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Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

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6
CHNG I: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC (PTLG)
BI 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
I. PHNG TRNH C BN (PTCB):
Trong lng gic c 3 phng trnh c bn.D c bn (chnh v c bn nn n mi c tn
nh vy) nhng cng phi nu ra y bi v cc PTLG khc nu gii c cng phi a v
mt trong 3 PTCB sau y:
1. sin x vi 1 , c nghim l:
arcsin 2
arcsin +k2
x k
x

( ) k Z
2. cos x vi 1 , c nghim l:
arccos +k2 x t ( ) k Z
3. tgx c nghim l:
arc x tg k + ( ) k Z
(hay l cot gx c nghim l:
arccot x g k + ) ( ) k Z
Ch : Trong cc PTCB trn ta c s dng n cc hm s lng gic ngc:
1. Hm arcsin y x :
Min xc nh: [ ] 1,1 D

;
arcsin 2 2
sin
y
y x
y x
1

1

] '


2. Hm arccos y x :
Min xc nh: [ ] 1,1 D
arccos y x
[ ] 0;
cos
y
y x

'


3. Hm arc y tgx :
Min xc nh: R D

;
arc 2 2
y
y tgx
tgy x
_



, '


4. Hm arccot y gx :
Min xc nh: D R

( ) 0;
arccot gx
cot
y
y
gy x


'


Ta xt mt s bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh sau:
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

7
( ) ( ) cos 3 sin cos sin x x
Gii
( ) ( ) cos 3 sin cos sin x x

3 sin sin 2
3 sin sin 2
x x k
x x k


+


2 sin 2
4 sin 2
x k
x k



sin
sin
2
x k
k
x


Do
sin 1
k
x

'

Z

1
1
2
k
k

1
2
k
{ } 0; 1; 2 k t t

sin 0
1
sin
2
sin 1
x
x
x


sin 2 0
1
sin
2
1
sin
2
x
x
x



2
2
6
5
2
6
7
2
6
l
x
x k
x k
x k

t +


2
6
l
x
x k

t +

( l , k Z )
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l

2
6
l
x
x k

t +

( l , k Z )
Nhn xt: y l mt PTLG m vic gii n rt n gin, mu cht ca bi ny l v tr quan
trng ca k. i lc vai tr ca k trong vic gii PTLG rt quan trng.Vic xt iu kin
k c th a n mt s PTLG kh hay lin quan n vic gii mt s bi ton i s, s
hc nh m ta s gp mt s bi ton sau:
Bi ton 2: (H Tng hp Lmnxp khoa Tnh Ton v iu Khin 1979-HSPII 2000)
Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh sau:
( )
2
cos 3 9 160 800 1
8
x x x
1
+ +
1
]

Gii
Gi s x l s nguyn tho mn phng trnh, khi ta c:
( )
2
cos 3 9 160 800 1
8
x x x
1
+ +
1
]

Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
8
( )
2
3 9 160 800 2
8
x x x k

+ + ( k Z )
( )
2
2
2
9 160 800 3 16
3 16 0
9 160 800 3 16
x x x k
x k
x x x k
+ +

'
+ +


2
3 16 0
8 25
3 5
x k
k
x
k

'

+

3 16 0
25
9 24 40
3 5
x k
x k
k

'

+
( ) 1
25
3 5 k

+
Z , suy ra : { } 0;-2;-10 k ( ) 2
T ( ) 2 , bng cch th trc tip vo( ) 1 ta c:

2
7
10
31
k
x
k
x

'

'



Nhn xt: y l mt PTLG c bn, vic gii n tht ra l gii mt phng trnh nghim
nguyn hai n m ta s cp n mt cch c th phn sau.Bi ton ny ch nhm mc
ch minh ho cho vai tr ca k.
Bi ton 3 : Tm sa>0 nh nht tho mn:
( )
2 2
1
cos 2 sin
2
a a a
1 _
+
1
, ]
=0
Gii
( )
2 2
1
cos 2 sin
2
a a a
1 _
+
1
, ]
=0
( ) ( )
2 2
cos 2 sin
2
a a a


1
+
1
]


( ) ( )
2 2
sin 2 sin a a a
1
+
]

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
a a a k
a a a k

+ +

+ +


( )
2
2 2 2 1 0
a k
a a k


+ +

Z
( ) *
Do
( ) *
>0 a
k

'

Z
suy ra
3 1
2
Mina


Nhn xt: Bi ton ny 2 mu cht quan trng:
-Th nht: ta s dng cng thc c bn nhng li hi nht l i vi cc bi ton
c dng sin cos a b + :
sin cos
2
x x
_


,

-Th hai: tm gi tr nh nht c th c ca bin a.
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
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9

Bi ton 4: Tm nghim dng nh nht ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2
2
sin sin 1 x x
1
+
]

Gii.
( ) ( )
2
2
sin sin 1 x x
1
+
]

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
x x k
x x k

+ +

+ +

( k Z )
2
2 1
2
0
k
x
x x k
+

( k Z )
k Z

( ) + Xt
2 1
>0
2
k
x
+
, k Z suy ra: , ta c
1
2
x l nghim dng nh nht.
( ) + Xt phng trnh
2
0 x x k + ( ) * c:
1 4 0 k +

1
4
k
k

'

Z
0 k
Th trc tip ta thy khi 1 k th phng trnh ( ) * c nghim nh nht l:
-1+ 5 1
x = >
2 2
(loi)
Vy nghim dng nh nht ca phng trnh cho l:
1
2
x .
Bi ton 5: Tnh tng cc nghim [ ] 0,100 x ca phng trnh sau:
3 2
2
2
cos cos 1
cos 2
cos
x x
x tg x
x
+
+
Gii.
iu kin:
2
cos 0 x
2
x k

+ ( ) k Z
Vi iu kin trn phng trnh:
2
2
1
cos 1 cos 2
cos
x x tg x
x
+ +
cos cos 2 x x
2
2
3
x k
k
x

, k Z
2
3
k
x

(*)
Do 0 100 x nn
100 50
0 47
2
3 3
k

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]

Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

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10
47.2
48. 0
3
2
S
_
+

,
=752
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny ngoi vic cho ta thy vai tr ca k cn ch r mt vn : tm quan
trng ca vic kt hp nghim. Th hnh dung, nu ta khng kt hp nghim li di dng
cng thc (*) on gin hn th ta phi tin hnh xt 2 bt phng trnh sau:
0 2 100 k ;
2
0 100
3
k

Nh vy ta phi tn thi gian hn, qu trnh gii bi ton s b ko di mt cch khng cn
thit.
II. KT HP CNG THC NGHIM:
Kt hp cng thc nghim trong cc PTLG chng nhng gip cho ta c th loi c
nghim ngoi lai m cn c th c c mt cng thc nghim n gin hn, t vic gii
quyt bi ton tr nn n gin hn (ging nh bi ton m ta va xt trn). i lc vic
kt hp cng thc nghim cng tng t nh vic gii mt h phng trnh lng gic c bn
bng phng php th. y ta khng cp n phng php ny m ta ch ni n hai
phng php ch yu sau:
A. NG TRN LNG GIC:
1.Cc khi nim c bn:
a) ng trn lng gic: l ng trn c bn knh n v R = 1v trn ta chn mt
chiu dng ( ) + (thng thng chiu dng l chiu ngc chiu kim ng h)
b) Cung lng gic:

AB (vi A, B l 2 im trn ng trn lng gic) l cung vch bi


im M di chuyn trn ng trn lng gic theo mt chiu nht nh t A n B.
c) Gc lng gic: khc vi gc bnh thng gc lng gic c mt chiu nht nh
2. Phng php biu din gc v cung lng gic:
a) Biu din cc im ngn ca cung lng gic bit s o c dng + k :
Ta a s o v dng
2
k
m

+ .
Bi ton c m ngn cung phn bit tng ng vi k t 0 n ( ) m-1 .
Bi ton 1: Trn ng trn lng gic, ta ly im A lm gc.
nh nhng im M bit s

4 2
AB k

+
Gii.
Ta c s

2
4 2 4 4
AB k k

+ + .Suy ra c 4 im ngn cung phn bit ng vi:

( )

3
+ 1:
4
k AM


( )

+ 0:
4
k AM


Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

11
( )

5
+ 2:
4
k AM


( )

7
+ 3:
4
k AM


ta thy rng trn ng trng lng gic cc im ngn cung l nh ca hnh vung
0 1 2 3
M M M M .
Nhn xt: Trn ng trn lng gic cc im ngn cung l nh ca mt a gic u m
cnh.
b) Biu din gc (cung) di dng cng thc tng qut:
Ta biu din tng gc (cung) trn ng trn lng gic. T suy ra cng thc tng qut.

Bi ton 2: Biu din gc lng gic c s o sau di dng mt cng thc tng qut:
3
x k
x k

'
t +


Gii.
Ta biu din cc im ngn cung ca
2
2
x k k


0: 0 k x
1: k x
Ta biu din cc im ngn cung ca
3
x k

t +
0:
3
k x

t
4
1:
3
k x

t
Trn ng trn lng gic, ta nhn thy c 6 im ngn cung phn bit, Do cng thc
tng qut l:
2
6 3
k k
x


Nhn xt: Qua bi ton ny ta thy r vai tr ca vic kt hp cc gc lng gic di dng
mt cng thc tng qut n gin hn. Hn na, y cn l bi ton v vic gii h phng
trnh lng gic c bn bng phng php biu din trn ng trn lng gic.
Bi ton gii PTLG dng phng php kt hp nghim bng ng trn lng gic loi
cc nghim ngoi lai.
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
12
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
sin (sin cos ) 1
0
cos sin 1
x x x
x x
+

+

Gii.
iu kin:
2
cos sin 1 0 x x +
2
sin sin 0 x x +
sin 0
sin 1
x
x

'


2
x k
x k

'
+

( ) 1
Vi iu kin phng trnh tng ng:
( ) sin cos sin 1 0 x x x +

2
sin sin cos 1 0 x x x +
cos (sin cos ) 0 x x x

cos 0
sin cos
x
x x


2
4
x k
x k

, k Z ( ) 2
Kt lun: nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
2
x k

+ ; 2
2
x k

+ ,( k Z )
Nhn xt: y l mt bi c cng thc nghim n gin cho php ta c th biu din mt
cch chnh xc trn ng trn lng gic. Tuy nhin ta hy xt thm bi ton sau thy r
mu sc ca bi ton biu din nghim trn ng trn lng gic.

Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh sau:
sin 4
1
cos 6
x
x

Gii.
iu kin phng trnh c ngha l:
cos 6 0 x 6
2
x k

+
12 6
k
x

+ , k Z (1)
Vi iu kin (1) phng trnh tng ng:
sin 4 cos 6 x x
cos 6 cos 4
2
x x
_


,


6 4 2
2
6 4 2
2
x x m
x x m

mZ
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

13

20 5
4
m
x
x m

mZ
So snh cc nghim ny vi iu kin ban u ta c nghim ca phng trnh l:
20 5
m
x

+ v 5 1 m n + , nZ
Nhn xt: ta nhn thy i vi bi ton ny vic biu din bng ng trn lng gic tr
nn kh khn v kh chnh xc. Do ta hy xem phng php hai.
B. PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN:
1. C s ca phng php:
Gii phng trnh bc nht hai n ax by c + , vi a,b,c nguyn.
a) nh l 1: nh l v s tn ti nghim nguyn
Cn v phng trnh ax by c + ,vi ( ) , , a b c Z c nghim nguyn l ( ) , a b c .
H qu: Nu ( ) , 1 a b th phng trnh ax by c + lun c nghim nguyn.
b) nh l 2: nu phng trnh ax by c + , vi ( ) , , a b c Z ,
2 2
0 a b + , ( ) , 1 a b c
mt nghim ring ( )
0 0
, x y th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l:
0
0
x x bt
y y at
+
'

, vi t Z
V d: phng trnh 3 2 1 x y + c nghim ring l ( ) 1, 1 v nghim tng qut l:
1 2
1 3
x t
y t
+
'

, vi t Z
c) V d: gii v bin lun phng trnh nghim nguyn sau theo tham s m nguyn
6 11 2 x y m + (1)
Ta c ( ) 6,11 1 nn phng trnh (1) lun c nghim nguyn.
Phng trnh (1) c nghim ring l ( ) 2 4, 2 m m + + nn c nghim tng qut:

2 4 11
2 6
x m t
y m t
+
'
+

, t Z

2. V d: Ta xt mt s bi ton dng phng trnh nghim nguyn kt hp nghim
hay gii h phng trnh h qu ca PTLG.
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh : 2 7 1 tg xtg x
Gii.
iu kin:
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
14
2
2
7
2
x k
x k

'

( )
( )
1
4 2
2
14 7
k
x
k
x

'

, k Z
Vi iu kin trn phng trnh tng ng:
sin 2 sin 7 cos 2 cos 7 x x x x
cos9 0 x 9
2
x m

+
18 9
m
x

+ , (3) mZ
Ta xt xem nghim ca (3) c tho iu kin (1), (2) hay khng:
Xt iu kin (1):
Ta gii phng trnh nghim nguyn sau:
4 2 18 9
m
k

+ + 4 18 7 m k
D dng nhn thy phng trnh trn c ( ) 4,18 2 khng phi l c ca 7 nn
phng trnh nghim nguyn v nghim.
Vy nghim (3) lun tho mn (1)
Xt iu kin (2):
Ta gii phng trnh nghim nguyn sau:
14 7 18 9
k m
+ +
7 14 9 18 m k + +
7 9 1 m k c nghim ring tng qut l:
4 9
3 7
m t
k t
+
'
+

, t Z
Do vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:

18 9
m
x

+ , vi mZv 9 4, m t n + Z .
Nhn xt: i vi bi ton ny ta nhn thy cng thc nghim ca n kh phc tp, vic biu
din trn ng trn kh c chnh xc. Cho nn ta dng phng trnh nghim nguyn s
chnh xc v d dng hn. Quay tr li bi ton2 mc trn ta thy nu dng phng trnh v
nh th bi ton s nhanh hn.

Bi ton 2: Gii h phng trnh c bn sau:
cos 2 1
cos 1
x
x

'


Gii.
cos 2 1
cos 1
x
x

'


4 (1)
( , )
2 (2)
x k
k l
x l



'

Z
gii h phng trnh ny ta gii phng trnh nghim nguyn:
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

15
4 2 k l
1
,
2
k t
t
l t
+

'

Z
Vy nghim ca h cho l: 4 x t vi t Z .

Nhn xt: C th ta cho rng bi ton ny cc k n gin nhng n rt quan trng. C mt
sai lm thng gp v cng nguy him: khi nhn vo h phng trnh n gin ny ta ngh
ngay n ng trn lng gic -cc k cc k nguy him. Bi v ng trn lng gic c
chu ki l 2 trong khi (1) c chu k l 4 v (2) c chu k l 2 . Ta khng th s dng
ng trn lng gic trong trng hp ny.
Ch :Ta ch dng ng trn lng gic khi s o gc lng gic c dng:

2 k
x
m

+ hay
k
x
m

+
(do ng trn lng gic c chu k 2 ).
BI 2: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC DNG CHNH TC.

I. PHNG TRNH NG CP:
1. Phng trnh ng cp bc I: sin cos a x b x c + (1) vi
2 2
0 a b + .
i vi dng ny ta c 2 cch gii quen thuc:
Cch 1: Phng php lng gic
sin cos a x b x c +
sin cos
b c
x x
a a
+
sin cos
c
x tg x
a
+ ; < <
2 2
b
tg
a


_


,

( ) sin cos
c
x
a
+
t cos sin
c
a

2 2

_


,
, ta c phng trnh c bn:
sin( ) sin x +
iu kin phng trnh c nghim:
2
2
2
cos 1 cos 1
c c
x
a a

2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
c c b
tg
a a a
+ +
2 2 2
c a b +
Cch 2: Phng php i s
Nu cos 0
2
x
l nghim ca (1) th
0
cos 1
sinx
x

'


Khi (1) 0 b c +
Nu cos 0
2
x
khng l nghim ca (1), hay l 0 b c + nn tn ti
2
x
tg .
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
16
t
2
2
2
2
sin
1
2 1
cos
1
t
x
x t
t tg
t
x
t

+

'

+

Ta c (1)
2
2 2
2 1
1 1
t t
a b c
t t

+
+ +


2 2
2 (1 ) (1 ) at b t c t + +

2
( ) 2 0 b c t at c b + +
Gii phng trnh c nghim
2
x
t tg , suy ra nghim x.
iu kin phng trnh (1) c nghim l:
( )
' 2 2 2
0
0
0
b c
b c
a c b
+

+

'




2 2 2
a b c +
Ch :
o Nu
2 2 2
a b c + , phng trnh tr thnh:
cos .sin sin .cos 1 x x +
sin( ) 1 x +
o Nu cung trong cch gii 1 khng phi l cung c bit , , ,...
6 4 3

ta
nn dng cch 2 c php tnh n gin hn.
o i vi phng trnh c tham s ta nn dng cch 2

Bi ton 1: (i hc Kinh t Quc Dn H Ni 1997)
Tm cc nghim
2 6
,
5 7
x
_


,
ca phng trnh sau:
cos 7 3sin 7 2 x x
Gii.
cos 7 3sin 7 2 x x

1 3 2
cos 7 sin 7
2 2 2
x x



3
cos cos 7 sin sin 7 cos
3 3 4
x x



3
cos 7 cos
3 4
x
_
+

,

Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

17

3
7 2
3 4
3
7 2
3 4
x k
x k

+ +

+ +

13 2
84 7
( )
5 2
84 7
k
x
k
k
x

Z
Xt
13 2 2 6
;
84 7 5 7
k
x
_
+

,

2 13 2 6
5 84 7 7
k
+
168< 65 120 <360 k +
233<120 <425 k
2; 3 k k
Vi k=2
13 4 35
84 7 84
x

+
Vi k=3
13 6 59
84 7 84
x

+
Xt
5 2 2 6
;
84 7 5 7
k
x
_
+

,


2 5 2 6
< <
5 84 7 7
k
+
168<25 120 <335 k +
2 k
Khi
5 4 53
84 7 84
x

+
Kt lun:
35 53 59
; ;
84 84 84
x

' ;


Nhn xt: bi ton ny ta gp li vn xt iu kin ca k trong cng thc nghim. Ta
nhn thy nu bi ton c yu cu thm iu kin ca nghim th vic xt iu kin ca k l
ng nhin.

Bi ton 2: (i hc Giao thng Vn ti H Ni 2000)
Gii phng trnh sau:
( ) 2 2 sin cos cos 3 cos 2 x x x x + +
Gii
( ) 2 2 sin cos cos 3 cos 2 x x x x + +
( )
2 sin 2 1 cos 2 3 2 x x +
C:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 1 5 2 2
3 2 11 6 2
a b
c

+ +

'


Ta s chng minh:
2 2 2
<c a b +
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
18
5 2 2<11-6 2
( )
2
2
4 2<6 4 2 <6 32<36 (ng)
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
Nhn xt: iu kin phng trnh c nghim rt quan trng, c bit l trong cc bi ton
c tham s m m ta thng gp trong cc k thi i Hc (trc y) do ta cn quan tm
n n. V th cc bi ton v iu kin tn ti nghim ta s c gp cc bi ton sau.
Bi ton 3: Cho phng trnh
2sin cos 1 x m x m + (1)
a.Tm m phng trnh c nghim ;
2 2
x
1

1
]

b. Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo m.
Gii.
a. Do ( ) 1 0 b c m m + + nn cos 0
2
x
.
t
2
x
t tg
2
2
sin
1
t
x
t

+
2
2
1
; cos
1
t
x
t

+

Khi :
( )
2
2 2
2 1
1 2 1
1 1
t t
m m
t t

+
+ +


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 1 1 1 t m t m t + +
( )
2
4 1 2 0 f t t t m +
Tm m (1) c nghim ;
2 2
x
1

1
]
;
2 4 4
x 1

1
]

Cch 1: Yu cu bi ton tng ng
( )
2
4 1 2 0 f t t t m + c nghim [ ] 1;1 t .
Xt ( ) 1 0 6 2 0 3 f m m tho
Xt ( ) 1 0 2 2 0 1 f m m tho
Xt ( ) 0 f t c 1 nghim ( ) 1;1 t v 1 nghim [ ] 1;1 t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 6 2 2 2 <0 f f m m
( ) ( ) 2m-6 2 2 <0 m + 1<m<3
Xt ( ) 0 f t c 2 nghim
1 2
, t t
tho
1 2
1< <1 t t

( )
( )
'
0
2 3 0
1. 1 >0
6 2 >0
1. 1 >0
2 2 >0
1<2<1
1< <1
2
m
f
m
f
m
S

+



' '


VN
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

19
Kt lun: (1) c nghim ;
2 2
x
1

1
]
1<m<3
Cch 2: ( )
2
4 1 2 0 f t t t m + c nghim [ ] 1;1 t
( )
' 2
1 1
2
2 2
g t t t m + c nghim [ ] 1;1 t
Ta c: ( ) [ ]
'
g 2<0 1;1 t t t , suy ra g (t) nghch bin/ [-1;1]
Suy ra tp gi tr g (t) l on ( ) ( ) [ ]
1 ; 1 1;3 g g 1
]

T (1) c nghim ;
2 2
x
1

1
]
( ) g t m c nghim [ ] 1;1 t 1<m<3
b. Gii v bin lun:
( )
2
4 1 2 0 f t t t m + c
'
2 3 m +
Nu ( )
'
-3
< <0 0
2
m f t , suy ra (1) v nghim.
Nu ( )
'
-3
0 0 2
2
m f t t 2 2 2
2
x
tg tg x k +
Nu ( )
1
2
2 3 2
-3
> 0
2
2 3 2
t m tg
m f t
t m tg

+

+ +



2 2
( )
2 2
x k
k
x k


+

Z ]
Nhn xt:
- Cu a ca bi ton ny tht ra l gii mt phng trnh bc hai c iu kin m
cch 1 (dng tam thc bc hai) l mt cch quen thuc thng thy hc sinh lp
10. Trong cu ny cn ch n cch gii 2 (dng mt s kin thc v gii tch:
hm ng bin, nghch bin, hm lin tc,) m ta s gp li bi sau.
- Cng cu a ny ta s dng mt cng thc: cos 0 0
2
x
b c + . Tht ra
cng thc ny c nhc n phn l thuyt, y ch nhc li nhn mnh
bi v cng thc ny c th rt c ch trong cc bi kim tra trc nghim.
- cu b ta c th s dng cng thc phng trnh v nghim, c mt nghim, c 2
nghim khi v ch khi:
2 2 2
<c a b + hay
2 2 2
a b c + hay
2 2 2
> a b c + .

Bi ton 4:
Gi s
2 2
0 a b + v c l s bt k. Chng minh rng trong 2 phng trnh sau:
( )
( )
cos sin 1
cot 2 2
a x b x c
a gx btgx c
+
+

t nht c 1 phng trnh c nghim.

Gii.
- Nu
2 2 2
a b c + th l iu kin cn v phng trnh cos sin a x b x c + c nghim.
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
20
- Nu
2 2 2
< a b c + phng trnh (1) v nghim. Ta xt phng trnh (2):
Vi 0 0 a b (do
2 2
0 a b + ) th ( ) 2 2 btgx c c nghim.
Vi 0 a th ( )
2
2 cot 2 cot 0 a g x c gx b + l phng trnh bc hai theo cotgx, c
( )
2 2
2 4 2 2 >0 c ab c ab

( )
2 2 2
>a +b 2 c ab
Suy ra phng trnh (2) c nghim.
Tm li vi
2 2
0 a b + v c bt k th t nht mt trong hai phng trnh (1) v (2) c
nghim.
Nhn xt: y l mt bi ton n gin nhng v cng th v bi v tht ra n ch n gin
nu ta nm vng iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh ng cp bc I cn nu khng vic xt
bi ton ny s v cng rc ri. Ngoi ra bi ton ny cn cho thy iu kin c nghim ca
mt phng trnh c vai tr v cng quan trng.
2. Phng trnh ng cp bc 2:
2 2
sin sin .cos cos a x b x x c x d + + (1) (a,b,c 0)
Cch 1:

2 2
sin sin .cos cos a x b x x c x d + +

1 cos 2 sin 1 cos 2
.
2 2 2
x x x
a b c d
+
+ +
( ) sin 2 cos 2 2 b x c a x d a c +
Lc ny phng trnh (1) tr v dng phng trnh ng cp bc I.
Cch 2:
2 2
sin sin .cos cos a x b x x c x d + +

( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos sin cos a x b x x c x d x x + + +
Xt cos 0 x 0 a d (d dng chng minh c)
Xt cos 0 0 x a d , chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
cos x ta c phng
trnh bc hai theo tgx :
( )
2
0 a d tg x btgx c d + + .
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:

2 2 3
7sin 2sin 2 3cos 3 15 0 x x x + (1)
Gii.
Do ta c:
3
7; 3 15 0 cos 0 a d a d x
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
cos 0 x ta c phng trnh tng ng:

( )
2 2 3
7 4 3 3 15 1 0 tg x tgx tg x + +

( ) ( )
2 3 3
7 3 15 4 3 3 15 tg x tgx + + 0 (2)
Ta c:
( )( )
' 3 3
4 7 3 15 3 3 15 + +
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

21

3 2 3
25 12 15 9 15 +
t
3 3 3
5
15 15 25
3
t t t , khi
( )
' 3 2
5 5 12
9 12 3
3 3 5
t t t t t t
_
+

,

D dng thy:
3
3 3
12 12
<15<3 < 15<3
5 5
t
_


,

Suy ra
'
<0 (2) v nghim ( ) 1 v nghim
Kt lun: phng trnh cho v nghim
Nhn xt: Bc ngot trong bi ton ny l t
3
15 t . T ta c th a n du ca
'

gip bi ton c gii quyt. y l mt dng trong bi ton i vai tr ca n s v tham
s.
Bi ton 2: nh a phng trnh sau c nghim:

2 2
sin sin 2 3 cos 1 a x x a x + +
Gii.
2 2
sin sin 2 3 cos 1 a x x a x + +
( ) ( )
3
1 cos 2 sin 2 1 cos 2 1
2 2
a a
x x x + + +
cos 2 sin 2 1 2 a x x a +
Phng trnh c nghim ( )
2
2
1 2 1 a a +

2
3 4 0 a a

4
0
3
a
Kt lun: phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi:
4
0
3
a
Nhn xt: i vi bi ton ny ta cn c th gii theo cch khc:
- Vi 1 0 a phng trnh c nghim: ( ) cos 0
2
x x k k

+ Z
- Vi 1 0 a ta chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
cos 0 x c phng trnh bc
hai theo tgx ri dng iu kin ca xc nh a.

3. Phng trnh ng cp bc III:
3 2 2 3
sin sin cos sin cos cos 0 a x b x x c x x d x + + +
Xt cos 0 x c l nghim ca phng trnh
Chia 2 v ca phng trnh cho
3
cos 0 x ta c mt phng trnh bc 3 theo tgx .
Bi ton 1: (i hc Y Dc Thnh ph H Ch Minh 1997)
Gii phng trnh:
3
sin .sin 2 sin3 6cos x x x x + (1)
Gii.
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
22
(1) ( )
3 3
sin 2sin cos 3sin 4sin 6cos x x x x x x +

3 2 3
4sin 3sin 2sin cos 6cos 0 x x x x x + (2)
Nu cos 0 x l nghim ca (2) th:

3
3
sin 1
cos 0
sin 1
4sin 3sin 0
4sin 3sin 0
x
x
x
x x
x x




' '


v l
Chia 2 v ca (2) cho
3
cos 0 x ta c phng trnh tng ng:
( )
3 2
2 2 3 6 0 tg x tg x tgx +
( )( )
2
2 3 0 tgx tg x
( )
2
3
3 3
tgx tg x k
k
tgx tg x k

+



t t t +

Z
Nhn xt: dng phng trnh ng cp bc III ny ta cn quan tm n 2 cng thc gc
nhn 3 sau y:

3
sin3 3sin 4sin a a a ;

3
cos3 4cos 3cos a a a
Nh cng thc ny m ta c th a mt phng trnh ng cp bc ba c phng trnh theo
tg l mt phng trnh bc ba kh on nghim sang phng trnh ng cp bc nht c
dng: sin3 cos3 0 a x b x c + + hay mt phng trnh ng cp bc hai tng ng.
Bi ton 2: Cho phng trnh: ( ) cos3 cos 2 cos 1 0 * x x m x +
nh m (*) c ng 7 nghim phn bit ; 2
2
x

_


,

Gii.
Ta c (*)
( )
3 2
4cos 3cos 2cos 1 cos 1 0 x x x x + +
( )
3 2
4cos 2cos 3 cos 0 x x m x +

( )
2
cos 4cos 2cos 3 0 x x x m +

2
cos 0
4cos 2cos 3 0
x
x x m


Trong khong ; 2
2


,
phng trnh cos 0 x c 2 nghim phn bit l:

1 2
3
;
2 2
x x


Do (*) c ng 7 nghim phn bit trong khong ; 2
2


,
th phng trnh
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

23
2
4cos 2cos 3 0 x x m + phi c ng 5 nghim khc nhau trong khong ; 2
2


,
v
khc
1 2
3
;
2 2
x x

.
Mt khc phng trnh cos x vi 0< <1 c ng 3 nghim trong khong ; 2
2


,
;
vi 1< <0 c ng 2 nghim phn bit trong khong ; 2
2


,
. Vy ta tm iu kin ca
m phng trnh
2
4 2 3 0 t t m + c 2 nghim
1 2
, t t tho iu kin
1 2
1<t <0<t <1 vi
[ ] t=cosx 1,1 .
t ( ) f t
2
4 2 3 0 t t m + th yu cu bi ton tho khi v ch khi:
( )
( )
( )
0 <0
3<0
1 >0 3>0 1<m<3
1>0
1 >0
f
m
f m
m
f


+
' '


Nhn xt: y l bi ton nm trong b thi i hc ( 89/II) v cng l dng ton cn
phi bit trong vn gii phng trnh lng gic. im mu cht ca dng ton ny l cn
nh li mt s kin thc v tam thc bc hai v ccnhn xt quan trng v cc gc lng gac

Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
24
II. PHNG TRNH I XNG:
l PTLG c cha ng thi ( ) sin cos
m
x x t v ( ) sin cos
n
x x vi , m nZ .
Cc phng trnh loi ny ta thng p dng cng thc:

( )
2
sin cos 1
sin cos
2
x x
x x
+
;
( )
2
1 sin cos
sin cos
2
x x
x x


Sau bng cch t sin cos t x x + hoc sin cos t x x ta s a PTLG v mt phng
trnh i s ca t, vi 2; 2 t
1

]
.
Bi ton 1:
Tm m phng trnh sau c 3 nghim phn bit [ ] 0; x :

3 3
sin cos x x m
Gii
3 3
sin cos x x m ( )
3
(sin cos ) 3sin cos sin cos x x x x x x m +
t
[ ] sin cos 2 sin 1; 2 0;
4
t x x x x

_
1


]
,

Khi phng trnh
2
3
1
3
2
t
t t m
_


,

( ) ( )
3 2 2
2 3 1 2 3 2 t t t m f t t t m + +
Ta c ( )
' 2
3 3 0 1 f t t t t + t
Bng bin thin:



Vi mi
( )
2
1;1
t
t

ta c 1 nghim [ ] 0; x
Vi mi
)
1; 2 t

cho ta 2 nghim [ ] 0; x
Do phng trnh
3 3
sin cos x x m c 3 nghim phn bit [ ] 0; x th ( ) 2 f t m
phi c 2 nghim
1 2
, t t sao cho
1 2
1< <1< < 2 t t 2<2m<2
2
<m<1
2

t
1 1 2
( ) f t
0 + 0 -
( )
'
f t
2


-2 2
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

25
Nhn xt: Vn vi kin thc v tam thc bc hai bi ton s dng gii mt phng trnh
bc hai c iu kin. y ta cn ch n mt s cng thc sau thng c dng a
v phng trnh i xng:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3 3
3
3 3
sin cos sin cos 3sin cos sin cos
sin cos sin cos 3sin cos sin cos
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + +
+


4 4
sin cos x x +
2 2 2 2 2
(sin cos ) 2sin cos x x x x +

Bi ton 2: (i Hc Hu 2001)
Cho phng trnh:

4 4
1
sin cos sin 2
2
x x m x +
a) Gii phng trnh vi m=1
b) Chng mnh rng 1 m phng trnh lun c nghim
Gii.

4 4
1
sin cos sin 2
2
x x m x +

2
1 1
1 sin sin 2
2 2
x m x
( )
2
sin 2 2 sin 2 3 0 1 x m x +
a) Vi m=1 th
( )
2
1 sin 2 2sin 2 3 0 x x +
( )( ) sin 2 1 3 sin 2 0 x x +
sin 2 1 x
( )
4
x k k

+ Z
b) t [ ] sin 2 1,1 t x
( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 0 f t t mt +
D dng thy ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 1 2 2 2 2 f f m m +
( )
2
4 1 0 m 1 m
Do ( ) 0 f t lun c 1 nghim [ ] 1,1 t .

Bi ton 3: (V ch New York 1973)
Gii phng trnh:

8 8
97
sin cos
128
x x +
Gii.
8 8
97
sin cos
128
x x +
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
26
4 4
1 cos 2 1 cos 2 97
2 2 128
x x + _ _
+

, ,

( ) ( )
4 4 97
cos 2 1 cos 2 1
8
x x + +
t cos 2 t x . Khi phng trnh tng ng:
( ) ( )
4 4 97
1 1
8
t t + +

( ) ( )
4 3 2 4 3 2
97
4 6 4 1 4 6 4 1
8
t t t t t t t t + + + + + + +

4 2
81
2 12 0
8
t t +

2 2
3
cos 2
4
t x
1 cos 4 3
2 4
x +


1
cos 4
2 12 2
k
x x

t + ( ) k Z
Bi ton 4: (Bi 13 III.1- B thi Tuyn Sinh)
Tm m :
( )
2
2
3
3 cot 1 0
sin
tg x m tx gx
x
+ + +
Gii
Phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
3 cot cot 4 0 tgx gx m tgx gx + + +
t

2
cot cot 2
sin 2
t tgx gx t tgx gx
x
+ +
Khi :
2
3 4 0 t mt + vi 2 t ( )
2
3 4 t
f t m
t
+

Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) )
'
2
4
3 <0 ' / ; 2 2; f t f t
t
+


Bng bin thin:

t - -2 0 2 +
( ) f t
- -
( )
'
f t

+ +
4 -4
- -

T bng bin thin suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim ( ) f t m c nghim 4 m
Nhn xt: Phng trnh trong bi ton ny cng c xem nh l mt phng trnh i xng
nhng l i xng ca tg v cotg. Sau y l mt bi ton v phng trnh i xng ca c
sin, cos, tg, cotg:
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

27
( ) ( ) 2 sin 3 cot cos 5 0 tgx x gx x + +

III. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C MT V L TNG HU HN:
A. C S CA PHNG TRNH:
Dng phng trnh ny c c s l mt s tng hu hn dng phc tp c a v
dng gin n.
Cn ch l y ch nu cc trng hp con, s dng cc cng thc n gin hn thu
gn cc tng tch phc tp ri p dng chng vo vic gii phng trnh lng gic ch
khng a ra cc phng php tng qut. Bi v phn ny s c cp n mt cch r
rng v y chng sau: Lng gic ng dng vo gii ton Gii tch.
a) Mt s cng thc chnh c dng nhiu phng php ny:
1. cot g 2cot g 2x x tgx
2.
2
cot g
sin 2
x tgx
x
+
3.
1
cot g cot g 2x
sin 2
x
x

b) Mt s tng hu hn v cch chng minh n:
1.
( )
1
1
sin sin
2 2
sin sin 2 ... sin
sin
2
n a na
S a a na
a
+
+ + +
Nhn vo kt qu ta cng c th on c l ta cn nhn 2 v vi sin
2
a

2.
2
1
sin sin
2 2
cos cos 2 ... cos
2sin
2
n na
a
S a a na
a
+

+ + +
Cng tng t nh
1
S ta nhn 2 v vi sin
2
a
.
3.
3 2
1 1 1 1
... cot cot 2
sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 2
n
n
a
S g g a
a a a a
+ + + +
Cch 1: p dng
1
cot g cot g 2x
sin 2
x
x

Cch 2: ta c ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
cos
1 1 1 cos 2
2
...
sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
sin
2
n
n n
a
a
a
a a a a

+ + + +
Xt v tri c:
2
2cos 1
cos
1 cos 2
2
sin
sin 2sin cos 2sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
a
a
a
a a a a a
a
_


,
+
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
28
Hon tan tng t ta c:
VT
cos 2
sin 2
n
n
a
a

4.
( )
( )
4
1 1 1 1
...
cos cos 2 cos 2 cos3 cos 1 cos sin
S tgna tga
a a a a n a na a
+ + +


Nhn 2 v vi sin a
5.
( )
5 2
sin 1
cos cos 2 cos
1 ...
cos cos cos sin .cos
n n
n a
a a na
S
a a a a a
+
+ + + +

Ta c:
( ) ( ) sin 1 sin 1
cos sin .cos
cos sin .cos 2sin .cos
k k k
k a k a
ka a ka
a a a a a
+

( )
1
sin 1
sin
sin .cos sin .cos
k k
k a
ka
a a a a

+

( ) sin 1
sin .cos
n
n a
S
a a
+

6. ( )
6
2 2 3 ... 1
tgna
S tgatg a tg atg a tg n atgna n
tga
+ + +
p dng: ( )
( ) 1
1 1
tg n a tgna
tg n atgna
tga tga


tgna
S n
tga

7.
7 2 2
1 1 1 1
... cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
n n n n
a a a a
S tg tg tg g ga + + +
p dng: cot g 2cot g 2x x tgx
8.
8 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
...
sin
cos 4 cos 4 cos 4 sin
2 2 2 2
n n
n n
S
a a a a
a
a
+ + +
p dng:
2 2 2
1 1 1
4sin 4cos sin 2 x x x
+
c) Mt s tch v cch chng minh:
1. ( )( ) ( )
1
1
2cos 2 1
2cos 1 2cos 2 1 ... 2cos 2 1
2cos 1
n
n
T a a a
a

+

+

Nhn 2 v vi ( ) 2cos 1 a +
2.
1
2 1
1 1 1 2
1 1 ... 1
cos cos 2 cos 2
2
n
n
tg a
T
a
a a a
tg

_ _ _
+ + +

, , ,

Cch 1: nhn 2 v vi
2
a
tg
Cch 2: ta xt v tri:
VT
2
2 2 2 1
2 1
2cos
2cos 2cos 2 2cos 2
2
. . ...
cos cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
n
n
a
a a a
a a a a


Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

29
2 2
1
2 cos cos cos 2 ...cos 2
2
sin sin .
2 2 cos 2
n n
n
a
a a a
a a
VT


1
1
cos sin 2
2
sin cos 2
2
n
n
a
a
VT
a
a

VP
3.
3
2 1
cos cos ...cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 sin
2 1
n
n
T
n n n
n


+ + +
+

Nhn 2 v vi sin
2 1 n

+

Ch : cc cng thc ny ta c mt mo nh. l ch cn nhn kt qu ca v phi l ta
c th bit c cch chng minh. Tuy nhin c nhiu trng hp ta ch c v tri th ta
phi lm sao? Ta cn s dng n cc cng thc mc a). do ta cn ghi nh cc cng thc
mc a.
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh: ( kim tra chuyn thng 10 lp 11A1)

1
1 1
sin 2 sin
n
i
i
x x


Gii
iu kin phng trnh c nghim: sin 2 0; 1,
i
x i n
p dng
3
S ta c nghim ca phng trnh l:
( )
1
2
; 2 ,
1 2
n
k
x x l k l

Z
Nhn xt: Ta nhn thy nh c ng thc
3
S m vic gii bi ton ny tr nn d dng hn.
Mt khc cn ch rng i vi cc bi ton c iu kin phc tp nh vy ta ch cn t
iu kin tng qut. Sau khi c c nghim ri ta th vo iu kin tng qut ban u
loi i cc nghim ngoi lai.

Bi ton 2: Tm n ng thc sau ng:

( )
1
cos 40 cos 20
n
i
i

o o
(1)
Gii
p dng
2
S ta c:
(1)
1 40
sin 40 sin
2 2
cos 20
40
2sin
2
n n +

o
o
o
o

( )
sin 40 4sin10 cos10 cos 20
cos 20 10 2cos10 cos 20
2sin10 2sin10
n +
o o o o
o o o o
o o

Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
30
Do 0 <10 ; 20 <90
o o o o
nn cos10 cos 20 >0
o o
suy ra
0<20 n+10 <90
n N

'

o o

Ta nhn thy n khng th no l 1 c. Nh vy cn li 2 gi tr, th trc tip ta c n=2.
Chng ta s cp thm vn ny chng 3, phn 3.

Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

31
IV. PHNG TRNH V T:
2
0
f
f
g
g
g


'


Khi gii cc PHTL m n s nm di du cn, cc iu kin rng buc thng di dng
cc bt phng trnh lng gic. D nhin ta c th xem nh l mt h thng gm cc PTLG
v bt PTLG. Nhng r rng y l mt dng kh, phc tp d mc phi sai lm m ta c th
thy cc bi ton di y:
Bi ton 1: (64II-B thi Tuyn sinh)
Gii phng trnh:
cos 2 1 sin 2 2 sin cos x x x x + + + (1)
Gii
(1) ( )
2
2 2
cos sin cos sin 2 cos sin x x x x x x + + +
Xt cos sin 0 x x + l nghim 1
4
tgx x k

+ ( k Z )
Xt
( ) ( )
( )
cos sin >0 cos sin >0
2
cos sin 0 cos sin 0
x x x x
x x x x
+ +

' '
+



Vi iu kin (2) th ( ) 1 cos sin cos sin 2 x x x x + +

2 2
2cos 2 cos sin 4 x x x +

2 2
cos sin 2 cos x x x
( )
2
2 2
cos sin 2 cos x x x

2
cos 4cos 5 0 x x +
[ ] ( ) cos 1 1,1 2 , x x k k Z
Th li vi iu kin (2): Do cos 1 sin 0 x x tho (2).
Kt lun:
4
x k

+ ; 2 x k vi k Z .
Nhn xt:
Hy th quan st xem ti sao ta phi xt 2 trng hp ring l: cos sin 0 x x + v
cos sin >0 x x + m khng gp iu kin li l: cos sin 0 x x + .
Nu ta t: cos sin a x x + v cos sin b x x th i kin ca bi ton khi ta ch xt 1 trng
hp l:
0 0
0 0
a a
ab b

' '



Php bin i ny hon ton sai v nu 0 a th <0 b ta vn c h
0
0
a
ab

'

c tho mn.
Do ta cn phi tht cn thn trong phng trnh dng ny.

Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 4 4
10 8sin 8sin 1 1 x +
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
32
Gii
t
( )
2 4
4
4
4 4
2 4
1 10 8sin
1 17
17
8sin 1
u v u x
u u
u v
v x

+
' '
+


t
1
2
t u , ta c
4 4
4 2
1 1 1
17 2 3 17
2 4 8
t t t t
_ _
+ + +

, ,

2
3
2>0
9
2
3 1<0 4
2
t
u
t
u
t

2 u
4 2 2
3 1 cos 2 3
16 10 8sin 16 sin
4 2 2
x
u x x

+
( )
1
cos 2
2 3
x x k k

t + Z

Bi ton 3: (66II.2-B thi tuyn sinh)
Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
1 2cos 1 2sin x x m + + +
Gii
Hm s y= 1 2cos 1 2sin x x m + + + l hm tun hon vi chu k 2 nn ta ch
cn tm m phng trnh c nghim [ ] , x .

T
[ ] ,
1
cos
2
1
sin
2
x
x
x


'

2
6 3
x

.
Xt biu thc
( )
2
2
1 2cos 1 2sin f y x x + + +
( ) ( ) 2 2 sin cos 2 1 2 sin cos 4sin cos f x x x x x x + + + + + +
t

3 1 2
sin cos , 2 ,
2 6 3
t x x x

1
1
+
1
1
]
]

Khi
2
2 2 2 2 2 1 f t t t + + +
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

33

( )
2
2 2 1
' 2 >0
2 2 1
t
f
t t
+
+
+
( )
3 1
/ , 2
2
f t
1


1
]

Min
3 1
1 3
2
f f
_

+


,

Max
( ) ( )
2 4 1 2 f f +
Phng trnh c nghim Min Maxy 1+ 3 2 1 2 y m m +
Nhn xt: Phng php ny c th gi l phng php min gi tr. Bi v tht ra tp gi tr
ca m chnh l min gi tri ca hm f .
y l hm ng bin trong trong tp xc nh ca n nn Max v Min ca hm s cng
chnh l gi tr 2 u ca min gi tr.

V. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC VI CC YU T GII TCH:
Trong lng gic ta cng thng gp cc yu t gii tch nh: sdng o hm, hm
lin tc, hm m, hm logarit gii.
A. MT S KIN THC B SUNG:
1. Tnh n iu:
Cho hm f n iu ( ) / , a b ta c cc tnh cht sau:
- ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , : x x a b f x f x x x
- Gi s c ( ) ( )
0 0
, : 0 x a b f x th
0
x l nghim duy nht.
- Nu c
( )
( )
y f x
y g x

'

Z
]

V ( )
0
, x a b sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
f x g x
0
!x
-Nu tp gi tr ca hm cng ( ) / , a b th hm ( ) ( )
f f x cng l hm tng.
2. Tnh lin tc:
Cho hm f lin tc trn [ ] , a b c ( ) ( ) <0 f a f b th tn ti t nht
0
x ( ) , a b sao cho
( )
0
0 f x .Thm vo nu f l hm ng iu th
0
x l duy nht.
3. nh l Lagrange:
Nu hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ ] , a b v c o hm trn khong ( ) , a b th tn
ti ( ) , c a b sao cho:
( ) ( )
( )
'
f b f a
f c
b a


H qu:nh l Rolle
Nu f c 2 nghim , x a x b v c o hm trn [ ] , a b th gia 2 nghim ca
( ) f x c mt nghim ca o hm ( )
'
f x :
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
34
c ( ) , a b : ( )
'
0 f c
B. V D:
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
( )
2
log cos 1 2cos x x +
Gii
t cos ; 1< 1 t x t
Phng trnh tr thnh:
( )
2
log 1 2 4 1 4 1 0
t t
t t t t + +
Xt hm s ( ) 4 1; 1< 1
t
f t t t
( )
'
4 ln 4 1
t
f t
( )
'' 2
4 ln 4>0
t
f t
Ta c phng trnh ( ) 0 f t khng c qu 2 nghim phn bit. Tht vy nu c it nht 3
nghim phn bit th theo nh l Rolle phng trnh ( )
'
0 f t c t nht 2 nghim phn bit
v phng trnh ( )
''
0 f t c nghim (v l).
Ta c: ( )
1
0 0
2
f f
_


,

Do phng trnh ( ) 0 f t c ng 2 nghim:
( )
0
0
1
2
t
f t
t


Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l:
( )
2
2
2
3
x k
k
x k

t +

Z
Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:
( )
1 3sin
2
2 1 3sin log 1 9sin
x
x x

+ +
Gii
t

1 3sin 1
3sin 1 2 , < 2
2 3
x
t x t t


Phng trnh tr thnh: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 log 3 1 1
t
t t +
t ( )
2
log 3 1 2 3 1
u
u t t . Ta c h

2 2 1 2 2
2 3 1 0 2 3 1 0
t t u
u u
t u t u
t t
+ + +

' '
+ +



Hm s ( ) 2
x
f x x + tng trong R nn h phng trnh
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

35
( ) 2
2 3 1 0
u
t u
t

'
+


Hm s ( ) 2 3 1
t
g t t + gim trong
]
1
; 2
3

v ( ) 1 0 g .
Vy (2) c nghim duy nht 1 u t .
Suy ra
2
1
sin
2 3
x k
x
x k


+


+


Vi
1
sin , < <0
3 2



v k Z .
Bi ton 3:
Chng minh phng trnh lg sin x x c ng mt nghim trn
3 5
;
2 2
1
1
]

Gii
Nhn xt: vi
3
; 2
2
x

1
]
th sin 0 x v lg 0 x

Suy ra phng trnh v nghim trn
3
; 2
2

1
1
]

Do ta ch xt phng trnh trn
5
2 ;
2

1
1
]

Xt hm s ( )
5
lg sin , 2 ;
2
f x x x x

1

1
]

( )
'
lg
cos
e
f x x
x
;
( )
''
2
lg
sin
e
f x x
x

+ ;
( )
'''
3
2lg
cos
e
f x x
x
+
5
2 ;
2
x

1

1
]
th
3
2lg
cos 0; >0
e
x
x
( )
'''
3
2lg
cos >0
e
f x x
x
+
''
f Z trn
5
2 ;
2

1
1
]

M
( )
( )
'' ''
''
5
2 <0; >0
2
5
! 2 ; : 0
2
f f
c f c

_

,
1

1
]

Tc l vi [ ] 2 ; x c th
''
0 f v
5
,
2
x c
1

1
]
th
''
0 f
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
36
trn [ ] 2 ; c th
'
f nghch bin; v trn
5
,
2
c
1

1
]
th
'
f ng bin
M ( ) ( ) ( )
lg
' 2 1<0 ' <0 2 ,
2
e
f f x x c

v ( )
lg
' 1<0
2
e
f c


Trn
5
c,
2
1

1
]
c ( ) ' <0 f c v
5 2lg
' >0
2 5
e
f


,
( )
5
d c, : ' 0
2
f d
_


,

Mt khc
'
f tng trn ( )
5
c, ' <0
2
f x
_


,
vi ( ) , x c d v ( ) ' >0 f x vi
5
,
2
x d
_


,

( ) ' <0 f x vi ( ) x 2 ,d v ( ) ' >0 f x vi
5
x d,
2
_


,
.
Bng bin thin:

x
2 d
5
2


( ) ' f x
- 0 +
( ) f x
lg 2 >0
5
lg 1<0
2




( ) <0 f d

V ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5
2 >0, <0 <0 2 . <0
2
f f f d f f d


_


,

( ) ( )
0 0
2 , : 0 x d f x
phng trnh ( ) 0 f x c nghim duy nht trn
3 5
;
2 2
1
1
]


VI. CC PHNG PHP TNG QUT GII PTLG THNG GP:
Cn ch y ch l mt s phng php tng qut cho phng trnh chnh tc. i vi
phng trnh khng mu mc ta s c mt s phng php bi 3: Phng trnh lng gic
khng mu mc.
1. Phng php 1:Rt nhiu PTLG ta gp khng dng chnh tc ta phi s dng cc
cng thc lng gic thch hp bin i a v dng phng trnh tch:
f(x).g(x).h(x)=0
f(x)=0
g(x)=0
h(x)=0


(vi f(x),g(x),h(x) l cc hm s lng gic c bn)
Bi ton 1:
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

37
Tm mi nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
sin . 2 3 sin 3 2 3 3 x tg x x tg x +
Tho mn bt phng trnh
1
2
2 log 0 x +
Gii.
iu kin: cos 2 0
4
x x k

+ , k Z
Ta c:
( )
sin . 2 3 sin 3 2 3 3 x tg x x tg x +

( ) ( )
sin 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 x tg x tg x tg x + + +

( )
( ) 2 3 sin 3 0 tg x x +
( ) 2 3 sin 3<0 tg x do x

6 2
k
x

+ k Z
Mt khc
1 2 2
2
2 log 0 2 log 0 log 2 4 x x x +
Ta tm k Z sao cho 4
6 2
k
+
3
k
k

'

Z

Kt lun:
6 2
k
x

+ vi
3
k
k

'

Z
.
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny mt ln na th hin vai tr ca k trong vic gii cc PTLG c
thm iu kin.

Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:

3 3
3
cos .sin3 sin .cos3
8
x x x x +
Gii

3 3
3
cos .sin3 sin .cos3
8
x x x x +

( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
3
cos 3sin 4sin sin 4cos 3cos
8
x x x x x x +
3 3
sin 4
4 8
1
sin 4 sin
2 6
x
x



24 2
5
24 2
k
x
k
k
x

Z

Bi ton 3: (149 II- B thi Tuyn sinh)
Cho phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
sin 1 sin sin 1 x y xy x y + + 1 1
] ]

Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
38
Tm nghim ( ) , x y ( ) ( ) 1 , , 1 x y xy x y + l s o cc gc ca tam gic.
Gii
T iu kin ( ) ( ) 1 , , 1 x y xy x y + l s o cc gc ca tam gic
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
0< 1 , , 1 <
x y xy x y
x y xy x y

+ + +

'
+


3
3
0< +y, -y<
<y<
3 3
3 3
xy xy



' '


Th
3
xy

vo phng trnh cho ta c:

2 2 2
sin sin sin
3 3 3
y y
_ _
+ +

, ,

2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
3 3
sin
2 2 3
y y

_ _
+

, ,

2
1 3
cos 2 cos 2
2 3 3 2
y y

_
1 _ _
+

1

, , ]
,

2 3
sin sin 2
3 4
y


3
sin 2
2
y
M
2 2
<y< <2y< 2
3 3 3 3 3 6
y y


Mt khc
3
xy

nn 2 x .
Kt lun: ( ) , 2,
6
x y
_


,

Nhn xt: Bi ton kh hay khi t vo trong tam gic mc d tht s bn cht ca n ch l
gii phng trnh lng gic c iu kin.

Bi ton 4: (i hc xy dng 2001)
Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 2 nghim
3
0,
4
x
1

1
]
:
sin 2 sin 2 cos x m x m x + +
Gii
sin 2 sin 2 cos x m x m x + +
2sin cos sin 2 cos 0 x x m x m x + ( )( ) 2cos 1 sin 0 x x m
1
cos
2
sin
x
x m


Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

39
Do phng trnh
1
cos
2
x c ng 1 nghim
3
0,
3 4
x
1

1
]
nn phng trnh
cho c ng 2 nghim
3
0,
4
x
1

1
]

sin x m hoc c ng 1 nghim duy nht
0
3
x

vi
0
3
0,
4
x
1

1
]
hoc c 2
nghim phn bit
1 2
3
, 0,
4
x x
1

1
]
trong c nghim
2
3
x


( )
1 3
0, 1
2
2
m m m
_ _




, ,
U U

2. Phng php 2: t n ph
Dng PTLG s dng phng php t n ph ta thng gp trong cc bi ton c
tham s, cc phng trnh i xng hay cc phng trnh c th a v dng phng trnh
bc hai, bc ba,
Khi php phn tch thnh tch khng thc hin c, ta c gng biu din tt c cc s
hng bng mt hm s lng gic duy nht, v s l n ca phng trnh ri a v
phng trnh lng gic c bn gii. C th chn n bng cc quy tc sau:
- Nu phng trnh khng thay i khi ta th:
a) x bi x , chn n l cos x
b) x bi x , chn n l sin x
c) x bi x + , chn n l tgx
- Nu c 3 cch u thc hin c, chn n l cos 2x
- Nu c 3 cch u khng thc hin c, chn n l
2
x
tg

Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
6
3cos 4sin 6
3cos 4sin 1
x x
x x
+ +
+ +

Gii
t 3cos 4sin 1 u x x + + phng trnh cho tr thnh:
1
6
1 6
6
u
u
u u

+


( )
( )
3cos 4sin 1 1 1
3cos 4sin 1 6 2
x x
x x
+ +


+ +


Gii ( )
3 3
1
4 4
tgx x arctg k

+ , k Z
Gii ( ) 2 3cos 4sin 5 x x +
Gi 0,
2


,
vi
4
3
tg ta c:
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
40
( )
5
cos cos 1
3
x , v
3
cos
5

2 , x l l + Z
Vy phng trnh c cc h nghim:

3
4
x arctg k + ; 2 x l + vi , k l Z
Nhn xt: tht ra phng trnh (2) ta c th gii cch khc hay hn, ngn gn hn. l
cch dng bt ng thc B.C.S

Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh: ( ) sin cos 4sin 2 1 1 x x x +
Gii
t
2
2
sin cos 0 sin cos 1 sin 2 t x x t x x x
2
sin 1 x t
Khi ( )
2
1 4 3 0 t t 1>0 sin 2 0
2
k
t x x

Z - - k
Nhn xt:qua bi ton ny ta thy c v nh vic t n ph hay khng khng quan trng
lm. Chng qua vic t n ph lm cho bi ton tr nn gn hn m thi. Th nhng 2 bi
ton sau th khc.

Bi ton 3: Gii phng trnh:

6 6 4 4
sin cos sin cos x x x x + +
Gii
Nhn xt: ny thay x bi x , x , x + th phng trnh khng thay i. Do ta t n:
[ ] cos 2 , 1,1 t x t . Phng trnh tr thnh:

3 3 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
t t t t + + _ _ _ _
+ +

, , , ,

2
1 t 1 t t cos 2 1 x t
( )
2
x k
k
x k

Z ( )
2
k
x k

Z
Bi ton 4: Gii phng trnh: sin 2
2
x
x tg +
Gii
Nhn xt: Nu thay x bi x , x , x + th phng trnh khng thay i.
iu kin: 2
2 2
x
k x k

+ +
t
2
x
t tg . Phng trnh tr thnh:
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

41
2 2
1
2
2
1 2 0
t
t
t
t t t

+

+ +

( ) 1 1 2
2 2 4 2
x x
t tg k x k k

+ + Z
3. Phng php 3: i vai tr ca n s v tham s: Phng php tham s bin thin
Trong mt s bi ton i khi vic i vai tr ca n s v tham s cho nhautr thnh
mt phng php gii kh th v: Bng cch i vai tr ca n s v tham s khi bc ca tham
s l bc II cn bc ca n th cao hn ta c th a mt phng trnh bc cao v dng mt
phng trnh bc hai theo tham s. T iu kin tn ti nghim c phng trnh 0 suy ra
cc gi tr ca tham s phng trnh c nghim. Tuy nhin c mt s trng hp m bin
qu phc tp ta cng c th t tham s lm n d gii hn.
Ta xt mt s bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1:Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo tham s m:
( ) ( )
2
3
2 1 cos 2 1 sin 2 0
2
m x m x m + +
Gii
( ) ( )
2
3
2 1 cos 2 1 sin 2 0
2
m x m x m + +
( ) ( )
2
3
2 2 cos sin sin cos 0
2
m x x m x x + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 4 cos sin 3 2 sin cos 0 f m m x x m x x + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
'
4 cos sin 12 8 sin cos 4 8sin cos 12 8 sin cos
m
x x x x x x x x + +
( )( ) 8 sin 1 cos 1 0 x x +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
'
2
2
1
1
2
2 2
sin 1 2
2
0
cos 1 1
1
2 2
2
2
2
m
f m m
f m m m
x
x
f m m m
f m m

+
+ +

_
+



,

Vi
1
2
m th ( ) 0 2
2
f m x k

+ , k Z
Vi
1
2
m th ( ) 0 2 f m x k , k Z
Vi
1
2
m t th ( ) 0 f m v nghim.

Bi ton 2: nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:
( )
2
2 1 (sin cos ) (sin cos ) 2 2 2 0 m x x x x m m + + + + +
Gii
( )
2
2 1 (sin cos ) (sin cos ) 2 2 2 0 m x x x x m m + + + + +
( )
2
sin cos 1 1 0 m m x x + + +
( ) ( )
2
sin cos 1 4 2 sin cos 2sin cos 2
m
x x x x x x +
t sin cos , 2 t x x t
Khi ( )
2
1 0
m
t
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
42
M mt phng trnh c nghim 0 0 1 sin cos 1
m m
t x x
Th vo ta c: 0 m , 1 m


BI 3: PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHNG MU MC

Trong gii ton ta thng gp mt s phng trnh m cch gii tu c th ca tng phng
trnh, c th gi l nhng phng trnh khng mu mc. Mt s PTLG th hin tnh khng
mu mc ngay dng ca chng, nhng cng c nhng phng trnh m thot trng thy rt
bnh thng nhng cch gii li khng mu mc (hay cch gii khng mu mc thng hay
hn, gn hn cch gii mu mc)
Trong dng phng trnh ny phng php nh gi bt ng thc rt thng gp. N gm
mt s dng nh sau:
I. PHNG PHP TNG BNH PHNG:
2 2
A=0
A +B 0
B=0


'


H qu: ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
n
2
i=1
f 0
f 0
f 0
....
f 0
i
n
x
x
x
x


'

Vi ( ) f 0, 1,
i
x i n
Bi ton 1:
Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2
2 sin 1 0 1 x x xy + +
Gii
( ) ( )
2
2 sin 1 0 1 x x xy + + ( )
2
2
sin cos 0 x xy x + + 1
]


( )
( )
1 0
sin 1
1 0
sin 1
x
xy
x
xy
+

'

'



1
2
2
1
2
x
y k
x
y l

'

'
+


Vi ( ) , k l Z
Nhn xt: i vi bi ton ny ta d nhn thy dng ca n cho nn n tr nn d dng. Do
mt kinh nghim trong gii ton loi ny c l l cn thn nhn dng n. Thc hin c
bc ny bi ton xem nh c gii khong 7 phn.
Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:
4cos 2cos 2 cos 4 7 x x x + +
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

43
Gii
4cos 2cos 2 cos 4 7 x x x + +
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 cos 1 2 cos 2 2 cos 4 1 0 x x x + + + + +

1 cos 0
1 cos 2 0
1 cos 4 0
x
x
x
+

+
'

v nghim
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton ny ta s dng mt bt ng thc quen thuc ca lng
gic: cos 1 x
Mt s BT lng gic thng dng c lng:
sin 1 x , cos 1 x ,
2 2
sin cos a x b x a b + + .
Nu m, n l cc s t nhin ln hn 2 th
2 2
sin cos sin cos 1
m m
x x x x t +
II. PHNG PHP I LP:
(Cn c tn gi l phng php gp nhau ca-chn trn chn di 2 v):

A M
A=M
B M
B=M
A=B



' '


Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh:
5 2
cos 0 x x +
Gii

5 2
cos 0 x x +
2 5
cos x x
V
2
1 cos 1 0 1 1 1 x x x
M
[ ] 1,1 ; cos >0
2 2
x
_


,
vi 1 1 x
5
cos <0 x vi 1 1 x
Do ta c
2
0 x v
5
cos <0 x nn phng trnh
5 2
cos 0 x x + v nghim.
Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:
sin .sin 2 1 x x
Gii
sin .sin 2 1 x x
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
44
sin 1
sin 2 1
sin 1
sin 2 1
x
x
x
x

'

'


1
2
1
2
2
2
4
2
2
4
x k
x k
x k
x k

'

'

+


v nghim
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny c th xem nh mt bi ton mu. Bng cch lp lun tng t ta
gii c cc phng trnh c dng tng t:
sin .sin 1
sin .sin 1
ax bx
ax bx



cos .cos 1
cos .cos 1
ax bx
ax bx



Bi ton 3:Gii phng trnh:
2
sin 1 x x x + +
Gii
Ta xt hai trng hp:
- Nu
[ ] 1, 0 , 0 sin 0
2
x x
1

1
]

M
2
1>0 x x + + ,suy ra v nghim.
- Nu ( ) ( ) , 1 0, x t U th sin 1 x
M
2
2
1 3 1 3
1 > 1
2 4 4 4
x x x
_
+ + + + +

,
, suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
Kt lun: phng tnh cho v nghim.
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny s dng mt phng php tm nghim trong i s. l phng
php chia khong. Phng php ny thng c dng trong cc bi ton gii phng trnh
c tr tuyr i, c min gi tr ln xn, hay trong cc bi ton bt phng trnh.i vi
phng php ny ta chia min xc nh ra tng khong m trn khong hm f khng i
du.
Bi ton 4: Gii phng trnh:
1
cot cos sin
4
n
n n
tgx gx x x
_
+ +

,
( ) ; >1 n n Z
Gii
iu kin:
cos 0
sin 0 2
x
k
x
x



'


Do tg v cotg lun cng du nn
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

45
cot
1 1
cot cot 2 1
4 4 4
n
n n
tgx gx
tgx gx tgx gx
_
_ _
+ +


, ,
,

Du ng thc xy ra khi v vh khi
2
1 1 1 1
cot
4 4 2 2
tgx gx tg x tgx x arctg k
_
t t +

,

Vi ; >1 n n Z ta xt v phi :

2 2
2 sin cos sin cos 1
n n
n x x + +

1 1
cot 1
4 2
n
tgx gx x arctg k
_ _
+ t +

, ,

>2 n ta c:
2
cos cos
n
x x

2
sin sin
n
x x
2 2
cos sin cos sin cos sin 1
n n n n
x x x x x x + + +
' '
2
k
x

(loi)
Vy cos sin <1,
2
n n
k
x x x

+ v
1
cot 1
4
n
tgx gx +
Cho nn vi >2 n phng trnh v nghim.,
Kt lun: nghim ca phng trnh l:

1
2
x arctg k
_
t +

,
, k Z
Nhn xt: qua bi ton ny ta thy vic s dng bt ng thc kinh in trong cc bi ton
gip ta tm c gi tr ln nht (hay nh nht) ca mt biu thc chn n li v em p
dng vo phng trnh bi v thng thng iu kin xy ra ng thc khng nhiu gip ta c
th gii nhanh cc phng trnh. Phng php s dng bt ng thc l mt phng php
kinh in c s dng rt ph bin.
Bi ton 5: Gii phng trnh: ( ) cos .cos 2 .cos3 sin .sin 2 .sin 3 1 1 x x x x x x +
Gii
S dng bt ng thc BCS ta c:
( ) cos .cos 2 .cos3 sin .sin 2 .sin 3 1 1 x x x x x x +
cos .cos 2 .cos3 sin .sin 2 .sin3 x x x x x x +
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 sin sin 2 cos 3 sin 3 x x x x x x + +
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 sin sin 2 cos sin 1 x x x x x x + +
Chuyn phng trnh lng gic c bn

GIO VIN : O VN TIN
46
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 sin3 sin sin 2 cos3 0 2
' '
cos cos 2 sin sin 2 cos sin 3
x x x x x x
x x x x x x


'
+ +


Ta xt ( ) 3 sin 0 x x k tho (2)
Vy nghim ca (1) l: , x k k Z
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny lm ta nh n cc tng hu hn bi trc. Ta cng c th p dng
bt ng thc BCS (nh Bi ton ny) hay bt ng thc Cauchy tm c gi tr nh nht
hay ln nht ca tng .
III. PHNG PHP PHN CHNG: (Nguyn l cc bin)
1
1
1
1
1 1
A A
A=A
B B
B=B
A+B=A B


' '


Bi ton1: Gii phng trnh:
12 16
sin cos 1 x x +
Gii
Ta c:
12 2
sin sin x x ;

16 2
cos cos x x

12 16
sin cos 1 x x x +
V th
12 16
sin cos 1 x x + ( )
12 2
16 2
sin sin
2
cos cos
x x
k
x k
x x


'

Z
Nhn xt: Bi ton ny thuc dng phng trnh tng qut sau: sin cos 1
m n
x x + vi
m ,n t nhin.
Ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
sin sin 1
sin sin
cos cos cos cos 2
m
m
n n
x x
x x
x x x x

' '




T ta xt 4 kh nng cho dng ton ny:
1.Nu m,n cng chn. Khi :
( )( ) ( )
sin 0
sin 1
1 2
2 cos 0
cos 1
x
x
k
x k
x
x


'

t

Z
2. Nu m,n cng l. Khi :
( )( ) ( )
sin 0
2
sin 1
1 2
2 cos 0
2
cos 1
x
x k
x
k
x k x
x



'



Z
Chng 1: Phng trnh lng giac
GIO VIN : O VN TIN

47
3. Nu mchn, n l. Khi :
( )( ) ( )
sin 0
2
sin 1
1 2
2 cos 0
2
cos 1
x
x k
x
k
x k x
x



'



Z
4. Nu m l, n chn. Khi :
( )( ) ( )
sin 0
sin 1
1 2
2 cos 0
2
cos 1
x
x k
x
k
x k x
x



'

t

Z
Bi ton 2: Gii phng trnh:
1 1 1
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos 6 x x x
+ +
+ +

Gii
iu kin:
( )
( )
( )
cos 2 1 1
cos 4 1 2
cos 6 1 3
x
x
x


'


1 cos 2 ,1 cos 4 ,1 cos 6 >0 x x x + +
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy:
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos 6 . 9 4
1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos 6
x x x
x x x
_
+ + + + + +

+ +
,

t 1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos 6 S x x x + + + +

2
3 1 2sin 2 2sin 4 sin 2 x x x +

( )
2 2 2
3 1
3 sin 4 cos 4 2sin 2 2sin 4 sin 2
2 2
x x x x x + +
( )
2
2
9 1 1
sin 4 2sin 2 cos 4
2 2 2
x x x +
( )
9
5
2
S
Du ng thc xy ra
( ) ( )
( )
2sin 2 1 cos 2 0 6
sin 4 2sin 2 0 sin 2 0
cos 4 0 cos 4 0 cos 4 0 7
x x
x x x
x x x
+
+

' ' '


H phng trnh ny v nghim
9
<
2
S
Tc l
1 1 1
>2
1 cos 2 1 cos 4 1 cos 6 x x x
+ +
+ +

Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.

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