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1
1
T l KG ng hp mi loi (AA = aa) qua n ln t phi = 2
2
*Ch : Nu qun th ban u khng phi l 100% Aa m c dng: xAA + yAa + zaa
= 1 qua n th h t phi th ta phi tnh phc tp hn. Lc ny, t l KG Aa, AA, aa ln
lt l:
n
1
1
AA = x +
2 . y
2
1
Aa = . y
2
1
1
aa = z + 2 . y
2
y
y
; qa = z +
2
2
1. Ni dung nh lut:
Khi xy ra ngu phi, qun th t trng thi cn bng theo nh lut Haci-Vanbec.
Khi tho mn ng thc: p2AA + 2pqAa + q2aa = 1, QT cn bng p + q = 1
2. Kim tra s cn bng ca qun th :
2
2 pq
Nu p x q =
qun th cn bng.
2
2
2 pq
Nu : p x q #
Qun th khng cn bng
2
2
T l th d hp Aa trong qun th Fn l
Aa =
1
2
T l th ng hp ln aa trong qun th Fn l
1
1
= 2 = 0,4375
2
T l th d hp Aa trong qun th Fn l
n
Aa =
1
1
= = 0,125
2
2
T l th ng hp ln aa trong qun th Fn l
1
1
aa = 2
2
1
1
= 2 = 0,4375
2
2. Dng 2:
Cho thnh phn kiu gen ca th h P qua n th h t phi tm thnh phn kiu
gen ca th h Fn
*Cch gii:
Qun th t phi c thnh phn kiu gen ca th h P ban u nh sau:xAA +
yAa + zaa
Qun th P Sau n th h t phi thnh phn kiu gen thay i nh sau
T l th ng hp tri AA trong qun th Fn l
n
1
y .y
AA = x +
2
2
T l th d hp Aa trong qun th Fn l
n
1
Aa = .y
2
T l th ng hp ln aa trong qun th Fn l
n
1
y .y
aa = z +
2
2
1
1
y .y
0,1 .0,1
AA = x +
= 0,25 +
= 0,29375
2
2
2
2
3
T l th d hp Aa trong qun th Fn l
n
1
Aa = .y =
2
1
.0,1 = 0,0125
2
T l th ng hp ln aa trong qun th Fn l
n
1
1
y .y
0,1 .0,1
aa = z +
= 0,65 +
= 0,69375
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
y .y
0,8 .0,8
BB = x +
=
= 0,35
2
2
0+
2
2
3
T l th d hp Aa trong qun th F3 l
n
1
1
Bb = .y = .0,8 = 0,1
2
2
T l th ng hp ln aa trong qun th F3 l
n
1
1
y .y
0,8 .0,8
bb = z +
=
= 0,55
2
2
0,2 +
2
2
3
1
1
y .y
0,2 .0,2
BB = x +
=
= 0,475
2
2
0,4 +
2
2
n
n=2
Vy sau 2 th h BB = 0,475.
II. BI TP QUN TH NGU PHI
1. Dng 1:
T cu trc di truyn qun th chng minh qun th t trng thi cn bng
hay khng, qua bao nhiu th h qun th t trng thi cn bng.
* Cch gii 1:
- Gi p l tn s tng i ca alen A
- Gi q l tn s tng i ca alen a
p+q = 1
Cu trc di truyn ca qun th khi t trng thi cn bng:
p2 AA + 2pqAa + q2 aa
Nh vy trng thi cn bng ca qun th phn nh mi tng quan sau:
2 2
p q = (2pq/2)2
Xc nh h s p2, q2, 2pq
Th vo p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 qun th cn bng.
Th vo p2 q2 # (2pq/2)2 qun th khng cn bng.
* Cch gii 2:
- T cu trc di truyn qun th tm tn s tng i ca cc alen. C tn s
tng i ca cc alen th vo cng thc nh lut.
- Nu qun th ban u cho nghim ng cng thc nh lut (tc trng cng
thc nh lut) suy ra qun th cn bng
- Nu qun th ban u cho khng nghim ng cng thc nh lut (tc
khng trng cng thc nh lut) suy ra qun th khng cn bng
* V d 1: Cc qun th sau qun th no t trng thi cn bng
QT1: 0,36AA; 0,48Aa; 0,16aa
QT2: 0,7AA; 0,2Aa; 0,1aa
Cch gii 1:
QT1: 0.36AA; 0.48Aa; 0.16aa
- Gi p l tn s tng i ca alen A
- Gi q l tn s tng i ca alen a
Qun th t trng thi cn bng khi tho mn p2AA + 2pqAa + q2 aa = 1
v khi c c p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 .
qun th 1 c p2 = 0.36 , q2 = 0.16, 2pq = 0.48
Gio vin: Trn Th Thu - Trng THPT Chuyn qung Bnh
Tn s kiu gen AA
Tn s kiu gen Aa
Tn s kiu gen
aa
0
0
1
0,3
1
1
0
2
0
1
3
0
0
4
0,2
0,5
Gii nhanh
Qun th 1: Nu cn bng th p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 =>1 x 0 = (0/2)2 => qun th cn
bng.
Qun th 2: Nu cn bng th p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 =>0 x 0 (1/2)2 => qun th khng
cn bng.
Qun th 3: Nu cn bng th p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 =>0 x 1 = (0/2)2 => qun th cn
bng.
Qun th 4: Nu cn bng th p2 q2 = (2pq/2)2 =>0,2 x 0,3 = (0,5/2) 2 => qun th
khng cn bng.
2. Dng 2:
T s lng kiu hnh cho cho xc nh cu trc di truyn ca qun th (cho
s lng tt c kiu hnh c trong qun th).
Cch gii:
Cu trc di truyn ca qun th
- T l kiu gen ng tri = s lng c th do kiu gen ng tri qui nh/Tng s
c th ca qun th
-T l kiu gen d hp = s c th do kiu gen d hp quy nh/ Tng s c th ca
qun th
- T l kiu gen ng ln = S c th do kiu gen ln quy nh/ Tng s c th ca
qun th.
- B d hp (Aa) xc sut p 2 + 2 pq
2 pq
- M d hp (Aa) xc sut p 2 + 2 pq
- Xc sut con b bnh
1
4
Vy xc sut 2 ngi bnh thng trong qun th ly nhau sinh ra ngi con u
2 pq
2 pq
2 pq
6. Xt mt qun th thc vt c thnh phn kiu gen l 25% AA : 50% Aa : 25% aa.
Nu tin hnh t th phn bt buc th t l kiu gen ng hp th h F2 l
A. 12,5%.
B. 25%.
C. 75%.
D. 87,5%.
7. mt qun th sau khi tri qua 3 th h t phi, t l ca th d hp trong qun th
bng 8%. Bit rng th h xut pht, qun th c 20% s c th ng hp tri v cnh
di l tnh tri hon ton so vi cnh ngn. Hy cho bit trc khi xy ra qu trnh t
phi, t l kiu hnh no sau y l ca qun th trn?
A. 36% cnh di : 64% cnh ngn.
B. 64% cnh di : 36% cnh ngn.
C. 84% cnh di : 16% cnh ngn.
D. 16% cnh di : 84% cnh ngn.
8. Qun th no sau y trng thi cn bng di truyn?
A. QT I : 0,32 AA : 0,64 Aa : 0,04 aa.
B.QT II: 0,04 AA : 0,64 Aa : 0,32 aa.
C. QT III: 0,64 AA : 0,04 Aa : 0,32 aa.
D. QT IV: 0,64 AA : 0,32 Aa : 0,04 aa.
9. Mt qun th bao gm 120 c th c kiu gen AA, 400 c th c kiu gen Aa, 680 c
th c kiu gen aa. Tn s alen A v a trong qun th trn ln lt l :
A. 0,265 v 0,735
B.0,27 v 0,73
C. 0,25 v 0,75
D.0,3 v 0,7
10. Gen BB qui nh hoa , Bb qui nh hoa hng, bb qui nh hoa trng. Mt qun th
c 300 c th , 400 c th hoa hng v 300 c th hoa trng tin hnh giao phn ngu
nhin. Nu khng c s tc ng ca cc nhn t tin ha th thnh phn kiu gen ca
qun th F1 l
A. 0,25 BB+0,50Bb+0,25bb=1.
B. 0,36 BB+0,48Bb+0,16bb=1
C. 0,81 BB+0,18Bb+0,01bb=1.
D. 0,49 BB+0,42Bb+0,09bb=1
11. Bit alen A quy nh lng xm l tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh lng trng,
cc alen nm trn NST thng. Mt qun th chut th h xut pht c 1020 chut
lng xm ng hp, 510 chut c kiu gen d hp. Khi qun th t trng thi cn bng
c 3600 c th. Tn s tng i ca mi alen l:
A. A: a = 1/6 : 5/6
B. A: a = 5/6 : 1/6
C. A: a = 4/6 : 2/6
D A: a = 0,7 : 0,3
12. n b c thnh phn kiu gen t cn bng, vi tn s tng i ca alen qui nh
lng en l 0,6, tn s tng i ca alen qui nh lng vng l 0,4. T l kiu hnh ca
n b ny nh th no ?
A. 84% b lng en, 16% b lng vng.
B. 16% b lng en, 84% b lng vng.
Gio vin: Trn Th Thu - Trng THPT Chuyn qung Bnh
19. ngi gen A qui nh mt nhn mu bnh thng, alen a qui nh bnh m mu
v lc; gen B qui nh mu ng bnh thng, alen b qui nh bnh mu kh ng. Cc
gen ny nm trn NST gii tnh X khng c alen tng ng trn Y. Gen D quy nh
thun tay phi, alen d quy nh thun tay tri nm trn NST thng. S kiu gen ti a
v 3 locut trn trong qun th ngi l:
A.42
B.36
C.39
D.27
20. Mt qun th ban u c cu trc di truyn l: 0,7AA + 0,3Aa. Sau mt th h ngu
phi ngi ta thu c i con 4000 c th. Tnh theo l thuyt, s c th c kiu gen
d hp i con l:
A. 90
B.2890
C.1020
D.7680