Ly Thuyet Trai Pho Va Da Truy Nhap Vo Tuyen

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT TRI PH V A TRUY NHP V TUYN

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
Bin son :
TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG
Li ni u
LI NI U
Cc cng ngh a truy nhp l nn tng ca cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring. Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch hiu sut cho cc ngi s dng. Tu thuc vo vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho cc ngi s dng m cc cng ngh ny c phn chia thnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA). Cc h thng thng tin di ng mi u s dng kt hp c bn cng ngh a truy nhp ny phn b hiu qu nht ti nguyn cho cc ngi s dng. Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m vi nhiu u vit so vi cc cng ngh khc nn ngy cng tr thnh cng ngh a truy nhp chnh. Cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA c xy dng trn c s k thut tri ph. K thut tri ph c nghin cu v p dng trong qun s t nhng nm 1930, tuy nhin gn y cc k thut ny mi c nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trong cc h thng tin v tuyn t ong. Cc phn t c bn ca mi h thng tri ph l cc chui gi ngu nhin. C th coi rng Sol Golomb l ngi dnh nhiu nghin cu ton hc cho vn ny trong cc cng trnh ca ng vo nhng nm 1950. nim u tin v a truy nhp tri ph phn chia theo m (SSCDMA: Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access) c R.Price v P.E.Green trnh by trong bi bo ca mnh nm 1958. Vo u nhng nm 1970 rt nhiu bi bo ch ra rng cc h thng thng tin CDMA c th t c dung lng cao hn cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip c xy dng vo nhng nm 1950. Th d v cc h thng u tin l: ARC-50 ca Magnavox v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v tinh OM-55, USC-28. Trong cc bi bo ca mnh (nm 1966) cc tc gi J.W.Schwartz, W.J.M.Aein v J. Kaiser l nhng ngi u tin so snh cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Cc th d khc v cc h thng qun s s dng cng ngh CDMA l v tinh thng tin chin thut TATS v h thng nh v ton cu GPS. M cc vn v cn kit dung lng thng tin di ng ny sinh t nhng nm 1980. Tnh trng ny to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu M tm ra mt phng n thng tin di ng s m. tm kim h thng thng tin di ng s mi ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh a thm nhp phn chia theo m trn c s tri ph (CDMA). c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom, sau c gi l "Thng tin Qualcom" (Qualcom Communications) pht trin cng ngh CDMA cho thng tin di ng v nhn c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u cng ngh ny c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim truyn thng v v tuyn l mi cuc thai i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay cng ngh ny tr thnh cng ngh thng tr Bc M v nn tng ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Qualcom a ra phin bn CDMA u tin c gi l IS-95A. Hin nay phin bn mi IS-2000 v W-CDMA c a ra cho h thng thng tin di ng th 3. Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v tinh cng ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng cng ngh CDMA. Cc th d in hnh v vic s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l: H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o thp (LEO: Low Earth Orbit) Loral/Qualcom Global
Li ni u
Star s dng 48 v tinh, H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO: Medium Earth Orbit) TRW s dng 12 v tinh. Mt trong cc hn ch chnh ca cc h thng CDMA hin ny l hiu nng ca chng ph thuc vo nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cng tn s, MUI (Multi user Interference). y l l do dn n gim dung lng v i hi phi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc my thu lin kt a ngi s dng (MUD: Multi User Detector) s cho php cc h thng CDMA mi dn khc phc c cc nhc im ny v cho php CDMA t r c u im vt tri ca n. Gn y mt s cng ngh a truy nhp mi nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) v CDMA a sng mang (MC CDMA: Multicarrier CDMA) cng tr thnh ti nghin cu ca nhiu trng i hc v cc phng th nghim trn th gii. y l cc phng php a truy nhp mi y trin vng. iu ch OFDM l c s xy dng OFDMA c cng nhn l tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11 v HIPERLAN. Trong tng lai hai cng ngh a truy nhp ny rt c th s tm c cc ng dng mi trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bng rng a phng tin v di ng th h sau. Ti liu bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn" c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph c th tip cn cc cng ngh thng tin v tuyn di ng mi ang v s pht trin rt nhanh. Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng, Truyn dn v tuun s. Ti liu l c s sinh vin hc cc mn hc: Thng tin di ng, Thng tin v tinh v cc H thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn khc nh WLAN. Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n cc kin thc c s v l thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui ti liu ny. Ti liu ny c chia lm su chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l p n cho cc bi tp.
Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng
ii
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP V TUYNV K THUT TRI PH
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Tng quan FDMA Tng quan TDMA Tng quan CDMA Tng quan SDMA So snh dung lng cc h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA
1.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp Hiu cch so snh c dung lng ca cc h thng a truy nhp khc nhau
1.2. M U
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.
Hnh 1.1. Cc h thng a truy nhp: a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di ng v cc trm gc. Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access). Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt phng php a truy nhp mi. Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau.
Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.2. Mi knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.2). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc ti nguyn phi c phn chia: Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access, hnh 1.2a). Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc sng mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2b). Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum Multiple Access). Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh:

Tn s Trm gc
f
1
N t
f
2
1 2
FDMA
f
N
2 1
a)
N
FDMA Trm gc Tn s
Thi gian
1
f
t 2 t
f
1 2
TDMA B N
b)
M N f
1
Trm gc M t
CDMA
TDMA
Thi gian
1 2
M f
1
2
Tn s
t
N
c)
N
CDMA
Thi gian
Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA) 1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy nhiu cho nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau.
2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy nhiu cho cc my thu khc. Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.3 cho thy cc cch kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
K thut c s
FDMA
Phn chia theo tn s/m (FD/CDMA)
Phn chia theo tn s/th gian/m (FD/TD/CDMA)
Phn chia theo tn s/thi gian (FD/TDMA)
TDMA
Chu k khung
Tn s
Mt phng chim knh thi giantn s
B (bng thng h thng)
Phn chia theo thi gian/m (TD/CDMA)
Thi gian
CDMA
Hnh 1.3. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp
1.3. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA

1.3.1. Nguyn l FDMA
Trong phng php a truy nhp ny rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng B Mhz c chia thnh n bng tn con, mi bng tn con c n nh cho mt knh ring c rng bng tn l B/n MHz (hnh 1.4). Trong dng a truy nhp ny cc my v tuyn u cui pht lin tc mt s sng mang ng thi trn cc tn s khc nhau. Cn m bo cc khong bo v gia tng knh b sng mang chim phng nga s khng hon thin ca cc b lc v cc b dao ng. My thu ng xung hoc dng ln chn sng mang cn thit theo tn s ph hp. Nh vy FDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m trong mi knh c cp pht mt tn s c nh. m bo FDMA tt tn s phi c phn chia v quy hoch thng nht trn ton th gii.
Hnh 1.4. FDMA v nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

m bo thng tin song cng tn hiu pht thu ca mt my thu bao phi hoc c pht hai tn s khc nhau hay mt tn s nhng khong thi gian pht thu khc nhau. Phng php th nht c gi l ghp song cng theo tn s (FDMA/FDD, FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) cn phng php th hai c gi l ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD, TDD: Time Division Duplex). Phng php th nht c m t hnh 1.5. Trong phng php ny bng tn dnh cho h thng c chia thnh hai na: mt na thp (Lower Half Band) v mt na cao (Upper Half Band). Trong mi na bng tn ngi ta b tr cc tn s cho cc knh (xem hnh 1.5a) . Trong hnh 1.5a cc cp tn s na bng thp v na bng cao c cng ch s c gi l cp tn s thu pht hay song cng, mt tn s s c s dng cho my pht cn mt tn s c s dng cho my thu ca cng mt knh, khong cch gia hai tn s ny c gi l khong cch thu pht hay song cng. Khong cch gn nht gia hai tn s trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong cch gia hai knh ln cn (x), khong cch ny phi c chn ln i vi mt t s tn hiu trn tp m cho trc (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) hai knh cnh nhau khng th gy nhiu cho nhau. Nh vy mi knh bao gm mt cp tn s: mt tn s bng tn thp v mt tn s bng tn cao m bo thu pht song cng. Thng thng ng pht i t trm gc (hay b pht p) xung trm u cui (thu trm u cui) c gi l ng xung, cn ng pht i t trm u cui n trm gc (hay trm pht p) c gi l ng ln. Khong cch gia hai tn s ng xung v ng ln l Y nh thy trn hnh v. Trong thng tin di dng tn s ng xung bao gi cng cao hn tn s ng ln suy hao ng ln thp hn ng xung do cng sut pht t my cm tay khng th ln. Trong trong thng tin v tinh th tu thuc vo h thng, tn s ng xung c th thp hoc cao hn tn s ng ln, chng hn cc h thng s dng cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t ln ngi ta thng s ng tn s ng ln cao hn ng xung, ngc li cc h thng thng tin v tinh (nh di ng chng hn) do trm mt t nh nn tn s ng ln c s dng thp hn tn s ng xung.

a) f1 f2 Na bng thp f3 fn-1 fn f0 f1 f2
Na bng cao f3 fn-1 fn
x y B
b) MS1
f1 f1
Trm gc
MS2
f2 f2 f3 f3
MS3
K hiu x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn y: Khong cch tn s thu pht B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng f0: Tn s trung tm fi: Tn s ng xung fi: Tn s ng ln
Hnh 1.5. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/FDD Trong phng php th hai (FDMA/TDD) c my thu v my pht c th s dng chung mt tn s (nhng phn chia theo thi gian) khi ny bng tn ch l mt v mi knh c th chn mt tn s bt k trong bng tn (phng php ghp song cng theo thi gian: TDD). Phng php ny c m t hnh 1.6. Hnh 1.6 cho thy knh v tuyn gi trm gc v my u cui ch s dng mt tn s fi cho c pht v thu. Tuy nhin pht thu lun phin, chng hn trc tin trm gc pht xung my thu u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Tx, sau n ngng pht v thu tn hiu pht i t trm u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Rx, sau n li pht khe Tx ....
Hnh 1.6. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/TDD 1.3.2. Nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn T hnh 1.4 ta thy rng ca knh b chim dng bi mt s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny c pht i t mt trm gc n tt c cc my v tuyn u cui nm trong vng ph ca anten trm ny. My thu ca cc my v tuyn u cui phi lc ra cc sng mang tng ng vi chng, vic lc s c thc hin d dng hn khi ph ca cc sng mang c phn cch vi nhau bi mt bng tn bo v rng. Tuy nhin vic s dng bng tn bo v rng s dn n vic s dng khng hu qu rng bng tn ca knh. V th phi thc hin s dung ha gia k thut v tit kim ph tn. D c chn mt gii php dung ha no i na th mt phn cng sut ca sng mang ln cn vi mt sng mang cho trc s b thu bi my thu c iu hng n tn s ca sng mang cho trc ni trn. iu ny dn n nhiu do s giao thoa c gi l nhiu knh ln cn (ACI: Adjacent Channel Interference). Dung lng truyn dn ca tng knh (tc bit Rb) xc nh rng bng tn iu ch (Bm) cn thit nhng phi c thm mt khong bo v trnh nhiu giao thoa gia cc knh ln cn nn Bm < B/n. Do vy dung lng thc t ln hn dung lng cc i nhn c bi mt k thut iu ch cho trc.V vy hiu sut s dng tn s thc s s l n/B knh lu lng trn MHz. Trong cc h thng in thoi khng dy FDMA in hnh ca chu u hiu sut s dng tn s thc ca cc h thng in thoi khng dy l 20 knh/Mhz cn i vi in thoi khng dy s l 10 knh/MHz.
V mt kt cu, FDMA c nhc im l mi sng mang tn s v tuyn ch truyn c mt Erlang v th nu cc trm gc cn cung cp N Erlang dung lng th phi cn N b thu pht cho mi trm. Ngoi ra cng phi cn kt hp tn s v tuyn cho cc knh ny. tng hiu sut s dng tn s c th s dng FDMA kt hp vi ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD). phng php ny mt my thu pht ch s dng mt tn s v thi gian pht thu lun phin (hnh 1.6). Phng php FDMA t nhy cm vi s phn tn thi gian do truyn lan sng, khng cn ng b v khng xy ra tr do khng cn x l tn hiu nhiu, v vy gim tr hi m.
1.4. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDMA)

1.4.1. Nguyn l TDMA
Hnh 1.7 cho thy hot ng ca mt h thng theo nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian. Cc my u cui v tuyn pht khng lin tc trong thi gian TB. S truyn dn ny c gi l cm. S pht i mt cm c a vo mt cu trc thi gian di hn c gi l chu k khung, tt c cc my u cui v tuyn phi pht theo cu trc ny. Mi sng mang th hin mt cm s chim ton b rng ca knh v tuyn c mang bi tn s sng mang fi.
Hnh 1.7. Nguyn l TDMA Phng php va nu trn s dng cp tn s song cng cho TDMA c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian vi ghp song cng theo tn s TDMA/ FDD (FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing). Trong phng php ny ng ln (t my u cui n trm gc) bao gm cc tn hiu a truy nhp theo thi gian (TDMA) c pht i t cc my u cui n trm gc, cn ng xung (t trm gc n my u cui) l tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM: Time Division Multiplexing) c pht i t trm gc cho cc my u cui, (xem hnh 1.8a).
c th phn b tn s thng minh hn, phng php TDMA/TDD (TDD: Time Division Multiplexing) c s dng. Trong phng php ny c hai ng ln v ng xung u s dng chung mt tn s, tuy nhin phn chia ng pht v ng thu cc khe thi gian pht v thu c pht i cc khang thi gian khc nhau (xem hnh 1.8b)
Hnh 1.8. Cc phng php a truy nhp: a) TDMA/FDD; b) TDMA/TDD
1.4.2 To cm
Qu trnh to cm c m t hnh 1.9. My pht ca trm gc nhn thng tin dng lung c s hai lin tc c tc bit Rb t giao tip ngi s dng. Thng tin ny phi c lu gi cc b nh m v c ghp thm thng tin iu khin b sung to thnh mt cm bao gm thng tin ca ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin b sung.
10

Tc truyn dn k hiu R
TSn TS3 TS2 TS1
Lung s ca cc ngi s dung

Ghp knh (TDMA) v iu ch
1 2 Z 3
TB TF
TB TB
Rb
Lung s cn pht n ngi s dng 1 2 3
1 Tc Rb Cc b m B ghp khung TDMA nh thi TDMA
3 t
Cu trc cm (tc R)
Tc Rb
B iu ch
Tc Rb
K hiu Ri= Tc bit ca ngi s dng (bps) R= Tc k hiu iu ch cho sng mang TS= rng khe thi gian Tb= rng cm, TF= di khung = Khong trng bo v, = Thng tin b sung
Hnh 1.9. Qu trnh to cm mt h thng v tuyn TDMA Sau cm c t vo khe thi gian TB tng ng b ghp khung TDMA. Gia cc cm c th c cc khong trng trnh vic chng ln cc cm ln `nhau khi ng b khng c tt. u ra ca b ghp khung TDMA ta c lung ghp c tc iu ch R a n b iu ch. Tc iu ch R iu ch cho sng mang c xc nh nh sau: R = Rb(TF/TB) [bps] (1.1)
trong TB thi gian ca cm, cn TF l thi gian ca mt khung. Gi tr R ln khi thi gian ca cm nh v v th thi gian chim (TB/TF) cho mt knh truyn dn thp. Chng hn nu Rb= 10kbit/s v (TF/TB) = 10, iu ch xy ra tc 100kbit/s. Lu rng R l tng dung lng ca mng o bng bps. T kho st trn c th thy rng v sao dng truy nhp ny lun lun lin quan n truyn dn s: n d dng lu gi cc bit trong thi gian mt khung v v nhanh chng gii phng b nh ny trong khong thi gian mt cm. Khng d dng thc hin dng x l ny cho cc thng tin tng t. Mi cm ngoi thng tin lu lng cn cha thng tin b sung nh: 1) u cha: a. Thng tin khi phc sng mang (CR: Carrier Recovery) v ng b ng h bit ca my thu (BTR: Bit Timing Recovery).
11
b. T duy nht (UW : Unique Word) cho php my thu xc nh khi u ca mt cm. UW cng cho php gii quyt c s khng r rng v pha (khi cn thit) trong trng hp gii iu ch nht qun. Khi bit c khi u ca cm, tc bit v xy ra s khng r rng pha my thu c th xc nh c cc bit i sau t duy nht. c. Nhn dng knh (CI: Channel Identifier). d. Cc thng tin ni trn c th c t ring r v tp trung u cm hay c th kt hp vi nhau hay phn b nhiu ch trong mt s khung (trng hp cc t ng b khung phn b). 2) Bo hiu v iu khin 3) Kim tra ng truyn Trong mt s h thng cc thng tin b sung trn c th c t cc knh dnh ring.
1.4.3. Thu cm
Qu trnh x l my thu ca my v tuyn u cui 3 c cho hnh 1.10. Phn x l khung TDMA s iu khin vic m cng cho cm cn thu trong khe thi gian TS3 dnh cho my u cui ny. My thu xc nh khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung) bng cch pht hin t duy nht, sau n ly ra lu lng dnh cho mnh t khung TDMA. (Lu rng mt s h thng nh ng b chung trong mng nn my thu c th xc nh ngay c khe thi gian dnh cho n m khng cn t duy nht). Lu lng ny c thu nhn khng lin tc vi tc bit l R. khi phc li tc bit ban u Rb dng mt lung s lin tc, thng tin c lu gi b m trong khong thi gian ca khung ang xt v c c ra t b nh m ny tc Rb trong khong thi gian ca khung sau. iu quan trng xc nh c ni dung ca cm ni trn l trm thu phi c kh nng pht hin c t duy nht khi u ca mi cm (hoc mi khung). B pht hin t duy nht xc nh mi tng quan gia cc chui bit u ra ca b pht hin bit ca my thu, chui ny c cng di nh t duy nht v l mu ca t duy nht c lu gi b nh ca b tng quan. Ch c cc chui thu to ra cc nh tng quan ln hn mt ngng th c gi li nh l cc t duy nht.
1 Z
M y u cui 3
G i i i u ch n h th i TDM A
Ca m t i T S 3
B m
Tc R b
Hnh 1.10. Qu trnh thu cm trong TDMA
1.4.4. ng b 12
TDMA vn ng b rt quan trng. ng b cho php xc nh ng v tr ca cm cn ly ra my thu hay cn pht i my pht tng ng. Nu cc my u cui l my di ng th ng b cn phi xt n c v tr ca my ny so vi trm gc. V vn ng b chng ta s xt cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn c th. So vi FDMA, TDMA cho php tit kim tn s v thit b thu pht hn. Tuy nhin nhiu h thng nu ch s dng mt cp tn s th khng m bo dung lng ca mng. V th TDMA thng c s dng kt hp vi FDMA cho cc mng i hi dung lng cao. Nhc im cu TDMA l i hi ng b tt v thit b phc tp hn FDMA khi cn dung lng truyn dn cao, ngoi ra do i hi x l s phc tp nn xy ra hin tng hi m. 1.5. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M, CDMA CDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m mi knh c cung cp mt cp tn s v mt m duy nht. y l phng thc a truy nhp mi, phng thc ny da trn nguyn l tri ph. Tn ti ba phng php tri ph: Tri ph theo chui trc tip (DS: Direct Sequency). Tri ph theo nhy tn (FH: Frequency Hopping). Tri ph theo nhy thi gian. (TH: Time Hopping).
1.5.1. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph

Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt. Trong cc h thng iu ch bin song bin, rng bng tn cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc h thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s, rng bng tn cn thit c cng gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn thit trong trng hp ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...). Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s dng ny c th dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im cu tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu: * Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit pht thng tin. * Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu. Hnh 1.10 cho thy s khi chc nng cu mt h thng thng tin SS in hnh cho hai cu hnh: v tinh v mt t. Ngun tin c th s hay tng t. Nu ngun l tng t th trc ht n phi c s ho bng mt s bin i tng t vo s nh: iu xung m hay iu ch delta. B nn tn hiu loi b hay gim d thng tin ngun s. Sau u ra c m ho bi b lp m hiu chnh li (m ho knh) a vo cc bit d cho vic pht hin hay sa li c th xy ra khi truyn dn tn hiu qua knh v tuyn.
13
Ph ca tn hiu cn pht c tri rng n rng bng tn cn thit sau b iu ch s chuyn ph ny n di tn c cp cho truyn dn. Sau tn hiu iu ch c khuych i, c pht qua knh truyn dn, knh ny c th l di t hoc v tinh. Knh ny c th gy ra cc gim cht lng nh: nhiu, tp m v suy hao cng sut tn hiu. Lu rng i vi SS th cc b nn/gin v m ho/ gii m hiu chnh li (m ho/ gii m knh) l tu chn. Ngoi ra cng cn lu rng v tr cu cc chc nng tri ph v iu ch c th i ln. Hai chc nng ny thng c kt hp v thc hin mt khi. Ti phi thu my thu khi phc li tn hiu ban u bng cch thc hin cc qu trnh ngc vi pha pht: gii iu ch tn hiu thu, gii tri ph, gii m v gin tn hiu nhn c mt tn hiu s. Nu ngun l tng t th tn hiu s ny c bin i vo tng t bng mt b bin i s/ tng t. Lu rng mt h thng thng thng (khng phi SS), cc chc nng tri ph v gii tri ph khng c s khi hnh 1.11. Thc ra y chnh l s khc nhau gia mt h thng thng thng v h thng SS.
u vo s KGD ng s
Nn s liu
MHK
C (BPSK, QPSK)
KCS
Knh v tinh
u vo tng t
KGD ng TT
Bin i A/D
Ngun chui PN tri ph
SM
Knh mt t
KTD
Suy hao v tuyn
Nhiu Tp m
My pht My thu
Cc chc nng ty chn
Nhiu
KTD
Suy hao v tuyn
Pht p v tinh
Tp m
KTD SM
u ra s KGD ng s Suy hao v tuyn
Nhiu Tp m
Nn s liu
Bin i A/D
GMK
Gii C
KCS
u ra tng t
KGD ng TT
Chui PN gii tri ph B chui PN
K hiu * KGD: Khuych i giao din *A/D: Tng t/s * MHK: M ha knh * C: iu ch * KCS: Khuych i cng sut * PN: Gi tp m
TT: Tng t D/A: S/tng t GMK: Gii m knh SM: Sng mang KTD: Knh truyn dn B: ng b
Hnh 1.11. S khi ca mt h thng thng tin s in hnh vi tri ph (cu hnh h thng mt t v v tinh) C ba kiu h thng SS c bn: chui trc tip (DSSS: Direct-Sequence Spreading Spectrum), nhy tn (FHSS: Frequency-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) v nhy thi gian (THSS: Time-Hopping Spreading Spectrum) (hnh 1.12, 1.13 v 1.14). Cng c th nhn c cc h thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn. H thng DSSS t c tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip (Rc=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian mt chip) cao hn
14
nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. H thng FHSS t c tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp (ln) cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian ca mt chip Tc gi nguyn khng i. Tc nhy tn c th nhanh hoc chm. Trong h thng nhy tn nhanh, nhy tn c thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin, cn h thng nhy tn chm th ngc li.
T b =T n T b =T n Tc
K hiu:
T n s
Tb = thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht Tn = Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph Tc = Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph Hnh 1.12. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
fn f n -1 f n -2
f3 f2 f1
Tc 2 T c
Hnh 1.13. Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)
Khe thi gian pht (k bit)
Mt khung
Tf
2Tf
3T f
T=Tf /M, trong M l s khe thi gian trong mt khung
Hnh 1.14. Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS)
15
Trong h thng THSS mt khi cc bit s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung trong mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc khe thi gian. Mt mu nhy thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian no c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung. Lc u cc k thut SS c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun s. tng lc u l lm cho tn hiu c pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu khng mong mun bng cch gy kh khn cho cc my thu ny trong vic tch v ly ra c bn tin. bin i bn tin vo tn hiu ta tp m, ta s dng mt m c "coi l" ngu nhin m ho cho bn tin. Ta mun m ny ging ngu nhin nht. Tuy nhin my thu ch nh phi bit c m ny, v n cn to ra chnh m ny mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht ly ra bn tin (gii m). V th m "gi nh" ngu nhin phi l xc nh. Nn ta phi s dng m gi ngu nhin (hay m gi tp m). M gi ngu nhin phi c thit k c rng bng ln hn nhiu so vi rng bng cu bn tin. Bn tin trn c bin i bi m sao cho tn hiu nhn c c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin. C th coi s bin i ny nh mt qu trnh "m ho". Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tri ph. Ta ni rng my pht bn tin c tri ph bi m gi ngu nhin. My thu phi gii tri ph ca tn hiu thu c tr li rng ph bng rng ph ca bn tin. Hin ny phn ln cc quan tm v cc h thng SS l cc ng dng a truy nhp m nhiu ngi s dng cng chia s mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp ta tp m. cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh c xung t. Nh vy FH v TH l cc kiu h thng trnh xung t, trong khi DS l kiu h thng ly trung bnh. Cc m tri ph c th l cc m gi tp m (PN code) hoc cc m c to ra t cc hm trc giao. hiu tng quan vai tr ca tri ph trong h thng thng tin v tuyn phn di y ta s xt tng quan tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS). C th v cc phng php tri ph DSSS, FHSS v THSS s c kho st cc chng tip theo.
1.5.2. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng tri ph chui trc tip, DSSS

M hnh n gin ca mt h thng tri ph gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng tn vi cng mt tn s sng mang fc v iu ch BPSK c cho hnh 1.15.
16

Tx1
B chuyn i mc Tri ph iu ch
Rx1
Gii iu ch Gii tri ph Tb
0
b1 ( t )
{0,1}
Rb = 1 Tb
0 +1 1 1
d(t) {+1,-1} 1 Rb = Tb
(.)dt
Mch quyt nh
b1(t)
{0.1}
B to m PN
c1 ( t )
{+1,-1} 1 Rc = Tc
2E b cos( 2 f c t ) Tb
2 cos( 2 f c t ) Tb
Rb =
1 Tb
c1 ( t )
{+1,-1} 1 Rc = Tc
B to m PN
Tx2
Rx2
b 2 ( t ), c 2 ( t )
c 2 ( t ), b 2 ( t )
TxK
RxK
b K ( t ), c K ( t )
c K ( t ), b K ( t )
Hnh 1.15. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng DSSS gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng tn vi cng mt sng mang fc v iu ch BPSK. M hnh c xt hnh 1.15 gm K my pht thu c k hiu l Txk v Rxk tng ng vi k=1....K, v cu trc ca chng ging nhau nn ta ch v chi tit cho mt khi (Tx1 v Rx1), cc khi cn li c v dng hp en vi cc thng s ring cho cc khi ny nh: bk (t) th hin chui bit pht, ck(t) th hin m tri ph v
b k ( t ) th hin chui bit thu.
Tn hiu u vo ca my pht k l lung s thng tin ca ngi s dng bk(t) c tc bit Rb=1/Tb. y l mt tn hiu c s hai ngu nhin n cc vi hai mc gi tr {0,1} ng xc sut c biu din nh sau:
b k (t) =
i =
b (i)p
k
Tb
(t iTb )
(1.2)
trong pTb(t) l hm xung vung n v c xc nh nh sau:

pTb (t) =
1 nu 0 t Tb 0 nu khc
(1.3)
v bk(i) ={0,1} vi s xut hin ca 0 v 1 ng xc sut. Sau b chuyn i mc ta c lung bit ngu nhin lng cc d(t) vi hai mc {+1,-1} ng xc sut c biu din nh sau:
d k (t) =
i =
d (i)p
k
Tb
(t iTb )
(1.4)
trong p(t) c xc nh theo (1.3) v dk(i)={+1.-1} vi s xut hin ca +1 v -1 ng xc sut.
17
Sau lung bit lng cc c a ln tri ph bng cch nhn vi m tri ph c gi l m gi tp m vi tc c gi l tc chip Rc=1/Tc. Cc m ny c chu k l Tb v thng thng Tb=NTc vi N kh ln. cc my thu c th phn bit c cc m tri ph, cc m ny phi l cc m trc giao chu k Tb tho mn iu kin sau:
1 Tb
c (t)c (t)dt =
k j 0
Tb
1 nu k = j 0 nu k j
(1.5)
v tch ca hai m trc giao s bng 1 nu l tch ca chnh n v l mt m trc giao mi trong tp m trc giao nu l tch ca hai m khc nhau:
c k (t)c j (t) =
1 nu k = j c i (t) nu k j
(1.6)
M tri ph l chui chip nhn cc gi tr {+1,-1} gn nh ng xc sut nu N ln v c biu din nh sau:

c k (t) = c k (i)pTc (t iTc )
i =1 N
(1.7)
trong ci ={+1,-1} l chui cc xung nhn hai gi tr +1 hoc -1 v mi xung c gi l chip, Tc l rng ca mt chip, pTc(t) l hm xung vung c xc nh nh sau:
pTc (t) =
1 0
nu 0 t Tc nu khc
(1.8)
Sau tri ph tn hiu s c tc chip Rc c a ln iu ch BPSK bng cch nhn vi sng mang:
2E b Tb cos(2fc t) c tn hiu pht vo khng gian nh sau:
s(t) =
2E b Tb
d k (t)c k (t) cos(2fc t) ,
0tTb
(1.9)
trong Eb l nng lng bit, Tb l rng bit v fc l tn s sng mang. By gi ta xt qu trnh xy ra my thu. n gin ta coi rng my thu c ng b sng mang v m tri ph vi my pht, ngha l tn s , pha sng mang v m tri ph ca my thu ging nh my pht. Ngoi ra nu b qua tp m nhit ca ng truyn v ch xt nhiu ca K-1 ngi s dng trong h thng, gi s cng sut tn hiu thu ti my thu k ca K ngi s dng bng nhau v n gin ta cng b qua tr truyn sng, tn hiu thu s nh sau:
r(t) =
j=1 K
2E br Tb
d j (t)c j (t) cos(2fc t)
(1.10)
trong Ebr=Eb/Lp l nng lng bit thu, Lp l suy hao ng truyn.
18
Tn hiu thu c a ln phn u ca qu trnh gii iu ch nhn vi

2 Tb cos(2fc t) , sau c a ln gii tri ph, kt qu cho ta:
u(t) =
K K d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) + d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) cos(4fc t) Tb j=1 j=1
E br
(1.11)
Sau b tch phn thnh phn th hai trong (1.10)l thnh phn cao tn s b loi b, ta c:
v(t) =
Tb
u(t)dt =
E br Tb
d (t) c (t)c
j j j=1 0
Tb
(t)dt
(1.12)
Lu n tnh trc giao ca cc m tri ph theo (1.5) v dj={+1,-1} ta c kt qu ca tch phn (1.12) nh sau:
v(t) = d k (t) E br = E br
(1.13)
Mch quyt nh s cho ra mc 0 nu V(t) dng v 1 nu m. Kt qa ta c chui bit thu b(t)
l c tnh ca chui pht. Trng hp l tng ta c chui ny bng chui bit pht bk(t).
1.5.3. Ph ca tn hiu
hiu r ngha ca tri ph cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tri ph, ta xt dng ph ca cc tn hiu trn m hnh hnh 1.15. Tng t nh trn ta cng s ch xt ph h thng pht thu Txk v Rxk lm th d. Ph ca ca lung s n cc bk(t) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b (f) = =
2 b im
4 1
Tb Sinc (fTb ) +
2
2 b im
(f)
1 Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) 4 4 Nu ch xt cho ph dng v khng ta c:
(1.14)
1 1 b (f) = Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) 2 4

trong : Sincx=
sin x
x
(1.15)
, (f) l hm delta c xc nh nh sau:
(f) = 0 khi f0 v
(f)df =1
(1.16)
Ph ca lung s lng cc c xc nh nh sau:

d (f) = d i2 Tb Sinc 2 (fTb )
19
= Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c: d(f) = 2Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) Ph ca lung s sau tri ph c xc nh nh sau:
dc (f) = (d i c i ) Tc Sinc 2 (fTc )
2
(1.17)
(1.18)
= Tc Sinc 2 (fTc ) Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c: dc(f) = 2Tc Sinc 2 (fTc ) Ph ca tn hiu sau iu ch c xc nh nh sau:
s (f) = PTc 2 Sinc 2 [(f fc )Tc ] + P Tc 2 Sinc 2 [(f + fc )Tc ]
(1.19)
(1.20)
(1.21)
Nu ch xt ph dng ta c:
s (f) = P Rc Sinc 2 [(f fc )Tc ]
(1.22)
trong P =Eb/Tb l cng sut trung bnh ca sng mang. Ph ca tn hiu thu u vo my thu k gm c xc nh nh sau:
r (f) =
j=1 K
Pjr Rc
Sin 2 [(f fc )Tc ]
(1.23)
trong Pjr = Pj /Lp l sut thu t my thu j v Lp l suy hao truyn sng. T iu kin ca m tri ph trong (1.6), sau gii tri ph my thu k ch c tn hiu n t my pht k l c tri ph cn cc tn hiu n t cc my pht khc li b tri ph bng mt m tri ph khc v mt ph cng sut c xc nh nh sau:
Pkr Rb Sinc [(f fc )Tb ] +
2
u (f) =
R Sinc
J =1 j k c
Pjr
[(f fc )Tc ]
(1.24)
trong thnh phn th nht l ph ca tn hiu thu t my pht k cn thnh phn th hai l tng ph ca cc tn hiu th t cc my pht cn li. Hnh 1.16 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca lung bit lng cc d(f), ph ca tn hiu sau tri ph c(f) (cho trng hp Tb=5Tc). Hnh 1.17 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD)
20
ca tn hiu thu gm hai thnh phn: ph nhn c t Txk (k hiu l k(f)) v ph ca t tt cc my pht khc tr my k cho trng hp Tb=NTc (k hiu l S-k (f)) vi N>>1.
PSD, W/Hz
2Tb
d (f ) dc (f )
Tb = 5Tc
2Tc
0
1 Tb
2 Tb
3 Tb
4 Tb
5 Tb 1 Tc
6 Tb
7 Tb
8 Tb
9 Tb
10 Tb 2 Tc
f, Hz
Hnh 1.16. Mt ph cng sut ca lung bit lng cc d(f) v lung s sau tri ph dc(f) khi Tb=5Tc.
Pkr Rb
k (f )
k (f )
k (f )
Tb = NTc
Pjr Rc
k (f )
1 Tc
3 Tb
2 Tb
1 Tb
1 Tb
2 Tb
3 Tb
}
1 Tc
f fc
Hnh 1.17. Mt ph cng sut thu t my pht k: k(f) v t tt c cc my pht tr my k: -k(f). loi b cc nhiu do cc my pht khc ph tn hiu sau tri ph my thu k c a qua b lc bng thng (khng c trn m hnh hnh 1.15), kt qu cho ta ph hnh 1.18. T hnh 1.18 ta thy nh c tri ph, cng sut nhiu n t cc my pht khc b loi b ang k v mt cch gn ng c th coi nhiu cn li ca chng nh tp m Gauss trng cng.
21

PSD, W/Hz
Pkr Rb
k (f )
Ph tn hiu sau b lc bng thng c rng B W =
1 = R b , Hz Tb
P jr Rc
k ( f )
}
0
1 Tb 2 Tb 3 Tb
1 Tc
3 Tb
2 Tb
1 Tb
f f c , Hz
1 Tc
Hnh 1.18. Ph tn hiu nhn c sau b lc bng thng
1.5.4. CDMA/FDD
H thng CDMA/FDD lm vic hai bng tn vi hai sng mang: mt cho ng ln v mt cho ng xung. Trn mi cp sng mang ny c th ng thi M ngi s dng truy nhp vo mng trn c s c tri ph bng M chui trc giao khc nhau. Mi cp sng mang ny c gi l mt knh CDMA. Th d v h thng CDMA vi N knh CDMA trong mi knh cho php M ngi s dng ng thi truy nhp mng c cho hnh 1.19.
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Sng m ang 1 ( X )
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
Sng m ang 2 ( X )
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
Sng m ang N ( X )
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
ng xung
S ng m ang 1 ( X)
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
Sng m ang 2 ( X )
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
Sng m ang N ( X)
C hui m 1
C hui m 2
C hui m M
n g l n X : rn g b n g tn k n h C D M A Y : P h n cch tn s sn g m an g n g xu n g v n g ln
Hnh 1.19. Nguyn l CDMA/FDD
1.5.5. CDMA/TDD
Khc vi FDD phi s dng cp sng mang cho truyn dn song cng, TDD ch s dng mt sng mang cho truyn dn song cng. S khc nhau v phn b tn s FDD v TDD c cho hnh 1.20.
23
FDD
t rng bng tn X ng ln rng bng tn X ng xung t
TDD
rng bng tn X ng xung Khong bo v ng ln
Phn cch sng cng Y
Hnh 1.20. S khc nhau gia FDD v TDD minh ho ta xt th d v mt h thng a truy nhp CDMA/TDD trong mi knh CDMA/TDD bao gm cu trc khung cha 15 khe thi gian nh cho hnh 1.21.
T
Nng lng
a) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (Cp pht ng ln/ ng xung i xng)

T
M 1-8
TDD-CDMA
Tn s
b) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng xung/ng ln khng i xng)

T
10 12 14
Thi gian
Khung c 15 khe thi gian
c) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng xung/ ng ln i xng)

T
Hnh 1.21. TDD-CDMA
d) Cu hnh chuyn mch n im (Cp pht ng xung/ng ln khng i xng)
T hnh 1.21 ta thy mt knh CDMA bao gm mt tn s v v tm m trc giao. Mi knh do mt m trc giao to nn bao gm mi khung TDMA c di TF v c chia thnh 15 khe thi gian (TS) v vic kt hp TDMA vi CDMA cho php cp pht knh thng minh. Cc knh c th c cp pht i xng hoc khng i xng cho nhiu ngi s dng, hoc i xng hoc khng i xng cho mt ngi s dng. Chng hn hnh 1.21a, tr mt khe ng xung dnh cho iu khin cn 14 khe cn li c phn u cho by ngi s dng trong mi ngi c mt khe ng xung v mt khe ng ln. hnh 1.21b, tr mt khe dnh cho ngi iu khin, ba ngi s dng c cp pht ba khe ng xung v mt khe ng ln, mt ngi s dng c cp pht hai khe ng xung. hnh 1.21c, tr mt khe ng xung dnh cho
24
ngi iu khin cn cc khe cn li c cp pht i xng cho mt ngi s dng. hnh 1.21d, tr mt khe ng xung dnh cho iu khin cn cc khe cn li c cp khng i xng cho mt ngi s dng. CDMA c nhiu u im hn cc phng php a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA nh: Cho dung lng cao hn Kh nng chng nhiu v phainh tt hn Bo mt thng tin tt hn D dng p dng cho cc h thng i hi cung cp linh hot dung lng knh cho tng ngi s dng Cho php chuyn giao lu lng mm gia cc vng ph sng nh vy khng xy ra mt thng tin khi thc hin chuyn giao. V c th s dng chung tn s cho nhiu ngi s dng nn quy hoch mng cng n gin hn Tuy nhin CDMA khng trnh khi cc nhc im sau: ng b phc tp hn. y ngoi ng b nh thi cn phi thc hin c ng b m Cn nhiu mch in x l s hn Mng ch cho hiu sut s dng cao khi nhiu ngi cng s dng chung tn s
1.6. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO KHNG GIAN, SDMA

a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA) c s dng tt c cc h thng thng tin v tuyn t ong: c h thng tng t v h thng s. Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn t ong cho php a truy nhp n mt knh v tuyn chung (hay tp cc knh) trn c s (tu theo v tr ca my di ng trn mt t). Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn t ong l minh ho c th nht ca SDMA. Yu t hn ch i vi kiu SDMA ny l h s ti s dng tn s. Ti s dng tn s l khi nim ch yu v tuyn t ong, trong nhiu ngi s dng chia s ng thi cng mt tn s. Cc ngi s dng ny phi cch xa nhau gim thiu nh hng ca nhiu ng knh (nhiu cng tn s). Tp cc tn s trong cng mt c th c lp li cc khc trong h thng nu m bo khong cch gi cc s dng cng tn s ngn chn nhiu giao thoa ng knh. C rt nhiu s SDMA trong cc h thng t ong hin nay: mini, micro, phn on, d che v cc anten thng minh. y l cc phng php phn chia khng gian trong cc my di ng lm vic vi phn gii khng gian cao hn v nh vy rt ngn khong cch gia cc ngi s dng m khng vi phm cc quy nh v nhiu ng knh. 1. micro c ph sng bi cc trm gc c cng sut rt thp cc vng mt lu lng cao trong h thng. 2. d ph l cc rt ln c thit k gnh ti cho cc micro 3. Cc phn on l cc c ph sng bi cc on 1200 hoc 600 bng cc anten c tnh hng nh vy tng c dung lng h thng. Th d v khng phn on c ph sng bng anten v hng v c phn on c ph sng bng ba anten c hng vi rng bp hng l 1200 c cho hnh 1.22). 4. Cc anten thng minh l cc pht kin mi nht cho h thng thng tin t ong v tuyn. Cc anten ny to ra cc bp sng kh hp nh vy tng ng k vng ph sng v dung lng h thng.
25
a)
b)
Hnh 1.22. Vng ph sng ca trm gc v tuyn t ong: a) ph sng v hng; b) ph sng c hng: mi c chia thnh ba on lch nhau 1200 Anten thng minh Anten thng minh bao gm h thng anten bp hng chuyn mch (SBS: Switched Beam System) hay h thng anten thch ng (hnh 1.23 v 1.24). SBS s dng nhiu bp c nh trong mt on v chuyn mch chn bp tt nht cho vic thu tn hiu. h thng anten thch ng, cc tn hiu thu t nhiu anten c nh trng s, c kt hp theo cc tiu chun nh: sai li bnh phng trung bnh cc tiu (MMSE= Minimum Mean Square Error) hay bnh phng thp nht (LS= Least Squares) t c t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR cc i. u im ca h thng anten thch ng so vi SBS l ngoi vic t c khuych i M ln, n cn m bo li phn tp M ln. Khi cng sut pht khng i cc anten thng minh c th tng vng ph bng cch tng h s khuych i anten. Aten c h s khuych i tng M ln s cho php tng vng ph M1/n ln, trong n l lu tha ca tn hao ng truyn. Nh vy c th gim s BS M2/n ln. Mt SBS vi M bp c th tng dung lng h thng M ln nh gim nhiu. Mt h thng anten thch ng cn c th cung cp li b sung nh vic trit nhiu tt hn.
b)
MS Tia thng
1
a)
Ngun nhiu
Tia thng
1
MS1
MS1 Cc tia phn x
MS2
Nhiu
MS2 Tia phn x

1
26
Hnh 1.23. Anten thng minh. a) h thng bp hng chuyn mch; b) h thng anten thch ng
1
Bp hp hng n MS
Cc phn t anten Dch pha v khuych i n my pht hoc my thu
Hnh 1.24. Anten thng minh thch ng dng dn SDMA thng c s dng nh l mt phng php a truy nhp b sung cho ba phng php a truy nhp u tin tng dung lng cho cc mng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn s dng cc phng php ny.
1.7. SO SNH DUNG LNG H THNG FDMA,TDMA, CDMA

Trong FDMA v TDMA, tng bng tn Bt c chia thnh M knh truyn dn, mi knh c rng bng tn tng ng l Bc. V th dung lng v tuyn cho FDMA v TDMA c xc nh nh sau:
K max = M 2 C 3 I
()
(1.25)
trong Kmax l s ngi s dng cc i trong mt , M=Bt/Bc tng s knh tn s hay s knh tng ng, Bt l tng bng tn c cp pht, Bc l knh v tuyn tng ng cho mt ngi s dng: i vi h thng TTD FDMA th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn cn i vi TDMA th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn/ s khe thi gian (chng hn i vi TDMA AMPS Bc=30kHz cn i vi TDMA GSM Bc= 100kHz/8TS=25kHz), N l kch thc cm bng
2 C 3 I
( ) (N=7
i vi FDMA AMPS, N=3 i vi TDMAGSM, C l cng sut trung bnh sng mang v I l cng sut nhiu. B G p f t K max = 1 + (E br / N0 ) Bc
f= 1 1+
(1.26)
trong Gp l li x l, h s iu khin cng sut hon ho, Eb/N'0 l t s tn hiu trn tp m cng nhiu, l tha s tch cc ting, l li phn on , f l tha s ti s dng tn s, l h s nhiu n t cc khc, Bt l tng bng thng c cp pht v Bc bng thng ca mt knh CDMA..
27

=
0, 78; 0, 42;
n=4 n=5
Ta s so snh dung lng ca ba h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA trong tng bng tn cp pht Bt=12,5MHz. Ta s dng (1.2) tnh s ngi s dng ng thi cc i trn mt cho FDMA v CDMA. Vi N=7, KmaxFDMA=59 ngi/. Vi N=4, KmaxTDMA=125 ngi/. i vi IS-95 CDMA, vi Bc=1,25 (cho CDMA IS=95), E/N'0=6dB (E/N'0=100,6= 3,98); Gp=128; =0,5, =2,25 v =0,6 s dng phng trnh (1.26) ta c KmaxCDMA=920ngi/. Nh vy dung lng h thng CDMA gp: 920:59=15,6 ln FDMA v gp:920:125=7,36 ln TDMA. Chnh nh cho dung lng cao hn cc h thng FDMA v TDMA nn CDMA c chn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba.
1.8. TNG KT
Chng ny xt tng quan bn cng ngh a truy nhp v tuyn c bn c ng dng trong thng tin di ng: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA v SDMA. Chng ny cng phn tch u nhc im ca tng cng ngh v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. T phn tch v so snh dung lng ca ba cng ngh ny ta thy v sao CDMA c la chn cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. Mi s khi nim v tri ph v ng dng ca n cho CDMA cng c trnh by trong chng ny. Hiu c cc khi nim s gip cho sinh vin d rng nm bt cc chng sau cp c th hn v tri ph v CDMA. Trn c s FDMA ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh OFDMA cho php t c dung lng cao hn nhiu. OFDMA l mt ng c vin sang gi cho cc h thng thng tin di ng 4G. OFDMA s c cp trong chng 6 ca ti liu ny. Anten thng minh cng c ni nhiu trong thp nin gn y. Nhng do phc tp nn vn n vn cha tm c ng dng c th trong cc h thng thng tin di ng. Mt gii php khc tng dung lng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng l s dng cc h thng truyn dn nhiu anten hay cn gi l MIMO (Multi input multi output: nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Hin nay cc h thng SIMO (single input multi output: mt u v nhiu u ra) c p dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng phn tp thu. Cc h thng MISO (multi input single ouput: nhiu u vo mt u ra) cng c p dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng phn tp pht. Cc h thng MIMO n gin cng tm c cc ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi. in hnh ca MIMO l h thng phn tp Alamouti s c xt trong chng 5.
1.9. CU HI V BI TP
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo theo m Trnh by nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian Mt tn hiu ngu nhin nh phn c tc bit l 10kbps. rng bng tn bp chnh ca tn hiu ny l bao nhiu?
28
6.
7.
Nu PSD ca tn hiu x(t) l (f)=0,021000(f)+3(f)+0,5(f-106)+ 0,5(f+106). Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu ny l cc gi tr no di y? Lu 1000(f) c dng : 1 f ; f 1000 . 1000 (f) = 1000 nu khc 0 (a) 3,52W; (b) 4,02W; (c) 4,2W; (d) 24W Cho chui m {ck}={+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1}. Cc chui m no di y trc giao vi chui ny? (a) {+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1,+1}; (b) {-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1}; (c) {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,(d) {-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1} Mt h thng thng tin di ng FDMA lm vic vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu C/I=20 dB, bng thng knh v tuyn 25 kHz c s dng tng bng thng l 12,5MHz. Tm s ngi s dng cc i trn ? (a) 50; (b)61; (c)75; (d) 150 Mt h thng thng tin di ng TDMA s dng 4 khe thi gian trn mt knh v tuyn, lm vic vi C/I=10dB, bng thng knh v tuyn 100 kHz v tng bng thng kh dng 12,5 MHz. Tm s ngi s dng cc i trn ? (a) 75; (b)100; (c)194 ; (d) 200
1}; 8.
9.
29
Chng 2. To m tri ph
CHNG 2 TO M TRI PH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Cc chui PN Cc thuc tnh ca chui PN Cc chui Gold Cc chui trc giao ng dng ca cc chui m trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA
2.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [1], 2] v [3] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc cch to ra cc chui PN Hiu c cc thuc tnh ca ca chui m nht l cc thuc tnh tng quan cho rt cn cho cc h thng CDMA Hiu cch s dng cc dng chui m khc nhau cho cc h thng CDMA
2.2 CC CHUI PN
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng ta tp m c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo-Noise) hay gi ngu nhin. Loi quan trng nht ca cc chui ngu nhin l cc chui thanh ghi dch c s hai di cc i hay cc chui m. Cc chui c s hai m c to ra bng cch s dng thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn tnh (LFSR: Linear Feedback Shift Register) v cc mch cng hoc loi tr (XOR). Mt chui thanh ghi hi tip dch tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m>0: g(x) = gmxm + gm-1xm-1 + ..... + g1x + g0 (2.1)
i vi cc chui c s hai (c gi tri {0,1}), gi bng 0 hay 1 v gm = g0 = 1. t g(x) = 0, ta c s hi quy sau: 1= g1 x +g2x2 + ....+ gm-2 xm-2 + gm-1xm-1 + xm (2.2)
30
Chng 2. To m tri ph
v -1 = 1 (mod 2). Vi "xk" th hin n v tr, phng trnh hi quy trn xc nh cc kt ni hi tip trong mch thanh ghi dch c s hai ca hnh 2.1. Lu rng cc cng hoc loi tr (XOR) thc hin cc php cng mod 2.
0 +1 1 1
Hnh 2.1. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN Nu gi = 1 kho tng ng ca mch ng, ngc li nu gi 1, kho ny h. thc hin iu ch BPSK tip theo, u ra ca mch thanh ghi dch phi c bin i vo 1 nu l 0 v vo -1 nu l 1. Thanh ghi dch l mt mch c s hai trng thi hu hn c m phn t nh. V th s trng thi khc 0 cc i l 2m-1 v bng chu k cc i ca chui ra c = (c0, c1, c2, .......). Xt hnh v 2.1, gi s si(j) biu th gi tr ca phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i. Trng thi ca thanh ghi dch xung ng h i l vect di hu hn si = {si(1), si (2), ... , si(m)}. u ra xung ng h i l ci-m = si (m). Thay 1 bng ci vo ptr. (2.2) ta c iu kin hi quy ca chui ra:
ci = g1 ci-1 + g2 ci-2 + ..... + gm-1ci-m+1 + ci-m
(mod 2)
(2.3)
i vi i0. Th d, xt a thc to m g(x) = x5 + x4 + x3 + x +1. S dng (2.3) ta c hi quy ci = ci-1 + ci-3 + ci-4 + ci-5 (mod 2) v xy dng thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh hnh 2.2. V bc ca g(x) bng m = 5, nn c 5 n v nh ( nm phn t thanh ghi dch) trong mch. i vi mi trng thi khi u khc khng (s0 {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}), trng thi ca thanh ghi dch thay i theo iu kin hi quy c xc nh bi a thc to m g(x). Trong th d ny chui ra tun hon l ct cui cng hnh 2.2: c = 111101000100101011000011100110.... Tnh c chui ny c chu k cc i v bng N = 2m - 1. Cc a thc to m khc c th to ra chu k ngn hn nhiu. Lu rng cu hnh mch c xt ny, m bit u tin ca chui ra bng cc bit c np ban u vo thanh ghi dch: s0 = 11111. i vi np ban u khc, chng hn s0 = 00001, u ra ca chui tng ng tr thnh 1000011100110111110100010010101...., l dch (sang phi N-i = 31 -18 =13 n v) ca chui c.
31
Chng 2. To m tri ph
(c)i
(T7 c )i
Hnh 2.2. B to m vi a thc g(x) = x5 + x4 + x3 + x +1 Mt chui thanh ghi dch chu k N c N dch hay pha. Ta k hiu T-J c l s dch ca chui c sang tri j ln. hnh 2.2 ta thy rng c cc loi dch sau: T-4c, T-3c, T-2c, T-1c. Cc dch khc c th nhn c bng cch kt hp tuyn tnh m = 5 u ra ni trn. Chng hn s dng mt chn 00101 trn 5 trng thi hnh 2.2 (bng cc cng AND), ta c th nhn c T-2c +c = 0001001010110000111001101111101 ....., y chnh l T-7c hay T-24c. Ta xt hai cch khc nhau chn pha ca chui ra. Tc ca mch trong hnh 2.2 b hn ch bi tng thi gian tr trong mt phn t thanh ghi v cc thi gian tr trong tt c cc cng hoc loi tr ng hi tip. thc hin tc cao, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta s dng s tc cao hnh 2.3.
(c)i
Hnh 2.3. Mch thanh ghi tc cao Phng trnh quy trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau. Ta chuyn i a thc to m vo a thc c tnh bng cch nhn xm v a thc to m o: xmg(x-1) =xm(x-m + gm-1x-m+1 + ..... + g1x-1 + 1) = 1+gm-1x+. . . .+g1xm-1+xm (2.4) Sau chuyn 1 sang v phi v p dng th tc nh xt trn cho b to m tc thp ta c: ci = gm-1ci-1 + gm-2ci-2 + ..... + g1ci-m+1 + ci-m (mod 2) (2.5)
i vi im v ging nh hi quy phng trnh (2.3). V vy hai cch thc hin trn c th to ra cng chui u ra nu m bit ra u tin trng nhau. Lu rng cc trng thi u ca chng khc nhau v chng c cc chui trng thi khc nhau. Hnh 2.4 thc hin chui thanh ghi dch nh hnh 2.2 vi tc cao.
32
Chng 2. To m tri ph
Mt chui thanh ghi dch c s hai tuyn tnh, vi chu k N = 2m -1 trong m l s n v nh trong mch hay bc ca a thc to m , c gi l mt chui c s hai c di cc i hay chui m. a thc to m ca chui m c gi l a thc nguyn thu (Primitive Polynomial). nh ngha ton hc ca a thc nguyn thu l: a thc ti gin g(x) l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m nu s nguyn nh nht n, m i vi s ny xn+1 chia ht cho a thc g(x), bng n = 2m-1. Th d g(x) = x5+x4+x3+x+1 l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m = 5 v s nguyn n nh nht m xn+1 chia ht cho a thc g(x) l n=25 -1=31. Tri li g(x) = x5+x4+x3+x2+x+1 khng phi l nguyn thu v x6+1 = (x+1)(x5+x4+x3+x2+x+1 ), nn s n nh nht l 6 khng bng 31. S cc a thc nguyn thu bc m bng:
Np =
(1 p ) m
pn
(2.6)
y p|n k hiu "tt c cc c s nguyn t ca n". Th d N=15, m=4: Np= (15/4).(1-1/3)(1-1/5) = 2 (2.7) Cc a thc nguyn thy cho trng hp ny nh sau: g(x)= x4+x3+1 v g(x)=x4+x+1
ci
Xung ng h i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Trng thi 11111 10010 01001 11001 10001 10101 10111 10110 01011 11000 01100 10110 00011 11100 01110 00111
Xung ng h i 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Trng thi 11110 01111 11010 01101 11011 10000 01000 00100 00010 00001 11101 10011 10100 01010 00101 11111 10010 Lp li
Hnh 2.4. Mch thanh ghi tc cao g(x)=x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
2.3. T TNG QUAN V TNG QUAN CHO

2.3.1. Hm t tng quan
Hm t tng quan ca mt tn hiu x(t) kiu cng sut c xc nh nh sau:
33
Chng 2. To m tri ph
Rx ( ) =
lim T
T
+T
x (t ) x (t + )dt
(2.8)
Hm t tng quan nh gi mc ging nhau gi tn hiu x(t) v phin bn dch thi ca n. i vi mt chui m hm t tng quan cho thy hiu s gia cc bit ging nhau v cc bit khc nhau gia chui c v chui dch thi Tic ca n. Tng quan khng chun ho gia hai chui m nh sau: = 0 - 1 trong : 0 l s bit ging nhau 1 l s bit khng ging nhau Thng ngi ta s dng tng quan chun ho theo quy tc sau: (2.9)
R(i) = 0 1 + 0 1
trong :
(2.10)
0 l s bit ging nhau 1 l s bit khng ging nhau tnh t tng quan ta gi chui gc c nh v dch chui so snh tng bit mt vi i= 0,1,2,3.... , trong i l dch chui so snh (+1 tng ng dch phi, -1 tng ng vi dch tri) vi chui gc.
2.3.2. Hm tng quan cho

Hm tng quan cho gia hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) kiu cng sut nh ngha tng quan gia hai tn hiu khc nhau v c xc nh nh sau:
1 Rxy ( ) = lim T T
+T
x(t ) y (t + )dt
(2.11)
Tng quan cho gia hai chui m c1 v c2 khc nhau c xc nh theo cc cng thc (2.10).
2.4. MT S THUC TNH QUAN TRNG CA CHUI m

Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s thuc tnh qua trng ca chui m c nh hng trc tip ln s phn tch cc h thng CDMA. Thuc tnh I - Thuc tnh ca s : Nu mt ca s rng m trt dc chui m trong tp Sm, mi dy trong s 2m-1 dy m bit khc khng ny s c nhn thy ng mt ln. (Chng hn xt ca s di 4 cho chui 000100110101111. Tng tng rng chui ny c vit thnh vng)
34
Chng 2. To m tri ph
Thuc tnh II - S s 1 nhiu hn s s 0: Mi chui m trong tp Sm cha 2m-1 s s 1 v 2m-1-1 s s 0. Thuc tnh III - Hm t tng quan dng u inh: Trong thc t cc chui m s dng cho cc m PN c th c thc hin dng c s hai lng cc hoc n cc n cc vi hai mc lgic "0" v "1" rng xung Tc (c k hiu cho chip) cho mt chu k N nh sau:
c(t) = c i p(t iTc )
i=i N
(2.12)
trong :
p(t) =
1, 0 t < Tc 0, nu khc
(2.13)
ck = 1 i vi lng cc v bng 0/1 i vi n cc Quan h gia cc xung lng cc v n cc c xc nh nh sau: n cc "0" "1" Lng cc "+1" "-1"
Cc thao tc nhn i vi cc chui lng cc cc mch x l s s c thay th bng cc thao tc hoc loi tr (XOR) i vi cc chui n cc (hoc ngc li). Hm t tng quan tun hon chun ho ca mt chui m c l mt hm chn, tun hon c dng u inh vi chu k bng N=2m-1, c xc nh theo cc cng thc di y. Nu chui m c dng n cc nhn hai gi tr 0 v 1:
R(i) =
(1) N
j=0
N 1
c j c i+ j
(2.14)
bng 1 i vi i=0 (mod N) v -1/N vi i0 (mod N). Nu chui m c dng lng cc nhn hai gi tri +1 v -1
R(i) =
c c N
j j=0
N 1
i+ j
(2.15)
bng 1 i vi i=0 (mod N) v -1/N vi i0 (mod N). Nu chui m l chui m PN c biu din dng xung c bin +1 v -1, th hm tng quan dng tun hon chu k NTc vi chu k th nht c xc nh nh sau:
R c () = 1 NTc
c (t + )c (t) dt
0
NTc
= 1+
1 N
T ()
c
1 N
(2.16)
Trong N l chu k m v Tc l rng xung (c k hiu cho chip CDMA) v hm tam gic c xc nh nh sau;
Tc l
35
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1 , 0 T c T Tc = c 0 , nu khc
(2.17)
Trong trng hp m hon ton l ngu nhin ta c hm tng quan ca m ny bng cch t N = hay 1/N=0 vo (1.37). Hm t tng quan cho chui m v m PN c cho hnh 2.5a v b tng ng.
R c (i)
R c ()
Hnh 2.5. Hm t tng quan cho chui m (a) v chui PN (b) Thuc tnh IV - Cc on chy (Runs): Mt on chy l mt xu cc s "1" lin tip hay mt xu cc s "0" lin tip. Trong mi chui m, mt na s on ny c chiu di 1, mt phn t c chiu di 2, mt phn tm c chiu di 3 chng no cc phn s ny cn cho mt s nguyn cc on chy. Chng hn c mt on chy di m ca cc s"1", mt on chy di m-1 ca cc s "0" v i vi on chy di k, 0<k<m-1, s on chy 0 bng s on chy 1 v bng 2m-k-2. Thuc tnh VI - Ly mu (Decimation): Ly mu 1 t n>0 ca mt chui- m c (ngha l ly mu c c n bit m mt ln), c biu th c[n], c chu k bng N/gcd(N,n) nu khng phi l chui ton khng; a thc to m g'(x) ca n c gc l m n ca cc gc ca a thc to m g(x). Gi s n l mt s nguyn dng v xt chui y bng cch ly ra c n bit mt bit t mt chui x, ngha l yi = xni i vi tt c i Z. Chui y c gi l ly mu theo n t x v c k hiu l x[n]. Thuc tnh ly mu pht biu rng ta c th to ra tt c cc chui- m bc m dch vng khc nhau bng ly mu ph hp ch bng mt mch. Nh vy nu cho trc mt a thc nguyn thu bt k bc m, th ta c th xc nh tt c cc a thc nguyn thu bc m khc. Chng hn to ra chui-m c[n] = c[3] = 1001110 (nhn c t a thc g(x)=x3+x+1), ta c th vn s dng mch c cho hnh 2.6, nhng mch ny lm vic vi tc n=3 ln tc ng h ban u v ly mu mt ch s trong s n=3 ch s.
Hnh 2.6. To chui bng ly mu
36
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.5. M GOLD
Cc chui PN c cc thuc tnh trc giao tt hn chui m c gi l cc chui Gold. Tp n chui Gold c rt ra t mt cp cc chui m c a chung c di N=2m-1 bng cch cng modul-2 chui m th nht vi cc phin bn dch vng ca chui m th hai. Kt hp vi hai chui m ta c mt h N+2 m Gold. Cc m Gild c hm tng quan cho ba tr {-1, -t(m), t(m)-2} v hm t tng quan bn tr {2m-1, -1, t(m), -t(m)} trong
2(m +1) / 2 + 1; vi m l (2.18) t(m) = (m+2)/2 2 + 1 ; vi m chn Lu rng khi tnh ton cc gi tr tng quan trc ht phi chuyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 vo +1 v -1. Tp hp cc chui Gold bao gm cp chui-m c a chung x v y v cc tng mod 2 ca x vi dch vng y. Chng hn tp hp cc chui Gold l:
SGold = {x,y, xy, xT-1y, xT-2y , . . . . , xT-(N-1)y} (2.19)
trong T-1y = {y1, y2, y3, ..... , yN-1,y0} l dch vng tri ca y. i lng tng quan cc i cho hai chui Gold bt k trong cng mt tp bng hng s t(m). T s t(m)/N 2-m/2 tin ti 0 theo hm m khi m tin ti v hn. iu ny cho thy rng cc chui Gold di hn s thc hin cc chui tri ph tt hn trong cc h thng a truy nhp.
2.6. CC M TRC GIAO

2.6.1. CC M WALSH Cc hm trc giao c s dng ci thin hiu sut bng tn ca h thng SS. Trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA mi ngi s dng mt phn t trong tp cc hm trc giao. Hm Walsh v cc chui Hadamard to nn mt tp cc hm trc giao c s dng cho CDMA. CDMA cc hm Walsh c s dng theo hai cch: l m tri ph hoc to ra cc k hiu trc giao. Cc hm Walsh c to ra bng cc ma trn vung c bit c gi l cc ma trn Hadamard. Cc ma trn ny cha mt hng ton s "0" v cc hng cn li c s s "1" v s s "0" bng nhau. Hm Walsh c cu trc cho di khi N=2j trong j l mt s nguyn dng. Cc t hp m cc hng ca ma trn l cc hm trc giao c xc nh nh theo ma trn Hadamard nh sau:
0 0 0 0
H1 = 0 ,
H2 =
0 0 0 1
H4 =
0 1 0 1 , 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
H 2N =
HN HN
HN ; HN
(2.20)
trong N =2J, j l mt s nguyn dng v
H N l o c s hai ca H N .
37
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.6.2. M GOLAY
Cc b Golay trc giao nhn c bng cch hi quy sau y
C N / 2 C N / 2 , N = 2 m , m 1, C = 1 C N = 1 C N / 2 CN / 2
trong ma trn b C N nhn c bng cc o ma trn CN gc.
(2.21)
2.7. P DNG M TRONG CC H THNG CDMA

Cc h thng cdmaOne v cdma 2000 s dng cc m khc nhau tri ph, nhn dng knh, nhn dng BTS v nhn dng ngi s dng. Cc m ny u c tc chip l: Rc=N1,2288Mcps, trong N=1,3,6,9,12 tng ng vi rng chip bng: Tc= 0,814/N s. Di y ta xt cc m ni trn. M PN di (Long PN Code). M PN di l mt chui m c chu k lp 242 - 1 chip c to ra trn c s a thc to m sau: g(x) = x42 + x35 + x33 + x31 + x27 + x26 + x25 + x22 + x21 + x19 + x18 + x17 + x16 + x10 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x 3 + x2 + x + 1 (2.22) Trn ng xung m di c s dng nhn dng ngi s dng cho c cdmaOne v cdma200. Trn ng ln m di (vi cc dch thi khc nhau c to ra bi mt chn) s dng : nhn dng ngi s dng, nh knh v tri ph cho cdma One, cn i vi cdma2000 m di c s dng nhn dng ngun pht (MS). Trng thi ban u ca b to m c quy nh l trng thi m chui u ra b to m l '1' i sau 41 s '0' lin tip. M PN ngn (Short PN Code). Cc m PN ngn cn c gi l cc chui PN hoa tiu knh I v knh Q c to bi cc b to chui gi ngu nhin xc nh theo cc a thc sau: gI(x)= x15 + x13 + x9 +x8 + x7 + x5 + 1 (2.23) 15 12 11 10 6 5 4 3 gQ(x)= x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x + 1 (2.24) trong gI(x) v gQ(x) l cc b to m cho chui hoa tiu knh I v knh Q tng ng. Cc chui c to bi cc a thc to m ni trn c di 215-1= 32767. on 14 s 0 lin tip trong cc chui c b sung thm mt s 0 c mt dy 15 s 0 v chui ny s c di 32768. Trn ng xung m ngn (vi cc dch thi khc nhau c to ra t mt chn) c s dng nhn dng BTS cn trn ng ln m ngn (ch cho cdmaOne) ch s dng tng cng cho tri ph. Trng thi ban u ca b to m c quy nh l trng thi m chui u ra ca b to m l '1' i sau 15 s '0' lin tip. M Gold. Cc m Gold di c s dng trong W-CDMA nhn dng ngun pht. i vi ng ln (t MS n BTS) m Gold c to thnh t hai chui m: x25 + x3 +1 v x25 + x3 + x + 1. i vi ng xung m ny c to thnh t hai chui m: x18 + x7 +1 v x18 + x10 + x7 +1 M trc giao Walsh (Walsh Code). M trc giao Walsh c xy dng trn c s ma trn Hadamard. cdmaOne ch s dng mt ma trn H64. Cc m ny c nh ch s t W0 n W63 c s dng tri ph v nhn knh cho ng xung v iu ch trc giao cho ng ln. cdma200 s dng cc ma trn Hadamard khc nhau to ra cc m Walsh WnN, trong
38
Chng 2. To m tri ph
N 512 v 1nN/2-1, nhn dng cc knh cho ng xung v ng ln. Lu ch s N y tng ng vi ch s ma trn cn n tng ng vi ch s ca m, chng hn W32256 l m nhn c t hng 33 ca ma trn H256.
2.8. TNG KT
Chng ny xt phng php to m PN. y l m c s m ta s s dng n xt cc h thng tri ph DSSS cng nh cc h thng a truy nhp DSSS CDMA trong cc chng sau. M PN c xy dng trn nguyn l chui m. Hm t tng quan ca mt chui m c dng u inh. N nhn gi tr cc i ti i=0 v lp li gi tr ny theo chu k N. Ti cc gi tr cch xa cc im ny gi tr ca n rt nh khi N ln. Khi N tin n v hn cc gi tr ny bng khng. Da trn tnh cht ny ngi ta ly tng quan tn hiu tri ph tch ra cc tn hiu mong mun. Chng ny cng tng kt cc loi m khc nhau c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. Cc m Gold c xy dng trn c s chui m. Trong WCDMA m Gold di c s dng lm chui nhn dng ngun pht v n cho tng quan cho tt hn. Cc hm trc giao Walsh cho tng quan cho tt nht trong mi trng khng b phainh. Cc hm ny c s dng lm m nhn dng knh truyn ca ngi s dng trong cc h thng 3G nh: W-CDMA v cdma 2000.
2.9. CU HI V BI TP
5 3 , 1 1. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin x(t) c hm t tng quan R x ( ) = . , >1 2 Cng sut trung bnh ca x(t) bng bao nhiu? (a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W 2. i vi tn hiu x(t) trong bi trc, cng sut thnh phn mt chiu bng bao nhiu? (a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W 3. Mt tn hiu c mt ph cng sut l 10-4[1000(f-106)]+ 10-4[1000(f+106)]W/Hz. Hy tm gi tr trung bnh trong bng tn gii hn t 1MHz n 1,002MHz (a)0,1W; (b) 0,2W; (c) 0,W; (d) 1W 4. Xt mt chui m c di l 15. Nu mt tn hiu PN c to ra t chui ny c tc chip l 1000 chip/s, tm hm tng quan Rc() ti = 0,75 ms. (a) 0,1; (b) 0,15; (c) 0,2; (d) 0,25 5. C hai chui m chu k 7: {cj}={....,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,....} v {cj '}={..,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,...}. Hy tm cc gi tr hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho c nh ngha bi biu
thc: R cc (k) =
1 6 c jc j+k cho k=0,1,2,3,4,5,6 7 j=0
(a) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,3/7, -1/7, -1/7, -5/7, 3/7; (b) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7,-1/7; (c) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7; (d) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7; (e) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, -3/7,-1/7; 6. Gi thit c(t) v c'(t) l hai tn hiu PN c to ra t {ci} v {ci'} cho bi trc, c hai c cng rng chip Tc. nh ngha hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho theo
39
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1T cng thc R cc ' ( )= c( t )c' ( t + )dt , trong T=NTc v N l chu k ca cc chui T0

{ci} v {c'i}. Hy tm cc' () cho = 1,5 Tc. (a) -1/7; (b)-2/7 (c) -3/7; (d) 1/7; (e)2/7; (f)3/7 7. T tng quan ca k+x(t) l hm no di y? trong k l hng s v x(t) l tn hiu ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan l Rx(). (a) Rx(); (b) k+ Rx(); (c) k2+ Rx(); (d) k2+2k+ Rx() 8. Cho mt tn hiu ba mc x(t). Trong cc on thi gian t1 giy, tn hiu ny c th nhn ba gi tr:-1, 0, 1 ng xc sut. Cc gi tr trong cc khong thi gian t1 khc nhau u c lp vi nhau v im khi u (pha) l ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [0,t1]. Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ny? (a) 0,5t1(); (b) 2/3 t1(); (c) 0,75t1(); (d) t1() 9. Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca k+x(t)cos(2fct+)? trong k l hng s, x(t) l tn hiu ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan Rx(), v PSD (f) v l pha ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2] (a) k+Rx(); (b) k+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc); (c) k2+Rx();(d) k2+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc);
40
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
CHNG 3 CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI TRC TIP
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG

3.1. 1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
M gi tp m s dng trong DSSS H thng DSSS-BPSK H thng DSSS-QPSK nh hng ca tp n Gauss trng cng v nhiu ph nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa v a ng
3.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [1] v [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng 3.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c c s ca cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip Hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca cc my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK v QPSK Hiu c hiu nng ca h thng DSSS
3.2. M GI TP M S DNG TRONG DSSS

Nh cp chng 1 v 2, ta dng m "ngu nhin" tri ph bn tin pha pht v gii tri ph tn hiu thu c pha thu. M "ngu nhin" ng vai tr trung tm trong cc h thng SS. Tuy nhin nu m ny thc s ngu nhin th thm ch my thu ch nh cng khng th ly ra bn tin v khng th bit c phng php ng b vi m thc s ngu nhin, dn n h thng tr nn v dng. V th phi thay th bng mt m gi ngu nhin. y l mt m tt nh bit trc i vi my thu ch nh. Nhng th hin ging tp m i vi cc my thu khng ch nh. M ny thng c gi l chui gi tp m (PN: Pseudo-Noise). Cc chui PN c ta kho st k chng 1. Chui PN l mt chui cc s c lp li theo mt chu k nht nh. Ta s dng {ci , i= s nguyn} {...,c-1 , c0 , c1 ,...} biu th mt chui PN. Gi s N l chu k sao cho ci + N = ci . i khi ta gi N l di ca chui PN v mt chui tun hon ch l s m rng tun hon ca chui c di N. mt chui {ci} l mt chui gi tp m tt, gi tr ca ci phi c lp vi gi tr ca cj i vi mi i j. m bo iu ny l tng chui ni
41
trn khng c lp li, ngha l chu k phi l . Trong thc t v chui PN phi tun hon nn chu k ca n phi ln t c thuc tnh ngu nhin tt. Trong mt h thng DSSS, mt tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian c gi l tn hiu PN c to ra t chui PN dng tri ph. Gi thit chui PN ny l c s hai, ngha l ci = 1, th tn hiu PN ny l
c(t) = c i pT (t iTc )
c
(3.1)
i =
trong pTc(t) l xung ch nht n v c cho bi phng trnh (2.13), ci c gi l chip v khong thi gian Tc giy c gi l thi gian chip. Lu rng tn hiu PN c chu k l NTc. Mt th d ca chui ny c cho hnh 3.1 i vi N = 15 v {ci , i = 0, 1, ..., 14} = {1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1}. Tn hiu (chui) PN cn c gi l tn hiu (chui) tri ph, tn hiu (chui) ngu nhin, v dng sng (chui) ca ch k (Signature).
Mt chu k c(t) 1 t -1 N=15; {ci , i = 0, ...., 14} = {1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1}
Hnh 3.1. Th d v tn hiu PN c(t) c to ra t chui PN c chu k 15 tin cho vic kho st, ta s lp m hnh tn hiu PN nh l mt tn hiu c s hai gi ngu nhin, ngha l ta coi rng ci l +1 hay -1 vi xc sut nh nhau, ci v cj c lp vi nhau nu i j. Khi ny hm t tng quan s l :
1 , T c T c R c () = T () = 0, nu khc
c
(3.2)
v mt ph cng sut (PSD) c xc nh bi : c (f) = Tc sinc2(fTc) (3.3)
Ni mt cch cht ch, mt tn hiu PN thc cht l mt tn hiu tt nh; nn c th tnh hm t tng quan ca n vi T = NTc l R c ( ) =
1 NTc
c (t + ) c(t)dt . Hm t tng quan nhn

0
NTc
c l mt hm tun hon c chu k NTc. Cc chui- m l cc chui c di cc i c nghin cu rt k chng 1. Mt chui m c chu k N s c hm t tng quan chun ho c cho bi biu thc sau:
42
1, i = 0, N, 2N R c (i) = c j c j+ i = 1 , nu khc N N j= 0
1
N 1
(3.4)
Biu thc trn c v hnh 3.2a.

R c (i)
R c ()
Hnh 3.2. Hm t tngquan ca tn hiu PN nhn c t chui m Tn hiu PN tng ng ca mt hm t tng quan tun hon vi chu k NTc vi chu k th nht c cho bi biu thc:
1 NTc
R c ( ) =
c (t + )c (t) dt
0
NTc
1 1 =1 + Tc ( ) N N
1 (1 + 1 ) , 0 T c N = 1Tc 1 , , Tc NTc N 2
(3.5)
(3.6)
Biu thc trn c dng tam gic nh c v hnh 3.2b. Lu rng i vi gi tr N ln, biu thc (3.6) gn bng biu thc (3.2). V th khi xt n cc thuc tnh t ngu nhin mt chui tr thnh chui ngu nhin khi N . n gin, ch yu chng ta s s dng hm tam gic ptr (3.2) l hm t tng quan cho mt tn hiu PN v biu thc (3.3) cho PSD. Cc thuc tnh ca chui m v cc kiu chui PN khc c kho st chng 1.
3.3. CC H THNG DSSS- BPSK

3.3.1. My pht DSSS- BPSK
43
S khi ca my pht DS/SS s dng BPSK c cho hnh 3.3. Ta c th biu din s liu hay bn tin nhn cc gi tr 1 nh sau:
d(t) = d i p T (t iTb )
b
(3.7)
i =
trong di = 1 l bit s liu th i v Tb l rng ca mt bit s liu (tc s liu l 1/Tb bps). Tn hiu d(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn hiu nhn c d(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK, kt qu cho ta tn hiu DSSS-BPSK xc nh theo cng thc sau: s(t) =
2E b Tb
d(t)c(t) cos(2fct + )
(3.8)
trong Eb l nng lng trn mt bit ca sng mang, Tb l rng mt bit, fc tn s mang v l pha ban u ca sng mang. Th d v cc tn hiu ny c v trn cng mt hnh. Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l Tb = NTc. Ta s dng gi thit ny cho cc h thng DSSS trong ton b gio trnh, nu nh khng c nh ngha khc. Trong trng hp hnh 3.3 ta s dng N = 7. Ta c th thy rng tch ca d(t)c(t) cng l mt tn hiu c s hai c bin 1, c cng tn s vi tn hiu PN. Tn hiu DSSSBPSK nhn c c v th cui cng ca hnh 3.3.
44
B iu ch (BPSK) Bn tin c s hai d(t) d(t)c(t) Tn hiu DSSS-BPSK 2Eb s(t) = Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct + ) 2Eb cos(2 fct + ) Tb t 0 Tb Mt chu k t -1 0 Tc 2Tb 3T b
Tn hiu PN c s hai c(t) 1 d(t) -1
1 c(t)
. .
. NTc . . . (gi thit l N=7; T=NTc) b
2NTc
. .
1 d(t)c(t) -1 0 A s(t) -A 0 Tc t Tc t
. .
NTc
2NTc
. .
. .
NTc
2NTc
. .
( hnh ny v cho sng mang c =-/2 v fc = 1/Tc )
Hnh 3.3. S khi ca my pht DSSS-BPSK
3.3.2. My thu DSSS-BPSK

S khi ca my thu DSSS- BPSK c cho hnh 3.4.
45
Khi phc H KH
Khi phc SM
2 cos(2 fct + ' ) Tb ti
s(t-) =
2Ebr d(t-)c(t-) Tb x cos(2 fct + ' )
w(t) ti c(t-)
ti +Tb zi (.)dt
+ -
1 hay -1
ng b tn hiu PN A s(t-t) -A t0 1 c(t-t) -1 t0 NTc
B to TH PN ni
B gii iu ch BPSK
t1
NTc
t2
NTc
t3 t
A w(t) -A t
HKH: ng h k hiu, SM: Sng mang, th: Tn hiu

Hnh 3.4. S my thu DSSS-BPSK Mc ch cu my thu ny l ly ra bn tin d(t) (s liu {di}) t tn hiu thu c bao gm tn hiu c pht cng vi tp m. Do tn ti tr truyn lan nn tn hiu thu l: r(t)= s(t ) + n(t) =
2E br Tb d(t )c(t ) cos[2fc (t ) + ] + n(t)
(3.9)
trong Ebr l nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang trn mt bit, n(t) l tp m ca knh v u vo my thu. gii thch qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit rng khng c tp m. Trc ht tn hiu thu c tri ph gim bng tn rng vo bng tn hp. Sau n c gii iu ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b) PN c(t-) c to ra my thu, ta c:
w(t) =
2E br d(t-)c2(t-)cos(2fct + ') Tb
46
2E br d(t-)cos(2fct + ') Tb
(3.10)
V c(t) bng 1, trong '= - 2fc. Tn hiu nhn c l mt tn hiu bng hp vi rng bng tn theo Niquist l 1/Tb. gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c pha ' (v tn s fc) cng nh im khi u ca tng bit. Mt b gii iu ch BPSK bao gm mt b tng quan (Correlator) hai b lc phi hp (Matched Filter) i sau l mt thit b nh gi ngng. tch ra bit s liu th i, b tng quan tnh ton:
t i + Tb
zi =
ti
w(t)
2 Tb
t i + Tb
cos(2fc t + )dt
(3.11)
2 E br Tb
ti
d(t ) cos 2 (2fc t + )dt
t i + Tb
= E br
ti
d(t ) [1 + cos(4fc t + 2 )] dt
= E br d( t ) = E br
(3.12)
trong ti = iTb + l thi im u ca bit th i. V d(t-) l +1 hoc -1 trong thi gian mt bit, nn thnh phn th nht ca tch phn s cho ta Tb hoc -Tb. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn nhn i tn s nn sau tch phn gn bng 0. Vy kt qu cho zi = hay -1. Ngoi thnh phn tn hiu
E br hay - E br . Cho kt
qu ny qua thit b nh gi ngng (hay b so snh) vi ngng 0, ta c u ra c s hai 1
E br , u ra ca b tch phn cng c thnh phn tp m c
th gy ra li. Lu rng hnh 3.4 th t gia nhn tn hiu PN v nhn sng mang c th i ln m khng lm thay i kt qu. Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt "m" c bit trc c my pht ln my thu ch nh. V my thu ch inh bit trc m nn n c th gii tri ph tn hiu SS nhn c bn tin. Mt khc mt my thu khng ch nh khng bit c m, v th cc iu kin bnh thng n khng th "gii m" bn tin. iu ny th hin r ptr (3.8), do c(t) nn my thu khng ch nh ch nhn thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1. Ta gi thit rng my thu bit trc mt s thng s sau : , ti , ' v fc. Thng thng my thu bit c tn s mang fc, nn n c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt b dao ng ni. Nu c mt khc bit no gia tn s ca b dao ng ni v tn s sng mang, th mt tn s gn vi fc c th c to ra v c th theo di c tn s chnh xc bng mt mch vng hi tip, vng kho pha chng hn. My thu phi nhn c cc thng s khc nh , ti v ' t tn hiu thu c. Qu trnh nhn c c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai bc: bt v bm. Vn ng b s c kho st cc chng 7 v 8. Qu trnh nhn c ti c gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h (nh thi) k hiu (Symbol Timing Recovery). Cn qu trnh nhn c ' (cng nh fc) c gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. Vic khi phc sng mang v ng h l cn thit mi my thu thng tin s liu ng b v chng c xt hu ht cc ti liu v thng tin. Khi Tb /Tc = N (chu k ca chui PN), c th nhn c nh thi ca k hiu ti mt khi bit . Hnh 3.4 cng cho thy ng b, khi phc ng h v sng mang.
47
Ta hy kho st mt cch ngn gn nh hng ca sai pha sng mang v sai pha m my thu. Gi thit rng my thu s dng cos(2fct + ' + ) thay cho cos(2fct + ') cho b gii iu ch v s dng c(t-') lm tn hiu PN ni, ngha l sng mang c sai pha v tn hiu PN c sai pha -'. Khi ny zi s l:
2E br Tb E br Tb
t i + Tb
zi =
ti
d ( t ) c(t )c ( t ) cos(2fc t + )
t i + Tb
2 Tb
cos ( 2fc t + + ) dt
cos ( )
ti
c ( t ) c ( t ) dt
= E br cos( )R c ( ' )
(3.13)
trong dng th hai c rt ra t lp lun l tch phn ca thnh phn tn s nhn i bng 0. V th |zi| cc i khi = 0 v - ' =0. Nu |-'|>Tc hay || = /2, th zi = 0 v my thu v dng. Khi |-'| <Tc v || </2, th |zi| gim i lng, nh vy t s tn hiu trn tp m s nh hn gy ra xc sut li cao hn. Tuy nhin n vn c th hot ng ng khi cc sai pha |-'| v || nh.
3.3.3. Mt ph cng sut, PSD

c th hiu r hn cc h thng DSSS, by gi ta i xt PSD (Power Spectral Density) ca cc tn hiu cc im khc nhau trong my pht v my thu hnh 3.3 v 3.2. Ta m hnh bn tin v tn hiu PN nh l cc tn hiu c s hai ngu nhin ( mi bit hay mi chip nhn cc gi tr +1 hay -1 ng xc sut). Bn tin d(t) vi bin 1 c tc bit 1/Tb bps v PSD: d(f) = TbSinc2(fTb) (3.14)
c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/2Tb Hz, cn tn hiu PN (vi bin 1) c tc chip 1/Tc v PSD l: c(f) = TcSinc2(fTc) (3.15)
vi rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/Tc Hz . V Tb/Tc l mt s nguyn v v khi u ca mi bit d(t) trng vi khi u ca chip c(t) nn tch d(t)c(t) c PSD nh sau: dc(f) = TcSinc2(fTc) (3.16)
c rng bng tn 1/Tc Hz ging nh rng bng tn ca c(t). V th qu trnh tri ph s tng rng bng tn Tb/Tc = N ln , thng thng gi tr ny rt ln. iu ch sng mang chuyn i tn hiu bng gc d(t)c(t) vo tn hiu bng thng s(t) c PSD:
s (f) =
P {Sinc 2 ((f fc ) Tc + Sinc 2 ((f + fc ) Tc )} 2R c
(3.17)
48
v c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/Tc Hz, trong P l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Th d v d(f), dc(f) v s(f) c cho hnh 3.5, trong chng ta s dng Tb/Tc = 2. So snh d(f) v s(f) ta thy i lng gim 2Tb /PTc ln v rng bng tn tng Tb/Tc ln. V th N=Tb/Tc l t l tri ph. Trong my thu tn hiu r(t-) l phin bn tr ca tn hiu DS s(t) v c cng sut thu gim do truyn sng bng Pr. Nn PSD ca n cng ging nh PSD ca tn hiu s(t) c cho phng trnh (3.17) nhng vi cng sut P c thay bng Pr, v tr khng lm thay i phn b cng sut vng tn s. Ngoi ra PSD ca c(t-) cng ging nh PSD ca c(t) c cho ptr (3.15). Sau khi gii tri ph ta c tn hiu w(t) vi PSD c xc nh bi:
w (f) =
Pr {Sinc 2 ((f fc )Tb ) + Sinc 2 ((f + fc )Tb )} 2R b
(3.18)
Biu thc trn c m t hnh 3.5 (c). Ta thy rng w(f) by gi c PSD bng hp vi cng dng ph nh d(t) nhng c dch sang tri v phi fc. rng bng tn ca w(t) l 1/Tb, gp hai ln d(t). iu ny ging nh d tnh v w(t) ging ht nh phin bn c iu ch ca d(t). T PSD cu cc tn hiu khc nhau ta thy rng PSD ca d(t) c tri ph bi c(t) v sau c gii tri ph bi c(t-) my thu.
(a) PSD ca bn tin v tn hiu PN
1/ Tc
1/ Tb 0 1/ Tb
1/ Tc
(b) PSD ca tn hiu DSSS-BPSK
S (f)
Pr/2Rc -fc (c) PSD ca tn hiu W(t)
rng bng tn 1/Tc
f fc
rng bng tn 1/Tb
w (f)
Pr/2Rb f
-fc
fc
Hnh 3.5. PSD ca lung tin lng cc, tn hiu PN v tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.
3.3.4. li x l
49
li x l (PG: Processing Gain) c nh ngha l: T s gia rng bng tn cn thit ca knh v tuyn cho tn hiu tri ph (Bdc) v rng bng tn cn thit ca knh v tuyn cho tn hiu cho tn hiu khng tri ph (Bd): B G p = dc (3.19) Bd V Bd=Rb, trong Rb l tc bit ca bn tin bng tn gc nn ta cng c th vit li (3.19) nh sau:
Gp = Bdc Rb
(3.20)
Ta thng biu din Gp dB: 10lg (Gp). li x l cho thy tn hiu bn tin pht c tri ph bao nhiu ln bi h thng tri ph. y l mt thng s cht lng quan trng ca mt h thng SS, Gp cao thng c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu tt hn. i vi h thng DSSS-BPSK, li x l l (1/Tc)/(1/Tb) = Tb /Tc = N. Chng hn nu N = 1023, rng bng tn ca bn tin c iu ch d(t)cos(2fct) tng 1023 ln bi qu trnh tri ph v Gp l 1023 hay 30,1dB.
3.4. CC H THNG DSSS-QPSK

Trn hnh 3.3 ta s dng BPSK cho qu trnh iu ch. Cc kiu iu ch khc nh: kha chuyn pha vung gc (QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) v kha chuyn cc tiu (MSK: Minimum Shift Keying) cng thng c s dng cc h thng SS. S khi chc nng cho my pht ca mt h thng DSSS s dng iu ch QPSK c cho hnh 3.6 cng vi cc dng sng cc im khc nhau trn s . S bao gm hai nhnh: mt nhnh ng pha (nhnh I) v mt nhnh pha vung gc (nhnh Q). Trong th d ny cng mt u vo s liu iu ch cc tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) c hai nhnh. Tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK c dng:
s(t) = s1 (t) + s 2 (t) = Eb Tb d(t)c 1 (t) sin(2fc t + ) + Eb Tb d(t)c 2 (t) cos(2fc t + )
trong
(t) = tan
1
/ 4, 3 / 4, = 5 / 4, 7 / 4,
c 1 (t)d(t) c 2 (t)d(t)
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1 nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1 nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1, c 2 (t)d(t) = 1 nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
(3.22)
Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn bn trng thi pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4, + 5/4, + 7/2.
50
d(t)c1(t) c1(t)
B to PN 1
B C (BPSK) -Asin(2fct+) Dch /2
s1(t)
d(t)
B to PN 2
Acos(2fct+) B C (BPSK)
c2(t) 1 d(t) -1 1 c1(t) -1 c2(t) 1 0
d(t)c2(t)
Tn hiu DSSS-QPSK s(t) = s1(t)+s2(t) = 2 Acos(2fct++(t)) s2(t) A=

Eb/Tb
t T 2T t
t -1 d(t)c1(t) 1 t -1 d(t)c2(t) 1 t -1
A s1(t) -A A s2(t) -A 2A s(t) - 2A

= 7/4 3/4 5 /4 /4 3 /4 7 /4 /4 5 /4 3 /4 7 /4
t (cho = - ) t
Hnh 3.6. Cc dng sng h thng DSSS-QPSK cho iu ch ng thi mt bit c hai nhnh I v Q
51
Hnh 3.7 cho ta s khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung gc c gii tri ph c lp vi nhau bi c1(t) v c2(t).
w1(t) u1(t)
c1(t-t) s(t-) c2(t-t)
-Bsin(2fct+') Bcos(2fct+')
u(t) ti
B=
ti +Tb (.)dt
B c tnh
1 hay -1
w2(t)
u2(t)
2/Tb
Hnh 3.7. S khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK Gi thit rng tr l , tn hiu vo s l (nu b qua tp m):
s(t-) =
E br Tb
d(t )c1 (t )sin(2 f c t + ') +
E br Tb
d(t )c2 (t ) cos(2f c t + ')

(3.23)
trong Ebr l nng lng bit thu, ' = -2fc. Cc tn hiu trc b cng l:
u1(t)=
2 E br Tb
2E br Tb
d(t-)sin2(2fct+')-
2 E br Tb
d(t-) c1(t-)c2(t-)sin(2fct +')cos(2fct+')
1 d(t ) [1 cos(4fc t + 2 )] 2
2E br Tb
1 d(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin(4fc t + 2 ) 2
(3.24)
u2(t)=-
2 E br Tb Tb
d(t-)c1(t-)c2(t-)sin(2fct+')cos(2fct+')+
2 E br Tb
d(t-)cos2(2fct+')
= +
2 E br 2 E br Tb
1 d(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin( 4f c t + 2 ') 2 d(t ) 1 2
[1 + cos(4fc t + 2 ')]
(3.25)
Ly tch phn cho tng ca hai tn hiu trn lu tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2fc c gi tr trung bnh bng khng, ta c:
Tb 0
zi =
[u1 ( t ) + u 2 ( t )]dt =
2 E br d(t-) = 2E b
(3.26)
52
V th u ra ca b quyt nh ngng ta c +1 khi bit bn tin l +1 v -1 nu bit bn tin l -1. Hai tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) c th l hai tn hiu PN c lp vi nhau hay chng cng c th ly t cng mt tn hiu PN, chng hn c(t). lm th d cho trng hp th hai ta ly tn hiu c1(t) v c2(t) bng cch tch tn hiu c(t) thnh hai tn hiu: c1(t) s dung cc chip l ca c(t) v c2(t) s dng cc chip chn ca c(t), trong rng chip ca c1(t) v c2(t) gp i rng chip ca c(t) nh c cho hnh 3.8. lm mt th d khc ta gi thit c1(t) = c(t) v c2(t) b tr. Gi s Tc l thi gian chip ca c1(t) v c2(t). rng bng cu cc tn hiu c iu ch s1(t) v s2(t) ca hai nhnh s nh nhau v bng 1/Tc. Lu rng s1(t) v s2(t) l trc giao v cng chim cng rng bng tn. V th rng bng tn ca s(t) cng ging nh rng bng tn cu cc tn hiu s1(t) v s2(t) v bng 1/Tc. i vi tc s liu 1/Tb li x l bng Gp = Tb/Tc.
1 c(t) -1 1 c1(t) -1 1 c2(t) -1 t1 t t
Hnh 3.8. Th d c1(t) v c2(t) nhn c t cng mt c(t). Cc h thng DSSS c th c s dng cc cu hnh khc nhau. H thng hnh 3.6 v 3.7 c s dng pht mt tn hiu c tc bit 1/Tb bps. Gp v rng bng tn ca tn hiu DSSS-QPSK ph thuc vo cc tc chip cu c1(t) v c2(t). Ta cng c th s dng mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht hai tn hiu s 1/Tb bps bng cch mi tn hiu iu ch mt nhnh. Mt dng khc ta c th s dng mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht mt tn hiu s c tc bit gp i: 2/Tb bps bng cch chia tn hiu s thnh hai tn hiu c tc bit 1/Tb bps v chng iu ch mt trong hai nhnh. Tn ti cc nhn t c trng cho hiu qu hot ng ca DSSS-QPSK nh: rng bng tn c s dng, Gp tng v t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) (thng c xc inh bng xc sut li bit). Khi so snh DSSS-QPSK vi DSSS-BPSK ta cn gi mt s trong cc thng s trn nh nhau trong c hai h thng v so snh cc thng s cn li. Chng hn mt tn hiu s c th c pht i h thng DSSS-QPSK ch s dng mt na rng bng tn so vi rng bng tn m h thng DSSS-BPSK i hi khi c cng Gp v SNR. Tuy nhin nu cng mt s liu c pht i bi mt h thng DSSS-QPSK c cng rng bng tn v Gp nh h thng DSSS-BPSK, th h thng DSSS-QPSK c u vit v SNR dn n xc sut li thp hn. Mt khc mt h thng DSSS-QPSK c th pht gp hai ln s liu so vi h thng DS/SSBPSK khi s dng cng rng bng tn v c cng Gp v SNR. u im ca cc h thng DS/SS-QPSK so vi cc h thng DS/SS-BPSK c cp trn t c l nh tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang sin(2fct+) v cos(2fct+) cc nhnh
53
ng pha v vung gc. Nhc im ca h thng DSSS-QPSK l phc tp hn h thng DS/SSBPSK. Ngoi ra nu cc sng mang c s dng gii iu ch my thu khng thc s trc giao th s xy ra xuyn m gia hai nhnh v s gy thm s gim cht lng ca h thng. hiu su thm h thng DSSS-QPSK hc vin nn v dng sng ca cc tn hiu hnh 3.7 v PSD ca cc tn hiu cc hnh 3.6 v 3.7.
3.5. HIU NNG CA CC H THNG DSSS

Cho n nay chng ta cha cp n cc vn tp m v nhiu. Trong phn ny chng ta s bn v cc hiu nng ca mt h thng DS/SS-BPSK trong mi trng tp m Gaus trng cng (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise) v nhiu. Ta cng s kho st tng quan nh hng nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu DS khc v nhiu t gy do truyn nhiu ng. Ngoi ra ta cng gii thch kh khn khi mt ngi s dng no thu trm tn hiu DS/SS.
3.5.1. nh hng ca tp m trng v nhiu gy nghn.

Hnh 3.9 cho ta s khi chc nng ca my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK. y ta cho rng tn hiu PN ni v sng mang ni ng b tt vi tn hiu PN thu v sng mang thu. V th ta c th gi thit rng tr bng khng (xem hnh 3.4). Lu rng pha ca sng mang (xem hnh 3.3 cho my pht ca DS/SS-BPSK) c coi bng -/2. Mc ch ca ta y l tm c t s gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut tp m (v cng sut nhiu ph) u ra ca my thu (c k hiu l SNR0) trc thit b nh gi ngng cui cng (b chn cng to ra b'(t) nh l mt c tnh ca bn tin d(t). u vo ca b hn bin cng (u ra ca b gii iu ch) bao gm ba thnh phn: so t tn hiu mong mun, no do tp m knh v jo do nhiu nhiu ph. Trc ht ta coi rng khng c nhiu ph, ngha l j(t)=0, nn jo=0. tm ra SNR0 ta nh gi so v no. Vi d(t) = 1 v c(t) = 1, t ptr.(3.12), thnh phn tn hiu s0 cho mi bit s liu l:
s o = E br
Thnh phn tp m n0 l:
2 Tb
(3.27)
n0 =
n(t)c(t) cos(2f t)dt

c 0
Tb
(3.28)
54
(a) My pht
B iu ch (BPSK)
d(t) d(t)c(t) c(t) (b) My thu r(t) = 2Ebr Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct) +n(t)+j(t) Tn hiu DS/SS-BPSK 2Eb s(t) = Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct )
Sng mang 2Eb cos(2 fct ) Tb
T (.)dt 0
d'(t) s0+n0+j0 c tnh ca b(t) Thit b quyt nh ngng (hn bin cng)
2/Tb c(t)cos(2 fct)
Hnh 3.9. S khi ca my pht thu DSSS-BPSK Gi thit tp m l tp m Gaus trng cng (AWGN) n(t) trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan l:
E [ n(t + )n(t) ] = N0 2 ( )
(3.29)
ngha l hai bin PSD ca tp m l N0/2. Khi ny n0 l mt bin ngu nhin Gaus c trung bnh khng v phng sai : E(n02) = Vy SNR0 l:
SNR o = E n o
2 2 so
N0 2
= ( E br )2 N0 / 2 = 2E br N0
(3.30)
(3.31)
Ta c th nhn thy rng SNR0 c lp vi tc chip. Nh vy tri ph khng c u im v AWGN trong knh. Hiu nng hot ng ca h thng thng c nh gi bng xc sut li bit hay xc sut li k hiu. Xc sut li thng c biu din dng Ebr/N0, trong Eb l nng lng tn hiu trn mt bit v N0/2 l PSD hai bin ca tp m Gaus trong knh. Th d, xc sut li bit ca mt tn hiu BPSK tp m Gaus trng cng l: Pb =
Q 2E br / N 0 , trong Q(u) = (1 / 2)e x

u
/2
dx .
T s Ebr/N0 c gi l t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m, hay n gin l t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR). Ta c th lp tng quan gia SNR v SNR0 cho h thng DSSS-BPSK nh sau:
SNR = E br N0 = SNR 0 2
(3.32)
55
Tip theo ta s xt nh hng ca nhiu ph. Gi nh rng c mt tn hiu nhiu ph bng thng (vi tn s trung tm l f1) trong knh. Gi s tn hiu nhiu ph ny l: j(t) = J(t) cos (2f1 t +) (3.33)
trong J(t) l tn hiu thng thp (qu trnh ngu nhin) v l mt bin ngu nhin ng u (0,2), c lp vi J(t). Ta rt ra rng j(t) c trung bnh khng. Cc hm j(t) v J(t) tng quan vi nhau theo biu thc:
1 R j ( ) = R J ( ) cos(2f1 ) 2
(3.34)
Cng sut trung bnh j(t) l Pj = Rj(0) = RJ(0)/2. Ga s j0 l thnh phn u ra ca b tch phn tng ng vi tn hiu nhiu ph. Coi rng tn hiu nhiu ph l mt tn hiu bng hp, ngha l rng bng tn ca tn hiu nhiu ph nh hn nhiu so vi tn hiu DS, ta c th ch ra rng phng sai c xc inh bi:
E [ j0 ] = PTc / 2 j
2
(3.35)
Nu ta kt hp c tp m Gauss trng cng vi tn hiu nhiu ph v gi thit rng chng c lp vi nhau, th SNR0 u ra b tch phn l:
SNR 0 = E(n ) + E ( j
2 0 2 s0 2 0
E br N 0 / 2 + PTc / 2 j
(3.36)
Ta thy rng nhiu ph nh hng ging nh tp m trng c PSD hai bin bng PjTc/2. nh hng kt hp ca tp m trng v nhiu ph tng ng vi nh hng ca mt tp m trng c PSD hai bin l No'/2 = (N0 + PjTc)/2. Vy Tc cng nh th Pj cng t nh hng ln s gim t s tn hiu trn tp m. Khi Tc nh n mc PjTc<<N0 th nhiu ph khng cn tc dng. Lu rng khi c tp m knh v nhiu ph th t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m l SNR0 =Ebr/N0' = 2Ebr/(N0+PjTc). By gi gi thit rng ta c tn hiu nhiu ph bng rng, ngha l rng bng tn cu tn hiu nhiu ph ln hn rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS (Bj>BDS). Khi ny tn hiu nhiu ph ging nh tp m trng c tp m hai bin PSD: Pj /(Bj), trong Bj l rng bng tn ca j(t). Bi vy: 2E br (3.37) SNR 0 = N 0 + Pj / B j Khi N=Tb/Tc ln, rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS: BDS cng ln, ngha l Bj ln v nh hng ca nhiu ph nh. Vy cng sut trung bnh Pj phi ln nhiu ph cn tc dng. Kt lun, ta thy rng tri ph khng mang li u vit v tp m trng Gaus. Ta cng thy rng nh hng ca nhiu ph gim ng k khi tri ph. Nhiu ph phi c cng sut cao c tc dng v v th cc h thng SS rt hp dn trong thng tin qun s.
3.5.2. nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa v truyn a ng

Trong phn ny ta s kho st nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu DS khc v do truyn nhiu ng.
56
Nhiu giao thoa Ta xt tnh trng tn hiu thu cha nhiu giao thoa t mt tn hiu DS khc. Trong trng hp ny tn hiu thu s l:
r(t)=
E br1 E br 2 d1(t)c1 (t)cos(2fct)+ d2(t-')c2(t-')cos(2fct+')+n(t) Tb Tb
(3.38)
trong thnh phn th nht l tn hiu mong mun, thnh phn th hai l tn hiu DS gy nhiu v thnh phn cui cng l tp m. Ta gi thit rng d1(t), d2(t), c1(t) v c2(t) l 1. Lu rng tn s sng mang ging nhau cho c hai d1(t) v d2(t), trong khi pha ca sng mang khc nhau, c ngha l hai tn hiu ny c pht c lp vi nhau. Sau khi nhn tn hiu vi c1(t) cos(2fct) v ly tch phn (xem hnh 3.9), u vo ca b hn bin cng s l: s0 + s'0 + n0 trong :
2 Tb
(3.39) (3.40)
s 0 = E br1
v:
T
s = A b (t )c (t )c(t) cos(2fc t + ) cos(2fc t)dt

, 0
A 2
cos( ) b (t )c (t )c(t)dt
0
s0' = E br 2
1 cos( )d(t ) Tb
Tb 1 c1 (t)c 2 (t )dt + c1 (t)c 2 (t )dt T b
(3.41)
Hai thnh phn trong ngoc vung,
1 T
c(t)c (t )dt
0
v c(t)c(t)dt l cc hm tng
quan cho tng phn c chun ho ca c1(t) v c2(t). d(t-') cho ta ga tr +1 hay -1. Tng quan cho nh gy nhiu t. V th mi trng a ngi s dng ta phi thit k cc tn hiu PN sao cho chng c tng quan cho nh. Truyn a ng Trong trng hp truyn a ng, tn hiu thu gm thnh phn i thng v cc thnh phn khng i thng phn x t cc cng trnh nhn to hay i hnh t nhin. Gi thit rng ch c mt tn hiu khng i thng. Khi ny chng ta c th s dng m hnh ptr (3.38) vi ' l tr b sung ng khng i thng, c2(t) = c1(t), d1(t)=d2(t), v
2E br 2 Tb =k 2E br1 Tb
, trong k1 l
tha s suy gim. Trong trng hp ny nhiu do thnh phn khng i thng l:
57
s '0 =k
1 b d1 ( t ' )c1 ( t ' )c1 ( t )dt E br1 cos(' ) Tb 0 = E br1 cos(' )R c (' )
(3.42)
bng khng khi |'| >Tc (hay gn khng nu ta s dng ptr. 3.42). V vy nh hng ca truyn a tia c loi b hay tr thnh mt nhiu nh, nu rng ca chip nh hn tr b sung ng khng i thng. Ta cng c th gii thch kt qu trn t quan im vng tn s nh sau. Tn hiu khng i thng cng nh tn hiu i thng l mt tn hiu bng rng. Tn hiu PN ni c ng b n tn hiu i thng. V th tn hiu i thng c gii tri ph cn tn hiu khng i thng khng c gii tri ph. Sau qu trnh gii tri ph my thu ly ra tn hiu vng bng hp xung quanh fc Hz bi b gii iu ch (bao gm vic nhn sng mang v tch phn lm vic nh b lc thng thp). Ch c mt phn nh ca tn hiu khng i thng l qua c qu trnh ny v tr thnh nhiu. Nh vy tn hiu khng i thng s ch gim SNR mt t. Vn gn - xa (Near-Far) Vn gn xa l hin tng m trong mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng gp nguy him do s c mt ca mt tn hiu mnh. Ta xt mt h thng a truy nhp DSSS. Gi thit rng c K ngi s dng pht tn hiu trn cng mt knh. Vic thu tn hiu b nhiu do tp m v cc tn hiu ca K-1 ngi s dng khc. Gi thit N0 l PSD n bin (tp m trng Gauss) ca knh tp m v gi s Pr l cng sut trung bnh ca tng tn hiu ti my thu c xt. Khi ny PSD tn s dng ca tn hiu ca tng ngi s dng l (PrTc)sinc2[(f-fc)Tc] (xem ptr. 3.18) v rng bng tn ca tn hiu l B=1/Tc. Bng cch lp m hnh K-1 tn hiu gy nhiu nh l cc tp m trng Gaus, c th xp x ho PSD mt ph cng sut kt hp bng ca K-1 tn hiu gy nhiu bng (K-1)Pr / B = (K-1)PrTc. Vy SNR tng ng l:
E br N0 = Pr Tb N 0 + Pr Tc (K 1)
(3.43)
Biu thc trn cho thy nhiu tng xc sut li bit. By gi ta kho st mt trong s K-1 ngi gy nhiu rt gn my thu. Do lut t l nghch hm m bnh phng ca truyn lan sng in t, tn hiu ca ngi gy nhiu n my thu khi ny s ln hn rt nhiu, gi s l P'r = aPr , trong a tng hm m khi ngi gy nhiu ny tin n gn my thu. Chng hn nu ngi gy nhiu mnh ny gn my thu 10 ln hn so vi my pht tn hiu ch nh th a l: 10n = 100 nu coi rng n=2 (trong mi trng di ng n thng bng 3 hoc 4). Nh vy SNR tng ng l: Ps Tb E br = (3.43) N 0 N 0 + aPr Tc + Pr Tc (K 2) Khi a ln, SNR gim mnh v xc sut li tr nn qu ln. Ni mt cch khc ta c th duy tr xc sut li mc cho php bng cch gim s K-2 ngi s dng v s ngi s dng ny c khi phi loi b hon ton khi a ln.
3.5.3. Tnh cht kh thu trm
58
Mt li th cu cc tn hiu DS/SS l chng rt kh pht hin v thu trm. hiu c vn ny ta xt tn hiu DS cng vi tp m:
2E br Tb
d(t)c(t)cos(2fct) +n(t). PSD ca tn hiu
ny l (Pr/Rc)Sinc2[(f - fc)Tc] c gi tr ln nht l Ecr= PrTc= Pr/Rc v tp m Gaus trng cng (AWGN) c PSD n bin l N0. Trong cc ng dng nh cc h thng in thai di ng, thng i hi t s li bit l 10-3 hay 10-2. t c iu ny phi c SNR Ebr/N0 vo khong 6,8 dB n 10,5 dB (coi rng iu ch l BPSK). Ngha l Ebr/N0 5 n 11, trong Ebr l nng lng tn hiu thu trn mt bit ca tn hiu DS, hay N0= Ebr /(5 n 11). Ta li c Ebr= PrTb nn Ecr /N0 = (Ecr/Ebr)(5 n 11)=(Tc/Tb) (5 n 11)=(5 n 11)/Gp .Ngha l chiu cao ph ca tn hiu DS (Ec) l 5/Gp n 11/Gp ln chiu cao ph tp m (N0). V Gp ln nn cc tha s 5/Gp v 11/Gp thng nh hn nhiu so vi 1. V vy chiu cao ca ph ca tn hiu DS thp hn tp m, ngha l tn hiu DS b che lp bi tp m nn rt kh pht hin v thu trm.
3.6. TNG KT
H thng DSSS s dng chui PN trc giao tri ph. Cc my pht DSSS ngoi vic cha cc phn t thng thng nh iu ch cn cha thm b tri ph. Sau tri ph tn hiu c tri ph c rng ln hn nhiu so vi rng ph ca tn hiu cn pht. S khc nhau v rng ph ny c gi l li x l. li x l cng ln th hiu nng ca h thng DSSS cng tt. Cc h thng my thu DSSS s dng b gii tri ph phc hi lai tn hiu pht. b gii tri ph hot ng tt cc m PN phi trc giao tt. H thng DSSS khng tc ng ln tp m Gauss trng (tp m nhit) nhng cho php gim nhiu ph, gim nhiu ng knh (nhiu cng tn s) v phainh. Nhiu ng knh c th rt mnh khi mt ngi s dng khc gn my thu ch nh. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn xa. trnh hin tng ny trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta phi iu khin cng sut nhanh (gim cng sut khi my di ng tin gn BTS v tng cng sut khi my di ng ri xa BTS). DSSS khng ch gim pha inh m cn cho php li dng n trong cc h thng phn tp (my thu RAKE s c xt trong chng 5) tng cng cht lng truyn dn. mc nht nh DSSS cng cho php trnh c nghe trm do ph ca tn hiu tri ph c che lp bi tp m khi li x l ln.
3.7. CU HI V BI TP
1. Mt tn hiu PN c tc chip l 106 chip/s. Nu tn hiu ny c s dng cho mt h thng DSSS-QPSK pht i mt ngun s liu 1200bps, li x l ca h thng ny l bao nhiu ? (a) 29,2dB; (b) 22,5dB; (c) 16,2dB; (d) 13,1dB 2. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c thit k pht mt bn tin tc 10kbps. Nu mt chui PN chu k 2047 c s dng tri ph v nu mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, hy tm rng bng tn theo Nyquist ca tn hiu DSSS-BPSK. (a) 204.7kHz; (b)400 kHz; (c) 10,24MHz; (d)20,47MHz; (e) khng con s no ni trn ng
59
3.
Xt h thng DSSS-QPSK cho hnh 3.6. Nu cc tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) u c tc l 107 chip/s. Nu li x l nh nht l 30dB, tc s liu cao nht no c th s dng c cho h thng ny? (a) 1kbps; (b) 2kbps; (c) 10kbps; (d) 20 kbps Xt my thu cho hnh 3.7. Gi thit rng tn hiu PN c to ra y l c(t-') c sai pha - ' so vi tn hiu PN thu. Gi thit N>>1. Gi thit rng bit bn tin th i l +1 v -'=Tc/2. Gi thit rng khi phc sng mang v ng h k hiu ng. u ra ca zi ca b gii iu ch c gi tr no trong trng hp khng c tp m? (a)
4.
2E b 1 ; (b) 2 Tb
2E b 1 ; (c) 4 Tb
2E b ; (d) khng trng hp no nu trn ng Tb
5.
6.
Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c s dng pht tn hiu ting. Ting c ly mu tn s 8 kHz v mi mu c bin i vo 8 bit bng PCM. Gi thit tn s sng mang l 1,9GHz v bng thng cho php l 40 MHz. li x l c th t c l bao nhiu? (a) 3125 ; (b) 321.5; (c) 125; (d) 625 (tip tc) v tc chip cc i c th s dng c l bao nhiu? (a) 128 Mcps; (b) 64Mcps; (c) 40Mkcps; (d) 20 Mcps Trong tn hiu DSSS-QPSK c cho ptr.(3.21), gi thit rng d(t) l mt tn hiu ngu nhin v thi gian chip ca c1(t), c2(t) l Tc1 = Tc2 = Tc. Nu m hnh ca c1(t) v c2(t) l cc tn hiu c hai ngu nhin trung bnh khng v c lp, PSD ca DSSS-QPSK phi c dng no? (a) (b) (c) (d)
7.
E b Tc sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc / 2) Tb 8 E b Tc 2 2 sin c ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c ((f + fc )Tc / 2) Tb 4
E b Tc 2 2 sin c ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c ((f + fc )Tc ) Tb 4 E b Tc 2 2 sin c ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c ((f + fc )Tc ) Tb 2
8.
Tm pha hnh 3.6 khi d(t) = -1, A = 2, c1(t) = -1 v c2(t) =1 (a) /4; (b) 3/4; (c) 5/4; (d) 7/4 T ptr (3.24) v (3.25), tn hiu u(t) hnh 3.7 l:
2E br Tb
9.
d(t-)-
2E br Tb
d(t-)c1 (t-) c2 (t-)sin (4fct + 2 ')
y coi rng pha sng mang ' l ng. By gi gi thit rng pha sng mang sai, ngha l ta s dng -sin (2fct + ") v cos (2fct + ") thay cho -sin (2fct+') v cos (2fct + ') i vi my thu hnh 3.7. iu ny nh hng n tn hiu u(t) nh th no? (a) Hon ton khng nh hng.
60
(b) Bin ca
2E br Tb
d(t-) gim.
(c) C thm mt thnh phn tn thp. (d) C thm mt thnh phn vi tn s 4fc. 10. Trong mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c Gp = 2000, u vo ca my thu bao gm tp m AWGN v tn hiu SS. Gi thit rng Ebr/N0 = 20dB v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu SS thu c l Pr=1W. Hy tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m SNR0 u vo b hn bin cng hnh 3.9. (a) 50; (b) 100; (c) 200; (d) 4000 11. (tip) Nu tn hiu thu c cng cha mt tn hiu nhiu ph bng hp c cng sut 50W, tm t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m nhn c u vo ca b hn bin cng (xt c nh hng ca AWGN v tn hiu nhiu ph). (a) 35; (b) 57; (c) 79; (d) 103 12. Gi thit rng mt tn hiu DSSS-BPSK b nhiu ph bi mt tn hiu c rng bng tn 1/Tc c tn s trung tm l fc, trong Tc l thi gian chip v fc l tn s sng mang cu tn hiu DS/SS. Hy tm biu thc cho SNR0. 2Pr 2Pr 2Pr 2Pr ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) (a) N0 R b + PR b N0 R b + PR c N0 R b + Pj /(2G p ) N 0 R b + 2Pj / G p j j 13. Tc chip no l tc cc tiu m mt h thng DSSS-BPSK cn loi b nh hng ca mt ng truyn khng i thng c di ln hn ng truyn thng 15m? (a) 5 Mchip/s (b) 10 Mchip/s (c) 15 Mchip/s (d) 20 Mchip/s 14. Tm tc chip cn thit cho mt h thng DSSS-BPSK trit cc tn hiu a tia. Nu tr b sung gy ra do tn hiu khng i thng l ', thi gian chip ca c1(t) v c2(t) phi th no (xem hnh 3.6) trit c tn hiu khng i thng? (a) Khng ln hn 0,5' (b) khng ln hn ' (c) Khng ln hn 1,5' (d) Khng ln hn 2' 15. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c th c mt hoc hai ngi s dng. Gp bng 1000. H thng c thit k sao cho SNR Eb/N0 my thu l 20dB khi ch c mt ngi s dng. Ta mun tm nh hng my pht th hai ln SNR ca my thu th nht. Gi s khong cch t my pht th nht n my thu th nht l D11 v khong cch t my pht th hai n my thu th nht l D21. Nu D11 /D21 = 2 v c hai my pht u pht cng mt cng sut, hy tm s gim SNR ca my thu th nht gy ra do nhiu bi my pht th hai. (a) Khng nh hng. (b) SNR gim 1,4 ln. (c) SNR gim 1,8 ln. (d) SNR gim 2 ln. (e) SNR gim 4 ln.
61
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
CHNG 4 M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M V HIU NNG CA N
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by M hnh knh DSCDMA Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh h thng thng tin di CDMA Cng thc tnh ton xc sut li bit CDMA vi cc h thng iu ch khc nhau 4.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [1], [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c m hnh chung ca mt h thng thng tin di ng DSCDMA Bit cch tnh ton dung lng thit k h thng DSCDMA Bit cch tnh ton xc sut li bit ca h thng CDMA trong mi trng phainh tnh ton thit k h thng DSCDMA Hiu c xc sut li bit ca cc phng php iu ch khc nhau p dng cho CDMA
4.2. M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M, DSCDMA

Trong tri ph chui trc tip, tn hiu s bng gc c tri ph rng nh mt m gi ngu nhin (PN) hay m tri ph. Tn hiu tri ph c mt ph cng sut thp (o bng Watt/Hz). i vi mt my thu thng thng n th hin gn ging nh tp m nn v thng t gy nhiu. C th coi rng thng tin tri ph l thng tin c nhn: ch c my ch nh bit c m tri ph mi c th gii tri ph v gii m thng tin. Khi cc tn hiu tri ph s dng cng mt bng tn s c mt lng xuyn m nht nh, hay nhiu tng h, tuy nhin khng nh truyn dn bng hp, nhiu khng nguy him. S d nh vy v ta c th thit k cc m tri ph tt vi cc gi tr tng quan cho thp chng hu nh trc giao, ngha l hm tng quan cho hu nh bng 0. Nh vy nhiu tn hiu tri ph c th s dng chung knh tn s v khng
62
c nhiu tng h nghim trng. Trong bi cnh nh vy hiu nng ca h thng gim ng k khi tng s ngi s dng. Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung ln tri ph chui trc tip v nghin cu mt ng dng c bit: thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). n gin ta s a ra mt s gi nh. Trc ht, iu ch s l BPSK v tt c dng sng ca s liu v tri ph u hnh ch nht. Th hai, s gim cht lng knh l do (1) tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN) v (2) nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng (MUI: multi-user interference) xy ra do pht ng thi. Th ba, my thu tng quan nht qun n gin c s dng.
4.2.1. M hnh h thng

a truy nhp phn chia theo m c li t nht l hai trng hp sau: thng tin (i) v tinh v (ii) cc h thng di ng t ong. i vi c hai trng hp ny ta quan tm n knh thng tin ng ln (v nhiu my u cui pht n mt v tinh) hay hng v (v nhiu u cui di ng pht n mt trm gc trong mt ) (xem hnh 1.1 chng 1). Trong c hai trng hp h thng thng tin a truy nhp u d b, ngha l mi u cui c chun thi gian khc nhau. (Lu rng knh thng tin ng xung hay hng i s ng b v v tinh hay trm gc c th iu khin tt c cc my pht ca mnh). xt h thng DSCDMA chi tit hn, s khi h thng in hnh c cho hnh 4.1. hnh 4.1, c K tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau pht ng thi ti my thu. Mi tn hiu pht c gn mt ch s k, trong k=1,2, ..., K. Dng sng s liu c s hai () dk(t) l hm ch nht c bin +1 hay -1 v c th i du sau Tb giy. Dng sng tri ph (), ck(t), cng c hnh ch nht, nhng n tun hon v c tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc bit s liu. Ta coi rng thi gian mt bit s liu (Tb giy) cha ng mt chu k (N chip) m tri ph sao cho tc chip bng N/Tb =1/Tc, trong Tc l thi gian chip hay rng chip. V th tc chip (k hiu l Rc) gp N ln tc bit (Rb=1/Tb). Thc cht, do dng sng s liu c iu ch dng sng tri ph v sng mang, nn sng tri ph chui trc tip l:
s k (t) = d k (t)c k (t) 2Pk cos(2fc t + k )
(4.1)
c rng bng truyn dn gn bng B=1/Tc=N/Tb , ln gp N ln rng bng truyn dn cn thit thng thng i vi BPSK. C th thy r iu ny nu xt sng tri ph l mt tn hiu BPSK c th thay i pha 1800 mi Tc giy thay cho thay i mi T=NTc giy. Tn hiu BBSK gc c tri ph rng hn N ln v mt ph cng sut ca n gim tng ng 1/N ln so vi cc gi tr ban u. Cng sut trung bnh ca thu c t sj(t) bng Prj do b suy hao ng truyn l Lpk. Thng s k l pha ca sng mang. V tt c cc tn hiu pht l d b, cng cn c thng s tr j trong m hnh v v th pha ca sng mang ti my thu s l:j-2fcj . Tp m n(t) l tp m trng cng Gauss (AWGN) c trung bnh khng vi hai bin PSD (mt ph cng sut) bng N0/2 (W/Hz). Hm t tng quan i vi n(t) (l bin i ngc Fourier ca PSD) l ()N0/2, trong l mt thng s thi gian khc. Thc cht ca iu ny l cc mu ca n(t) c trung bnh 0 v khng tng quan vi nhau. V cc mu tp m ny l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss lin hp , nn chng c lp cng vi nhau. Nu ly tch phn tp m cho Tb giy, th u ra ca b tch phn s
63
l mt bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0Tb /2. Nu coi rng v bn cht knh thu l cng, th tt c K tn hiu pht tr v tp m cng vi nhau my thu.
a) M hnh CDMA vi K my pht
d1 (t)
c1 (t)
Lp1 , 1
2P1 cos(2fc t + 1 )
Lp2 , 2
d 2 (t)
c 2 (t)
r(t)
2P2 cos(2fc t + 2 )
n(t) K hiu Lpk , k : suy hao v tr ng truyn k
d K (t)
LpK , K
2PK cos(2fc t + K )
b) My thu k
Tb + k
r(t)
c k (t)
(.)dt
1 -1
d k (t k )
2 / Tb cos(2fc t + rk )
Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng DSCDMA: a) S khi, b) my thu tng quan nht qun Gi thit rng my thu ang gii m lung bit pht k. Trc ht, n phi ng b vi ng h ca my pht k. Sau n gii tri ph tn hiu thu c (bng cch nhn vi ck(t-k), loi b sng mang bng phng php nht qun (bng cch nhn vi
2 Tb cos (2fc t + rk ) v sau tch
phn trong khong thi gian Tb giy khi phc li nng lng k hiu s liu v ng thi loi b tp m ngoi bng. Thng s rk = k 2f c k b dao ng ni my thu, c nh gi, chng hn nh mch ng b vng kho pha. Ngoi ra ng h nh thi ca b ly mu cng phi c xc nh bi mt mch nh thi. Hai b nhn cng vi mch tch phn-v-ly mu (khi ng li v ly mu Tb giy mt ln) to nn mt cu trc ca my thu tng quan nht qun hay cn c gi l b lc phi hp. (My thu tng quan thc hin tng quan tch cc, ta c th thc hin n dng mt b lc thch ng l phn t th ng, nhng thc hin iu ny rt kh nu di ca chui tri ph di). u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu, sau a n mch ngng (b phn bit) v bit s liu + c quyt nh nu mu ln hn 0V, hay - nu ngc li v cho ta c tnh chui c s hai u ra: d ( t k ) . Gi tr ngng chnh xc bng 0 v cc dng sng ca + hay - c cng nng lng do iu ch BPSK. Tt c cc hot ng trn xy ra trong iu kin nhiu giao thoa t K-1 tn hiu pht khc, v tri ph nn cc tn hiu ny th hin nh tp m nn i vi my thu v c th khng nh hng ln. Di y s trnh by n gin phn tch hiu nng, trong d ta coi nhiu giao thoa ca nhiu ngi s dng l mt dng tp m Gauss trng cng.
64
h thng thng tin di ng a , s ngi s dng cc i K trong mt , ta c t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu k nh sau: Prk (4.2) (SNR )in = K jPrj (1 + ) + BN0
j=1 j k
trong thnh phn th nht mu ni ln nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc trong cng cng nh n t cc khc, Prk l cng sut cn thu ca ngi s dng k, Prjl cng sut thu ca mt ngi s dng bt k, l h s nhiu t khc, j l h s tch cc ting, N0 l mt ph tp m nhit, B l bng thng. Nu ta quy i mu ni trn thnh tp m Gauss trng cng ta c th vit:
N0 = I 0 + N0 =
(1 + ) K jPrj + N0 B j=1
j k
(4.3)
trong I0 l mt ph nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc. i vi BPSK xc sut li bit c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2E brk Pb,BPSK = Q N 0
trong Ebkr=PkrTb l nng lng bit trung bnh v
(4.4)
Q( u ) =
u
1 y2 / 2 e dy v N0' trong 2
trng hp DSCDMA bao gm tp m nhit v tp m quy i t nhiu a ngi s dng I0.
T s tn hiu trn tp m ti u ra ca my thu trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau: Erk Prk Tb (4.5) = = G pSIR in N0 B(N0 + I 0 ) trong Gp=Tb /B=Tb/Tc l li x l Thay (4.2) vo (4.5) ta c:
E brk = Gp , N0
Prk (1 + ) jPrk + BN0

j=1 j k K
(4.6)
Nu coi rng h thng c iu khin cng sut hon ho v b qua nh hng ca nhiu t cc khc cng nh tch cc ting, ta c th t:Pkr=Pjr=Pr, =0, j=1 vo (4.6) c:
65
E br
K 1 N0 = = G p + E br N '0 1 (K 1)P + N r 0 B E br
(4.7)
t (4.7) v ptr.(4.4) ta c:
1 / 2 K 1 1 = Q + 2G p 2E br / N o
Pb, BPSK
(4.8)
Lu rng khi K=1, s khng c nhiu giao thoa v ta t c xc sut li bit bng
Q( 2E b / N 0 ) chnh l kt qu nhn c cho BPSK. Cng cn lu rng Q(u) gim cng

vi u. V th xem xt (4.7) ta thy rng p.b.e tng khi s ngi s dng ng thi K tng v gim cng vi Gp. truyn dn ting s ho, yu cu p.b.e vo khong 10-3. Nu bit Eb/N0' yu cu v li x l Gp, ta c th s dng (4.8) c tnh K: s ngi s dng ng thi c php trong h thng. Gi s iu khin cng sut l tng (cng sut thu c t tt c cc ngi s dng cng my thu c xt u nh nhau: Prj=Prk= Pr ) v coi rng h s tch cc ting k nh nhau cho tt c cc ngi s dng, s dng ptr. (4.2) v (4.5) ta c:
E br N0
= (SNR)in G p = G p
Pr BN 0 + (K 1)Pr (1 + )
(4.9)
Gii ptr.(4.9) cho K ta c:

Gp (E b / N 0 )(1 + )
K = 1+
BN 0 Pr (1 + )
(4.10)
Ptr (4.10) t gi tr cc i khi b qua thnh phn th hai:

K max = 1 + Gp (E br / N0 )(1 + )
(4.11)
Kmax c gi l im cc hay dung lng tim cn. T ptr.( 4.11), nu xt n cc nh hng khc nh: phn on , tch cc ting, mc iu khin cng sut hon ho ta c s ngi s dng cc i trong mt xc nh theo cng thc sau:
K max = 1 + Gp E br / N
0
1 1+
(4.12)
trong : l h s nhiu t cc khc, l li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting v h s iu khin cng sut hon ho.
66
Lu rng mc d nhiu giao thoa c bng tn rt rng, PSD ca n khng phng v v th khng phi l tp m trng nh ta m hnh n. Nn cn c mt phn tch cht ch hn. Trong phn sau ta s gii thch v rt ra biu thc chnh xc hn cho p.b.e. Ta xt khong thi gian [0,Tb ] v gi s u ra ca b tng quan (hnh 4.1) thi im t=Tb l Y. Mu Y ny l mt bin ngu nhin ph thuc vo tnh ngu nhin ca tt c cc lung bit s liu, cc pha ca sng mang v cc thi gian tr. Do tnh i xng nn ta ch cn xt mt bit +1 ca ngi s dng th nht lm ngi s dng tham kho. (Xc sut c iu kin ca li bit cng s nh vy nu ta coi rng bit -1 c pht). Tt c K-1 tn hiu pht d b ng thi khc c coi l nhiu. Nu coi rng cc mch ng b hot ng bnh thng, ta c th t c hai tr k v pha k bng khng. Ta xt tt c cc j khc (jk) nh l cc tr tng i v m hnh chng nh l cc bin ngu nhin c lp c cng phn b (i.i.d: independent identically distributed) trn khong [0,Tb]. Tt c cc bit s liu ca cc ngun gy nhiu u c m hnh nh l cc bin ngu nhin ri rc c lp i.i.d. ng xc sut l +1 hay -1. C th m hnh cc dch pha sng mang thu (rj=j-2fcj, jk) nh l cc bin ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2].
4.2.2. M hnh ca mt my thu phi hp

Ta s kho st mt h thng v tuyn di ng gm cc my di ng l cc my pht v cc trm gc l cc my thu. S khi tng qut cu cc my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d b v mt my pht n trong h thng ny c cho hnh 4.2. Mi ngi s dng pht thng tin s ti cng mt tc d s liu bng 1/Tb . Ta gi thit rng iu ch theo lng cc, v th k hiu th m ca ngi s dng th k dk(m) trn hnh 4.2 c th nhn gi tr +1 hoc -1. Ta c th k hiu lung s liu lng cc ca ngi s dng th k gm 2M+1 k hiu nh sau: dkT = {dk(-M),....., dk(0), ....., dk(M)} (4.13)
trong (2M+1) l s cc k hiu s liu c pht v T k hiu cho ma trn chuyn v. K hiu lng cc dk(m) c xc nh bi k hiu n cc bk(m)={0,1} nh sau: dk(m)= 1-2bk(m) Tn hiu lng cc ca ngi s dng k c biu din nh sau: (4.14)
dk (t) =
m =M
d k (m)pTb (t mTb )
(4.15)
trong 2M+1 l s k hiu c pht, Tb l rng xung ch nht tng ng mt bit v pTb(t) l xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau: 1 t [ 0,Tb ] (4.16) pTb (t) = 0 t [ 0,Tb ]
67
a)
d1(t)
Tx1 c1(t)
d2(t)
Tx2 c2(t) s(t) Knh r(t)
dk(t)
Txk ck(t)
dK(t)
TxK cK(t)
b)
Ngun bit
bj(t)
B sp xp 0 +1 1 -1
dj(t)
B iu ch v tri ph
sj(t)
cj(t)
Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d b . (a) K my pht, (b) Mt my pht n.
Mi my pht c n nh mt chui m PN ck(t) c di N hu nh trc giao vi nhau nh sau:

c k (t) = c k (i)pT (t iTc )
i =1
c
(4.17)
trong c k (i) c k hiu cho k hiu ti thi im iTc ca chui k trong Tc l rng chip, k hiu ny nhn cc gi tr t tp {+1,-1} v pTc(t) l hm xung n v xc nh theo cng thc sau: 1 t [ 0, Tc ] (4.18) pT (t) = 0 t [ 0, Tc ]
c
Sau tri ph v iu ch ta c tn hiu pht cu ngi s dng j nh sau:

s k (t) =
m = M
2E bj Tb
d k (t)c k (t) cos(2fc t + k )
hay:
s k (t) =
m = M
Pk d k (t)C k (t)
(4.19)
68
trong Ebk v Pk l nng lng bit v cng sut trung bnh sng mang ca my pht k, k l pha ban u ca sng mang my pht k, Ck(t) l m th hin ng thi tri ph v iu ch BPSK c gi l ch k v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
C k (t) =
2 cos (2fc t + k ) c k (t) 0
t [ 0, Tb ] t [ 0, Tb ]
(4.20)
trong fc l sng mang, k l gc pha ban u v ck(t) l chui chip tri ph vi thi gian mt chip l Tc bin l +1 hoc -1. tin ta cng coi rng di chui N bng li tri ph Tb/Tc, trong Tc l rng chip. Ta d dng nhn thy rng:
1 Tb
C (t)dt
2 j 0
Tb
=1
j=1,2,.... K
(4.21)
ta c th biu din tn hiu thu c sau knh truyn dn nh sau:

r(t) = Prj
j=1 K m = M
d (m)C (t mT ) + n(t)
j j b j
(4.22)
trong Prj =Pj/Lp l cng sut trung bnh sng mang thu, Lp l suy hao truyn sng, n(t) l tp m Gauss trng c mt ph cng sut n bin N0 . Trong mt h thng DSCDMA ng b, tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng c ng b k hiu vi nhau. Th d ca h thng ny l ng xung trong mng thng tin di ng t ong. Tn hiu thu c trong h thng ng b l trng hp c bit ca cng thc (4.22), khi cc dch thi j vi j=1,2,...., K u bng nhau, v th khng mt tnh tng qut nu ta coi chng bng khng, tn hiu thu khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
r(t) = Prj
j=1 K m = M
d (m)C (t mT ) + n(t)
j j b
(4.23)
V y khng cn dch thi gia cc k hiu nn ta c th xt cho mt bit chng hn m=0 theo biu thc sau:
r(t) = Prj d j (0)C j (t) + n(t)
k =1 K
(4.24)
My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu cu K ngi s dng c cho hnh 4.3.
69
iTc + 1 + mTb
(i 1) Tc + 1 + mTb
(.)dt
y1 (i)
iTc + mTb + 1
c1 (i)
(.)
i =1
Y1 (m )
(m + 1)Tb + 1
Mch quyt nh
b1 ( m )
2 cos( c t + 1 ) Tb iT +
c
r(t)
(i 1) Tc + 2 + mTb
(.)dt
2 + mTb
y 2 (i)
2 cos( c t + 2 ) Tb
iTc + mTb + 2 c 2 (i)
(.)
i =1
Y2 (m )
(m + 1)Tb + 2
Mch quyt nh
b 2 ( m)
iT + K+ T c mb
2 cos( c t + K ) Tb
(i c+ K+ T 1)T m b
y K (i)
(.)dt
(.)
i =1
YK (m ) Mch quyt b K (m)
iTc + mTb + K c K (i)
(m + 1)Tb + K
nh
Hnh 4.3. My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu DSCDMA d b K ngi s dng My thu ny bao gm tp hp cc b lc phi hp vi cc mch quyt nh. B lc k c phi hp vi tn hiu thu Ck(t) tng ng. u ra ca b lc k c ly mu ti cui khong thi gian k hiu m. Ta c th vit:
Yk (m) = 1 Tb
k +( m +1)Tb
r(t)C k (t mTb k )dt
-MmM
(4.25)
k + mTb
Mch quyt nh nh gi k hiu m ca ngi s dng th j trn c s ly mu cui thi gian ca bit m v kho st du ca bin quyt nh Yj: + 1 nu Yk (m) 0 (4.26) d k (m) = sign [ Yk (m)] = 1 nu Yk (m) < 0 Ngoi ra trong khong thi gian ca bit m, tn hiu sau tch phn li c ly mu ti cui thi gian ca mt chip. Kt qu ly mu c so snh tng quan vi tng chip cu chui tri ph a phng trc khi a ln b cng. Ta c th biu din li ptr.(4.25) dng tch phn phn on nh sau nh sau:
Yk (m) =
i =1 N
1 Tb
iTc + k + mTb
r(t)c k (t mTb k )dt
(4.27)
( i1)Tc + k + mTb
Ta coi rng ng b sng mang l l tng v b lc c khuych i cng sut bng mt. K hiu:
1 Tb
iTc + k + mTb
y k (i) =
r(t)C k (t mTb k )dt
(4.28)
( i1)Tc + k + mTb
ta c
70
Yk (m) = y k (i)
i =1
(4.29)
trong N l di ca chui m. Thay r(t) t (4.23) vo (4.27) ta c:

Yk (m) = E brk d k (m) +
iTc + k + mTb
+ Pjr
j=1 j k
1 Tb
m = M i =1 ( i1)T + + mT c k b
d j (n)c j (t nTb j )c k (t mTb k )dt
+ n0 trong n 0 = phng sai 2 = n u=t-mTb-k,

1 Tb
N0 2
k +( m +1)Tb
(4.30)
n(t)c k (t mTb k )dt l thnh phn tp m c trung bnh khng v
k + mTb
vi N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m u vo my thu.
t:
= n m v kj = j k cho (4.29), sau khi bin i ta c:

K N
Yk (m) = E brk d k (m)

+ E brj
j=1 j k i =1
1 Tb
iTc
d j (m + )C j (u Tb kj )c k (u)du
( i1)Tc
(4.31) + n0 trong Ebrk v Ebrj l nng lng bit thu ca ngi s dng k v j, m l bit th m ca ca ch k Cj(t). Ta c th vit li ptr.(4.31) nh sau:
Yk (m) = E brk d k (m) + E bjr d j (m + )R kj ( ) +nk(m)
j=1 j k K
(4.32)
trong R kj ( ) l tng quan cho ca hai chui m c xc nh nh sau:

R kj ( ) = 1 Tb
c (t
j 0
Tb
Tb kj )c k (t)dt
(4.33)
v k=1,2,....K; j=1, 2, ...., K; m=-M,....,0,....,M Phng trnh (4.32) cho thy tn hiu thu dc u ra ca my thu phi hp k gm ba thnh phn vi thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch, thnh phn th hai l nhiu a ngi s dng v thnh phn th ba l tp m Gauss. Thnh phn nhiu t l tuyn tnh vi bin tn hiu nhiu ( E bjr ). V th nu tn hiu nhiu mnh, n s gy nhiu mnh v chn tt c cc tn hiu yu khc. y l nhc im chnh ca my thu b lc phi hp. Thm ch ngay c khi cng sut cu tt c cc ngi s dng nh nhau, thnh phn nhiu c th vn ng k do tng quan cho gia tn hiu hu ch v nhiu cao v cc gi tr tr khc nhau. Nh vy my thu b lc phi hp khng cho hiu nng ti u khi c mt cc tn hiu gy nhiu. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta nghin cu s dng cc my thu tch sng a ngi s dng.
71
4.3. XC XUT LI BIT

Khi khng c nhiu giao thoa (K=1) h thng c xt l mt h thng BPSK tri ph. T ptr(4.22), khi ch xt cho truyn dn mt bit s liu, khi xt c tr do truyn sng v tp m ng truyn v coi rng cng sut ca tt cc ngi s dng my thu nh nhau, ta c th vit tn hiu thu my thu k nh sau:
r(t) =
j=1 K
2E brj Tb
d j (t j )c j (t j ) cos(2fc t + rj ) +n(t)
(4.34)
trong : cj(t) k hiu cho chui m tri ph, j l tr truyn sng, rj = j 2fc j l gc pha ca tn hiu thu v l gc pha ban u ca sng mang c pht. Ga s my thu k t c ng b nh thi n tn hiu thu v ng b sng mang. Hm c ly mu quyt nh Yk(t) l tng cu cc cc thnh phn tn hiu, tp m v nhiu giao thoa c xc nh nh sau:
Yk (t) = d k (t k ) E br
2 E br Tb
k + Tb
K d j (t j )c j (t j )c k (t k ) cos(2fc t + rj ) cos(2fc t + rk ) dt j=1 jk

k + Tb
+ trong
2 Tb
n(t)c k (t k ) cos(2fc t + rk )dt
, ktk +Tb
(4.35)
k l pha ca chui ngu nhin ni v kr l pha ca b giao ng ni ti my thu k.

(4.36)
Ta c th vit li ptr. (4.35) nh sau:

Yk (t) = d k (t k ) E br + n k + I k
trong : thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch m ta cn tch ra, thnh phn th hai:
nk = 2 Tb
k + Tb
n(t) cos(2fc t + rk )dt
(4.37)
l tp m Gauss c lp c trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0/2, thnh phn th ba l nhiu a ngi s dng MUI, nu t: u=t-k thi sau khi bin i thnh phn th hai trong ptr. (4.35) ta c: T K 2 E br d (u )c (u )c (u) cos(2f u + ) cos(2f u + ) du (4.38) Ik = kj j kj k c kj c k j Tb j=1 0 j k
b
trong : kj
K
= j k v kj = j 2f c kj , 0tTb
l tng ca K-1 thnh phn c lp v c phn b phc tp. Qu trnh tm phn b ca Ik = I kj v sau s dng n c tnh p.b.e. trung bnh l mt cng vic kh khn v ta phi
j=1 j k
tnh ton gn ng hay thit lp cc gii hn. Mc d c th nhn c cc gii hn trn v di ca p.b.e kh chnh xc vi ci gi phi tr l tng phc tp ca vic tnh ton, ta s ch xt cc kt qu gn ng.
72
Ta xt mt ngun gy nhiu j i vi ngi s dng k nh hnh 4.4. Ta xt phng trnh (4.38). S dng cng thc lng gic ta c cos(2fcu+kj)cos(2fcu+k) = (1/2)[cos(kjk) +cos(4fct+kj +k)] v n gin k hiu ta s s dng k hiu 'jk thay cho kj- k trn hnh v cng nh trong cc cng thc di y. V tn s sng mang fc ln hn nhiu so vi tc chip ca cc cj(t), nn thnh phn nhn i tn s s b loi b sau khi ly tch phn. Lu rng tr tng i kj c th l mt gi tr no trong khong 0 v Tb , gi tr ca Ikj ph thuc vo hai bit gy nhiu lin tip nh hnh 4.4a. Ta k hiu rng bit u trong s hai bit ny (t ngi s dng j) l
) d ( j1 v bit th hai l d ( j) . Ta c th vit u ra ca b tng quan gy ra do 0
kj
mt ngun nhiu nh sau: 1 ( I kj = E br cos (kj ) dj)1 Tb
c k (t kj )c j (t)dt + d(0j)
1 Tb
kj
Tb
c k (t kj )c j (t)dt

(4.39)
, trong : kj = kj k , 0 kj Tb
Trn hnh 4.4 c hai bit u c t bng +1, nhng tng qut chng s l +1 hay -1 vi xc sut nh nhau. Trong th d ny ta c N=7 chip trong mi chu k chui v kj=3,5Tc. Xt ptr.(4.39) ta thy rng Ikj ph thuc vo hm tng quan cho tun hon
1 Tb
c (t
j 0
Tb
)c k (t)dt
( nu dj)1 = d(0j) , hay hiu s gia hai tng quan cho khng tun hon tng phn
1 Tb
kj
c (t
j 0
kj
)c k (t)dt v
1 Tb
c (t
j
kj
Tb
kj
( )c k (t)dt nu dj)1 d(0j) .
C th lp cng thc tng quan cho gia hai dng sng PN lin quan n tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon Rkj(i) ca cc chui PN tng ng c(k)=(ao(k), a1(k), ..... , a(k)N-1)v c(j)= (a0(j), a1(j), .... , a(j)N-1) trong Rk,j(i) c nh ngha nh sau: N1i ( j) ( k ) a a +i , 0 i N 1 =0 1 N1+i ( j) ( k) R kj (i) = (4.40) N a i a , (N 1) i < 0 =0 0 , i khc tr n nh c v hnh 4.5.
73
a/
t=0 "+1"
t=Tb
- + + kj
- -
Chun tham kho
- + + - "+1"
- + - + +
"+1"
- - +
Nhiu giao thoa
b/
t=0
- + + kj=iTc+ kj.Tc
+ -
-(Tb-kj)
- + + - kjTc
- - +
- + +
- +
(1- kj)Tc
t=0
c/
t=0
d/
- + + - + iTc
- + - +
(1- kj)
-(N-i-1)Tc
- + +
- +
- kj
- + + (i+1)Tc
- + + -(N-i)Tc
- - +
- + + - -
kj
- + + -
- - +
(1- kj)
Hnh 4.4. Nhiu nhiu ngi s dng: a) tng quan trong khong (0,Tb); b) nh l tng ca hai tng quan cho khng tun hon; c) phn chia thnh hai tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon
74
a/ a0
(k)
a1
(k)
(k) ai
ai+1 ai+2
(k)
(k)
. . . .a
(k) N-1
i0 b/
(k) (k)
a0
(j)
a1 a 2
(j)
(j)
. . . .a . . .
(j)
N--1 +ii
a 0 a1 i<0 a0
(j)
. . . . .a . . .
(k)
N--1+ii
. .
a-i a-i+1
(j)
(j)
. . . . .
aN-1
(j)
Hnh 4.5. Hm tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon Rck,cj: a) 0iN-1, b) -(N-1)i<0 Nu i dng, chui nhiu dch sang phi i chip v tng quan c thc hin N-i on nh hnh 4.5a. Mt khc nu i m chui nhiu dch tri v khi ny c tng quan nh hnh 4.5b. Xt tnh hung in hnh nh hnh 4.4b khi tr tng i kj = iTc+kjTc , 0iN-1 (4.41)
khng hon ton l bi s nguyn ca Tc. ptr. (4.41) ta m hnh kj l mt bin ngu nhin ng u trong khong (0,1). T hnh 4.3d ta thy rng:
1 Tb
c (t
j 0
kj
)c k (t)dt = R kj [(N i 1) ] kj + R kj (N i)(1 kj )
= R kj (i N) + R kj (1 + i N) R kj (i N) kj
(4.42)
V kj nm trong khong t 0 n 1, tng quan cho tng phn (4.42) l mt s trong khong Rck,cj(i-N) v Rck,cj(1+i-N). Tng t tng quan cho tng phn th hai 4.39) c th vit nh sau (xem hnh 4.3.c):
1 Tb
c (t
j k
Tb
kj
)c k (t)dt = R kj (i)(1 kj ) + R kj (i + 1) kj
= R kj (i) + R kj (i + 1) R kj (i) kj
(4.43)
(i )
l mt s nm gia Rkj(i) v Rkj(i+1). Cc chui SSMA ( a
), j= 1,2,3,....,K l cc chui xc
nh v ta c th tnh tt c cc tng quan cho Rkj(i) cho tt c i. Bin ngu nhin Ikj nh vy ch thuc vo bn bin ngu nhin c lp: 'kj, d-1(j), d0(j) v kj. V bit phn b ca chng, nn c th nh gi c phn b ca mi Ikj.
75
Thnh phn nhiu MAI: Ik l tng ca K-1 thnh phn Ikj c lp v th hm mt xc sut ca n l tch chp K-1 ln: fIk(x)=fY1fY2....fYK(x) tr fYk (4.44)
Rt kh thc hin tch chp ny nhng ta c th thc hin n t nht l l thuyt. nhn c p.b.e trc ht ta t c nh Ik =x v tnh ton xc sut li thng qua ptr. (4.36):
P(Yk < 0|I k = x) = P
n k + x + E br < 0 N0 / 2
x = Q + 2E br / N 0 N /2 0
P.b.e trung bnh khi ny c xc nh bng cch ly trung bnh I:
Pb = E Q
(4.45)
x + 2E br / N 0 N /2 0
x = fIk (x)Q + 2E br / N 0 dx N /2 0
(4.46)
Vic xc nh hm mt fIk(x) cho MUI sau thc hin tch phn trn khng d rng, c bit khi K ln. Ta c th nhn c gii hn trn v di bng phng php s khi s dng mt s bin i i vi fIk(x); cc gii hn ny t c chnh xc ty theo phc tp ca tnh ton. Tuy nhin cc kt qu kh chnh xc ny khng c cc li gii dng kn.
4.4. CDMA VI CC PHNG PHP IU CH KHC

Khi la chn mt s iu ch s ta cn cn nhc mt s vn : (1) rng bng tn;(2) cng sut; (3) hiu nng chng li p.b.e. Bng thng l khong ph cn thit truyn mt tn iu ch. ng thi ta cng mun t c cht lung yu cu (do khch hng l ngi tr tin dch v) khi cng sut nh v gi thnh thp. Nh l mt quy tc d thy: Bng thng bng tc k hiu thoe Nyquist. Trong thc t n ph thuc vo dng xung iu ch v tc k hiu (c th khng phi l nh phn). Bng thng cn thit cho mt tn hiu y(t) c xc nh bi PSD ca n. tm c PSD, trc ht ta cn tm hm t tng quan E(Y(t+)Y*(t))=R(,t). Hm t tng quan ny l mt hm tun hon theo thi gian t. . Ta trung bnh ho n trn khong thi gian t v thc hin bin i Fourier so vi nhn c PSD (f). Chng hn, PSD i vi mt tn hiu BPSK l:
(f) =
P 2R b
[sin c (f fc )T b + sin c (f + fc )Tb ]

2 2
(4.47)
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trong 2P l bin tn hiu cn sinc(x)=sin(x)/(x). PSD cho thy s phn b ca tn hiu theo tn s nh th no. Lu rng vic ly tch phn PSD tt c cc tn s s cho ta tng cng sut E[Y2(t)]. i vi BPSK, ta c th nhn thy t cng thc (4.65) rng cng sut ca n tp trung xung quanh tn s sng mang f=fc, theo nh mong i i vi mt tn hiu bng thng. Ngoi ra bp chnh nm trong (fc-1/Tb ,fc+1/Tb) v rng bng gi hai gi tr khngvo khong 2/Tb =2RbHz, trong Rb l tc bit. Do s gim chm ca cc bp bn PSD nn rng bng truyn dn l thuyt i vi BPSK l v hn. Tuy nhin 99% cng sut BPSK c cha rng bng 16Rb Hz v v th rng bng cha 99% cng sut ca BPSK l BBPSK,99%=16Rb. Tng t nh vy ta c th thy rng bng 90% cng sut BPSK l BBPSK,90%=1.6Rb. Trong thc t mt tn hiu vi rng bng cho trc cn c tip tc hn ch bng tn trc khi c pht. rng bng thng ca b lc bng thng l rng bng tn truyn dn cui cng ca tn hiu c pht. Lu rng qu trnh lc gy ra mo v nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu dn n li trong qu trnh gii iu ch. Ngoi ra lu rng PSD c th c to dng bng cch thay i dng xung v (hoc) a thm tng quan vo chui s liu. knh AWGN, p.b.e l mt hm ca t s nng lng bit tn hiu trn mt ph tp m (SNR), ta k hiu n l Ebr/N0=PrTb/N0. SNR cao hn (chng hn cng sut P ln hn hay thi gian bit Tb lu hn hay mt cng ph cng sut tp m mt bin N0 thp hn) c ngha l p.b.e thp hn. i vi BPSK, quan h ny l:
Pb ,BPSK = Q( 2.SNR)
(4.48)
i vi Pe=10-3, SNR cn thit l 6,7dB. Mt s c hiu sut s dng tn s tt hn BPSK l iu ch kho dch pha vung gc (QPSK), s ny rng xung iu ch tng gp i t Tb n 2Tb . Thng tin c pht i hai sng mang trc giao trong dng sng QPSK sQPSK(t), trong :
s QPSK =
d
i =
I ,i
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P cos(2fc t + )
Q ,i
d
i =
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P sin(2fc t + )
= d I (t) 2P cos(2fc t + ) d Q (t) 2P sin(2fc t + )

=
2P cos {[ 2fc t + + (t) ]}
(4.49)
phng trnh trn, dI,i v dQ,i l cc bit s liu , p2Tb(t)=1 i vi 0<t<2Tb v bng khng nu khc, l hm xung ch nht bin n v v hm pha (t) nhn cc gi tr 450, 1350, 2250, 3150 v c th dch pha c 2Tb mt ln. rng bng tn ca QPSK bng mt na rng ca BPSK, nhng tc bit vn bng 1/Tb =Rb. Cc bit li knh ng pha (tng ng vi sng mang ng pha cos(2fct+)) v knh vung gc (tng ng vi sng mang vung gc sin(2fct+)) gy ra do AWGN s c lp vi nhau. V th BPSK v QPSK c cng hiu nng. Nn QPSK u vit hn BPSK.
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QPSK thng c thc hin vi cc dng sng vung gc dch nhau Tb giy. Tn hiu tng hp c gi l QPSK c dch pha (OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) hay QPSK lch pha (Stagged QPSK):
S OQPSK (t) = 2Pd I (t) cos(2fc t + ) 2Pd Q (t Tb ) sin(2fc t + )
(4.50)
OQPSK c cng rng v cng c tnh p.b.e. nh QPSK. Mt tn hiu QPSK c th dch pha 00, 900 v 1800 2Tb giy mi ln, cn OQPSK c th dch pha 00, 900 Tb giy mi ln. Nu ta thay i hm xung ch nht OQPSK thnh hm na xung dng cosin, th ta nhn c dng sng kho dch cc tiu (MSK: Minimum Shift Keying):
s MSK (t) =
d
i =
I ,k
cos(t / 2Tb )p2 Tb (t i2Tb Tb ) 2P cos(2fc t + )
d Q ,i cos(t / 2Tb )p 2 Tb (t i2Tb Tb ) 2P sin(2fc t + )

i =
(4.51)
MSK c pha lin tc; n c cng p.b.e. nh QPSK, nhng c tnh PSD tt hn. Mt cch ngu nhin BMSK,90%BQPSK,90%, nhng BMSK,99% nh hn nhiu so vi rng bng 99% cng sut ca QPSK. C th ci thin hn na c tnh ph ca MSK bng cch s dng cc xung Gauss (v th c tn l GMSK). Tuy nhin cc xung Gauss a thm vo nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu v cht lng s gim. V th cn cn nhc gia rng di thng v cht lng. V mt l thuyt cc tn hiu BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK c bin khng i v chng c hn ch bng tn ri khuych i (thng bng b khuych i phi tuyn c hiu sut cao) trc khi pht. Cc tn hiu sau khi lc khng cn c bin khng i v chng c th bo ho b khuych i phi tuyn. Ta bit rng nh hng ca qu trnh lc l vic a vo mt thnh phn bin nh nhng khng t bin nu chuyn dch pha nh. V th s thay i bin t nht i vi MSK, sau l OQPSK, QPSK v BPSK. Cc iu ch PSK l cc s nht qun, nn i hi mch vng kho pha bm pha sng mng pha thu. Nu mo pha knh khng gy thay i ng k trong khong thi gian hai bit lin tip, th c th s dng s iu ch nht qun vi sai. PSK m ho vi sai (DPSK: Differential Phase Shift Keying), bit "1" c pht i bng cch dch pha sng mang 1800 so vi sng mang thi ca bit trc. Bit "0" c pht i vi dch pha tng i bng 0. rng bng truyn dn ca DPSK ging nh rng bng ca BPSK, nhng n khng cn vng kho pha ng b pha. Nhng ci gi phi tr cho vic thc hin n gin hn l hiu nng km hn BPSK, iu ny th hin biu thc p.b.e:
Pb ,DPSK = 1 2
SNR
(4.52)
trong nh thng l SNR=Eb/N0. DPSK i hi SNR bng 8dB. DPSK bn pha (4-DPSK), cc dch pha tng i gia cc on thi gian 2T l 450, 1350, 2250, 3150. Biu thc p.b.e. cho 4-DPSK phc tp hn:
Pb ,4 DPSK = Q(a SNR , b SNR ) 1 2
2.SNR
I 0 (SNR. 2 )
(4.53)
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trong a=0,76537 v b=1,8478. Q(x,y) l hm Q Marcum v I0(x) l hm Bessel ci tin bc khng. Pb=10-3, SNR cn thit cho 4-DPSK l 9dB. So snh cc s iu ch s c cho bng 4.1. Bng 4 .1. So snh cc phng thc iu ch khc nhau BPSK Pb(SNR) B99% BNyquist SNR cho Pb=0,001 Q( 2 SNR ) 16Rb Rb 6,7 dB QPSK hay OQPSK Q( 2 SNR ) 8Rb 0,5 Rb 6,7 dB MSK Q( 2 SNR ) 1,2Rb 0,52 Rb 6,7 dB DPSK 4-DPSK
1 SNR e 2 16Rb Rb 8dB
Q(a SNR , b SNR )

8Rb 0,5 Rb 9dB
R rng l rng bng tn cha 99% cng sut ca MSK tt hn cc iu ch khc. Hiu nng p.b.e v s t thay i ng bao tt hn ca MSK khin cho n c a chn hn. Tuy nhin gi thnh thc hin cho MSK cao. Mt khc nu cng sut khng phi l vn xem xt chnh th 4-DPSK c th l chn la tt nh hiu sut s dng ph tn v thc hin n gin hn. Trong khi tnh ton ngi ta thng s dng rng bng tn Nyquist. Trong CDMA, bng thng cn thit tng khi h s tri ph N tng. Cc sng mang ng pha v pha vung gc cc ptr. (4.49), (4.50) c tip tc iu ch bi cc dng sng tri ph, cI(t) v cQ(t). Ngoi ra cc dch thi cc ptr. (4.49), (4.50) v (4.51) c bin i t Tb vo Tc giy v cc na xung hm cosin ptr. (4.50) cng thay i di t 2Tb vo 2Tc giy. Nu ta m hnh MAI nh tp m b sung vo knh nh trong ptr. (4.64), th cng c th m rng cc kt qu v hiu nng phn trc cho DPSK, 4-DPSK v cc dng iu ch khc. vy cn cng ng gp ca MAI v tnh ton SNR nh sau:
SNR = = E br N0 + I0 1 E br / N 0 = 1 + (K 1) Gp E br N 0 + 2(K 1)Pr Tc / 2
(4.54)
trong Gp=B/Rb=Tb/Tc T phng trnh (4.54), s ngi s dng cc i c th tnh nh sau: 1 1 (4.55) K max = 1 + G p E / N E / N
br 0 br 0
Th d, vi 4-DPSK Pb=10-3, SNR thu cn thit l 9 dB (bng 4.1). Coi rng t s tn hiu trn tp m nhit Ebr/N0 in hnh bng 15 dB, ta c th tnh s ngi s dng nh sau: Kmax= 1 + G p
1 10
0 ,9
1 10
1,5
)
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K 1 + 0, 094G p
i vi N=100, CDMA/4-DPSK s m bo 10 ngi s dng ng thi. i vi CDMA/4DPSK, s K tng n 0,254Gp nhng hiu sut bng tn gim mt na.
4.5. TNG KT
Chng ny xt m hnh tng qut knh DSCDMA. M hnh ny hin nay ang c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (gi tt l 3G) nh: W-CDMA v cdma2000. m hnh knh ny hot ng mi ngi s dng cn c cp pht mt m tri ph trc giao (xem chng 1). Cc m ny c th l m gi tp m (PN) hoc m Walsh. Da trn m hnh knh DSCDMA chng ny cng a ra cng thc tnh ton dung lng n gin thit k h thng (phng trnh 4.12). T phng trnh ny ta thy s ngi s dng ti a trong mt ph thuc vo: h s nhiu t cc khc , li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting v h s iu khin cng sut hon ho . gim thiu nhiu n t cc khc h thng phi thc hin chuyn giao ti u. Vic phn on bng cch s dng nhiu anten c bp sng hp cng gim nhiu ng knh v tng dung lng . V th khi thit k h thng ta cn lu n vn ny Ngoi ra iu ny lm ny sinh tng xy dng cc m hnh anten thng minh v anten thch ng. Ting ni trong khi m thai cng l ngun gy nhiu ng knh. gim nhiu ny ngi ta cng thit k cc CODEC c tc bit thay i ty theo tn sut ting. iu khin cng sut l bt buc trong h thng CDMA trnh hin tng xa gn. V th khi thit k ta cng cn lu tm n t c . gn bng 1. Vic tnh ton BER cho ng xung (t BTS n MS) l tng i n gin v c th coi y l ng truyn CDMA ng b (cc tn hiu pht cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau n my thu c xt l ng thi). Nhng tnh ton BER cho ng ln (t MS n BTS) l rt phc tp v ng truyn CDMA ny khng ng b ( cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng t MS n BTS b tr khc nhau ph thuc vo v tr ca h). Trong trng hp ny cc m tri ph ca cc ngi s dng khng cn trc giao na dn n nhiu ng knh tng. Nhiu ny c xc nh theo phng trnh (4.39) v c phn tch trn hnh (4.4). Phn tch cc h thng iu ch khc nhau p dng cho CDMA cho thy s dng iu ch BPSK v QPSK l thch hp hn c. Chnh v l do ny cc h hng 3G hin nay u s dng cc phng thc iu ch ny. Trong tng lai tng thm dung lng h thng cc h thng CDMA c th p dng M-QAM vi M>4.
4.6. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gi thit rng ta nhn tp m Gauss trung bnh khng n(t) vi c(t)sin(2fct+) v sau ly tch phn tch nhn c trong thi gian 2Tb giy, tm gi tr trung bnh u ra Z ca b tch phn? (a) Bng khng; (b) Khc khng 2. iu kin ging nh cu trn. Tm phng sai u ra Z b tch phn? (a) Bng N0T/2; (b) N0T/4; (c) N0T 3. Hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin DSCDMA l (a) nhiu hn ch; (b) nng lng hn ch; (c) tp m hn ch; (d) khng nhy cm vi hiu
80
ng xa-gn nu chui tri ph rt di c s dng
4. Nu ta tng gp i di chui h thng DSCDMA th

(a) s ngi s dng c php tng gp i (b) t s tn hiu trn tp m gim mt na; (c) p.b.e gim mt na; (d) tt c cc iu ni trn u ng (e) khng iu no ni trn ng
5. Gi thit Ebr/N0 = 15dB, K/N=0,1 v N rt ln, tm BER i vi CDMA BPSK khi s

dng cng thc (4.8) v cng thc gn ng sau: Q(x) = exp(x 2 / 2) /( 2x)
6. Tnh dung lng h thng CDMA theo s ngi s dng /on vi cc d liu sau:
Eb N0 = 6 (dB)
, nhiu t cc ln cn l 60%, tha s tch cc ting l 50%, Tha s iu
7.
8.
khin cng sut chnh xc l 0,8; li phn on : 2,5, rng bng tn v tuyn l : 1,25 Mhz, Tc bit thng tin : 9,6 kbps 10; (b) 26; (c) 40 Tm tc chip cn thit ca chui PN cho h thng DSCDMA s dng u ch BPSK vi cc thng s sau:Eb/N0=6,8dB, tc bit knh 9,6 kbps; nhiu t cc khc 60%; tha s tch cc ting 50%; chnh xc iu khin cng sut 0,8; khng s dng phn on . (a) 100kcps; (b) 1Mcps; (c) 1,8Mcps (tip). Xc sut li bit trong trng hp ny bng bao nhiu? S dng cng thc gn ng sau Q(x) = exp(x 2 / 2) /( 2x) . (a) 1,5.10-2; (b) 1,5.10-3; (c) 1,5.10-4 (a) BPSK; (b) QPSK; (c) GMSK; (d) DPSK
9. Cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA s dng iu ch no sau y?
81
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
CHNG 5 A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI TRNG PHAINH A NG DI NG V PHN TP

5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by Tnh cht knh trong cc min khng gian, min tn s v min thi gian Quan h thng s knh gia cc min khc nhau Cc loi phainh bng hp Phn b Rayleigh v Rice M hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s Cc dng phn tp
5.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [2], [3] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc nh hng khc nhau ca knh truyn sng ln truyn dn v tuyn di ng Bit cch tnh ton cc thng s knh Xy dng c m hnh knh truyn sng Hiu c nguyn l ca mt s dng phn tp in hnh
5.2. M U
Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong cc h thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc tnh cht thng k di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng. Nhng trong cc h thng iu ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh. Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn. Cc yu t ny l: Suy hao. Cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm trong khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
82

Che ti. Cc vt cn gia trm gc v my di ng lm suy gim thm tn hiu Phainh a ng v phn tn thi gian. Phn x, nhiu x v tn x lm mo tn hiu thu bng cch tri rng chng theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng thng cu h thng, yu t ny dn n thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Interference). Nhiu. Cc my pht khc s dng cng tn s hay cc tn s ln cn khc gy nhiu cho tn hiu mong mun. i khi nhiu c coi l tp m b sung. C th phn cc knh v tuyn thnh hai loi: "phainh phm vi rng" v "phainh phm vi hp". Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut trung bnh thu c ti cc khong cch cho trc so vi my pht. i vi cc khong cch ln (vi km), cc m hnh truyn sng phm vi rng c s dng. Phainh phm vi hp m t s thng ging nhanh sng v tuyn theo bin , pha v tr a ng trong khong thi gian ngn hay trn c ly di chuyn ngn. Phainh trong trng hp ny gy ra do truyn sng a ng. Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin, n c th thay i t cc ng truyn thng n cc ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc v tr khc nhau. Hnh 5.1 cho thy rng trong min khng gian, mt knh c cc c trng khc nhau (bin chng hn) ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian) v phainh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc khng gian. Hnh 5.2 cho thy trong min tn s, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc tn s khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn s) v pha inh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc tn s. Hnh 5.3 cho thy rng trong min thi gian, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) v phainh do n gy ra l phainh phn tp thi gian. Da trn cc c tnh trn, ta c th phn chia phainh knh thnh: phainh chn lc khng gian (phainh phn tp khng gian), phainh chn lc tn s (phainh phn tp tn s), phainh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian ). Chng ny s xt cc tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, thi gian v tn s,
Tnh chn lc khng gian ca knh Bin
Min khng gian
Hnh 5.1. Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian
83

Tnh chn lc tn s ca knh Bin
Min tn s
Hnh 5.2. Tnh cht knh trong min tn s

Tnh chn lc thi gian ca knh Bin
Min thi gian
Hnh 5.3. Tnh cht knh trong min thi gian
5.3. MIN KHNG GIAN

Cc thuc tnh trong min khng gian bao gm: tn hao ng truyn v chn lc khng gian. Tn hao ng truyn thuc loi phainh phm vi rng cn chn lc khng gian thuc loi phainh phm vi hp. Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut thu trung bnh ti mt khong cch cho trc so vi my pht, nh gi ny c gi l nh gi tn hao ng truyn. Khi khong cch thay i trong phm vi mt bc sng, knh th hin cc c tnh ngu nhin rt r rt. iu ny c gi l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian). Tn hao ng truyn M hnh tn hao ng truyn m t suy hao tn hiu gia anten pht v anten thu nh l mt hm ph thuc v khong cch v cc thng s khc. Mt s m hnh bao gm c rt nhiu chi tit v a hnh nh gi suy hao tn hiu, trong khi mt s m hnh ch xt n tn s v
84

khong cch. Chiu cao an ten l mt thng s quan trng. Tn hao ph thuc vo hm m ca khong cch: PL d-n (5.1)
trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh; n>2 cho cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht. T l thuyt v cc kt qa o lng ta bit rng cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi khong cch theo hm log cho mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Ngoi ra ti mi khong cch d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu nhin v c phn b log chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo v tr, ta c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti khong cch d nh sau:
PL (d)[dB] = PL(d) + X = PL (d0 ) + 10n lg
d +X d0
(5.2)
Trong PL (d) l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch pht thu d; X l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch chun (cng o bng dB), d0 l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n l m tn hao ng truyn. Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian cho trc v knh c c trng bi phainh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho trc, cc thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, phainh ch n thun l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi gian). T phng trnh 5.2 ta thy rng tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k phm vi rng cng vi hiu ng ngu nhin. Hiu ng ngu nhin xy ra do phainh phm vi hp trong min thi gian v n gii thch cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian). nh hng ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu anten. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k thut cho php li dng tnh cht phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v dung lng h thng.
5.4. MIN TN S
Trong min tn s, knh b nh hng ca hai yu t: (1) iu ch tn s v chn lc tn s.
5.4.1. iu ch tn s
iu ch tn s gy ra do hiu ng Doppler, MS (mobile station: trm di ng) chuyn ng tng i so vi BTS dn n thay i tn s mt cch ngu nhin. Do chuyn ng tng i gia BTS v MS, tng sng a ng b dch tn s. Dch tn s trong tn s thu do chuyn ng tng i ny c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n t l vi tc chuyn ng, phng chuyn ng ca MS so vi phng sng ti ca thnh phn sng a ng. Dch Doppler f c th c biu din nh sau:
85

c
f=
cos =
fc cos = fdcos ,
(5.3)
Trong l tc cu MS, l bc sng, l gc gia phng chuyn ng cu MS v phng sng ti, c l tc nh sng v fc l tn s sng mang, fd = = fc c l tn s Doppler cc i. T phng trnh trn ta c th thy rng nu MS di chuyn v pha sng ti dch Doppler l dng v tn s thu s tng, ngc li nu MS di chuyn ri xa sng ti th dch Doppler l m v tn s thu c s gim. V th cc tn hiu a ng n MS t cc phng khc nhau s lm tng rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi v (hoc) thay i dch Doppler thay i dn n tri Doppler.
5.4.2. Chn lc tn s (phn tp tn s)

Trong phn ny ta s phn tch chn lc tn s cng vi mt thng s khc trong min tn s: bng thng nht qun (coherence bandwidth). Bng thng nht qun l mt s o thng k ca di tn s trn mt knh phainh c coi l knh phainh "phng" (l knh trong tt c cc thnh phn ph c truyn qua vi khuych i nh nhau v pha tuyn tnh). Bng thng nht qun cho ta di tn trong cc thnh phn tn s c bin tng quan. Bng thng nht qun xc nh kiu phainh xy ra trong knh v v th n ng vai tr c s trong vic thch ng cc thng s iu ch. Bng thng nht qun t l nghch vi tri tr (xem phn 5.5). Phainh chn lc tn s rt khc vi phainh phng. Trong knh phainh phng, tt c cc thnh phn tn s truyn qua bng thng knh u chu nh hng phainh nh nhau. Tri li trong phainh chn lc tn s (cn gi l phainh vi sai), mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh phainh chn lc tn s b nh hng nhiu hn cc phn khc. Nu bng thng nht qun nh hn rng bng tn cu tn hiu c pht, th tn hiu ny chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc ( phn tp tn s). Phainh ny s lm mo tn hiu.
5.5. MIN THI GIAN

Mt trong s cc khc bit quan trng gia cc knh hu tuyn v cc knh v tuyn l cc knh v tuyn thay i theo thi gian, ngha l chng chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc thi gian. Ta c th m hnh ha knh v tuyn di ng nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh c p ng xung kim thay i theo thi gian. M hnh knh truyn thng s dng m hnh p ng xung kim, y l mt m hnh trong min thi gian. Ta c th lin h qu trnh thay i tn hiu v tuyn phm vi hp trc tip vi p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn di ng. Nu x(t) biu din tn hiu pht, y(t) biu din tn hiu thu v h(t,) biu din p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn a ng thay i theo thi gian, th ta c th biu din tn hiu thu nh l tch chp ca tn hiu pht vi p ng xung kim ca knh nh sau:
86
y(t ) =
x( )h(t, )d = x (t ) h(t, ) ,
(5.4)
trong t l bin thi gian, l tr a ng ca knh i vi mt gi tr t c nh. nh hng a ng ca knh v tuyn thng c bit n dng phn tn thi gian hay tri tr. Phn tn thi gian (gi tt l tn thi) hay tri tr xy ra khi mt tn hiu c truyn t anten pht n anten thu qua hai hay nhiu ng c cc di khc nhau. Mt mt tn hiu ny c truyn trc tip, mt khc n c truyn t cc ng phn x (tn x) khc nhau c di khc nhau vi cc thi gian n my thu khc nhau. Tn hiu ti anten thu chu nh hng ca tn thi ny s b mo dng. Trong khi thit k v ti u ha cc h thng v tuyn s truyn s liu tc cao ta cn xt cc phn x (tn x) ny. Tn thi c th c c trng bng tr tri, tr tri trung bnh hay tr tri trung bnh qun phng.
5.5.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng, RDS

Tr tri l mt khi nim c s dng biu th tr ca mt ng truyn so vi ng truyn n sm nht (thng l LOS: ng truyn trc tip). Mt thng s thi gian quan trng ca tn thi l tri tr trung bnh qun phng (RDS: Root Mean Squared Delay Spread): cn bc hai mment trung tm ca l lch tr cng sut. RDS l mt s o thch hp cho tri a ng ca knh. Ta c th s dng n nh gi nh hng ca nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI).
=
=
k
,
,
(5.5) (5.6)
P(k )k P(k )
k
P(k )k
2
k
P(k )
k
(5.7)
trong P(k) l cng sut trung bnh a ng ti thi im k.
5.5.2. Tr tri cc i
Tr tri cc i (ti XdB) ca l lch tr cng sut c nh ngha l tr thi gian m nng lng a ng gim XdB so vi nng lng cc i.
5.5.3. Thi gian nht qun

Mt thng s khc trong min thi gian l thi gian nht qun (coherence time). Thi gian nht qun xc nh tnh "tnh" ca knh. Thi gian nht qun l thi gian m knh tng quan rt mnh vi bin cu tn hiu thu. Ta k hiu thi gian nht qun l TC. Cc k hiu
87

khc nhau truyn qua knh trong khong thi gian nht qun chu nh hng phainh nh nhau. V th ta nhn c mt knh phainh kh chm. Cc k hiu khc nhau truyn qua knh bn ngoi thi gian nht qun s b nh hng phainh khc nhau. Khi ny ta c mt knh phainh kh nhanh. Nh vy do nh hng ca phainh nhanh, mt s phn ca k hiu s chu tc ng phainh ln hn cc phn khc. Bng cch n nh gi tr cho mt thng s nht nh cho h thng truyn dn, ta c th nhn c knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh v nh vy t c hiu nng tt hn.
5.6. QUAN H GIA CC THNG S TRONG CC MIN KHC NHAU

Ta nghin cu cc c tnh knh v cc thng s ca n trong cc min khng gian, tn s v thi gian. Cc c tnh ny khng tn ti ring bit, hay ni mt cc khc chng lin quan vi nhau. Mt s thng s trong min ny nh hng ln cc c tnh ca min khc.
5.6.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
Ta bit rng l lch tr cng sut v p ng tn s bin ca knh v tuyn di ng quan h vi nhau qua bin i Fourrier. V th ta c th trnh by knh trong min tn s bng cch s dng cc c tnh p ng tn s ca n. Tng t nh cc thng s tri tr trong min thi gian, ta c th s dng bng thng nht qun c trng knh trong min tn s. Tri tr trung bnh qun phng t l nghch vi bng thng nht qun v ngc li, mc d quan h chnh xc cu chng l mt hm ph thuc vo cu trc a ng. Ta k hiu bng thng nht qun l BC v tri tr trung bnh qun phng l . Khi hm tng quan tn s ln hn 0,90. bng thng nht qun c quan h sau y vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng:
1 50
BC
(5.8a)
Mt nh ga gn ng Bc cng thng ng s dng l rng bng vi tng quan t nht bng 0,5 l:
Bc =
1 5
(5.8b)
V hai thng s trn lin quan cht ch vi nhau nn ta c th ch xt mt thng s trong qu trnh thit k h thng.
5.6.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler

Thi gian nht qun chu nh hng trc tip ca dch Doppler, n l thng s knh trong min thi gian i ngu vi tri Doppler. Tri Doppler v thi gian nht qun l hai thng s t l nghch vi nhau. Nghi l
88

TC 1
fd
(5.9)
Khi thit k h thng ta ch cn xt mt trong hai thng s ni trn.
5.7. CC LOI PHAING PHM VI HP

Ph thuc vo quan h gia cc thng s tn hiu ( rng bng tn, chu k k hiu,) v cc thng s knh (tri tr trung bnh qun phng, tri Doppler, ), ta c th phn loi phainh phm vi hp da trn hai c tnh: tri tr a ng v phainh chn lc tn s. Tri tr a ng l mt thng s trong min thi gian, trong khi vic knh l phainh phng hay chn lc tn s li tng ng vi min tn s. V th thng s min thi gian, tri tr a ng, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min tn s. Tri Doppler dn n tn tn v phainh chn lc thi gian, v th lin quan n tri Doppler ta c th phn loi phainh phm vi hp thnh phainh nhanh v phainh chm. Tri Doppler l mt thng s trong min tn s trong khi hin tng knh thay i nhanh hay chm li thuc min thi gian. Vy trong trng hp ny, tri Doppler, thng s trong min tn s, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min thi gian. Hiu bit c cc quan h ny s h tr ta trong qu trnh thit k h thng. Bng 5.1 lit k cc loi phainh phm vi hp. Bng 5.1. Cc loi phainh phm vi hp C s phn loi Loi Phainh Tri tr a ng Phainh phng Phainh chn lc tn s
iu kin B<<BC; T10
B>BC; T<10 Tri Doppler Phainh nhanh T>TC; B<fd Phainh chm T<<TC; B>>fd Cc k hiu c s dng trong bng 2.1 nh sau: B k hiu cho rng bng tn tn hiu, BC k hiu cho bng thng nht qun, fD k hiu cho tri Doppler, T k hiu cho chu k k hiu v tri tr trung bnh qun phng. Nu bng thng nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu s b phainh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a ng ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu s b phainh chn lc tn s. Trong trng hp ny chu k tn hiu nh hn tri tr a ng knh. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh phainh chn lc tn s phc tp hn nhiu so vi lp m hnh knh phainh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh phainh chn lc tn s ta phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh phainh phng cho tn hiu truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a ng v bng thng nht qun, nn ta ch c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng tn tn hiu t c knh phainh phng. V th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin hiu nng truyn dn, ta chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong gii thut iu ch thch ng t c knh phainh phng thay v knh phainh chn lc. Da trn tri Doppler, ta c th phn loi knh thnh phainh nhanh v phainh chm. Nu p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu, ngha l
89

nu thi gian nht qun knh nh hn chu k k hiu ca tn hiu pht, knh s gy ra phainh nhanh i i vi tn hiu thu. iu ny s dn n mo dng tn hiu. Nu p ng xung kim knh thay i vi tc chm hn nhiu so vi k hiu bng gc pht, knh s gy ra phainh chm i vi tn hiu thu. Trong trng hp ny knh t ra tnh i vi mt s chu k k hiu. Tt nhin ta mun c phainh chm v n h tr cht lng truyn dn n nh hn. Ta khng th xc dnh Doppler khi thit k h thng. V th, khi cho trc tri Doppler, ta cn chn rng bng tn tn hiu (bng thng sng mang con) trong gii thut iu ch thch ng nhn c knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh. Nh vy ta s t c cht lng truyn dn tt hn.
5.8. CC PHN B RAYLEIGH V RICE

Khi nghin cu cc knh v tuyn di ng, thng cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice c s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn hiu phainh phng. Trong phn ny ta s xt cc phn b ny v a ra cc c tnh chnh cu chng.
5.8.1. Phn b phainh Rayleigh

Ta c th coi phn b phainh Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu phn b Gauss vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b phainh Rayleigh c biu din nh sau:
2 r r 2 2 , 0r f (r ) = 2 e r<0 0 ,
(5.10)
Trong l bin ngu nhin ca in p ng bao tn hiu thu v r l gi tr ca bin ny, l gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss, 2 l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss. Gi tr trung bnh, tb, ca phn b Rayleigh tr thnh:
tb = E[ ]= rp(r)dr =
0
=1,253
2
(5.11)
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh, r (th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:
2 r
= E[ ] - E [] = r p(r)dr
2
2 =0,42922 2
(5.12)
90

5.8.2. Phn b Phainh Rice
Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b phainh) vt tri, ng truyn tc tip (LOS: Line of sight), phn b ng bao phainh phm vi hp c dng Rice. Trong phn b Rice, cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau v xp chng ln tn hiu vt tri ny. Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:
2 2 (r + A ) 2 Ar r 2 I0 2 , f (r ) = 2 e r<0 0 ,
A 0, r 0
(5.13)
trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri v I0(.) l hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc khng c xc nh nh sau:
I 0 (y) =
e 2
ycost
dt
Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K nh sau:

Cng sut trong ng vt tri Cng sut trong cc ng tn x A 2
2
K=
(5.14)
Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thai thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh ch c ng trc tip.
5.9. CC M HNH KNH TRONG MIN THI GIAN V TN S

5.9.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian
Xy dng m hnh knh l iu khng th thiu c khi nghin cu thng tin v tuyn. Knh v tuyn phainh a ng c th c c trng theo ton hc bng b lc tuyn tnh thay i theo thi gian. Trong min thi gian, ta c th rt ra tn hiu u ra knh bng tch chp tn hiu u vo knh vi hm p ng xung kim knh thay i theo thi gian h(,t). Ta c th biu din hm p ng xung kim knh nh sau:
L 1
h( ; t ) =
( t )e
=0
(t )
( (t ) ),
= 0, 1,...., L 1 ,
(5.15)
Trong l (t), l(t), l(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l); biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn. Thng thng th tr ca tia u tin
91

(ng truyn ngn nht) c nh ngha 0=0, v th l>0 c gi l tr tri v p ng xung kim knh mang tnh nhn qu. Da trn cc phn tch trn ta cng c th lp m hnh knh v tuyn phainh di ng chn lc tn s bng ng tr a nhnh nh trn hnh 5.4.
x(t)
0 = 0
1 =
1
L2 = (L2)
L 2
L1 = (L1) L1
L2
L1
y(t)
Hnh 1.7. M hnh knh v tuyn di ng bng c tr a nhnh Hnh 5.5 m t p ng xung kim theo phng trnh (5.15).
0 ( t 4 )
1 (t 4 )
2 ( t 4 )
3 (t 4 )
( t 4 )
L 1 (t 4 ) L 1 (t 3 )
0 ( t 3 )
0 ( t 2 )
(t 4 )
1 (t 3 )
2 (t 3 ) 3 (t 3 ) 3 (t 2 )
3 (t1 )
(t 3 )
(t 3 ) (t 2 )
1 (t 2 )
1 (t1 )
2 ( t 2 )
2 (t1 )
(t 2 )
L 1 (t 2 )
L 1 (t1 )
0 (t1 )
(t1 )
(t 0 )
0 ( t 0 )
0
(t 1 )
1 (t 0 )
1
2 ( t 0 )
2
3 (t 0 )
3
L 1 (t 0 )
L1
(t 0 )
Hnh 5.5. p ng xung kim ph thuc thi gian
Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {l(t)}, {l(t)}, {l(t)} thay i theo thi gian. Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {l(t)}, {l(t)} c th coi l t thay i. Tuy nhin cc pha {l(t)} thay i ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [- ]. Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh nghi nh ngha t l lch tr cng sut (PDP: Power Delay Profile), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP c xc nh nh sau:
92
p ( ) = ( )
2
=0 L 1 =0
L 1
(5.16)
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:
p0 =
(5.17)
Tha s K l t s ca cng sut ng truyn vt tri v cng sut ca cc tia tn x, c xc nh nh sau:
K=
2 ,max 2 ,max
p0
trong
,max
= max{ }
(5.18)
Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng vi l=0, l,max= 0 ti 0=0. Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng, , l mment bc hai ca PDP chun ha, c biu din nh sau:
=
trong
(5.19)
L 1 =0
m 2
/ p0 , m=1,2
V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii. R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min thi gian. Ta c th rt ra c quy lut phn b sau y cho bin, pha v m hnh l lch tr cng sut cho knh: Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan) v c phn b u trong khong [-, ] Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c th c to ra t cng mt qu trnh thng k v rng qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi bin t, th bin cu cc ng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh (c xc nh theo phng trnh 5.10) v PDF bin cu tt c cc ng truyn (gm c LOS) s tun theo phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 5.13)
5.9.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s

S thay i tr n n thay i tn s (ta k hiu tn s ny l f'). Hm truyn t tng ng vi trng hp ny c gi l hm truyn t theo thi gian hay ph cng sut tr (DPS: Delay Power Spectrum) nhn c trn c s bin i fourier cho p ng xung kim knh theo . Qu trnh ny cng chng t rng tn thi ca knh dn n knh mang tnh chn lc tn s nh ni phn 5.5 v 5.6.
93

S dng bin i Fourier cho p ng xung knh, ta c DPS nh sau:
h(f', t) =
h(, t)e
j2 f '
= (t)e
=0 L-1
L-1
j (t) j[ 2 f' (t)]
(5.20)
j[ 2 f' (t)]
= a (t)e = h(, t)e

=0 =0 L-1
j[ 2 f' (t)]
trong h( ; t ) = (t )e
=0
L 1
i ( t )
( (t ) ),
= 0, 1,...., L 1 m t p ng knh xung kim trong
min thi gian; (t)= a (t); a l bin tng i ca ng truyn c trong bng 5.1 theo khuyn ngh ca ITU cho 3G. Bng 5.1. L lch tr cng sut a ng ca ITU cho thng tin di ng 3G 2 3 4 0 1 i b A (L=4) i b B (L=6) i xe A (L=6) i xe B (L=6) (ns) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2,5 110 -9,7 200 -0,9 310 -1,0 300 0 190 -19,2 800 -4,9 710 -9,0 8900 -12,8 410 -22,8 1200 -8,0 1090 -10,0 12900 -10,0 2300 -7,8 1730 -15,0 17100 -25,2 3700 -23,9 2510 -20,0 20000 -16,0 NA
5 NA
a 2 (dB)
(ns)
a 2 (dB)
(ns)
a 2 (dB)
(ns)
a 2 (dB)
(t) = 1, (t) + j 2 , (t) .

2 trong p, (t) (p=1,2) l bin ngu nhin Gauss c phn b N (0, p ) .
tnh ton p, (t) ta chuyn qu trnh ngu nhin ny vo qu trnh tt nh gm kt hp ca nhiu hm iu ha sao cho vn m bo c trung bnh khng v trung bnh cng sut
2 bng p nh sau:
94
N1, (t) = c1,n, cos(2 ( f1,n, f0 )t +1,n, ) n=1 + j c 2,n, cos(2 ( f2,n, f0 )t +2 ,n,
n=1 N2 ,
(5.21)
Trong f0 = [0,B] l cc tn s sng mang trong bng thng truyn dn B f fp,n , = d (2n 1) ; n=1,2,,Np; p=1,2 2N p
(5.22)
p,n , l bin ngu nhin phn b u trong di [0,2] nhn mt trong cc gi tr sau vi xc
sut bng
1 : 2 1 2 N p,n , = 2 , 2 ,...., 2 N + 1 N +1 N + 1
(5.23)
2 2 cp,n, c chn tha mn iu kin E 2 = p , . p , l cng sut cu bin ngu nhin p, p, (t) c th c xc nh da trn mt ph cng sut S p , (f) ca bin ngu nhin ny
(xem hnh 5.6) nh sau:
E 2 p,
Np , d c2 = p,n , = S (f)df p, 2 n =1 f
d
2 S p , (fp,n , )fp,
n =1
Ni
f =
fd Np
hay:
cp,n, 4
= fp, S p , (fp,n, ) ;
Hm mt ph cng sut ca sng mang b tri Doppler trong bng tn gc
(5.24)
Sp , (f )
Sp , (fp,n, )
cp,n, 4
-fd 0
fp,
fd
Hnh 5.6. Hm mt ph cng sut sng mang b tri Doppler trong bng gc. Phng trnh (5.22) lun tha mn iu kin trung bnh bng khng: E[ ]=0.
95

tnh hm truyn t knh ph thuc tn s thay i theo thi gian (t) v tr () ta cn bin i fourier theo c t v vi k hiu ph do t l f v ph do l f' ta c: T(f ,f) = h( , t)e2 f de2ft dt 0
L 1 j2 f ' 0 a (t)e =
L 1 =0 j2 f '
2 ft dt e
(5.25)
= h( ,f )
trong h( , f) c gi l p ng xung kim thay i theo Doppler c cc dng phn b theo tn s khc nhau ph thuc vo (xem bng 5.2). Bng 5.2. Cc hm mt ph cng sut Doppler theo COS207 vng thnh ph in hnh Kiu Mt ph cng sut Ch thch Tr , Doppler SD(f) s 0 "Jakes" 1 A1 = 50 /( 2 3fD
fd 1 (f / fd )
"GaussI" "GaussII
G(A1; -0,8fd,0,05fd) +G(A1/10;0,4fd; 0,15fd) G(A1/10;0,7fd;0,1fd) +G(A2/101,5;-0,4fd, 0,15fd)
1; 1,6 5; 6,6
A 2 = 10
1, 5
/[ 2 ( 10 + 0,15)fD ]
( f fi ) 2si
2 2
G( Ai , fi , si ) = Aie
Phng trnh (5.25) xt cho mt tn s pht v th i vi bng thng B ta c
T(f',f) = trong : N =
i=0 = 0
h( ,f )e
N L-1
j[ 2 f ' ( t )]
p(f if )
(5.26)
B l chu k ly mu, B l bng thng; f fd f fd

nu khc
(5.27)
1 p(f) = 0
Tn s ly mu f0 khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
f0 ,i = if ; i=0,1,,N
(5.28)
Hm truyn t knh ph thuc thi gian v tn s cho f0,3=3f ti thi im cho trc tk c cho trn hnh 5.7.
96

f
T (f ', f ) = h( (t), f )e
i=0 =0
N L 1
j2 f ' (t ) p(f if )
(t 7 ) (t 6 )
p(f 3f )
=4
(t 5 )
(t 4 )
(t 3 )
2f
(t 2 )
f
(t 1 )
1 2
3
0, 5s < 2s
0 0 = 0
=0 Rice
L1
> 2s
(t 0 )
0 < 0, 5s Jakes
GaussI
GaussII
Hnh 5.7. Hm truyn t knh ph thuc tn s thi gian cho f=3f
5.10. CC DNG PHN TP

C th thc hin phn tp theo nhiu cch: thi gian, tn s, khng gian, a ng v phn cc. nhn c ch li ton din ca phn tp, kt hp phi c thc hin pha thu. Cc b kt hp phi c thit k sao cho sau khi hiu chnh tr v pha cho cc ng truyn khc nhau, cc mc tn hiu vo phi c c cng theo vect cn tp m cng ngu nhin. Nh vy khi ly trung bnh t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR u ra s ln hn u vo mt my thu.
5.10.1. Phn tp v m
Phn tp v m c s dng gim phainh phm vi ln gy ra do che ti. Do s thay i a hnh (i ni v cc vt chn) gia my thu BS v my pht MS, cng tn hiu trung bnh a phng thay i. Nu s dng hai anten thu cch bit, b kt hp tn hiu t hai anten ny ca my thu BS c th gim phainh di hn. Cc h thng di ng t ong t c hiu qu nh vy bng cch chuyn giao khi cng tn hiu thu yu. Vi cc h thng CDMA, phn tp v m (chuyn giao mm) ng vai tr rt quan trng m bo cht lng h thng v ti s dng tn s bng mt v iu khin cng sut nhanh. hng ng ln phn tp v m rt c li v cng nhiu BS tch tn hiu th xc sut t c t nht mt tn hiu tt cng cao. Khi ny phn tp mang tnh chn lc: mng s chn ra mt khung tt nht thu c t cc my thu cu cc BS ng xung phn tp v m xy ra theo cch khc v ch mt my thu MS thu nhiu tn hiu t cc BS khc nhau. Thng thng ch mt tn hiu c coi l hu ch cn cc tn hiu khc l nhiu. Tuy nhin CDMA dung lng c ci thin trn nguyn l ging nh my thu RAKE knh nhiu ng, trong s thay i mc thu c khuynh hng gim v tng s cc ng truyn c th phn bit c. Vi phn tp v m, kh nng my thu RAKE t c li
97

t phn tp b sung ph thuc vo s cc ngn RAKE . Nu my thu RAKE khng th thu thp nng lng pht t hai hay trong mt s trng hp ba BS do s ngn RAKE c hn, cc ng truyn dn b sung n MS c th gy nh hng xu n tng dung lng do nhiu tng. y l l do m thng thng s ngn RAKE cn thit thu c nng lng trong hu ht trng hp c coi l bn.
5.10.2. Phn tp vi m
Phn tp vi m s dng hai hay nhiu anten cng mt trm nhng c thit k thu c cc tia khc nhau t trm khc. Phn tp v m c s dng phng nga phainh su. Di y l cc phng php s dng nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan cho vic kt hp: Phn tp khng gian. S dng hai ng truyn. Hai anten t cch nhau mt khong ngn d c th cung cp hai tn hiu vi tng quan gia cc phainh thp. Khong cch d ph thuc vo cao anten h v tn s. Tn s cng cao th cng c th t cc anten gn nhau. Thng thng th khang cch d vi bc sng l nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp tn s. Tn hiu thu c t hai tn s cch nhau mt khong bng rng bng tn nht qun, Bc, l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. s dng phn tp tn s thnh ph v ngoi cho TTD, phn cch tn s phi bng 300 kHz (hoc hn). Nhy tn ca h thng GSM v MC h tr phn tp tn s. Phn tp phn cc. Cc thnh phn phn cc ngang v phn cc ng Ex v Ey c pht i t hai anten phn cc cho ti BS v thu c t hai anten phn cc cho ti MS c th cung cp hai tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp phn cc dn n gim cng sut 3 dB pha pht do phi phn chia cng sut cho hai anten phn cc. Phn tp thi gian. Nu cng mt tn hiu c pht ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, th cc tn hiu thu s l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp thi gian t c bng cch m ho knh, an xen v pht li.
5.11. MY THU RAKE

5.11.1. M u
Trong phn trc ta chng minh rng cc tn hiu bng rng trong mi trng a ng l cc tn hiu trong knh chn lc tn s. Cc knh ny c th c trnh by bng mt m hnh ng tr a nhnh. V cc m CDMA c thit k c tng quan cho gia cc chip cnh nhau rt nh. Cc phn t ca cc ng b tr ln hn rng mt chip s khng tng qnan v cc ng ny c kh nng phn gii c trong m hnh. Thng thng cc h thng CDMA c thit k c mt s ng phn gii c trong tri tr a ng ((10 ln RDS). ng thi tri tr c chn nh hn rng Tb ca mt bit. Nu tri tr c chn ln hn thi gian mt bit th tc s liu cao hn rng bng tn nht qun v iu ny dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu. trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu, tc s liu phi c chn thp hn rng bng tn nht qun. Khi tri tr nh hn Tb v tn ti mt s phin bn tr ca chui m pht vi hiu s tr ln hn Tc, chng s c tng quan thp hn vi chui m gc. Nh vy mi tn hiu tr ny ti
98

my thu s th hin nh l mt ngi s dng khc khng tng quan v s my thu b b lc phi hp cho tn hiu hu ch gt ra. Tuy nhin cc tn hiu tri ph c sn kh nng chng li phainh nhi ng v cc thnh phn a ng mang thng tin v tn hiu c pht v chng c lp vi nhau. Nh vy nu mt trong s cc thnh phn a ng b suy gim, cc thnh phn khc c th khng b suy gim v my thu c th thc hin quyt nh bng cch s dng cc thnh phn khng b suy yu ny. My thu CDMA li dng a ng m bo phn tp c gi l my thu RAKE. V my thu hot ng ging nh mt ci co c v cc hm tng quan ph hp vi cc tn hiu a ng nn my thu ng tr a nhnh hnh 5.8 c gi l my thu RAKE (Rake ting Anh l ci co c) c b lc phi hp. My thu RAKE c cho hnh 5.8 bao gm mt tp hp cc b tng quan, mi b c s dng tch sng cho mt trong s L phn t a ng mnh nht. V bn cht, my thu ny l mt my thu phn tp trn c s l cc phn t a ng trong mt h thng CDMA khng tng quan nu tr tng i ln hn thi gian ca mt chip. V cc tn hiu nhn c my thu b dch theo thi gian, nn trong my thu trc khi da ln cc b tng quan cc tn hiu thu c a quan mt ng tr r nhnh.
k1
B tng quan c k (t)
k 2
r(t)
B tng quan
Yk
Mch quyt nh
bk
c k (t)
B tng quan
kL
c k (t)
Hnh 5.8. My thu RAKE vi L nhnh
5.11.2. My thu RAKE

Ta xt K=1 ngi s dng knh. Gi thit rng tri rng ca tr a ng l giy. Khi ny s c L=[ /Tc] +1 tn hiu a ng phn gii c my thu. Tng ng trong s L ng phn gii c s c suy hao ngu nhin c lp Rji v pha ngu nhin ji, trong i=1,2,...,L. Gi thit rng phainh chm c th nh gi c cc thng s Rji v ji, chng hn bng cch s dng thng tin nhn c t cc on bit trc. My thu ti u l my thu trn c s ng tr r nhnh nh hnh 5.9.
99

x(t)
c j ( t ) cos( c t + j1 )
Tc
c ( t ) cos( c t + j2 ) j
Tc
c j ( t ) cos( c t + jL 1 )
Tc
c ( t ) cos( c t + jL ) j
a1
a2
a L 1
aL
Tb 0
(.)dt
Yj
bj
Hnh 5.9. My thu RAKE lc phi hp vi gii iu ch BPSK My thu ny s chn la nht qun nng lng nhn c t tt c cc tn hiu a ng phn gii c, cc tn hiu ny mang s liu nh nhau v nm khong thi gian tr ni trn. Cui cng i vi cc ng dng CDMA ta c th xt nh hng ca tp m MAI bng cch thay i gi tr SNR thnh:
1 1 2( K 1) SNR = E / N + 3N L b 0
(5.29)
My thu RAKE s dng cc b tng quan tch sng ring r cho L thnh phn a ng mnh nht. Bin v pha tng i ca cc thnh phn a ng tm c bng cch ly tng quan dng sng thu c vi phin bn tr ca tn hiu hoc ngc li. C th khi phc nng lng ca cc phn t a ng mt cch hiu qu bng cch kt hp cc phn t a ng theo t l cng ca chng. S kt hp ny l mt dng ca phn tp v cho php gim phainh. Cc phn t a ng vi thi gian tr nh hn =1/B khng th phn gii v s gy ra phainh. Trong trng hp ny m ho knh sa li v cc s iu khin cng sut s ng vai tr ch o gim nnh hng ca phainh. Nu ta k hiu u ra ca L b tng quan l Y1, Y2, . . . . YL. v trng s tng ng ca cc u ra ny l a1, a2, . . . , aL (hnh 5.9), tn hiu tng hp c xc nh nh sau:
Y == a i Yi
i =1
(5.30)
Cc h s ai c chun ho vi cng sut ra ca b tng quan sao cho tng ca cc h s ny bng 1, v c cho bi phng trnh sau:
ai =
Yi2
(5.31)
i =1
Yi2
100

Trong cc h thng DSCDMA, ng xung s dng my thu RAKE ba ngn v ng ln s dng bn ngn. Trong h thng IS-95 CDMA, tch sng v o cc thng s a ng c hin bi mt my thu tm kim (Seacher). My thu ny duy tr mt bng cc phn t a ng mnh nht v cc tn hiu cu trm gc (trng hp my thu MS) c th kt hp phn tp hoc cho mc ch chuyn giao. Bng ny bao gm thi gian n, cng tn hiu v dch thi ca m PN.
5.12. MIMO V PHN TP

Cc s MIMO c xy dng trn hai k thut: phn tp khng gian thi gian v ghp knh khng gian. Phn tp l mt k thut truyn dn trong thng tin c truyn ng thi trn nhiu ng c lp t c tin cy truyn dn cao. C nhiu cch nhn c phn tp. Phn tp thi gian c th nhn c bng cch m ha v an xen . Thng tin c m ha v cc cc k hiu c m ha ny c truyn phn tn trong cc khong thi gian nht qun khc nhau sao cho cc phn khc nhau ca t m ch b tc ng ca cc phainh c lp. Trong knh c nhiu anten pht v/hoc anten thu c t cch xa nhau, ta cng c th nhn c phn tp khng gian. Trong mng thng tin t ong di ng, c th p dng phn tp v m bng cch cho php my di ng nhn c tn hiu t hai hay nhiu trm gc. V phn tp l mt ti nguyn quan trng nn cc h thng v tuyn s dng nhiu kiu phn tp khc nhau. Trong chng ny ta s xt phn tp thi gian v phn tp khng gian, trong trng tm l phn tp khng gian. Phn tp anten hay phn tp khng gian c th c thc hin bng cch t nhiu anten ti my pht hay my thu. Nu cc anten c t cch xa nhau, th khuych i knh gia cc cp anten khc nhau s b pha inh khc nhau v cc ng truyn s c lp vi nhau. Khong cch cn thit gia cc anten ph thuc vo mi trng tn x a phng v vo tn s. i vi my di ng do gn mt t c nhiu gn cc vt tn x knh s t tng quan trn cc khong cch ngn hn v th thng thng ch cn khong cch gia hai anten vo khong 1/2 bc sng l . i vi trm gc anten c t trn cc thp cao, ta cn khong cch gia hai anten ln hn: khong vi chc bc sng. Phn tp c th th l phn tp thu s dng nhiu anten thu ( (SIMO: mt u vo nhiu u ra) v phn tp pht s dng nhiu anten pht (MISO: nhiu u vo mt u ra). Cc knh c nhiu anten pht v nhiu anten thu thm ch cn cho hiu nng cao hn. Cc knh ny c gi l MIMO (nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Ngoi vic m bo phn tp, cc knh MIMO cn cho php b sung thm cc mc t do cho thng tin. Cc k thut ghp knh khng gian cho php tng dung lng nh truyn ng thi nhiu lung song song trn cc anten khc nhau. S V-BLAST l mt s s dng k thut ny. S ny thng s dng tch sng MMSE-OSIC. Trong chng ny ta s xt hai s phn tp in hnh: phn tp thu vi S kt hp thu t l cc i (MRRC) v s phn tp Almouti (hay MIMO alamouti).
5.12.1. S phn tp thu vi kt hp thu t l cc i (MRRC)

Hnh 5.10 cho thy bng tn gc ca s MRRC (Maximum ratio receive combining) hai nhnh.
101
x1
h1 = 1e j1
h 2 = 2 e j2
2
Nhiu v tp m Nhiu v tp m
y1 = x1h1 + 1
B c tnh knh
y 2 = x1 h 2 + 2
h1
* h1
x1
B pht hin ML
h* 2
h2
B c tnh knh
x1
Hnh 5.10. MRRC hai nhnh Gi s h thng s dng phng php iu ch vi cc k hiu x1, x2,,xm,,xM. Ti mt thi im k cho trc tn hiu x1(k) c pht i t my pht. Knh truyn dn bao gm chui pht, ng truyn v tuyn v chui thu. nh hng gy mo ca knh truyn v tuyn mang tnh nhn v bao gm p ng bin v pha. Ta lp m hnh nh hng ny dng p ng xung kim (hay li) gia anten pht v anten thu l h1(k) v h2(k) cho ng truyn t anten pht n anten thu th nht v anten pht n anten thu th hai tng ng:
h1 (k) = 1 (k)e j1 (k ) h 2 (k) = 2 (k)e j2 (k )

(5.32) Nhiu v tp m cng vi tn hiu pht my thu. Tn hiu bng gc tng hp thu c nh sau: y1(k)=h1(k)x1(k)+1(k) y2(k)=h2(k)x1(k)+2(k)
(5.33)
trong 1 v 2 l nhiu cng tp m phc cho knh 1 v knh 2. n gin k hiu, di y ta s b qua k hiu (k). Gi thit 1 v 2 c phn b Gauss, quyt nh kh ging cc i s chn xi nu v ch nu:
d 2 (y1 , h1x m ) + d 2 (y 2 , h 2 x m ) d 2 (y1 , h1x k ) + d 2 (y 2 , h 2 x k ) m k
(5.34)
102

trong d2(a,b) l khong cch clit gia tn hiu a v b c tnh theo cng thc sau: d2(a,b)=(a-b)(a*-b*) S kt hp cho MRRC hai nhnh nh sau:
* x1 = h1 y1 + h* y 2 2 * = h1 (h1x1 + 1 ) + h * (h 2 x1 + 2 ) 2 2 * = (1 + 2 ) x1 + h11 + h * 2 2 2
(5.35)
(5.36)
Trin khai (5.34) v s dng (5.33), (5.35) ta chn c xi nu v ch nu (iif:if and only if)
2 (12 + 2 ) x m 2 - x1 x*m - x1*x m 2 2 2 * (1 + 2 ) x k - x1 x * - x1s k k
m k
(5.36)
hay:
2 (12 + 2 1) x m 2 + d (x1 , x m ) 2 2 (1 + 2 1) x k + d ( x1 , x k ) 2
m k
(5.37)
i vi cc tn hiu PSK (chm tn hiu c nng lng bng nhau):
x m = x k = Es
m, k
(5.38)
trong Es l nng lng k hiu. V th i vi cc tn hiu PSK, quy tc quyt nh (5.37) c th n gin ha vic chn xm nu v ch nu:
d ( x1 , x m ) d ( x 1 , x k )
m k
(5.39)
Khi ny b kt hp t l cc i c th cu trc tn hiu x1 (xem hnh 5.10) sao cho b tch sng
kh ging cc i c th to ra x1 l c tnh kh ging cc i ca x1.

T s tn hiu trn tp m trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau (nu coi rng tp m c hai knh u nh nhau):
SNR = PT | h1, m |2
m =1 2
PT 1, m 2
m =1
2 N0
(5.40) trong PT l tng cng sut, 2=N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
5.12.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi M anten thu

Trong trng hp ny ta s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu. minh ha ta xt trng hp hai anten thu (M=2) nh thy trn hnh 5.11. Ta xt qu trnh x l trong thi gian hai k hiu v coi rng cc li knh khng thay i hay i trong thi gian ny.
103
x1 -x * 2
Anten pht 1
x2
* x1
Anten pht 2
h11
h 21
h12
h 22
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
1
2
Nhiu v tp m
4
h12
B kt hp
Nhiu v tp m
B c tnh knh
h11
h11
h 21
h 21
B c tnh knh
x1
x2
h 22
h12
h 22
B tch sng ML
x1
x2
Hnh 5.11. S phn tp pht hai nhnh vi hai my thu Alamouti M ha v chui pht cc k hiu thng tin cho trng hp ny c cho trong bng 5.3. Bng 5.4 nh ngha cc knh gia cc anten pht v cc anten thu. Bng 5.5 nh ngha cc k hiu cho tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu. Bng 5.3. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten Anten 1 Anten 2 Thi im k x1 x2 * * Thi im k+1 -x 2 x1 Bng 5.4. nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2 h12 h11 Anten pht 1 h22 h21 Anten pht 2 Bng 5.5. K hiu cc tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
104

Thi gian k Thi gian k+1 y1 y2 y3 y4
Biu thc cho cc tn hiu thu nh sau: y1 = h11x1+ h21x2 +1 y2= -h11 x + h21 x + 2 y3 = h12x1+ h22x2 + 3
* y4= -h12 x * + h22 x1 + 4 2 * 2 * 1
(5.41a) (5.41b) (5.41c) (5.41d)
Ta c th vit li (5.41) vo dng ma trn nh sau. i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu tai my thu th nht ta c: Y1 = H1x + N 1 trong Y1=[y1 y * ]T, 2
(5.42)
h h H1 = 11 21 * * h 21 h11
l ma trn knh tng ng, x=[x1 x2]T v N1=[1 * ]T. 2 i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu ti my thu th hai ta c:
(5.43)
Y2 = H2 x + N 2
trong Y2=[y3 y ] ,
* T 4
(5.44)
h h H2 = 12 22 * h * h12 22
T
(5.45)
l ma trn knh tng ng, x=[x1 x2]T v N 2 = 3 * . 4 tnh ton c tnh ta nhn cc phng trnh (5.42) v (5.44) vi cc ma trn knh chuyn v Hermitian tng ng:
h h h H1 Y1 = H1 H1x + H1 N 1
(5.46) (5.47)
H h Y2 = H hH2 x + H h N 2 2 2 2
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh (5.46) v (5.47) vi nhau ta c:
h h h x = H1 Y1 + H h Y2 = H1 H1 + H hH2 x + H1 N 1 + H h N 2 2 2 2
(5.48)
trong
x = [x1 x 2 ]T ,
h* h h H1 = 11 21 * h 21 h11 h* h H* = 12 22 2 * h 22 h12
105

Khai trin (5.48) ta c:
2 2 * * x1 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 2 ) x1 + h111 + h 21* + h123 + h 22* 2 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 x 2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) x 2 - h1 * + h * 1 - h 3* + h * 2 2 2 4 4
(5.49a) (5.49b)
Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc i, ti y c tnh cho x1 c chn da trn cc tiu chun quyt nh trong cc phng trnh di y cho PSK: Chn xm nu v ch nu
2 2 (12 + 2 + 32 + 4 1) x m 2 + d 2 (x1 , x m ) 2 2 2 2 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 1) x k + d 2 (x1 , x k )
(5.50)
hay
d 2 (x1 , x m ) d 2 (x1 , x k )
m k
(5.51)
Tng t i vi x2 s dung quy tc quyt nh trn chn xm nu v ch nu
(12 + 2 + 32 + 2 1) x m 2 + d 2 (x 2 , x m ) 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 1) x k + d 2 (x1 , x k )
hay
(5.52)
d 2 (x 2 , x m ) d 2 (x 2 , x k )
m k
(5.53)
Cc tn hiu kt hp trong (5.49) tng ng vi MRRC bn nhnh. V th bc phn tp nhn c nhn c t s phn tp hai nhnh pht vi hai my thu tng ng vi s MRRC bn nhnh. T s tn hiu trn tp m ca s phn tp Alamouti 2x2 (hay 2x2 MIMO Alamouti) c xc nh nh sau:
PT SNR =
| h
n =1 m =1
1, m
|2
PT

n =1 m =1
1, m
2 N0
(5.54)
trong PT l tng cng sut, hnm l h s khuych i ng truyn tc thi t anten pht n n anten thu m, 2 = N0. iu ng quan tm l cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn hiu t tng anten v th s kt hp cho trng hp ny ging nh s mt anten thu. Tm li khi s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu, ta c th s dng b kt hp cho tng anten sau n gin cng cc tn hiu kt hp t tt c cc anten nhn c bc phn tp tng ng vi s MRRC c 2M nhnh.
5.13. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc c tnh knh. Theo truyn thng, cc knh c phn loi thnh cc knh phainh phm vi rng v cc knh phainh phm vi hp. Phainh phm vi rng ch yu
106

c biu th bng tn hao ng truyn gy ra bi truyn sng khong cch xa (vi km). Phainh phm vi hp biu th nh hng truyn dn a ng. Khi thit k h thng truyn dn v tuyn pha inh di ng, ta cn xt cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi gian nh cho bng 5.3. c tnh knh trong min khng gian lin quan n tn hao ng truyn phm vi rng v thng ging ngu nhin phm vi hp do truyn a ng. Thng ging ngu nhin khi khong cch thay i t (vo khang bc sng) dn n phn tp khng gian (phainh chn lc khng gian). Vic phainh chn lc khng gian mang tnh ngu nhin v kh lp m hnh dn n tnh trng khng r rng khi thit k h thng v kh tng cng cht lng h thng. Cc cng ngh truyn dn phn tp nh: my thu RAKE, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) v phn tp cho php gii quyt vn ny. Cc cng ngh phn tp c th chuyn bt li ca truyn sng a ng thnh c li. Bng 5.3. Cc c tnh knh cu ba min Min khng gian Thng s d; Thng ging ngu nhin Nhc im Gii php Mc ch Ch thch Chn lc khng gian MIMO Li dng a ng
Min tn s fD;
Min thi gian
Bc
1 50
Tc
fD
Chn lc tn s OFDM Phainh phng (T) d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output; fD: tri Doppler; BC: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho trng hp tng quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu; : tri tr trung bnh qun phng; TC: thi gian nht qun ca knh; BS: rng bng tn hiu pht
Chn lc thi gian Thch ng Phainh chm (BS>>fD)
Cc thng s knh trong min tn s l tri Doppler v rng bng nht qun (xem bng 5.3). Cc thng s knh min thi gian l thi gian nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng. Tri Doppler gy ra do chuyn ng tng i gia MS (trm di ng) v BTS (trm thu pht gc). Cc thng s ny c th dn n phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) trong min thi gian v tri Doppler t l nghch vi thi gian nht qun ca ca knh.Tri tr xy ra do tr a ng. rng bng nht qun ca knh t l nghich vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng. V th tri tr trung bnh qun phng c th dn n phainh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn s) trong min tn s. OFDM a ra gii php cho phainh chn lc tn s v n c th chuyn phainh chn lc tn s vo phainh phng bng cch s dng chu k k hiu di hn tri tr trung bnh qun phng (xem chng 6). Ngoi ra cc h thng truyn dn thch ng a ra gii php cho phainh chn lc thi gian trong min thi gian v n hu nh lun lun lm cho rng bng tn hiu pht ln hn nhiu so vi tri Doppler bng cch thay i cc thng s cu h thng truyn dn theo cc thng s knh.. Chng ny trnh by ngn gn phn b Raylegh v Rice, v cc phn b ny s c s dng nhiu nht cho m hnh knh truyn sng Cc m hnh knh trong min tn s v thi gian c tng kt. Cc nghin cu cho thy nh hng ca mt s thng s (tha s K, tri tr trung bnh qun phng) ln hm truyn t tn s ca knh l rt ln. Tri tr cng ln th tc bin thin bin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s cng ln. V th ta c th lin kt tri tr vi bng thng sng mang con trong h thng OFDM. Khi tri tr ln, knh s bin ng
107

nhanh hn trong min tn s v ta cn n nh bng thng sng mang con nh hn (v ngc li). Tha s K xc nh ln bin thin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s. K cng ln th bin thin cng nh. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy rng khi tha s K ln hn 10 dB, thay i bin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s khng qu 2,2 dB. V th ta ch cn t bng thng sng mang con khi tha s K nh hn 10dB. t bng thng sng mang con trong trng hp ny nh sau: tri tr cng ln, th bng thng sng mang cn phi c t cng nh. Cui chng ta xt cng ngh MIMO v phn tp chng nh hng bt li ca knh hoc thm ch li dng phainh trong ba min. Do hn ch v mt thi gian ta ch xt phn tp a ng (my thu RAKE) c p dng trong CDMA v hai cng ngh phn tp khng gian in hnh: phn tp khng gian vi MRRC v Alamouti MIMO. S phn tp khng gian c p dng t lu trong tt c cc BTS ca cc h thng TTD. S phn tp Alamouti (hay MIMO Alamouti) c tip nhn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi.
5.14. CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by c im ca knh truyn sng v tuyn trong min thi gian, khng gian v tn s 2. inh ngha cc thng s knh sau: tri tr, tri Doppler, bng thng nht qun v thi gian nht qun 3. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn di ng phi c chn th no trnh c phainh nhanh? (a) Ln hn tri Doppler; (b) Nh hn tri Doppler 4. di k hiu c pht trong h thng truyn dn phi chn nh th no trnh c pha inh nhanh? (a) Ln hn thi gian nht qun; (b) Nh hn thi gian nht qun 5. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn phi c chn nh th no knh l knh phainh phng? (a) Ln hn bng thng nht qun; (b) Nh hn bng thng nht qun 6. di k hiu pht phi c chn nh th no knh l knh phainh phng? (a) Ln hn tri tr; (b) nh hn tri tr 7. Hm mt xc sut ca ng bao tn hiu thu trong knh phainh phng c dng g? (a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice; (c) c hai 8. p ng knh xung kim trong bng tn gc l p ng ca knh ln tn hiu no sau y? 9. (a) Khng i, (b) Xung c rng ln hn khng; (c) Hm Dirac 10. Knh chn lc tn s l tp hp ca nhiu knh sau? (a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice v Rayleigh; (c) Cc knh Rayleigh kh phn gii; (d) cc knh Rice, Rayleigh kh phn gii 11. Mt tn hiu BPSK c truyn trong knh phainh chn lc, knh ny tr thnh knh phainh phng i vi tn hiu ny v cht lng truyn khng b gim ta cn chn phng n no sau y: (a) S dng iu ch M-QAM gim tc k hiu vi M ln (b) Chia lung tn hiu thnh nhiu lung song song c lp v truyn cc lung ny trn nhiu knh bng tn s khc nhau 12. My thu RAKE c xy dng trn nguyn l no sao y?
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(a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n khc nhau theo khng gian 13. Phn tp khng gian c xy dng trn nguyn l no sau y? (a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n khc nhau theo khng gian 14. Phn tch u im ca s phn tp Alamouti (2 anten pht v M anten thu) so vi s phn tp thu thng thng (mt anten pht v M anten thu)? (a) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp thp hn, (b) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp cao hn 15. Xt mt my pht pht x sng mang c tn s 1850 MHz. My di ng c t trn xe t chy vn tc 80 km gi. Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng tin thng n my pht? (a) 1850,000010 MHz; (b) 1850, 000120 MHz; (c) 1850,000137MHz 16. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng ri xa my pht (a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz 17. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng chuyn ng vung gc vi phng sng ti. (a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz; (d) 1850 MHz 18. Gi thit p ng xung kim knh c s dng lp m hnh cho cc knh v tuyn vi tr tri ln nht l100s. Nu s nhnh tr c c nh l 64. Tm ca m hnh ng tr a nhnh. (a) 1,3s; (b)1,56s; (c)1,5625s; (d)1,625s 19. Mt ng truyn c l lch tr cng sut sau: 0 1 2 5 (s)
a 2 (dB)
-20
-10
-10
Tnh tr tri trung bnh? (a) 3,5s; (b) 4s; (c) 4,38s; (d)5,12s 20. (tip) Tnh moment bc hai ca l lch tr cng sut. (a) 18,07s ; (b) 19,07s (c) 20,07s ; (d) 21,07s 21. (tip). Tnh tr tri trung bnh qun phng.
2 2 2 2
(a) 1,02s; (b) 1,2s; (c)1,27s; (d) 1,37s 22. (tip). Tnh bng thng nht qun khi tng qun tn s nh nht l 0,5. (a) 126KHz; (b) 136KHz; (b) 146KHz; (d) 156 kHz
109
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
CHNG 6 A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC GIAO V CDMA A SNG MANG
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG
6.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by Nguyn l chung ca OFDM S v tn hiu ca mt h thng truyn dn OFDM Cc thng s knh nh hng ln hiu nng ca h thng truyn dn OFDM M hnh ca mt h thng OFDMA Nguyn l MC-CDMA
6.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny Tham kho thm [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c nguyn l OFDM Hiu c nguyn l lm vic my pht v my thu OFDM Tnh ton thng s OFDM theo thng s knh Hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca my pht v my thu MC-CDMA
6.2. M U
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: ghp knh theo tn s trc giao) l mt phng php iu ch cho php gim mo tuyn tnh do knh truyn dn v tuyn phn tn gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia tng bng thng cn truyn vo mt s sng mang con c th truyn ng thi cc sng mang ny. Bng cch ny lung s tc cao c th c chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr a ng v chuyn i knh phainh chn lc thnh knh pha inh phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh phainh. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc sng mang con dn n gim rng bng con trong min tn s v v th tng di k hiu. S sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu ln hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh phainh phn tn theo thi gian, hay rng bng tn tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.
110
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) c xy dng trn c s nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). Trong OFDMA mi ngi s dng c cp pht mt s sng mang con (knh tn s) trong tng s sng mang con kh dng ca h thng. V mt ny ta thy OFDMA ging nh FDMA, tuy nhin nh s dng cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau nn mt ph cng sut ca cc knh sng mang con ny c th chng ln ln nhau m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Chnh v l do ny ta khng cn c cc on bng bo v gia cc knh (hay ni chnh xc hn ch cn cc on bng bo v kh hp) v nh tng c dung lng h thng OFDMA so vi FDMA (hnh 6.1).
a) K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10
Tn s b) Tit kim rng bng tn
Tn s
Hnh 6.1. So snh OFDMA v FDMA: (a) K thut FDMA thng thng, (b) K thut OFDMA. OFDMA thng c kt hp vi TDMA. Hnh 10.2 cho thy li tn s-thi gian ca mt h thng OFDMA bao gm cc ngi s dng c k hiu t a n g. Th d trn hnh v ny cho thy mi ngi s dng khng ch c cp pht mt s sng mang con trc giao (s sng mang con cho mi ngi s dng c th khc nhau) m cn c cp pht mt trong bn khe thi gian ca tng chu k cp pht. Mi y ngi ta a ra mt h thng CDMA mi xy dng trn c s kt hp CDMA v OFDMA c gi l CDMA a sng mang (MC-CDMA). H thng ny gy c s ch v n cho php x l pht thu d rng bng cch s dng bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) m khng tng phc tp cu thit b, ngai ra cn cho php chng phainh chn lc v s dng hiu qu tn s. Chng ny trc ht xt nguyn l chung ca mt h thng iu ch OFDM. Tip theo xt cc thng s hiu nng ca n. Sau xt h thng OFDMA nhy tn c xut cho UMTS. Cui cng xt m hnh h thng CDMA a sng mang. hiu r c nguyn l OFDMA trc ht ta xt nguyn l ca ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) trn hnh 6.2. a a a a b d d d d e a a a a b d d d d e a a a a b d d d d e
Tn s
c c
c c
c c
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Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang b e g b e g b f g b f g b f g b f g Thi gian Hnh 6.2. Th d li thi gian-tn s cho OFDMA c by ngi s dng t a n g. b b b e f f g g g
6.3. NGUYN L OFDM

dng tng qut ta c th trnh by tn hiu OFDM bng tn gc trong dng mt tp N sng mang con c iu ch v c truyn song song nh sau:
s(t) =
k=
N / 21
X i ,k g k (t kT , i= N / 2
(6.1)
i=-N/2, -N/2+1,,-1,0,1,,N/2-1 vi
e j2fi t , t [ 0,T ] g i (t) = 0 , t [ 0,T ] tha mn iu kin trc giao sau:
(6.2)
1 T
v
t s +T ts
1, nu i = * g i (t).g (t)dt = 0, nu i
(6.3)
fi=i/T; i=1,2,.,N-1 (6.4) Trong T c gi l thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM; Xi,k l k hiu iu ch thng thng c truyn trn sng mang con trong khong thi gian k hiu OFDM th k; N l s sng mang con (c chn bng ly tha ca 2) v fi l tn s sng mang con. Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d v s dng bn cc sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM
a) V d s dng 4 sng mang OFDM trong min thi gian

1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -0,8 -1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 -0,2
b) V d s dng 4 sng mang OFDM trong min tn s
T
Thi gian
1/T
Tn s
112
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang Hnh 6.3. Th d v s dng bn sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM.6 T hnh 6.3 ta thy trong min thi gian, m bo iu kin trc giao, cc sng mang con c s chu k trong mt k hiu OFDM (T) l mt s nguyn. Trong min tn s mi sng mang con ca mt k hiu OFDM c mt ph cng sut dng sinx/x vi i x = (f fi ) T = f T . Gi tr cc i cc bp chnh ca mt ph cng sut ca mt T sng mang xy ra ti cc tn s f=i/T. Ti y mt ph cng sut ca cc sng mang khc u bng khng. Nh tnh trc giao (6.3), ti pha thu ta c th gii iu ch tm li k hiu Xi,k theo quan h sau:
1 X i ,k = T
(k +1)T
kT
s(t)g i* (t)
(6.5)
Nu ta k hiu Fk(t) l k hiu OFDM trong thi im truyn k hiu th k, th ta c th vit li cng thc (6.1) nh sau:
s(t) =
k=
F (t)
k
(6.6)
Cc tn hiu OFDM ch c to ra bng x l s do rt kh to ra cc tp b to sng kha pha v cc my thu trong min tng t. x l s ta ly mu tn hiu OFDM bng gc trong (6.1) v (6.6) bng tn s ly mu N ln ln hn 1/T. Khi ny ta c th biu din k hiu OFDM th k, Fk(t), nh sau:
Fk (m) =
i=N / 2 N/2 j2 i.m N
N/2
X i ,k g i (t kT)
, m=0,1,, N-1
m t =k+ T N
i=N / 2
X i ,k e
(6.7) = IDFT (Xi,k) trong IDFT (inverse discrete fourrier transform) l bin i fourrier ri rc ngc. Bin i Fourrier nhanh o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) thc hin chc nng ging nh IDFT nhng hiu sut hn v mt tnh ton nn thng c s dng trong cc s thc tin. Thi gian ca k hiu OFDM sau IFFT c k hiu l TFFT.
6.4. S H THNG TRUYN DN OFDM

S ca mt h thng truyn dn OFDM c cho hnh 6.4a. S ny gm hai phn chnh: phn x l tn hiu s v phn x l tn hiu tng t. Hnh 6.4b cho thy s tng ng bng tn gc phc. Di y ta s xt cc phn t ca cc s ny.
6.4.1. X l tn hiu s
Ti phi pht trc ht lung bit c chia thnh cc khi vi Nlog2M bit, trong M l mc iu ch. Khi cc bit ny sau c bin i thnh N k hiu iu ch thng thng (mi
113
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang k hiu cc k hiu tng ng vi log2M bit, chng hn ca k hiu iu ch 16 QAM tng ng vi 4 bit) song song tng ng vi N vect xc nh v tr ca im k hiu iu ch thng trng trn chm tn hiu iu ch thng thng (xem hnh 6.5 cho 16-QAM). Cc vect ny th hin N tn ph v c k hiu bng {Xi,k} trong i{ -N/2, 0, 1, ., N-1} l ch s vect v k l ch s v th t theo thi gian ca tp N k hiu song song. Sau cc th hin tn ph ny c b bin i Fourrier nhanh ri rc o (IFFT: inverse fast fourrier transform) bin i vo min thi gian. Chm N k hiu ny c a ln b IFFT. u ra IFFT cho ta tp N sng mang con trc giao mang N k hiu trong bng gc ( min thi gian). Tp sng mang con trc giao ny to nn mt k hiu OFDM hiu dng. Thng thng N nhn gi tr bng 2 ly tha ca mt s nguyn c th p dng IFFT hiu qu cao. Thi gian ca mt k hiu hiu dng c k hiu l TFFT.
I/Q I/Q DAC I/Q RF iu ch IQ v bin i nng tn
S liu pht
M ha knh/an xen
Sp xp k hiu (iu ch)
iu ch OFDM (IFFT) Chm N s liu phc {x i,k } Chm s liu thu {yi,k }
Chn khang bo v/ca s
sRF ( t )
Tn hiu bng gc pht s(t) Tn hiu thu s(t) Loi khang bo v I/Q ng b thi gian I/Q
Knh v tuyn phainh
S liu thu
Gii m knh/gii an xen
Gii sp t k hiu (gii iu ch )
Gii iu ch OFDM (FFT)
ADC I/Q
Bin i h tn v gii iu ch IQ
rRF (t )
Tn hiu s
Tn hiu tng t
ng b sng mang
x0 ,k
X 0 ,k
X 1,k
X k (t)
x1,k
N.log 2 M
x N1,k
X N1,k
y 0 ,k y1,k
Y0 ,k
Y1,k
Yk (t)
y N1,k
YN1,k
Hnh 6.4. S h thng truyn dn OFDM.
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Hnh 6.5. Chm tn hiu 16-QAM.
Hot ng ca tng IFFT c cho trn hnh 6.6.

TGD
TFFT
Hnh 6.6. Nguyn l ca tng IFFT Trong min tn s, trc khi a ln IFFT, mi mu ri rc ca IFFT tng ng vi mt sng mang con. Hu ht cc sng mang con c iu ch bi s liu lu lng. Cc sng mang con bn ngoi khng b iu ch v bin c t bng khng. Cc sng mang con khng iu ch ny c dng to ra bng tn bo v trc tn s Nyquist v m bo dc ca b lc tng t.
115
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang Sau IFFT, tn hiu OFDM bng gc c a ln b chn khong bo v v to ca s. Ti y tn hiu OFDM c chn on tin t chu trnh ng vai tr khong bo v v chn on m cng tin v hu t to dng ph (xem hnh 6.7 ). Thi gian ca on bo v c k hiu l TGD c chn ln hn thi gian tr tri cc i ca knh phainh. V th phn hiu dng ca tn hiu thu (on TFFT) c th c coi l tch chp ca k hiu OFDM vi p ng xung kim ca knh. on bo v c a vo duy tr tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con v tnh c lp ca cc k hiu OFDM ni tip nhau khi tn hiu OFDM c truyn trn knh v tuyn phainh nhiu ng. Vic duy tr tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con cho php trnh c ICI (inter-carrier interference: nhiu gia cc sng mang) v vic duy tr tnh c lp gia cc k hiu cho php trnh c ISI (inter-symbol interference: nhiu gia cc k hiu). Khong bo v l mt tin t c chu trnh, n c copy t phn cui cng ca k hiu OFDM c truyn trc (xem hnh 6.8).
Dng xung pht i w(t)

T TWIN TGD GI TFFT
Tin t
k.T
Thi gian truyn hiu dng
Hu t
Thi gian
p ng xung knh
max
Thi gian tr tri
B lc my thu (s dng FFT)

TFFT
Thi gian
Hnh 6.7. Dng k hiu sau khi chn v lp ca s ti phi pht, p ng xung kim ca knh v k hiu OFDM hiu dng c ly ra ti pha thu.
Copy
u ra IFFT trc
Khong bo v TG
u ra IFFT TFFT Ts
Khong u ra IFFT tip theo bo v
K hiu k-1
K hiu k
K hiu k+1
Hnh 6.8. Chn khong bo v.
116
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang Xung ch nht c rng ph rt ln do cc bp bn ca bin i Fourier c dng Sinc. To ca s l mt k thut gim cc bp bn ny v nh vy gim cng sut pht ngoi bng. Trong h thng OFDM, ca s c s dng phi khng c nh hng ln tn hiu trong thi gian hiu dng ca n. V th cc phn m rng theo chu k c dng xung nh hnh 6.9. To ca s cho xung pht s dng hm cosin tng c th coi l tch chp ca xung ch nht c di T vi na sng sin nh hnh 6.9. Trong min tn s tch chp ny tng ng vi nhn ph Sinc ca xung ch nht vi ph ca na sng sin. T hnh 6.9 ta thy vic nhn ny cho php gim cc bp bn ca ph xung pht. Trn hnh 6.9(a), cc gi tr ph bng xy ra ti cc v tr i.f=i/TFFT, i= {1, 2, }, ngha l ti cc v tr t cc sng mang con ln cn. Vic m rng xung n di T= TFFT+ TGD+TWIN gim khong cch gia cc gi tr ph bng khng xung cn 1/T (hnh 6.9(b)). Hm to ca s (hnh 6.9(c)) nhn cc gi tr khng ti { 3/2, 5/2, 7/2.}/Twin. Tch ca ph trn hnh 6.9(b) v ph trn hnh 6.9(c) cho ta kt qu ca to ca s (hnh 6.9(d)). Nhn xt hnh 6.9(d) ta thy nh to ca s cc bp bn gim ng k.
Min thi gian Min tn s
Cc mu
Tn s cc sng mang con
Ph OFDM i vi NFFT=64, NGD=16
Hnh 6.9. (a) Dng xung v ph ca k hiu OFDM hiu dng (c thc hin bi IFFT; (b) xung di T v ph ca n; (c) xung na sin c s dng to dng xung v ph ca n; (d) xung pht w(t) v ph ca n. Cc di xung thng c o bng s mu, trong d NFFT, NGD v Nwin xc nh s mu trong phn hiu dng, khong bo v v khang to ca s.
6.4.2. X l tn hiu tng t (phn iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 6.10 cho thy s iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM bng gc phc.
117
iu ch IQ I DAC LPF cos Bng tn c s OFDM phc 900 B to sng mang RF sin Q DAC Tn hiu s LPF Tn hiu tng t u ra RF
Hnh 6.10. S iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM bng gc. Do cc b lc thng thp c s dng bin i s vo tng t v ngc li (DAC and ADC) cho cc tn hiu pht v thu (bng gc) nn khng phi tt c N sng mang con u c s dng. Cc sng mang con gn vi tn s Nyquist fs/2 s b suy gim bi b lc v v th khng th s dng cho truyn dn s liu (hnh 6.11). (fs=1/Ts l tn s ly mu). Ngoi ra sng mang con DC c th b mo rt ln do dch mt chiu (DC) ca cc b ADC v DAC v th cng cn trnh s dng n cho s liu.
Hm truyn t ca my pht / my thu
Tn s
Cc sng mang con s dng c Cc sng mang con s dng c Sng mang con th i
Hnh 6.11. Hm truyn t ca my pht/thu v nh hng ca n ln thit k h thng OFDM c th s dng sng mang con DC, ta c th s dng s iu ch s trc khi a ln b chuyn i s vo tng t (DAC: digital analog converter) nh trn hnh 6.12.
118
Hnh 6.12. iu ch s kt hp bin i nng tng.
6.5. CC TN HIU CA H THNG OFDM

Tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng tn gc u ra ca DAC c xc nh nh sau:
x(t) =
k=-
xk (t - kT) ,
(6.8)
trong xk(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng gc th k c xc nh nh sau:

N / 2 1 i w(t - kT). Xi,k exp j2 (t - kT) , TFFT i=-N/2 kT - Twin - TGD t kT + TFFT + Twin , xk (t - kt) = 0, nu khc
(6.9)
trong : T l di k hiu OFDM. TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM. TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh. Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph. f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang. N l di FFT, s im FFT. k l ch s v k hiu c truyn. i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1,..., -1, 0, +1, ., N/2-1}. Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k. w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:
119
1 1 - cos(t + T )/T , GD win ] 2 [ w(t) = 1, 1 [1 - cos(t - TFFT )/Twin ], 2
- Twin - TGD t -TGD - TGD t TFFT , TFFT t TFFT + Twin

(6.10)
Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch v tuyn c xc nh nh sau:
xRF (t) =
k =
xRF,k (t - kT)
(6.11)
trong xRF,k(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM v tuyn th k c biu din nh sau:

i=N/2 1 Re w(t - kT) x i,k exp j2 fc + (t - kT) , TFFT i=-N/2 x RF,k (t - kT) = kT - Twin - TGD t kT + TFFT + Twin , (6.12) 0, nu khc
trong : T l di k hiu OFDM. TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM. TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh. Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph. Fc l tn s trung tm ca ph. f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang. N l di FFT, s im FFT. k l ch s v k hiu c truyn. i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}. Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k. w(t) c xc nh theo (6.10).
6.6. NHIU GIA CC K HIU (ISI) V GIA CC SNG MANG (ICI)

Trong mi trng phainh, mt tn hiu pht n my thu ti nhiu thi im khc nhau do hin tng truyn sng a ng. T quan im my thu, knh gy ra s phn tn thi gian (gi tt l tn thi). Do knh phn tn tuyn tnh, ta c th coi tn hiu thu tc thi b mo tuyn tnh l xp chng ca nhiu k hiu thng tin trong qu kh v trong tng lai. Ta c th gii thch ISI tin xung v ISI hu xung bng p ng xung kim knh gi nh cho hnh 6.13.
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Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang p ng xung kim knh (CIR: Channel Impulse Response) trn hnh 6.13 c th coi nh l gm ba loi thnh phn khc nhau. Thnh phn c bin cao nht h2 c gi l thnh phn c xt (thnh phn chnh). Cc thnh phn xy ra trc, h0 v h1, c gi l tin xung v cc thnh phn xy ra sau, h3 v h4, c gi l hu xung. Nng lng ca tn hiu mong mun ch yu c to ra bi thnh phn chnh. Ngoi ra tn hiu thu cng gm c nng lng gy ra bi tch chp ca cc tin xung v cc hu xung, cc nh hng ny c gi l ISI tin xung v ISI hu xung. Nh vy tn hiu thu b mo dng do xp chng tn hiu mong mun vi cc ISI tin xung v hu xung. Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu trc .
h2 h0 h1 h3 h4
Hnh 6.13. p ng xung kim knh (CIR) Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln ln nhau nhng trc giao vi nhau. iu ny c ngha l ti gi tr ph cc i ca mt sng mang con tt c cc gi tr ph ca cc sng mang con khc u phi bng khng. My thu s ly mu cc k hiu ti tng sng mang con ti cc im cc i ny v gii iu ch chng m khng b nhiu gy ra do cc sng mang con khc. Trng hp tnh trc giao ni trn khng c m bo, nhiu gy ra cc k hiu trn cc sng mang con ln cn s xy ra. Nhiu ny dc gi l nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI: InterChannel Interference). Ta c th xt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con trong min thi gian v min tn s. Xt trong min thi gian, mi sng mang con phi l mt hm sin c s nguyn ln chu k trong khang thi gian TFFT, hay ni mt cch khc c tn s l mt s nguyn ln i lng nghch o ca thi gian TFFT (fi=i/TFFI = i.f). Hnh 6.14 cho thy ph ca bn sng mang c gi tr cc i ti tn s trung tm ca chnh chng v khng ti tn s trung tm ca cc sng mang con khc trong trng hp trc giao.
121
Deleted:
Hnh 6.14. Ph ca bn sng mang con trc giao Nu tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con b mt, cc sng mang con s c ph khc khng ti ph cc i cu cc sng mang con khc. Nu xt trong min thi gian, s chu k hm sin ca sng mang con khng cn l mt s nguyn trong thi gian FFT. Hnh 6.15 cho thy ph ca bn sng mang con trong min tn s khi tnh trc giao b mt.
Hnh 6.15. Ph ca bn sng mang con khi tnh trc giao b mt ICI xy ra khi knh a ng thay i trong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM. Khi xy ra iu ny, cc dch Doppler trn mi ng s gy ra dch tn s trn cc sng mang con lm mt tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi k hiu OFDM b ISI. Ta c th xt tnh hung ny trong min thi gian. Khi ny cc sng mang khng cn m bo s chu k l mt s nguyn trong thi gian TFFT do dch pha gy ra bi k hiu trc . Cui cng s dch cc tn s ca my pht v my thu cng dn n ICI i vi mt k hiu OFDM. Chn khong bo v cng nh la chn bng tn tn hiu ph hp vi bng thng ca knh cho php gim nh hng ca ISI v ICI.
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
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6.7. DUNG LNG H THNG OFDM

6.7.1. M u
Mt trong cc muc tiu ca iu ch thch ng l ci thin dung lng. V th trc ht ta cn nghin cu cc thng s no nh hng ln dung lng. Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu cc thng s ny v a ra cng thc xc nh chng. Dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) c xc nh bng cng thc ni ting sau:
C = Blog2 (1+ SNR) [bps],
(6.13)
trong C l dung lng knh cn B l bng thng.
6.7.2. Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM
Ta bit r rng mc iu ch v t l m nh hng ln dung lng. Trong cc h thng OFDM, do truyn dn song song v m rng nh k nn c nhiu thng s quyt nh dung lng hn. Ta s bt u xt cho trng hp n gin vi gi thit l cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch, m ha, bng thng, cng sut). Trong trng hp ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng [6]:
R tb =
(s bit/sng mang con/k hiu) s sng mang con thi gian k hiu
[bps] ,
(6.14)
Nu ta rc l t l m, M l mc iu ch, N l s sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, B l rng bng tn ca tn hiu thng tin hay s liu, TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn cch sng mang con l f=1/TFFT v FSR l t s thi gian FFT v thi gian k hiu OFDM, tc bit tng c xc nh nh sau: Rtb=(rclog2M)N/T=(rclog2M)(B/f)/T = (rclog2M)Bd(TFFT/T)=(rclog2M).B.FSR,
(6.15)
T phng trnh (3.15) ta thy rng tng tc bit tng, ta cn tng: hoc mc iu ch (M), hoc t l m (rc), hoc t s N/T. Hnh 6.16 gii thch ngha ca phng trnh (6.15).
123
tng tc bit tng (R tb tng)
(N/T)tng
N tng
T = (T FFT + T GD + Twin )gim
TFFT gim ftng M tng hoc R c tng B tng (TGD + T win) gim
Hnh 6.16. Cc thng s dung lng v nh hng ca chng ln tng tng dung lng. Ta d rng nhn thy rng tng N/T ta cn tng N gi T khng i hoc gim T gi N khng i. Ta c th s dng ba phng php tng tc bit: (1) tng mc iu ch hoc t l m, (2) tng bng thng truyn dn thng tin, (3) tng FSR. Ta ch c th s dng cc phng php ny khi tnh trng knh cho php thay i cc gi tr ny ca cc thng s ny. Khi cho trc bng thng truyn dn v gi thit rng ton b bng thng ny v cc sng mang u c s dng truyn thng tin, ta c th biu din tc bit tng cc i nh sau: Max(Rtb)= (rclog2M).B.FSR (6.16) i vi trng hp tng qut ta khng th s dng cu hnh cc sng mang con nh nhau, mi sng mang con s c cc gi tr thng s khc nhau. Trong trng ny tc bit tng s l tng tc bit c cc sng mang con. Khi ny ta c th vit:
R tb = rci .log 2 Mi .FSR i .fi

i =1
(6.17)
Khi cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau: rci=r Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu trc . c, Mi=M, FSRi=FSR v fi=f, phng trnh (6.17) chuyn thnh phng trnh (6.15). Trong trng hp f tin n khng ta c th vit phng trnh (6.17) dng tch phn nh sau:
R tb = rc (f ).log 2 M(f ).FSR (f ).df
B
(6.18)
Phng trnh (6.18) ch c ngha v mt ton hc, v trong thc t f khng th tin ti 0. V th phng trnh (6.17) c ngha thc tin hn c. Lu rng gi tr cc thng s v phi ca cc phng trnh (6.15), (6.17) v (6.18) ph thuc vo tnh trng knh thi im xt.
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6.8. NH HNG CA CC THNG S QUYT NH DUNG LNG LN QOS TRONG H THNG OFDM
6.8.1. Hiu nng ca cc thng s quyt nh dung lng
Ta gi cc thng s nh hng ln dung lng ca h thng OFDM c nu trn (t l m, mc iu ch, rng bng v FSR) l cc thng s quyt nh dung lng. Trong phn ny ta s xt nh hng ca chng ln QoS ca h thng OFDM. y ta s khng xt t l m v n cng ging nh trng hp mc iu ch. Ta s dng BER ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR (Eb/N0) nh gi QoS truyn dn. n gin ta xt knh tp m Gauss trng cng (AWGN). Ta coi rng ton bng thng v ton b cc sng mang con c dng truyn thng tin. Ta coi rng suy hao truyn dn bng khng (cng sut pht PT bng cng sut thu PR). Cc kt qu m phng c cho hnh 6.17.a, 6.17.b cho trng hp FSR khng i v hnh 6.18 cho trng hp FSR thay i. Hnh 6.17.a xt cho trng hp bng thng thay i cn hnh 6.17.b xt cho trng hp bng thng c nh nhng mc iu ch M thay i. Cc thng s dung lng m phng cho hnh 6.17 c cho bng 6.1, cn cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.18 c cho bng 6.2 v 6.3. Bng 6.1. Cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.17.a v b Rtb(Mbps) T f(KHz) N TFFT(s) TGD(s) 15,6log2M 62,4log2M 124,8log2M 156log2M 156log2M 78,125 312,5 625 781,25 781,25 256 256 256 256 256 16,4 4,1 2,05 1,64 1,64 12,8 3,2 1,6 1,28 1,28 2,4 0,6 0,3 0,24 0,24
M=16 rc=1
M=4,8, 16, 64, 256 Rc=1
B (MHz) 20 80 160 200 200
PT -30 dBW
FSR 0,78
N 256
Bng 6.2. Cc thng s m phng cho hnh 6.17 F(KHz) B(MHz) TFFT(s) Twin(s) Rc 100 2,56 0,12 16QAM 390,625
PT(dBW) -30
FSR 0,995 0,934 0,814 0,877 0,853 0,805 0,727
Bng 6.3. Thay i FSR cho m phng hnh 6.17 TFFT/TGD T(s) 2,56 + 42,7 21,3 10,7 8 5,1 3,0 2,74 2,8 2,92 3 3,18 3,52
TGD(s) 0 0,06 0,12 0,24 0,32 0,5 0,84
125
Knh AWGN: N=256, 16QAM

100 10-1 10-2
Knh AWGN: N=256, B= 200MHz

100 10-1 10-2
BER
10-3 10-4 10 10
-5 -6
BER
B=20MHz B=80MHz B=160MHz B=200MHz
10-3 10-4 10
-5
16QAM 64QAM 256QAM BPSK 4PSK
10-6 5 10 15 20 25 10-7 10 -5
10-7 10
-5
10
15
20
25
Eb/N0 [dB] a) Bng thng khc nhau
Eb/N0 [dB] b) Mc iu ch iu ch
Hnh 6.17. BER ph thuc SNR: a) cho bng thng khc nhau, (b) cho mc iu ch khc nhau.
Hnh 6.18. BER ph thuc v SNR cho FSR khc nhau. T hnh 6.17.a ta thy rng hiu nng BER ph thuc vo Eb/N0 gn nh ging nhau cho cc bng thng khc nhau. T hnh 6.17.b ta thy hiu nng BER ca cc mc iu ch cao hn gim ng k khi Eb/N0 ln hn 3dB. So snh hnh 6.17.a v 6.17.b ta thy rng khi tc bit tng bng cch tng mc iu ch, BER gim cp nhanh hn khi bng thng tng. Mt khc phng php tng mc iu ch cho hiu sut bng thng cao hn cn phng php tng bng thng khng lm thay i hiu sut bng thng. V vic tng tng bng thng l khng thc t nn phng php ny ch c th c s dng tng bng thng ca mt sng mang con hay mt nhm sng mang con. Tng khong bo v dn n tn tht nng lng ln hn. Gim khong bo v dn n nhy cm hn i vi phainh chn lc. FSR l mt hm ph thuc v khong bo v. Hnh 6.16 cho thy rng FSR t nh hng ln hiu nng BER ca knh AWGN. Tuy nhin i vi knh phainh chn lc c th d bo rng hiu nng s thay i ln khi FSR thay i. FSR c th c rt ra t tri rng tr, sau s dng cc phng trnh (6.11), (6.12), (6.13) thch ng t l m,
126
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang mc iu ch v rng bng theo iu kin knh v dung lng t c QoS yu cu. Cc tip cn ny rt hu ch cho vic truyn dn tc bit khng i. Ta c th tng kt phn ny nh sau. Bng cc phng trnh c rt ra trn, chng ta nghin cu cc nh hng ca vic thay i cc thng s ln hiu nng BER. Tng mc iu ch (hay t l m ha) dn n hiu nng BER gim ng k; tng FSR khng lm thay i nhiu hiu nng trong cc knh AWGN; tng bng thng khng thay i BER nhng tt nhin i hi bng tn rng hn v v th khng thc t. V th khi thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM ta phi tm gii php dung ha t c hay duy tr tc bit mong mun.
6.8.2. Quan h gia bng thng sng mang v RDS

Trong mt h thng OFDM, ta cn t bng thng sng mang con. Bng thng sng mang con ln s gy ra mo ln do knh mang tnh chn lc tn s. Bng thng sng mang con cng c th gy ra mo ln do hin tng phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phainh nhanh do tp m iu ch tn s ngu nhin). Ngoi ra bng thng sng mang con cng nh th ICI (Inter Carrier Interference: nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu) cng cao. V th ta khng th t bng thng sng mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS). V th bng thng sng mang con phi nm gia i lng nghch o ca RDS v rng bng tn nht qun BC i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9:
Bc f
1 RDS
(6.19)
i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 ta c th ly:
Bc
1 50RDS
(6.20)
Thay BC trong (6.20) vo (6.19) ta c: 1 1 f (6.21) 50RDS RDS Bng 6.4 cho ta bng thng sng mang con cc tiu: Min(Nsbc) v cc i Max(Nsbc) i vi mt h thng OFDM c bng thng tng bng 400MHz khi cho trc tri tr trung bnh qun phng. Tng ng, ta c nhn c s sng mang con cc i v cc tiu. Bng 6.4. Bng thng sng mang con v s sng mang con ph thuc vo RDS
127
6.8.3. La chn thng s thit k h thng WLAN

thit k h thng OFDM ta c th tin hnh nh sau: 1. Chn TGD= (2 n 4) RDS. Trong phn bi tp ta s chn TGD=4RDS. 2. Thi gian k hiu Ts =5TGD 3. Tc lp k hiu: Rs=1/Ts 4. Thi gian hiu dng k hiu TFFT=T-TGD 5. Bng thng con f=1/TFFT 6. S sng mang con bng Bt/ f; trong Bt l tng bng thng kh dng
6.9. H THNG OFDMA NHY TN

Tri ph nhy tn da trn nguyn l chuyn i tn s sng mang mt tp hp cc tn s mu c xc nh bi chui gi tp m PN. Nu ta gn cc mu nhy tn khc nhau ny cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau ta c OFDMA nhy tn. Nh vy thc cht OFDMA nhy tn l mt h thng CDMA nhy tn. H thng ny c li phn tp tn s v mi ngi s dng c s dng ton b bng tn kh dng, ngoi ra nhiu c trung bnh ho nh i vi cc h thng CDMA khc. V nhiu v phainh thay i theo tng bc nhy, nn hiu nng h thng ph thuc vo gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut tn hiu thu v nhiu ch khng ph thuc vo trng hp pha inh hay cng sut nhiu ti nht. u im chnh ca cc h thng CDMA nhy tn so vi cc h thng CDMA chui trc tip l d rng loi b nhiu ni bng cch s dng cc mu nhy tn trc giao trong mt . Hnh 6.19 cho thy mt th d v v tp nhy tn trc giao. i vi N sng mang con, ta lun lun c th cu trc c N mu nhy trc giao. a b c d e f f a b c d e e d f e a f b a c b d c Thi gian c d e f a b b c d e f a
Tn s
128
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang Hnh 6.19. Th d v su mu nhy tn vi su tn s nhy khc nhau Trong phn ny ta s xt mt h thng OFDMA c sut cho UMTS lm th d. Bng 6.5 tng kt cc thng s v c tnh ca h thng ny. Bng 6.5. Cc thng s cu h thng c sut cho OFDMA S TT Thng s 1 Khong cch sng mang 4,1666 kHz 2 Thi gian k hiu 288,46 s 3 S sng mang con trn mt khe tn 24 100kHz 4 Thi gian bo v pha trc 38s 5 Thi gian bo v pha sau 8s 5 6 n v iu ch Khi iu ch
Gi tr
1 khe bng v mt khe thi gian (=1 k hiu) 4 khe thi gian v mt khe bng
Hnh 6.20 minh ho li thi gian-tn s ca h thng OFDMA ny. Cc ti nguyn (thi gian v tn s) c cp pht trn c s kiu dch v v mi trng lm vic. S khe thi gian v khe bng trn mt ngi s dng thay i theo tc s liu. Tc s liu thp nht c m bo bng mt khe bng c 24 sng mang con trn khe thi gian 288,46s.
129
Tn s
Khi iu ch
Khong cch sng mang con=4,1666kHz
n v iu ch
Khe bng=100kHz
Khe thi gian
288,6s
Thi gian
Hnh 6.20. Li tn s-thi gian Hnh 6.21 cho thy cu trc khung TDMA. Mi khung c di 4,615ms c chia thnh 4 khung con c di 1,1534ms. Mt khung con cha 4 khe thi gian c di 288,46 s. Mt khe thi gian bao gm khong bo v, thng tin iu khin cng sut v s liu. Mi k hiu OFDM c sp xp vo mt khe thi gian. Cu trc ca mt k hiu OFDMA c cho hnh 6.22. Ton b bng tn h thng c chia thnh cc khi nh (cc khe bng) c s lng sng mang con khng i. tng thch vi GSM, mt khe bng c chn bng 100 KHz cha 24 sng mang con. V th khang cch gia cc sng mang con bng 100/24=4,167kHz. Hnh 6.23 cho thy cu trc tn s ca OFDMA.
130
Khung (4,615 ms) 4 khung (18,45 ms) an xen
Khung con (1,1534 ms)
Khe thi gian ( 288, 46 s )
Khong bo v
iu khin cng sut
S liu ngi s dng
Cm thu
iu chnh thi gian
Cm pht
Hnh 6.21. Cu trc khung

Chu k iu ch (288, 46s) Chu k iu ch hiu qu (240s)
Thi gian bo v trc Thi gian tng
Thi gian gim
(10s )
(10s)
Thi gian bo v sau
Hnh 6.22. Cu trc cm iu ch OFDMA
131
Bng tn h thng
Khe bng (100kHz) 4,17 kHz 24 sng mang con
Cc khong bo v (khng dng)
Khong cch sng mang con OFDMA (4,17 kHz)
Hnh 6.23. Cu trc tn s OFDMA
6.10. CDMA A SNG MANG, MC-CDMA

Tn hiu MC-CDMA c to ra bng cch kt hp DSCDMA v OFDMA. Mi chip ca chui trc tip s tri ph cho k hiu s liu sau c t ln mt sng mang con. Nh vy trong MC-CDMA cc chip ca mt k hiu c tri ph s c truyn song song trn cc sng mang con khc nhau khc vi trng hp truyn ni tip trong DSCDMA. Hnh 6.24 cho thy m hnh ca mt h thng MC-CDMA.
B bin i ni tip thnh song song
B bin i song song thnh ni tip
OFDM ngc
Hnh 6.24. M hnh h thng MC-CDMA Hnh 6.4 M t h thng MC CDMA gm K ngi s dng. My thu thc hin tch sng cho ngi s dng th k. Ti pha pht (hnh 6.24) tng k hiu (dk) tc Rb=1/Tc ca tng ngi s dng c tri ph bi chui chip ck tng ng c chu k l N v tc chip Rc=1/Tc. Sau tri ph K lung ny c cng i s vi nhau sau c b bin i ni tip thnh song song chia thnh N lung (tng ng vi N chip tri ph cho k hiu s liu):
s = s k = [ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N1 ]
k=1
OFDM
dk
(6.22)
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Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang trong
sk = d kck ,
ck=[c0,k , c1,k,......., cN-1,k] (6.23)
ri a ln b iu ch OFDM v u ra ta c mt k hiu OFDM (x) pht n u thu.. Ti pha thu , tn hiu thu y: y =hx+ (6.24) trong h l hm truyn t knh v l tp m c a qua b OFDM ngc ri qua b bin i song song thnh ni tip c:
r = [ R 0 ,R 1 ,...,R N1 ]
(6.25)
Cui cng lung r ny c a ln b tch sng (gii tri ph) nhn c c tnh ca k hiu dk: d .
k
6.11. TNG KT
Chng ny xt nguyn l chung ca iu ch OFDM. OFDM l mt h thng a sng mang trong lung s liu cn truyn c chia nh v c truyn trn cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau. So vi h thng FDMA, OFDM cho php nn ph xung 50%. Cc vi mch x l tn hiu nh IFFT v FFT cho php n gin ha qu trnh to cc sng mang con trong cc h thng truyn dn OFDM. Chng ny cng trnh by cc phn t c bn ca my thu v my pht OFDM trong h thng truyn dn OFDM. Hai phn th c th ca my pht v my thu l b bin i Fourier nhanh ngc (IFFT) v b bin i Fourier (FFT). Phainh nhiu ng trong h thng truyn dn OFDM dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) v nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI). V th ta khng th t bng thng sng mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS). Chng ny cng xt cc thuc tnh v cc thng s ca OFDM. Quan h gia cc thng s iu ch OFDM cng c phn tch lm tin cho vic thit k cc h thng truyn dn OFDM. Chng ny cng a ra phng php thit k h thng truyn dn OFDM trong WLAN. Th d v p dng OFDM nhy tn cho thng tin di ng th h mi c xt trn da trn xut h thng ny cho UMTS. Phn cui cng ca chng xt nguyn l ca MC-CDMA. Cc s n gin ca rmy pht v my thu trong mt h thng MC-CDMA cng c xt trong phn cui cng ny. c th ca MC-CDMA l cc chip ca m tri ph sau khi tri ph cho s liu c truyn trn cc sng mang con khc nhau. Nh vy s cc sng mang con ca OFDM cng s bng s chip trong mt chu k chui m tri ph. OFDM hin c ng dng rng ri trong truyn hnh s v cc h thng WLAN. OFDM v MC-CDMA cng ang c nghin cu ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi.
133
6.12. CU HI V BI TP
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Trnh by nguyn l chung ca OFDM Trnh by nguyn l to cc sng mang con Trnh by phng php la chn bng thng sng mang con Trnh by phng php la chn thi gian bo v Gii thch l do to lp ca s Trnh by nguyn nhn gy ra ISI v ICI trong h thng truyn dn OFDM Trnh by hot ng ca s OFDM Trnh by nguyn l OFDMA nhy tn Trnh by nguyn l MC-CDMA Cho mt ng truyn c l lch tr cng sut sau: (ns) 0 0 110 -9,7 190 -19,2 410 -22,8
a 2 (dB)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Tnh tr tri trung bnh. (a) 20ns; (b) 45,9ns; (c) 51,5ns ; (d) 60ns (tip) Tnh moment bc hai ca l lch tr cng sut. (a) 1000 ns2; (b) 1530ns2; (c) 2314,5ns2; (d) 2500ns2 (tip) Tnh tri tr trung bnh qun phng. (a) 15ns; (b) 25ns; 30,6ns; (d) 46ns (tip) Tm bng thng con cc tiu cho OFDM (a) 200 kHz; (b) 300kHz; (c) 350kHz; (d) 434,78kHz (tip) Tm s sng mang con cc i cho mt h thng OFDM c bng thng 10 MHz (a) 10; (b) 18; (c) 23; (d)30 Mt h thng OFDM WLAN (802.11a) s dng iu ch 16-QAM vi t l m ha 1/2 cn m bo tc truyn dn 24Mbps vi tng rng bng tn Bt=20MHz v thng s knh RDS bng 200ns. Tnh thi gian bo v cn thit (TGD). (a) 400ns ; (b) 500ns; (c) 800ns (tip). Tnh thi gian k hiu OFDM (Ts). (a) 1,5 s; (b) 3s; (c) 4s; (d) 4,5s (tip). Tnh tc k hiu OFDM (Rs). (a) 200 ksps; (b) 250ksps; (d)300 ksps; (d) 350 ksps (tip). Tnh thi gian hiu dng k hiu (TFFT). (a) 3s; (b) 3,2s; (c) 3,5s; (d) 4s (tip). Tnh bng thng con (khong cch gia hai sng mang con) (a) 310 kHz; (b) 312,5 kHz; (c) 324,5kHz (tip). Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt k hiu OFDM (a) 76; (b) 86; (c) 96; (d) 106 (tip). Tnh tnh s bit thng tin trn mt sng mang con. (a) 1; (b)2; (c)3; (d)4 (tip). Tnh s sng mang con nu cn thm bn sng mang con cho hoa tiu (a) 48; (b) 50; (c) 52; (d) 56 (tip). Tnh tng bng thng c s dng
134
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang (a) 15,25 MHz; (b) 16,25MHz; (d) 17,25 MHz 24. (tip) . Tnh khong bng bo v. (a) 3,5 MHz; (b) 3,75MHz; (c) 4MHz; (d) 4,25MHz. 25. Nu h thng WLAN 802.11a trong bi 17 s dng iu ch 64 QAM vi t l m ha 3/4 th tc truyn tin s bng bao nhiu. (a) 44Mbps; (b) 47Mbps; (c) 54Mbps; (d)64Mbps
135
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1
Bi 6 P=0,021000+3+0,5+0,5= 24W: (d) Bi 7 Tng tch theo cp ca hai chui phi bng khng: (a) v (c) Bi 8
K max = M 2 C 3 I
()
()
I
12, 5.10 3 / 25 500 = = = 61 : (b) 8,16 2 2 10 3
Bi 9
K max = M 2 C 3
12, 5.10 3 /(100 : 4) 500 = = 194 : (c) 2, 58 2 10 3
CHNG 2
Bi 1 Ta c th vit li hm tng quan nh sau: 1 ; 1 R x () = 2 + 3() ; trong () = nu khc 0
Cng sut trung bnh bng Rx(0)=2+3=5W: (c)
Bi 2 Bin i Fourier cho tn hiu x(t) ta c: x(f)= 2(f)+3Sinc2f Thnh phn th nht biu th cng sut mt chiu. Vy cng sut mt chiu l 2W: (a) Bi 3
Hm tam gic 1000(f-106) c gi tr bng 1 ti f=106Hz v bng khng ti f0,999MHz v f1,001MHz. V th cng sut s l 2 ln ca din tch na tam gic t 1MHz n 1,001MHz. P=21000.10-4/2=0,1W: (a)
Bi 4
136
Rc() = 1 +
1 N
T ()
c
1 N
1 , 0 T c T Tc = c 0 , nu khc
Rc(0,7ms)= = 1 +
1 15
)(1 0,7510
0 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1000)
1 15
= 0, 25 1 +
1 15
1 15
= 0, 2 : (c)
Bi 5
k/j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cj 2 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 3 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 4 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 5 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 Rcc'(k) 3/7 -1/7 3/7 -1/7 -1/7 -5/7 3/7
cj'
Tr li : (a) Bi 6
1 R cc (1, 5Tc ) = 7Tc 1 = 7Tc
c(t)c (t + 1, 5T )dt
c 0
Tc
c p
i 0 i=0
Tc
Tc
(t iTc ) c j pTc (t + 1, 5Tc iTc )dt

j=0
Nhng:
1, iTc < t < (i + 0, 5)Tc khi j = i + 1 pTc (t iTc )pTc (t + 1, 5Tc iTc ) = 1,(i + 1)Tc < t < (i + 1)Tc khi j = i + 2 0, vi mi t khi j i + 1hay i + 2 V th
(i +1)Tc (i+0 ,5)Tc 6 6 1 R cc () = c i c i+1 dt + c i c i+2 dt 7Tc i=0 (i +0 ,5)Tc i=0 iTc
1 0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)} 7Tc =1 0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)}
/7 Tr li: (a)
137
Bi 7 E[(k+x(t))(k+x(t+)]= k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]=k2+Rx(): (c) Bi 8 Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t) c xc nh nh sau: P=Rc(=0)=at1()=a= (+1)2 Pr(x(1)=+1)+(0)2Pr(x(t)=0)+(-1)2Pr(x(t)=-1)=1/3+1/3=2/3 Tr li: (b) Bi 9 E[(k+x(t)cos(2fct+))(k+x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)]=k2+E[x(t)cos(2fct+) x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)=k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]E[cos(2fct+)cos(2fct++2fc)] =k2+0,5Rx()cos(2fc) Tr li: (d)
CHNG 3
Bi 1 Gp= 10lg(106/1200)=29,2dB: (a) Bi 2 B= Rc=1/Tc= N/Tb=NRb =204710.103Hz=20,47MHz: (d) Bi 3 Rb= Rc/Gp=107/103= 104 bps=10kbps: (c) Bi 4
2E b zi = Tb
Tb
c(t)c(t )dt =
2E b Tc () Tb
khi =0,5Tc Tc(0,5Tc)=0,5. Vy= z i =
1 2E b : (b) 2 Tb
Bi 5 Rb=64kbps; Rc=40Mcps. Vy Gp=Rc/Rb=40.106/(64.103)=625: (d) Bi 6 Tr li: (c) Bi 7 Theo phng trnh (3.21) ta c:
138
s(t) = s1 (t) + s 2 (t) = Eb Tb
[d(t)c1 (t) sin(2fc t + ) + d(t)c 2 (t) cos(2fc t + )] [X 1 (t) sin(2fc t + ) + X 2 (t) cos(2fc t + )]
Eb Tb
Do c1(t) v c2(t) c cng di chip nn:
x1 (f) = x1 (f) = Tc Sinc 2 (fTc )

T gia trnh vi ba s ta c 2 Eb s (f) = 2s1 (f) = [ x1 ((f fc )Tc +x1 ((f + fc )Tc ] 4 Tb E T = b . c Sinc 2 ((f fc )Tc + Sinc 2 ((f + fc )Tc Tb 2 Tr li: (d)
Bi 8 T phng trnh (3.22) ta c =7/4: (d) Bi 9 Thnh phn tn thp trong (3.24) th nht trong trng hp ny s nhn c t tch sau:
2E br Tb
d(t-)sin(2fct+') sin(2fct+")
2E br Tb
d(t-)cos('-")
V th tn hiu u(t) s gim. Tr li: (b) Bi 10 SNR0=
2E br = 2.10 2 = 200 : (c) N0 E br 2Pr = N0 / 2 + PTc / 2 N0 R b + Pj / G p j
Bi 11
SNR 0 =
E br Pr Pr = N0 R b = = (1/ 100)w=0,01w N0 N0 R b (E br / N0 )
SNR 0 = 2Pr 2 = = 57,14 N 0 R b + Pj / G p 0,01 + 50 / 2000
Tr li: (b)
Bi 12
139
SNR 0 =
2E br N 0 + Pj / B j
2Pr 2Pr = N 0 R b + PR b / R c N0 R b + Pj / G p j
Tr li: (d) Bi 13 T phng trnh (3.42 ta c thnh phn gy nhiu khng i thng:
, s 0 = E br1 cos()R c ( )
bng khng ta cn m bo: '=15m/c= 15m/(3.108m/s)Tc=1/Rc Vy tc chip cc tiu bng: Rcmin= (3.108m/s)/15m= 20Mcps: (d) Bi 14 (xem bi 13) Tr li: (b)
Bi 15 E br1 E br1 E br1 E br1 = = = , Pr1Tb No N0 + (D11/ D12)Pr1 / R c N + 4 Tc N0 + 4E br1 / G p 0 Tb
Ebr1=!00N0 Vy: E br1 E br1 E = = br1 , No N0 + 0, 4N0 1, 4N0 Tr li: (a)
CHNG 4
Bi 1 Z l mt s ngu nhin. 2Tb 2Tb n(t)c(t) sin(2f t + )dt = E(n(t))c(t) sin(2f t + )dt = 0 E c c 0 0 Tr li: (a)
Bi 2
140
2Tb 2Tb E n(t)n(s)c(t)c(s) sin(2fc t + ) sin(2fc s + )dtds 0 0

=
0 2Tb 2Tb
(N
0 2Tb 0
/ 2).(t s)c(t)c(s) sin(2fc t + ) sin(2fc s + )dtds
N0 / 2 c(t)2 sin 2 (2fc t + )dt = N 0 Tb / 2

Tr li: (a) Bi 4 Khng tn ti quan h tuyn tnh gia Pb, K, N, SNR Tr li: (e)
Bi 6
S ngi s dng trong 1 cell tnh theo cng thc :
K max = 1 + G p
(E br / N 0 )(1 + )
(1, 25.10
3
K max = 1 +
/9, 6).0, 8
10
0,6
.0, 6.(1 + 0, 5)
.2, 5 = 80, 6 . Vy s ngi s dng trn on l
Kmax/3=26,4
Tr li: (b)
Bi 7 Do h thng l tri ph DS/SS BPSK nn ta c xc sut li bit ca h thng xc nh nh sau: H thng DS/SS-BPSK c xc xut li l :
K max = 1 + G p (E br / N 0 )(1 + )
K max G=
G= Rc 9, 6
Eb (1 + ) N0 40.4,8.(1 + 0,6).0, 5 = = 192 (ln) 0,8.1
R c = 9, 6.G = 9, 6.192 1, 8(Mcps) : (c)
Bi 8
2E 2E b b Pe = Q N ; x = N = 2.4,8 = 3 ; 0 0
Pe = e9 / 2 /(2, 5 3) = 1, 5.103 : (b)
141
CHNG 5
Bi 15
3.108 = c / fc = = 0,162m 1850.10 6 f = fc + fd = 1850.10 6 + 80.10 3 = 1850,000137MHz 3600 0,162
Tr li: (c)
Bi 16
f=fc-fd= 1850.106-137.10-6= 1849,999863MHz: (c)
Bi 17
(d)
Bi 18
=100:64=1,5625s: (c)
Bi 19
=
(1)(5) + (0,1)(1) + (0,1(2) + (0,001)(0) = 4, 38s : (c) [0,01+0,1+0,1+1]
Bi 20 (1)(5)2 + (0,1)(1)2 + (0,1)(2)2 + (0,01)(0) 2 = = 21,07 s 2 : (d) 1, 21 Bi 21
= 21,07 (4, 38)2 = 1, 37s : (c)

Bi 22
Bc
1 1 = = 146kHz : (b) 5 5(1, 37s)
CHNG 6
Bi 10
Chuyn bng l lch tr cng sut vo s ln

(ns) 0 1 110 0,107 190 0,012 410 0,0052
a2
142
1(0) + 0,107(110) + 0,012(190) + 0,0052(410) 1 + 0,107 + 0,012 + 0,0052
=
Bi 11
11,77 + 2, 28 + 2,132 =14,4ns: (b) 1,1242
2 =
1(0)2 + 0,107(110)2 + 0,012(190)2 + 0,0052(410)2 1 + 0,107 + 0,012 + 0,0052
1294,7 + 433, 2 + 874,12 = 2314,55ns2: (c) 1,1242
Bi 12
= 2 2 = 2314, 55 207, 36 = 46ns : (d)
Bi 13
Tnh bng thng sng mang con cc tiu: 1/(50)=109/(5046)=434,78 kHz: (c)
Bi 14 10.106/(434,78.103)=23 (c) Bi 1 5 TGD=4200ns=800ns: (c) Bi 1 6 Tnh thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM: Ts=5TGD= 5800ns=4s: (c) Bi 17 Tnh tc k hiu OFDM: Rs=1/Ts=106/4=250ksps: (b) Bi 18 Tnh thi gian hiu dng k hiu: TFFT= Ts-TGD=3,2s: (b) Bi 19 Tnh bng thng con: f=1/TFFT= 106/3,2= 312,5 kHz: (b) Bi 20 Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt k hiu: 24Mbps 4s=96: (c) Bi 21 Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt sng mang con: 4/2=2: (b) Bi 22 96/2+4=52: (c) Bi 23 143
Tnh tng bng thng c s dng: 52312,5KHz=16,25MHz: (b)
Bi 24 Tnh khong bng bo v: 20Mhz-16,25Mhz=3,75MHz: (b) Bi 25 Tc truyn tin s l: 4863/4250.103=54Mbps: (c)
144
THUT NG
AWGN BER BPSK CDMA DPS FFT FSR ICI IFFT ISI LOS MA OFDM PDF PDP QAM QPSK QoS RDS rms SE SINR SNR Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng Bit Error Rate T s bit li Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation iu ch kha dch pha hai trng thi Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m Delay Power Spectrum Ph cng sut tr Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh FFT time to Symbol period Ratio in an T s gia thi gian FFT v chu k OFDM symbol k hiu OFDM Inter Carrier Interference Nhiu gia cc sng mang Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh o Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu gia cc k hiu Line of Sight ng truyn thng Multiple Access a truy nhp Orthogonal Frequency Division Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc Multiplexing giao Probability Density Function Hm mt xc sut Power Delay Profile L lch tr cng sut Quadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin cu phng Quadrature Phase Shift Keying iu ch kha dch pha cu phng Modulation Quality of Service Cht lng dch v Root mean square Delay Spread Tri tr trung bnh qun phng Root mean square Trung bnh qun phng Spectrum Efficiency Hiu sut ph tn Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu cng tp m Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
144
K HIU
B BC B fd C ES c K M N L NB N0 P Pe Pr Bng thng tng Bng thng nht qun rng bng tn ca s liu hay thng tin Tri Doppler Dung lng Nng lng k hiu thu Tn s trung tm Tha s K knh Rice Mc iu ch S sng mang con trong h thng OFDM S tia a ng S bng con trong h thng OFDM Mt ph cng sut AWGN (W/Hz) Cng sut Xc sut li Cng sut thu fRDS Cng sut pht Cng sut thu trong min thi gian Tc bit T l m Tc bit tng ca h thng Tc k hiu Hiu sut ph Thi gian bit Thi gian nht qun Thi gian truyn dn hiu dng trong mt k hiu OFDM, thi gian FFT Khang bo v trong mt k hiu OFDM Chu k k hiu Thi gian ca s trong mt k hiu OFDM Tri tr trung bnh qun phng Bng thng sng mang con ca h thng OFDM
PT r(t) Rb rc Rtb RS SE Tb TC TFFT TGD T Twin
PFR
145
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Gio trnh, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2000 TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn, Gio trnh, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004 TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn vi ba s, Gio trnh, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001
146
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP V K THUT TRI PH 1.1. Gii thiu chung 1.2.M u 1.3. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA 1.4. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA 1.5. a truy nhp phn chia theo m. CDMA 1.6. a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian, SDMA 1.7.So snh dung lng h thng FDMA, TDMA, CDMA 1.8. Tng kt 1.9. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 2. TO M TRI PH 2.1. Gii thiu chung 2.2. Cc chui PN 2.3. T tng quan v tng quan cho 2.4. Mt s thuc tnh quan trng ca chui m 2.5. M Gold 2.6. Cc m trc giao 2.7. p dng m trong cc h thng CDMA 2.8. Tng kt 2.9. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 3. CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI TRC TIP 3.1. Gii thiu chung 3.2. M gi tp m s dng trong DSSS 3.3. Cc h thng DSSS-BPSK 3.4. Cc h thng DSSS-QPSK 3.5. Hiu nng ca cc h thng DSSS 3.6. Tng kt 3.7. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 4. M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M V HIU NNG CA N 4.1. Gii thiu chung 4.2. M hnh knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m, DSCDMA 4.3. Xc sut li bit 4.4. CDMA vi cc phng php iu ch khc 4.5. Tng kt 4.6. Cu hi v bi tp
iii
1 1 1 5 9 13 25 27 28 29 30 30 30 33 34 37 37 38 39 39 41 41 41 43 50 54 59 59 62 62 62 72 76 80 80
CHNG 5. A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI TRNG PHA INH DI NG V PHN TP 5.1. Gii thiu chung 5.2. M u 5.3. Min khng gian 5.4. Min tn s 5.5. Min thi gian 5.6. Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau 5.7. Cc lai phainh phm vi hp 5.8. Cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice 5.9. Cc m hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s 5.10. Cc dng phn tp 5.11. My thu RAKE 5.12. MIMO v phn tp 5.13. Tng kt 5.14. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 6. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC GIAO V CDMA A SNG MANG 6.1. Gii thiu chung 6.2. M u 6.3. Nguyn l OFDM 6.4. S h thng truyn dn OFDM 6.5. Cc tn hiu ca h thng OFDM 6.6. Nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) v gia cc sng mang (ICI) 6.7. Dung lng h thng OFDM 6.8. nh hng ca cc thng s quyt nh dung lng ln QoS trong h thng OFDM 6.9. H thng OFDMA nhy tn 6.10. CDMA a sng mang, MC-CDMA 6.11. Tng kt 6.12. Cu hi v bi tp HNG DN TR LI THUT NG V K HIU TI LIU THAM KHO
82 82 82 84 85 86 88 89 90 91 97 98 101 106 108 110 110 110 112 114 119 121 123 125 128 132 133 134 136 144 146
iv

M s: 411TP460
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1 (Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 817/Q-TTT1 ngy 25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

Ly Thuyet Trai Pho Va Da Truy Nhap Vo Tuyen

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Ly Thuyet Trai Pho Va Da Truy Nhap Vo Tuyen

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

L THUYT TRI PH V A TRUY NHP V TUYN

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

L THUYT TRI PH V A TRUY NHP V TUYN

TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG

Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Phn chia theo tn s/m (FD/CDMA)

Phn chia theo tn s/th gian/m (FD/TD/CDMA)

Phn chia theo tn s/thi gian (FD/TDMA)

Mt phng chim knh thi giantn s

B (bng thng h thng)

Phn chia theo thi gian/m (TD/CDMA)

1.3. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.4. FDMA v nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Na bng cao f3 fn-1 fn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

1.4. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDMA)

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.8. Cc phng php a truy nhp: a) TDMA/FDD; b) TDMA/TDD

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Lung s ca cc ngi s dung

Lung s cn pht n ngi s dng 1 2 3

1 Tc Rb Cc b m B ghp khung TDMA nh thi TDMA

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.10. Qu trnh thu cm trong TDMA

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

1.5.1. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Ngun chui PN tri ph

Cc chc nng ty chn

Chui PN gii tri ph B chui PN

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Hnh 1.13. Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS)

Khe thi gian pht (k bit)

T=Tf /M, trong M l s khe thi gian trong mt khung

Hnh 1.14. Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS)

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

1.5.2. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng tri ph chui trc tip, DSSS

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

b k ( t ) th hin chui bit thu.

trong pTb(t) l hm xung vung n v c xc nh nh sau:

trong p(t) c xc nh theo (1.3) v dk(i)={+1.-1} vi s xut hin ca +1 v -1 ng xc sut.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

M tri ph l chui chip nhn cc gi tr {+1,-1} gn nh ng xc sut nu N ln v c biu din nh sau:

d k (t)c k (t) cos(2fc t) ,

d j (t)c j (t) cos(2fc t)

trong Ebr=Eb/Lp l nng lng bit thu, Lp l suy hao ng truyn.

Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn

Tn hiu thu c a ln phn u ca qu trnh gii iu ch nhn vi

K K d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) + d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) cos(4fc t) Tb j=1 j=1

Mch quyt nh s cho ra mc 0 nu V(t) dng v 1 nu m. Kt qa ta c chui bit thu b(t)

1 Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) 4 4 Nu ch xt cho ph dng v khng ta c:

1 1 b (f) = Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) 2 4

, (f) l hm delta c xc nh nh sau:

Ph ca lung s lng cc c xc nh nh sau: