THIT B PHUN

I. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN INJECTOR Injector c pht minh bi Henri Giffard Jacques, mt nh ton hc v l k s ni ting ca Php, ban u dung cp liu cho ni hi, s dng nng lng ca hi ht v li cun nc t thit b cha v a n vo trong l hi. Sau khi tt nghip ca ti trng L'cole Centrale vo nm 1849, Giffard dnh thi gian ca mnh nghin cu v hng khng v c bit l pht trin ng c hi nc nh dng y bng. Trong qu trnh ng ngh ra mt cch thay th vi thit b nh gn v thun tin cho vic bm hi nc s dng trong ni hi. Vo ngy 08 thng 5 nm 1858, bng sng ch c cp cho Giffard vi tn gi L'Injecteur Automoteur. V mt l thuyt, vi phng php m Giffard ngh vic bm lin tc mt dng cc nc vo l hi l hon ton kh thi v s c nhiu li ch hn vic bm gin on i vi cng ngh c. Kh khn nm ch thc hin cc iu kin c th cn thit cho vic ngng t hi nc v tip theo l gim vn tc dng di chuyn. Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca vn ny c ng xem xt cn thn, v ng thc hin mt bn v thit k th hin tng ca mnh. Mt m hnh c ch to bi M. Flaud & Cie, Paris tuy nhin rt kh ch to cc ng trong theo hnh dng yu cu trong bn v. Trong khi hnh dng v t l ca cc vi phun mang ngha quyt nh, v nhng thit b u tin c ng ch to hon ton p ng s mong i ca ngi thit k. Nm 1860 ng xut bn mt cun sch mang ta "Mt l thuyt v thc hnh trn Injector Selfacting", ng ch ra nhng li th trong vic s

dng vi phun thay v cc h thng cung cp nc l hi thng thng, ng cng m t pht minh ca mnh mt cch chi tit v nu ra t l ti u cho cc b phn ca thit b v cng cng nh cc l thuyt c hc, cng nhng ci tin ca ng vo nm 1850, tm nm trc khi tin hnh th nghim Injector u tin Khi ln u tin gii thiu, pht minh Injector chu nhiu s hoi nghi ca gii khoa hc v phng php lm vic ca n cn kh mi m. Tuy nhin, li th ca phng php ny so vi phng php truyn thng l rt r rng, v th n c nhanh chng cng nhn v gii thiu khp mi ni khi ngnh cng nghip my hi nc c s dng nh mt dng truyn ng ph bin. Pht minh ca ng c nh gi cao, nm 1859.Vin hn lm Khoa hc Php trao tng Giffard cc gii c kh xut sc ca nm. Hin tng mt cht lng phun ra t ming ng vi vn tc rt ln cun theo mt cht lng hoc bn cht lng trn ng ng ca n c bit n nm 1570, khi Vitrio v Philebert de Lorme s dng mt thit b phun dng th s. Hin tng ny tng t nguyn l sinh l hc ngi, khi mt ngi th mnh hoc ht x hi, khng kh b p qua khoang mi, chuyn ng ca khng kh cun theo cc cht dch bm trn khoang mi gip loi b cc cht dch v bn tch ly bn trong l mi ca mnh, Nh vy dng Injector c in xut hin t trc mc d cn kh th s. Cc thit b u tin hot ng gn ging vi nguyn tc Injector, c cp bng sng ch ngy 15 Thng Tm nm 1818 bi Mannoury de Dectot vi tn gi "ng c phc hp - phng tin ng dng nng lng ca la, hi nc, khng kh, khi ng v vn hnh thit b.. . Nguyn tc ca pht minh l ht nc v y thuyn bng cch s dng ng thi s dn n v hi t ca hi nc trong mt thit b phun nc phn lc. Ravard sau ci tin m hnh ny vo nm 1840 vi, nhng ci

tin quan trng nht c thc hin bi Bourdon, kt qu ny rt gn vi kt qu ca Giffard (cp bng sng ch nm 1857). Thit b ny kt hp nhiu ng t thu v t m nhm chuyn ha nng lng ca cht lng v cht kh to ra lc y u ra thit b gip phng tin di chuyn. Cng trnh ca Bourdon vi s tng ng v hnh thc v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b so vi cng trnhca Giffard gy ra nhng tranh ci v vic ai mi l ngi pht minh ra Injector. Tuy nhin, Giffard chng minh c mnh hon ton khng bit v nhng ci tin mi nht ca Bourdon khi ng xin cp bng sng ch ca mnh, v do ng cng khai trnh by cc l thuyt v pht minh ca mnh gn by nm trc Bourdon. Vi vic l ngi u tin xut kh y nhng nguyn tc hot ng ca Injector v tnh c o trong pht minh ca mnh, Giffard chnh thc c cp bng pht minh sng ch vi thit b phun phn lc Injector. Cc Injector c a vo Anh bi cng ty Sharp, Steward & Co, Manchester, vo nm 1859. Vo khong thi gian , vn phng i din ti Paris ca cng ty Robert Stephenson & Co, Newcastle, gi mt Injector tng t. Ngnh cng nghip ng st Anh ln mnh m ra mt lnh vc kh rng ln cho s pht trin ca Injector. Injector cng c gii thiu ti Hoa K, Cng ty Messrs. Wm. Sellers & Co bt u sn xut vo nm 1860 ti cng xng Philadelphia vi nhng ci tin rt quan trng. Thit k Injector ca Giffard ti chu u tri qua nhng ci tin rt quan trng thc hin bi Del-Peche, Kraus, Korting, Friedmann, v nhng cng s khc. Nhng ci tin ny ch yu nhm sp xp cc b phn ca thit b hp l hn, mt s chi tit c thay theo cch lp rp mi gip tng hiu qu v ti u ha iu kin hot ng. Ngi M cng a ra nhiu ci tin trong s c th k n ca Hancock, Rue, Desmond, Penberthy, Murdock v Eberman. Nm 1910, vi ci tin c a ra, cc Injector ca

M c s dng rng ri v c chp nhn nh l mt loi thit b chun trong mt s tuyn ng st ca Php, , ni sn sinh ra Injector. Ngoi ng dng trong cng nghip tu ha, cc Injector c ng dng cho nhiu mc ch khc. Nng lc ca cc thit b phun lng c kh nng cung cp c lng nc tng gp i vi hi tiu tn rt t, tr nn c bit hu ch cho mc ch phun nc cha chy. Hi nc c th mang theo nc ln mt tm cao hn so vi khng s dng thit b. Cc ng dng khc ca vi phun bao gm: tim ha cht vo thit b nhit c nh; trong nh my nhit in chng c s dng loi b tro y l hi; loi b cc phn ca tro bay t ry ca b lc bi tnh in; ngoi ra c s dng loi b tro t kh thi l hi, v to p sut chn khng trong thit b ngng t ca tuabin hi trong h thng lm mt dng bay hi; x l s lng ln cc ht hoc cc vt liu dng ht hoc bt khc (ejector rn - kh); cc ngnh cng nghip xy dng s dng chng bm nc c, bn, va; cc phng th nghim s dng n to ra chn khng ring phn v dng trong y t ht cc cht nhy hoc cht dch c th. C mt s phn bit khng r rng gia Injector v Ejector: "Mi Injector nht thit phi l mt Ejector, Injector c gi khi mc ch s dng l bm pht cn gi l ejector khi dng vi mc ch bm thng thng khi dng cht chuyn ng l cht lng. C s khc bit v mt thit k theo mc ch s dng, nhng nguyn tc lm vic ca 2 thit b ny l hon ton ging nhau. Vi mc ch ca bi vit ny, cc thit b phun s c gi l Ejector v dng cht cng tc l cht lng, v cc thit b phun cht lng lm vic vo thit b ny s c gi l Injector.

II. M HNH EJECTOR

Ejector l thit b c s dng vn chuyn cht lng hoc cht bn lng (bn c hoc hn hp pha lng vi mt pha rn), s dng nng lng ca mt cht lng cng tc, ht (bng cch s dng cc hiu ng Venturi) ca dch i tng hay cn gi cc dng b li cun, sau l mt nn hn hp v phun ra ngoi vi phun. Cc Ejector c nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau nh: phun mt cht lng hoc mt bn cht lng; phng cht lng hoc c cht; ha trn cc thnh phn ha hc; phc hi p sut;. . . Trong phn ny, chng ta cp n Ejector cho php s dng nng lng ca p sut cao ca dung dch long t thit bi sinh y hi t cc thit b bay hi v nn trc khi hn hp trc khi c phun vo thit b hp ph hoc ra ngoi. Ejector gm ba phn:
1. Vi phun bao gm mt vi phun dng ng hi t (t thu), v mt

khoang ht cc cht lng i vo;

2. Vi hn hp gm mt vi phun hi t (c tc dng ha trn hai

pha), v hng chuyn tip (ti trong mt s iu kin nht nh khi vn tc dng cht i qua t tc m thanh c th sinh ra sng xung kch);
3. Vi khuch tn l mt ng loa gn lin vi hng ca vi hn hp,

thng c gi l cc vi phun hn hp; Cc cht lng ng i vo vi hi t bn trong Injector vi mt nng lng nht nh. Trong vi hi t, nng lng p sut ca dng ng c c chuyn ha thnh ng nng, v cht lng ng ra khi vi phun vi tc cao v p sut thp. Nu p sut ti u ra ca vi phun thp hn so vi p sut vng ca vo ca cht b li cun, cht ny s c ht vo khoang hn hp.

Khoang hn hp l vng to chn khng c v l ni hai dng cht ha trn v phn tn vi nhau. Khi lu dng cht ng l hi, dng li cun l cht lng hoc hn hp 2 pha lng kh, khoang hn hp l mt vi hi t v p lc ht xy ra phn hng ni, y l dng Injector phn lc hi c in. Bn trong vi kh tip xc vi mt cht lng lnh hn nn xy ra qu trnh ngng t, v trao i qun tnh. Nu dng cht vn ng qua hng injector t c vn tc m thanh sng xung kch s hnh thnh. Phn tho lun m t cc m hnh ca Ejecto sau s cho thy khng nht thit cn c mt vi phun hi t, tr mt s trng hp cn thit.

Sau khi i qua vng hn hp, hn hp to ra c m rng trong vng khuch tn, vn tc ca chng gim xung do tit din ng tng ln ng

ngha vi vic p sut thy tnh gim theo hiu ng Belluni kt qu l hn hp c nn tr li ng nng chuyn i tr thnh nng lng p lc. p sut ti im cui ca ejector ph thuc ch yu vo cc trng hp sau: p sut v lu lng dng cht lng ng, p sut v lu lng dng chy b ht, v tn tht p sut do tr lc khi 2 pha trn ln. Trong chu trnh hp th 3 cp nn, Ejector lng kh c s dng phc hi p sut tng i so vi p lc cao ca my nn, tng cng ha trn gia dung dch nng thp v hi lnh to ra t cc thit b bay hi to iu kin thun li trc khi hp th mi cht lnh.