doanh bo him m cn gip phn bit r rng gia bo him trng vi ng bo him v bo him gi tr gia tng. Th hai: Sa i khon 2 iu 234 B lut hng hi Vit Nam theo cch quy nh r rng v trch nhim bi thng ca mi doanh nghip bo him trong bo him trng l xc nh s tin bi thng ca mi doanh nghip bo him trn c s t l gia s tin bo him ca tng n bo him v tng s tin bo him ca tt c cc n bo him. Sa i ny gip cho vic vn dng trong thc tin c thun li hn v trnh tranh chp c th xy ra gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him. Th ba: B sung thm khon 3 trong iu 44 Lut kinh doanh bo him v iu 234 B lut hng hi Vit Nam quy nh v vic cc doanh nghip bo him c php t chi bi thng trong trng hp chng minh c man tr, trc li ca bn mua bo him trong bo him trng. Quy nh ny hon ton ph hp vi php lut bo him ca cc nc pht trin v c tc dng ngn nga, rn e cc hnh vi trc li

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bo him thng qua vic c tham gia bo him ti nhiu doanh nghip bo him ca ngi mua bo him. 3.2.2. Sa i quy nh ti iu 12 Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin hin hnh cho ph hp vi B lut hng hi Vit Nam Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin hin ang c cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam p dng da trn nn tng ca Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin do B Ti chnh ban hnh nm 1990 (QTC 1990). Ti iu 12 QTC 1990 quy nh: Nu hp ng bo him c k kt khi xy ra tn tht trong phm vi trch nhim ca hp ng th hp ng vn gi nguyn gi tr, nu ngi c bo him khng hay bit g v tn tht . Nhng nu ngi c bo him bit c tn tht ri th ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim bi thng m vn c quyn nhn ph bo him [5]. Nh vy, theo quy nh ti iu ny, nu mt hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin c giao kt khi hng ha b tn tht th ngi bo him vn phi chu trch nhim bi thng nu tn tht thuc phm vi bo him. Ngi bo him ch c quyn t chi bi thng khi chng minh c ti thi im giao kt hp ng, ngi c bo him bit thng tin v tn tht hng ha. Thc t, vic chng minh ny l v cng kh khn vi ngi bo him bi h lun l ngi b ng. Do , gn nh trong cc trng hp tng t, ngi bo him u phi chu bt li trong tranh chp vi ngi c bo him v ngi c bo him hon ton c th a ngi bo him vo tnh th buc phi bi thng khi t bt k vo hp ng bo him. C th thy rng, quy nh ny a ra trong iu kin vic chuyn ti thng tin t ngi vn chuyn n ngi c bo him v hnh trnh ca hng ha trn bin khi xy ra s c thng n chm do cng ngh thng tin lc hu l ph hp. Ngy nay, vi s tin b vt bc ca khoa hc cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh thng tin trong lnh vc hng hi cho php vic tip nhn thng tin ca ngi c bo him v tn tht xy ra cho hng ha ca h mt cch nhanh chng th quy nh ny tr nn li thi. Khng nhng th, n cn to ra c hi cho nhng m mu

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en ti nhm rt tin ca bo him bng vic tham gia bo him khi bit s kin bo him xy ra ca nhng ngi c hnh vi bt chnh. V vic xy ra ti Cng ty c phn bo him Xng du (PJICO) nm 2005 l mt v d in hnh minh chng cho tc hi ca iu 12 QTC 1990. Khi c quan cnh st iu tra thc hin lnh bt Trn Ngha Vinh - nguyn tng gim c PJICO v cp ph H Mnh Qun ngy 14/5/2005 v b co buc v hnh vi nhn hi l 1,9 t ng (bng 50% s tin c duyt bi thng) trong vic gii quyt bi thng tn tht ca mt l hng tham gia bo him t nm 2002, mi tnh tit ca v vic mi c bo ch lm sng t. Theo kt lun iu tra, thc cht v ny l hnh vi cn b bo him cu kt vi khch hng mua bo him (b Phan Hng Thu - gim c Cng ty Vit Thi Phong), nhn bo him v bi thng cho mt l hng tm ng lnh b tn tht t trc rt tin bo him. Trong qu trnh tranh chp, sau nhiu ln thng lng, do PJICO khng c cn c chng minh b Thu bit v s kin hng b tn tht vo thi im mua bo him, dn ti mt tha hip vi phm php lut ni trn.

3.2.3. Son tho, ban hnh ti liu gii thch cc iu khon bo him hng hi p dng trong hot ng kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam Nghin cu php lut v bo him hng hi ca cc nc pht trin, c bit l php lut bo him hng hi ca Anh quc - php lut bo him c coi l chun mc v c vn dng rng ri hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii cho thy, bn cnh vic ban hnh cc iu khon bo him nh ICC 1982; ITC 1995 (iu khon bo him thi hn thn tu), y ban k thut v iu khon - Hc hi bo him London cn ban hnh cun "Phn tch cc iu khon bo him hng hi" nhm to iu kin thun li cho vic vn dng cc b iu khon ny trong thc tin kinh doanh bo him. S d c kin ngh ny trong lun vn bi l, trong cc iu khon bo him hng hi ni chung v Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin hin ang p dng Vit Nam ni ring cn nhiu quy nh kh hiu, kh vn

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dng trong thc tin. Chng hn ti khon 2 iu 2 Quy tc chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quy nh: e) Phn trch nhim thuc iu khon "Tu m va hai bn cng c li" ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn c coi nh l mt loi tn tht thuc phm vi trch nhim bi thng ca ngi bo him. Trng hp ch tu khiu ni theo iu khon th ngi c bo him c trch nhim thng bo cho ngi bo him bit. Ngi bo him dnh quyn bo v ngi c bo him, chng li vic khiu ni ca ch tu v t chu cc ph tn [5]. Quy nh ny thc s gy kh hiu khng ch cho ngi c bo him m cn cho c nhng ngi lm bo him khi cha c chuyn mn su v lnh vc ny. vn dng iu khon ny vo thc tin kinh doanh bo him hng hi, trong cun "Phn tch cc iu khon bo him hng hi" cc nh bo him Anh ct ngha nh sau: "Tu m va hai bn cng c li" l mt iu khon trong hp ng vn chuyn. iu khon ny gip ngi vn chuyn c thot trch v nhng tn tht ca hng ha ch trn tu khi xy ra tai nn m va vi tu khc m h c mt phn li. Thc cht quy nh ny khin ch hng (ngi c bo him trong bo him hng ha) phi gnh vc thm mt trch nhim php l lin quan n tn tht hng ha ca h trong tai nn m va. y l iu khon c p dng trong trng hp xy ra tai nn m va gia hai tu m theo phn quyt ca Ta n c hai bn cng c li v ch tu vn dng iu khon ny trong hp ng vn chuyn i ch hng bi thng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bo him hng ha sau khi bi thng tn tht cho ch hng, s dng "quyn th nhim" (th quyn) i bi thng t ch tu m va vi tu ch hng ton b tn tht hng ha. Theo lut php ca mt s nc, ch tu ny li c quyn i ch tu ch hng mt phn s tin m h phi bi hon cho ngi bo him. D kin ti kh nng ny, ngi chuyn ch a iu khon "tu m va hai bn cng c li" vo hp ng vn chuyn v vn dng iu khon ny i ch hng s tin phi tr cho tu bn kia. Nh vy, ch hng li phi b tin ra tr cho ngi vn chuyn. T thc tin ny, mc d n bo him hng ha thng thng khng c m rng bo him cho trch nhim php l ca ch hng song trong n bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin, ngi bo him a vo

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quy tc bo him mt iu khon bo v quyn li ca ngi c bo him trong cc trng hp tng t. Sau vic gii thch ny, cc nh bo him hng hi Anh cn a ra mt v d nhm minh ha cho iu khon trn. V d trong "Phn tch cc iu khon bo him hng hi" nh sau: Gi s tu A ch hng cho ch hng X, m va vi tu B. Theo xc minh, mi bn li 50% v hng ha trn tu A b tn tht 80.000 USD. Hng ch trn tu A c bo him gi tr ti cng ty bo him Y. Trong v d ny, ngi b thit hi l ch hng X (80.000 USD); ngi c li l ch tu A (50%) v ch tu B (50%). Ch hng X, cn c theo n bo him hng ha, i cng ty bo him Y bi thng ton b tn tht hng ha l 80.000 USD. V phn mnh, bit rng vic th quyn i ngi vn chuyn l ch tu A b trit tiu bi iu khon "tu m va hai bn cng c li" ca hp ng vn chuyn, cng ty bo him X th quyn i ch tu B bi hon ton b s tin bi thng cho ch hng. Theo lut nh, ch tu B i li ch tu A 50% trch nhim (40.000 USD). Cn c vo hp ng vn chuyn, ch tu A li i s tin ny t ch hng X. R rng, nu khng c cng ty bo him Y bo v, ch hng X s b thit hi mt khon tin l 40.000 USD. Tuy nhin, cn c vo hp ng bo him, ch hng X s thng bo cho cng ty bo him Y bit v ngi bo him s phi thanh ton trc tip khon tin 40.000 USD cho ch tu A theo phn quyt ca ta n. Cui cng, trong s 80.000 USD tn tht hng ha ca ch hng X, cng ty bo him Y chu 40.000 USD; ch tu B chu 40.000 USD cn ch hng X c bi thng y . Qua nghin cu cun "Phn tch cc iu khon bo him hng hi" ca cc nh bo him Anh, vi vic a ra mt dn chng in hnh trn cho thy nu khng c s ct ngha r rng cc iu khon bo him hng hi ni chung v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring th vic vn dng trong thc t s gp khng t kh khn, thm ch cn c th gy nn nhng tranh chp khng ng c gia cc ch th trong hp ng bo him.

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Vi nhng phn tch trn y, hon ton c c s khng nh rng vic son tho, ban hnh ti liu gii thch cc iu khon bo him hng hi p dng vo thc tin hot ng kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam l cn thit. 3.2.4. Sa i, b sung mt s iu trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam m bo tnh ph hp vi cc chun mc php lut quc t Trong bi cnh giao lu thng mi quc t ngy cng m rng, trnh khoa hc - cng ngh pht trin ngy cng cao, lut php quc t v thng mi, hng hi v bo him c nhng thay i th vic sa i B lut hng hi l tt yu. y chnh l l do ca vic ra i B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 trn c s k tha v sa i, b sung B lut hng hi 1990. C th ni, B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 c rt nhiu im tin b hn so vi B lut hng hi 1990. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng im tin b , B lut ny vn cn bc l nhng khim khuyt cn c tip tc hon thin. Vi mong mun , chng ti mnh dn kin ngh s i, b sung mt s iu ca B lut trong phm vi nhng quy nh c lin quan n hp ng bo him hng hi ni chung v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin ni ring. - Mt l, trong iu 78 B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 quy nh ngi vn chuyn c hng 17 min trch tng t nh Quy tc Hague 1924, trong c min trch hon ton bt hp l l min trch v li iu hnh, qun tr tu (li hng vn). C th, khon 2 iu 78 Min trch ca ngi vn chuyn quy nh: 2. Ngi vn chuyn c min hon ton trch nhim, nu tn tht hng ha xy ra trong cc trng hp sau y: a. Li ca thuyn trng, thuyn vin, hoa tiu hng hi hoc ngi lm cng ca ngi vn chuyn trong vic iu khin hoc qun tr tu [2]. R rng, ngi vn chuyn nhn ch hng ly cc m li khng phi bi thng khi hng ha chuyn ch b tn tht do thuyn trng, thuyn vin, hoa tiu hoc ngi lm cng ca h mc li trong vic iu khin hoc qun tr tu th qu l v l. Xt ti kha cnh lch s, iu quy nh ny c cc nh son tho Quy tc Hague 1924 a ra t nhng nm u ca th k XX trong iu kin ch tu trn b khng c kh nng kim sot hnh trnh ca con tu v hnh ng ca nhng ngi trn tu do

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trnh thng tin lin lc cn lc hu, do n cn c th chp nhn c. Trong iu kin hin nay, quy nh ny trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005 l khng cn ph hp na. Trc ht, v o l kinh doanh khai thc tu ly cc th phi c kh nng kim sot vic i li ca con tu cng nh phi c kh nng qun l thy th on, do vy ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v tn tht ca hng ha do li ca thy th on trong iu khin, qun tr tu l ph hp. Mt khc, ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin pht trin vt bc, phng tin thng tin lin lc rt hin i, ngi vn chuyn hon ton c kh nng kim sot c hnh ng ca thy th on th khng c l do g min trch v li hng vn. Hn na, Cng c Hamburg 1978 ca Lin Hp Quc - Cng c c coi l tin tin nht, bnh ng nht hin nay cng khng cn cp n nhng min trch ng nhin cho ngi vn chuyn na. Do , ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v tn tht ca hng ha chuyn ch trn tu do li hng vn, nu khng chng minh c mnh p dng mi bin php cn thit c th ngn chn s c v hu qu ca n. Nh vy, nu ngi bo him phi bi thng tn tht ca hng ha do li hng vn th h c quyn khiu ni i bi hon t pha ngi vn chuyn. T nhng phn tch trn y, m bo tnh cng bng gia ngi vn chuyn, ch hng v ngi bo him v ph hp vi chun mc php lut quc t tin tin, chng ti kin ngh sa i iu 78 B lut hng hi 2005 m trc tin l xa b min trch ni trn i vi ngi vn chuyn. Hai l, ti iu 97 Thi hiu khi kin v h hng mt mt hng ha trong B lut hng hi 2005 quy nh: "Thi hiu khi kin v h hng mt mt hng ha vn chuyn theo chng t vn chuyn l 1 nm, k t ngy tr hng hoc l ra phi tr hng cho ngi nhn hng" [2]. Quy nh ny l s k tha quy nh ca Quy tc Hague 1924, trong khi Cng c Hamburg 1978 quy nh thi hiu khi kin l hai nm. Trong thc tin, nhiu l hng nhp khu c bo him ti cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam lai do cc hng tu nc ngoi m nhn vn chuyn, v khng t cc v tn tht hng ha m bo him bi thng c nguyn nhn li ca ngi vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, v nhiu l do m vic cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam gp nhiu kh khn trong vic i ch tu nc ngoi do

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khng kp thi lm th tc "bt nng" tu ngay sau khi tu tr hng. Chnh v vy, vic thc hin cc th tc php l i ch tu nc ngoi khi tu ri cng Vit Nam c th phi ko di hng nm v cng ty bo him phi ch c hi tu ny hoc tu cng ch vo Vit Nam lm hng mi c th khi kin v yu cu ta n ra lnh bt gi tu thc hin gii quyt tranh chp. T thc tin trn cho thy vic quy nh thi hiu khi kin l mt nm gy kh khn cho cc ch hng v cng ty bo him trong nc. V vy, m bo quyn li cho cc ch hng v cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam, chng ti kin ngh sa i thi hiu khi kin v h hng, mt mt hng ha trong iu 97 B lut hng hi 2005 thnh hai nm. Vic sa i ny cng ph hp vi Cng c Hamburg 1978. Bn l, iu 229 Ngha v ca ngi c bo him trong B lut hng hi 2005 quy nh: Ngi c bo him c ngha v cung cp cho ngi bo him bit tt c cc thng tin m mnh bit hoc phi bit lin quan n vic giao kt hp ng bo him c th nh hng n vic xc nh kh nng xy ra ri ro hoc quyt nh ca ngi bo him v vic nhn bo him v cc iu kin bo him, tr thng tin m mi ngi bit hoc ngi bo him bit hoc phi bit [2]. Nh cp trong chng 2, trong bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t, nu ngi xut khu bn hng theo gi CIF hoc CIP th h l ngi c trch nhim mua bo him cho hng ha tc l ngi tham gia bo him. Tuy nhin, ngay c khi ngi xut khu l ngi trc tip i mua bo him th ngi c bo him ca hp ng bo him vn l ngi nhp khu bi l thc cht chnh ngi nhp khu l ngi tr ph bo him. Do , nu quy nh ngha v cung cp thng tin khi giao kt hp ng bo him l ca ngi c bo him th s khng cn ph hp trong trng hp ny v ngi tham gia bo him khc ngi c bo him. m bo tnh cht ch ca lut v to s thng nht gia B lut hng hi v Lut kinh doanh bo him, chng ti kin ngh sa i iu ny l ngha v ca bn mua bo him thay v quy nh l ngha v ca ngi c bo him.

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Bn l, ti iu 241 Thng bo ri ro gia tng B lut hng hi 2005 quy nh: "Sau khi hp ng bo him c giao kt m c bt k thay i no v ri ro c bo him lm tng mc ri ro th ngi c bo him c trch nhim thng bo cho ngi bo him v s thay i ngay khi h bit" [2]. y l quy nh hon ton hp l v ph hp vi php lut bo him quc t nhm m bo quyn li cho ngi bo him. Tuy nhin, hp ng bo him l hp ng song v, khi ri ro gia tng ngi c bo him phi thng bo cho ngi c bo him v thng phi np thm ph, vy nu ri ro gim i (chng hn con tu c trang b ti tn hn) th ngi c bo him c c gim ph khng? Php lut ca nhiu nc rt coi trng vic bo v quyn li cho ngi c bo him trong trng hp ny v cc trng hp tng t. Do , m bo tnh cng bng trong quan h bo him, chng ti kin ngh b sung trong B lut hng hi quy nh v quyn li ca bn mua bo him trong trng hp ri ro gim thiu hn so vi ri ro d kin khi giao kt hp ng.

KT LUN
Trn y, nhm chng em trnh by mt s vn php l v hp ng bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t cng nh cc gii php hon thin php lut Vit Nam v bo him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t. Hp ng bo him l mt loi hp ng chuyn bit, cn hp ng bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t li l mt loi c bit ca hp ng bo him. Nhn chung, cc quy nh hin hnh ca php lut Vit Nam v hp ng bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t vn c s chng cho ln v

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cng tn ti mt s khc bit nhiu so vi thng l quc t. Vit Nam l nc i sau trong lnh vc bo him nn tip thu cc kinh nghim xy dng cc quy nh php lut v hp ng bo him ni chung v hp ng bo him hng ho XNK chuyn ch bng ng bin ni ring ca cc nc c ngnh kinh doanh bo him rt pht trin trn th gii nh Anh Quc. Nhng quy nh php lut v lnh vc bo him hin nay ang dn c hon thin, tng i ph hp vi thc tin ca hot ng kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam. Sau mt thi gian tm hiu, nghin cu, nhm chng em hon thnh tiu lun vi hy vng gip bn c c mt ci nhn tng th php lut v hp ng bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin quc t trong h thng php lut v hp ng bo him ni chung. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n TS. Trnh Th Thu Hng gip chng em hon thnh tiu lun ny!

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. GS. TS Hong Vn Chu (2006), Gio trnh bo him trong kinh

doanh, Nxb Lao ng x hi

2. Trng Mc Lm - Lu Nguyn Khnh (2000), Mt s vn cn bit

v php l trong kinh doanh bo him, Nxb Thng k, H Ni.

3. B lut hng hi Vit Nam (2006), Nxb Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni 4. Lut kinh doanh bo him (2001), Nxb Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni.

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5. Quy tc chung v bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin (QTC-1990)

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