B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

ministry of agriculture and rural development

vin chn nui quc gia

national institute of animal husbandry

thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm vit nam
Composition and Nutritive value of animal feeds in Vietnam

Nh xut bn nng nghip - agricultural publishing house

H Ni - 2000

Li ni u

Chng ta bit rng: nng sut chn nui ph thuc vo hai yu t c bn: tnh nng di truyn v ch dinh dng hp l. Mun c ch dinh dng hp l v c hiu qu, chng ta phi hiu bit thnh phn v ga tr dinh dng ca cc chng loi thc n khi phi hp khu phn nhm cn i gia protein, acid amin v nng lng cng nh cc thnh phn khc ca thc n nh vitamin, khong a lng v vi lng v.v.. nh gi gi tr dinh dng v thnh phn ho hc thc n gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam , Vin nghin cu Chn nui Quc gia phi hp vi cc trng i hc Nng - Lm nghip, cc Vin, cc Trung tm nghin cu chn nui ca ba min: Bc, Trung, Nam phn tch hng ngn mu thc n. Cc kt qu thu c c xut bn vo nhng nm: 1962, 1983 v 1992. Ring ln xut bn 1992 cc s liu c b sung nh Vin SINAO (Lin X c) gip . Cc ln xut bn trc thc s gip ch cho sn xut cng nh trong nghin cu khoa hc v o to ca ngnh chn nui nc ta. Tuy vy, nhng ln xut bn trc cn nhiu vn cha theo kp xu th pht trin hin ti v tng lai ca ngnh chn nui nc ta trong thi k i mi theo hng cng nghip ho v hin i ho. Chnh v l do y m sch "Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam " xut bn ln ny s p ng tnh k tha v tnh hin i nhm phc v cho cn b nghin cu, ging dy, sn xut v cho c nhng ngi nc ngoi c nhu cu tm hiu v thc n gia sc, gia cm ca Vit Nam. Sch gm hai phn chnh: Phn 1: Trnh by cc phng php tnh gi tr nng lng thc n gia sc Vit nam cng nh phng php s dng s liu lp khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm. Phn 2: Trnh by cc bng s liu v thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm Vit nam. Sch xut bn ln ny s dng s liu ca 4248 mu phn tch. Trong s dng 3850 mu t sch xut bn nm 1992. Trong c b sung 398 mu ch yu c thu thp t ng bng sng Cu Long v Ty Nguyn vi s cng tc cht ch ca Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip min Nam, Trung tm Nghin cu Gia cm Vn phc thuc Lin hip gia cm Vit Nam. Trong 4248 mu phn tch, th 4232 mu phn tch gm 6 nhm vi 633 loi thc n cho gia sc nhai li (tru, b, d, cu); 3305 mu phn tch, gm 6 nhm vi 418 loi thc n cho ln; 2389 mu phn tch gm 5 nhm vi 265 loi thc n cho gia cm. Tng danh mc hoc l loi thc n gii thiu ln xut bn ny l 649 loi cho gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam. Sch " Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam " xut bn ln ny so vi cc ln xut bn trc c s gp ca cc gio s, ph gio s, tin s, ph tin s, cc cn b khoa hc ca Hi ng Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vin Chn nui Quc gia cng cc chuyn gia u ngnh v dinh dng gia sc Vit Nam. Do vy gi tr ca sch khng ch b sung 398 mu mi m cn c tnh ton ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca ngnh nh: Tnh v nng lng trao i; nng lng thun; nng lng tng trng; nng lng duy tr... Ring thc n cho i gia sc c tnh gi tr TDN (tng cc cht dinh dng tiu ho) (Total digestible nutrients) da theo phng php ca Wardek (1981)

 hon thnh cun sch ny mt ln na chng ti cm n s ng gp ca G.S. Nguyn Vn Thng, Ch tch Hi Chn nui Vit nam, PTS Sumilin Vin SINAO, G.S, TS L Hng Mn, Tng Gam c Lin hip Gia cm Vit nam, PTS Bi c Lng, KS inh Hunh v c bit KS Nguyn c Trn, nguyn trng B mn Dinh dng v thc n gia sc Vin Chn nui v.v... Sch "Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc gia cm Vit Nam" tuy c b sung v tp hp tham kho nhiu ti liu tin tin v dinh dng ca nc ngoi, s gp ca nhiu nh khoa hc chn nui, song s khim khuyt chc chn khng trnh khi. Tuy nhin chng ti hy vng rng sch s gip ch cho nhiu bn c trong v ngoi nc. Chng ti cng rt trn trng s gp ca cc c gi xut bn ln sau c hon tt hn.

Vin trng Vin Chn Nui Quc gia

GS. TS. Nguyn ng Vang

Hm lng vi lng thc n gia sc Vit nam STT Tn thc n Name of feed I. Thc n th xanh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 1. Cy, c ho tho Cy cao lng Cy ng non Cy ng non - ng bng Bc B Cy ng non Ty Nguyn Cy ng tr c C Austrogogon C bc h C bc h vng khu bn c C bc h vng min ni Bc b C cng vin C dy C g ta C Ghi n C Ghi n Liconi C Ghi n Uganda C l tre C lng i C lng Para C mn tru C mi C Pangola C Setaria C sa C thi li C tranh C t nhin hn hp C voi C voi Napier C voi non vng khu Bn c C voi vng ng bng Bc B C voi vng ng bng Nam B C voi vng Ty Nguyn C voi vng trung du Bc B 2. Cy c b u C Centrocema (u bm) C Stylo - thn l C Stylo ng Nam B C Stylo vng trung du Bc B Thn l keo du Thn l Kutzu 3. Cc loi l L bp ci gi L dm bt L du L u L gai L keo du L keo du c cng L mm 132 131 139 184 157 158 119 131 125 202 284 266 233 175 180 251 239 191 231 186 252 297 118 101 279 256 156 211 118 154 236 144 144 178 223 273 219 259 190 110 185 302 267 126 257 259 358 1,52 4,98 5,87 6,22 6,25 4,18 9,88 13,05 9,03 3,27 4,97 5,11 4,43 3,80 2,88 4,82 8,05 5,50 3,72 2,27 6,43 9,24 5,46 4,06 8,03 4,33 5,54 7,95 5,32 4,02 10,74 6,02 4,16 6,51 13,60 17,88 10,38 5,33 9,42 6,04 3,09 6,31 9,45 7,03 10,12 7,87 6,69 0,94 9,04 7,77 15,09 4,36 4,95 35,00 47,08 31,47 15,29 29,51 37,51 30,94 20,32 12,89 18,12 39,10 15,70 33,91 9,65 31,10 52,72 15,40 30,30 19,31 50,10 18,25 10,30 12,34 10,01 11,63 11,89 25,08 27,59 63,55 84,52 51,84 47,68 40,53 7,02 10,42 21,29 10,87 5,83 39,99 60,79 292,02 0,71 0,56 1,23 1,85 1,80 0,99 0,51 1,40 0,71 1,57 1,65 1,17 2,33 1,70 1,04 2,02 3,15 1,83 0,82 1,53 1,47 1,43 0,38 2,14 1,82 1,40 1,76 3,58 2,97 3,08 3,59 1,35 2,94 0,40 1,78 1,36 4,11 8,81 3,13 8,48 24,92 95,39 101,22 101,66 85,01 161,32 170,73 174,37 218,38 166,62 406,71 101,94 78,49 66,94 233,33 44,03 132,66 90,49 141,65 111,43 291,36 136,43 97,58 113,41 68,75 186,63 102,01 95,12 100,02 96,45 112,19 207,20 62,91 53,68 36,06 62,18 108,53 46,82 180,06 142,09 V.C.K (g/kg) DM Km Mangan (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Zn Mn ng (mg/kg) Cu St (mg/kg) Fe

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

L sn L sn vng duyn hi min Trung L sn vng ng Nam B L sn vng ng bng Bc B L sn vng trung du Bc B L sn dy L so a L su ho L tre 4. Rong, rau, bo Bo ci cnh ln Bo ci vt r Bo du Bo tm Bo ty Bo ty vt r Dc l khoai nc Rau dn gai Rau da nc Rau khoai lang Rau lp Rau mc Rau mung Rau mung duyn hi min Trung Rau mung vng ng bng Bc B Rau mung vng khu Bn c Rau mung vng trung du Bc B Rong ui ch nc ngt Rong sng 5. Ph phm ngnh trng trt Dy l khoai lang Rm ma Thn cy chui ty ly bung Thn cy chui tiu ly bung Thn l u trng Thn l u tng Thn l u xanh 6. Bt c Bt rong bin Bt thn l qu u tng Bt thn l qu u xanh 7. Thc n c qu C khoai lang C khoai lang duyn hi min Trung C khoai nc C sn c v C sn vng duyn hi min Trung C sn vng trung du Bc B Sn lt kh c v snh Sn lt khng v snh Qu b Qu b np II. Thc n ht

258 273 247 266 263 233 233 145 251 52 76 70 85 60 76 72 157 109 104 83 78 106 115 109 143 106 55 102 135 864 57 49 210 243 227 919 875 862 281 350 174 277 315 308 869 869 119 137

34,42 58,89 30,11 30,64 30,30 11,84 9,55 6,95 5,04 2,18 7,34 5,82 4,62 7,08 3,28 2,41 10,58 4,42 14,48 5,58 3,10 5,03 8,88 3,16 5,26 5,95 2,62 6,13 4,64 20,74 3,13 1,73 8,34 9,72 5,45 24,26 29,75 26,98 2,84 3,50 8,39 8,06 3,68 10,16 19,59 16,29 4,85 4,42

66,05 103,17 22,67 97,12 96,02 18,03 32,29 4,89 45,53 23,95 106,99 80,52 180,05 32,76 43,55 40,28 10,06 85,34 5,73 95,68 70,05 22,33 14,44 18,61 34,02 34,83 31,80 36,42 8,09 12,50 20,68 34,02 12,12 357,95 49,61 37,50 4,38 6,30 14,93 5,18 3,56 6,25 23,90 14,25 6,46 1,14

2,97 4,78 2,15 3,51 3,47 2,87 2,84 0,91 2,81 0,81 1,09 0,62 0,99 0,84 0,96 0,78 2,32 1,69 2,76 0,89 0,96 1,37 3,15 1,24 0,66 0,93 0,90 1,62 2,55 0,78 0,85 0,88 2,23 1,57 1,09 15,25 5,34 4,91 1,46 1,64 1,18 0,91 0,66 1,11 2,17 2,91 0,57 1,30

90,74 66,37 122,60 121,22 181,83 59,38 93,05 44,65 116,23 109,39 60,32 81,59 68,15 269,63 74,52 107,17 47,88 75,27 109,84 65,65 129,85 272,69 184,29 61,34 29,89 113,42 434,58 88,51 425,64 34,11 67,95 75,55 35,57 31,58

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

1. Ht ho tho Ht bo bo b v Ht bo bo c v Ht cao lng Ht go np Ht go t Ht k Ht ng np Ht ng t Ht ng t duyn hi min Trung Ht ng t ng Nam B Ht ng t ng bng Bc B Ht ng t khu Bn c Ht ng t min ni Bc B Ht ng t Ty Nguyn Ht ng t trung du Bc B Ht thc np Ht thc nng Ht thc t Ht thc t duyn hi min Trung Ht thc t min ng Nam B Ht thc t Ty Nguyn Ht thc t Trung du Bc B 2. Ht b u Ht u c ve en Ht u c ve trng Ht u en Ht u Ht u H lan Ht u leo Ht u mt cua Ht u mo ngi Ht u mo xm Ht u nho nhe Ht u quc Ht u trng Ht u tng Ht u tng duyn hi min Trung Ht u tng ng Nam B Ht u tng ng bng Bc B Ht u tng khu Bn c Ht u tng min ni Bc B Ht u tng trung du Bc B Ht u vn Ht u xanh 3. Ht nhiu du Ht lc c v cng Ht lc nhn Ht vng III. Ph phm ch bin nng sn 1. Kh du Kh du cao su p Kh du da p Kh du u tng p Kh du lc c v p

874 888 874 867 873 892 883 883 880 902 879 884 841 877 854 875 888 882 890 896 886 897 873 874 887 882 885 880 870 844 892 853 875 879 885 920 914 915 862 865 865 881 886 882 924 923

22,99 26,37 11,62 24,71 23,49 22,39 30,29 31,98 45,94 39,06 25,75 21,48 22,44 28,55 28,25 17,32 26,02 25,40 24,47 22,76 42,08 23,41 36,05 55,76 42,40 39,87 30,35 41,98 35,23 27,77 33,72 31,82 37,71 42,37 46,28 62,19 46,06 39,89 32,24 38,23 50,00 41,58 38,98 45,16 45,46 51,23

25,52 33,65 9,35 9,71 20,54 33,27 5,92 6,33 4,75 5,77 5,71 9,10 4,58 7,10 7,39 41,30 19,36 43,66 27,23 59,40 35,88 50,77 9,25 6,38 20,58 11,47 17,96 36,78 14,27 12,24 11,33 12,60 12,57 25,58 18,40 29,98 21,23 26,63 16,69 34,17 14,54 12,40 36,07 15,15 38,30

7,34 4,97 0,52 5,72 3,53 4,82 1,85 7,53 6,60 5,86 12,57 11,58 6,60 0,61 5,51 4,32 3,65 4,48 7,00 3,14 11,52 15,33 9,67 8,38 7,34 8,10 9,40 7,43 8,15 2,56 6,91 7,30 12,83 18,95 10,14 35,87 19,03 11,98 9,48 33,34 11,46 13,11

31,29 265,52 201,64 427,98 119,47 239,38 412,69 142,77 114,49 278,69 179,66 57,70 292,78 183,87 108,41 127,11 94,19 45,63 142,48 81,53 183,91 152,57 82,78 167,81 193,24 448,72 155,23 720,68

142 143 144 145

910 913 861 892

58,42 43,55 40,15 62,62

56,51 41,63 20,10 42,28

32,12 22,64 24,28 17,48

402,67 394,23 506,78 831,34

146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165

Kh du lc nhn p Kh du thuc phin 2. Cc loi cm Cm go np Cm go t Cm go t p du Cm ng 3. Cc loi ph phm khc Bt my v li ng Bt b sn Bt v lc IV. Thc n gc ng vt Bt c Bt da ng vt Bt u tm Bt u tm luc Bt u tm hm Bt u v v tm Bt nhng tm Bt tm Bt tht l m Bt tht xng Bt trng g tc

887 895 874 877 877 846 875 815 889 917 884 762 900 884 882 888 857 937 926 800

55,70 205,13 41,52 53,85 66,21 31,47 31,67 9,05 18,85 83,72 2,03 44,88 60,66 45,80 36,34 760,93 59,53 71,40 21,48 66,40

39,83 69,90 94,92 90,86 79,46 20,56 21,09 11,57 24,14 58,23 16,35 69,80 27,45 69,84 54,07 22,82 53,85 16,12 14,07 0,56

26,79 1,66 6,05 1,23 2,96 2,45 0,98 3,11 8,53 17,80 19,60 18,70 24,52 25,00 13,77 4,80 21,04

552,42 778,29 310,88 245,21 238,72 392,63 311,85 694,05 739,20 770,46 46,23 933,91 378,99 14,04 1196,26 223,95 939,93 967,45 1386,22 329,28

Cc cng thc c s dng c tnh gi tr nng lng ca thc n chn nui

1. Cc cng thc dng c tnh Cc dng nng lng ca thc n chn nui bao gm nng lng th (GE: Gross energy), nng lng tiu ho (DE: Digestible energy), nng lng trao i (ME: Metabolisable energy), nng lng thun (NE: Net energy). Cc dng nng lng sau y c s dng biu th gi tr nng lng ca thc n: Thc n ca gia cm: Thc n ca ln: Nng lng trao i (ME) Nng lng tiu ho (DE) v nng lng trao i (ME) Thc n ca tru b, d cu: Nng lng tiu ho (DE) Nng lng trao i (ME) v nng lng thun (NE) Cc gi tr nng lng ghi trong cun sch ny tnh ton nh sau: 1.1. Thc n cho gia cm Nhng gi tr nng lng ca thc n trong cun sch ny l nng lng trao i hiu chnh theo vi lng N tch lu trong c th gia cm ( vit tt MEc). Cng thc tnh ca HILL v ANDERSON (1958):

MEc = ME - Ng tch lu trong c th x 8,22 Kcal/g xc nh ME (nng lng trao i cha hiu chnh) dng cng thc ca NEHRING (1973): ME(kcal/kg) = 4,26 X1 + 9,5 X2 +4,23 X3 +4,23 X4 X1-X4 ln lt l Protein tiu ho, cht bo tiu ho, x tiu ho v cht chit khng Ni-t tiu ho tnh bng g/kg thc n. tm lng ni-t ca thc n tch lu trong c th g dng s liu (theo BLUM-1988): G trng thnh: G mi v g sinh trng cui k: G sinh trng u k: trong cun sch ny. 1.2. Thc n cho ln Dng cc cng thc hi quy sau tnh DE v ME (Theo Bo Gohl,1992): DE (Kcal/kg) = 5,78X1 + 9,42X2 + 4,40 X3 + 4,07X4 ME (Kcal/kg) = 5,01X1 + 8,93X2 +3,44 X3 + 4,08X4 X1-X4 ln lt l protein tiu ho, cht bo tiu ho, x tiu ho v cht chit khng Ni- t tiu ho tnh bng g/kg thc n. 1.3. Thc n cho gia sc nhai li DE (Kcal/kg)
CK

N tch lu = 0 N tch lu = 30% N thc n N tch lu = 40% N thc n

thun tin, con s 35% c chn tnh ton cho tt c cc loi thc n gia cm

= 0,04409 TDN

(1)

TDN l tng cc cht dinh dng tiu ho (total digestible nutrients) tnh bng % trong cht kh (CK) ca thc n. (Xem cch xc nh di y) ME (Mcal/kg CK) = 0,82 DE DE (Mcal/kg CK) c xc nh theo cng thc (1). NE ca thc n loi nhai li c xc nh theo nng lng thun cho duy tr (NEm), nng lng thun cho tng trng (NEg), nng lng thun cho tit sa (NEl). NEm (Mcal/kg CK) = 1,37 ME - 0.138 ME2 + 0,0105 ME3-1,12 NEg (Mcal/kg CK) = 1,42 ME - 0.174 ME2 + 0,0122 ME3-1,65 NEl (Mcal/kg CK) = 0,623DE - 0,36 NEl (Mcal/kg CK) = 0,0245 TDN- 0,12 (3) (4) (5) hoc (6) (2)

Cng thc (1) ca CRAMPTON (1957), cng thc (2) ca ARC.1965 v NRC. 1976, cng thc (3) v (4) ca GARRETT-1980, cng thc (5), (6) ca MOE v TYRRELL (1976). xc nh TDN ca thc n loi nhai li c th dng 1 trong 2 cng thc sau: (1) Phng php th 1: TDN = X1 + 2,25X2+ X3 +X4

X1 - X4 ln lt l Protein th tiu ho, cht bo tiu ho, x th tiu ho v cht chit khng Ni-t tiu ho tnh bng % hay g/kg thc n. Nh vy TDN c tnh bng % hay g/kg thc n. Cht bo tiu ho ca thc n nhiu du, kh du, thc n ng vt phi nhn vi 2,41, ca ht ng cc, ht u v ph phm ca cc loi ht ny nhn vi 2,12; cn c kh, rm, thc n xanh, xanh, c qu nhn vi 1,19 (theo Bo Golh, 1982) (2) Phng php th 2: TDN tnh theo Wardeh,1981. Xem bng 1 Nhm 1. Thc n th v kh: Bao gm tt c cc loi thc n th, cc loi cy c sau khi ct c phi kh, cc loi sn phm thc vt khc cha trn 18% x th. V d: c kh, rm, v lc, tru.... Nhm 2. Thc n xanh: Bao gm tt c cc loi thc n xanh c s dng dng ti. Nhm 3. Thc n chua: Bao gm tt c c chua, cy ng v thc n xanh em chua, nhng khng bao gm ht, c, c hay sn phm c ngun gc ng vt chua. Nhm 4. Thc n nng lng: Bao gm cc sn phm c hm lng Protein di 20% v x th di 18%. V d: cc loi ht, ph phm cng nghip xay xt, cc loi c qu k c trng hp chng c chua. Nhm 5. Thc n giu protein: Bao gm thc n c hm lng protein trn 20%( tnh theo CK) c ngun gc ng vt (k c sn phm ny em chua) cng nh cc loi to, kh du. Nhm 6. Thc n b sung khong. Nhm 7. Thc n b sung Vitamin, bao gm c nm men. Nhm 8. Cc loi thc n b sung khc. Bao gm khng sinh, cht c mu sc, hng v, cc loi thuc phng bnh, thuc dit nm mc c hi.... Bng 1: Cc cng thc tnh TDN ca thc n loi nhai li Loi vt nui Nhm thc n
1 B, 2

TDN (% VCK thc n)

-17.2649 + 1.2120 Pth+ 0.8352 DXKD + 2.4637 CB + 0.4475 Xth -21.7656 + 1.4284 Pth + 1.0277 DXKD + 1.2321 CB + 0.4867 Xth

Loi vt nui
Tru

Nhm thc n
3 4 5

TDN (% VCK thc n)

-21.9391 + 1.0538 Pth + 0.9736 DXKD + 3.0016 CB + 0.4590 Xth 40.2625 + 0.1969 Pth + 0.4228 DXKD + 1.1903 CB - 0.1379 Xth 40.3227 + 0.5398 Pth + 0.4448 DXKD + 1.4218 CB - 0.7007 Xth

1 D, Cu 2 3 4 5

-14.8356 + 1.3310 Pth + 0.7823 DXKD + 0.9787 CB + 0.5133 Xth 1.6899 + 1.3844 Pth + 0.7526 DXKD - 0.8279 CB + 0.3673 Xth 1.0340 + 0.9702 Pth + 0.9150 DXKD + 1.3513 CB + 0.0798 Xth 2.6407 + 0.6964 Pth + 0.9194 DXKD + 1.2159 CB - 0.1043 Xth -37.3039 + 1.3048 Pth + 1.3630 DXKD + 2.1302 CB + 0.3618 Xth

Ngun: WARDEH (1981) Ghi ch: Pth, DXKD, CB v Xth ln lt l Protein th, cht chit khng Ni-t, cht bo v x th tnh bng % CK ca thc n. Thc n c phn thnh cc nhm khc nhau da vo c im cc nhm thc n (Theo Tiu ban Dinh dng - Vin Hn lm khoa hc M).

2. n v nng lng dng trong sch

Dng h calorie thng (cal) v joule (J) 1Kcal = 1 calorie ln (Cal) = 1000 calorie thng 1Mcal = 1000 Kcal 1Kcal = 4,184 KJ 1KJ = 0,239 Kcal

Formulas used for estimation of energy values in animal feeds

1. Formulas for estimation of energy The forms of energy in animal feeds are the gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and net energy (NE). The following energy forms are used to express the energy values of animal feeds: Poultry feed: Metabolizable energy (ME) Pig feed: Digestible energy (DE) and metabolization Energy (ME) Ruminant feeds: Digestible energy (DE), Metabolizable energy (ME) and Net energy (NE). The energy values in this book are estimated as follows: 1.1. Poultry feeds The Metabolizable energy of feed in this book is the metabolizable energy that have been adjusted according to the nitrogen level accumulated in poultry body (MEc). Formulas of HILL and ANDERSON (1958): MEc = ME - Ng accumulated in body x 8.22 Kcal/g For estimation of ME (unadjusted Metabolizable energy) the formula of NEHRING (1973) is used: ME (kcal/kg) = 4.26X1 + 9.5X2 + 4.23X3 + 4.23X4 X1-X4 respectively are the digestible protein; digestible fat; digestible fibre and the digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by g/kg feed. For estimating the nitrogen accumulated value of feed in chicken body we use the following criteria (BLUM-1988): Matured chicken: accumulated N = 0 The layer and the last growing period: Accumulated N = 30% feed N The early stage of growing chicken: Accumulated N = 40% feed N For convenience, the number 35% has been chosen for estimation of all the poultry feed in this book. 1.2. Pig feeds The following formulas of regression are used to estimate DE and ME (BO GOLH,1992):

DE (Kcal/kg) = 5.78X1 + 9.42X2 + 4.4X3 + 4.07X4 ME (kcal/kg) = 5.01X1 + 8.93X2 + 3.44X3 + 4.08X4 X1 - X4 respectively are the digestible protein; digestible fat, digestible fiber and digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by g/kg feed. 1.3. Ruminants feed DE (Mcal/kg CK) = 0.04409 TDN

(1)

TDN means Total Digestible Nutrients calculated by % in dry mater (DM) in feed (see the estimation method below): ME (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.82 DE DE (Mcal/kg DM) is calculated by the formula (1). NE of feed for ruminants is estimated by the maintenance net energy (NEm), gain net energy (NEg), and latation net energy (MEl) NEm (Mcal/kg DM) = 1.37ME - 0.138 ME2 + 0.0105 ME3 - 1.12 NEg (Mcal/kg DM) = 1.42 ME - 0.174 ME + 0.0122 ME - 1.65 NEl (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.623DE - 0.36 Nel (Mcal/kg DM) = 0.0245TDN - 0.12
2 3

(2)

(3) (4) (5) or (6)

Formula (1) is from CRAMPTON (1957), formula (2) is from ARC (1965) and NRC 1976, formulas (3) and (4) are from GARRET - 1980, formulas (5), (6) are from MOE and TYRRELL (1976). For estimation of TDN in feed for ruminants either of two following formulas can be used: (1) First method: TDN = X1 + X2 2.25 + X3 + X4 X1 - X4 respectively are the digestible protein, digestible fat, digestible fibre and digestible nitrogen free extractives calculated by % or g/kg feed. Thus the TDN is estimated by % or g/kg feed. Table 1: Formulas for estimation of TDN in feed for ruminants
Feed Species classes TDN (% DM)

1 Cattle, buffalo 2 3 4 5

-17.2649 + 1.2120 TP + 0.8352 NFE + 2.4637 EE + 0.4475 CF -21.7656 + 1.4284 TP + 1.0277 NFE + 1.2321 EE + 0.4867 CF -21.9391 + 1.0538 TP + 0.9736 NFE + 3.0016 EE + 0.4590 CF 40.2625 + 0.1969 TP + 0.4228 NFE + 1.1903 EE - 0.1379 CF 40.3227 + 0.5398 TP + 0.4448 NFE + 1.4218 EE - 0.7007 CF

1 Goat, 2

-14.8356 + 1.3310 TP + 0.7823 NFE + 0.9787 EE + 0.5133 CF 1.6899 + 1.3844 TP + 0.7526 NFE - 0.8279 EE + 0.3673 CF

Feed Species Sheep classes 3 4 5 TDN (% DM) 1.0340 + 0.9702 TP + 0.9150 NFE + 1.3513 EE + 0.0798 CF 2.6407 + 0.6964 TP + 0.9194 NFE + 1.2159 EE - 0.1043 CF -37.3039 + 1.3048 TP + 1.3630 NFE + 2.1302 EE + 0.3618 CF

Source: WARDEH (1981) Notes: CP, NFe, EE and CF respctively are crude protein, nitrogen free extractives, fat and calculated by %on dry matter basis of feed. crude fibre

The digestible fat in oil rich feeds, oil cake, and animal derived feed should be multiplied with 2.41; that of cereal grain, bean grain and the by products from these grain should be multiplied with 2.12; that of dry hay, rice straw, green fodder, silage, roots should be multiplied with 1.19 (Golh,1982). (2) Second method: See table 1 (WARDEH-1981). The feeds are divided into 8 groups according to their characteristics. Feed Classes by Physical and Chemical Characteristics
No 1 Number class denominations and explanations Dry forages and roughages All forages and roughages cut and cured and other products with more than 18% crude fiber forages and roughages are llow in net energy per unit weight usually because of the high cell wall content. Example dry forages: Hay Straw Stover (aerial part without ears without husks (for maize) or aerial part without heads (for sorghum). Example roughages: hulls Pods Pasture, range plants and forages fed fresh Included in this group are all forages feeds either not cut (including feeds crured on the stem) or cut and fed fresh. Silages This class includes only ensiled forages (maize, alfalfa, grass, etc.), but not ensiled fish, grain, roots and tubers. 4 Energy feeds Products with less than 20% protein and less than 18% crude fiber; as for example grain, milk by-products , nuts, roots, and tubers. also, when these feeds are ensiled they are classified as energy feeds. Protein supplements Products with contain 20% or more of protein (dry basis) from animal origin (including en-

siled products) as well as algae, oil meals, gluten, etc.

No 6 7

Number class denominations and explanations Mineral supplements Vitamin supplements Including ensiled yeast Additives Feed supplements such as antibiotics, coloring material, flavors, hormones, and medicants.

2. Energy unit used in the book

1Kcal = 1 Cal (large Calorie) 1Mcal = 1000 Kcal 1Kcal = 4.184 KJ 1KJ = 0.239 Kcal

Tim nng v c im thc n gia sc Vit Nam

1. c im kh hu Vit Nam c kh hu nhit i m, chu nh hng kh su sc ca ch gi ma chu , c sc thi a dng vi mt ma lnh pha Bc (t o Hi Vn tr ra), v kh hu kiu Nam (Ty Nguyn, Nam B) cng nh vi kh hu c tnh chuyn tip vng ven bin Trung B (t o Hi Vn tr vo). Nc ta c tim nng nhit m di do v phn b tng i u cc vng trong nc. Vi s gi nng cao, tng lng bc x ln, ti nguyn nhit trn phm vi c nc c xem l loi giu v l ngun nng lng t nhin quan trng bc nht i vi cy trng. Kh hu nng nghip nc ta c th chia thnh 2 min Nam -Bc vi 7 vng sinh thi nng nghip khc nhau. Pha Bc thuc min kh hu nhit i, c ma ng lnh c chia thnh 3 vng theo 3 i kh hu: Vng ni cao trn 500m, vng i ni thp di 500m, v vng ng bng. Vng ng bng c tng nhit nm di 9000oC thi gian nhit di 20oC ko di 3-4 thng, thi gian kh hn 15-30 ngy. Thnh phn cy trng phong ph. trong ma ng mt s cy c ngng pht trin. Phi Nam (t o Hi Vn tr vo) thuc min kh hu nhit i in hnh, khng c ma ng, c chia lm 3 vng sinh thi theo 3 i kh hu: vng cao trn 500 m, vng i ni thp di 500m v vng ng bng. Vng ng bng c tng nhit nm trn 9000 oC, thi gian kh hn 3-4 thng. Thnh phn cy trng nhit i phong ph. Trong iu kin c nc, cy nng nghip pht trin xanh tt quanh nm. 2. Ngun thc n gia sc Vit Nam Trn lnh th Vit Nam tn ti nhiu h thng canh tc a dng, cho nn ngun thc n gia sc cng rt phong ph v a dng. H thng canh tc la nc v h thng canh tc cy trng cn l 2 h thng chnh sn xut cc ngun thc n giu tinh bt. Vi trn 20 triu tn thc t h thng canh tc cy la nc, hng nm c 3 triu tn cm v tm vn l ngun thc n nng lng c truyn cung cp cho n ln v gia cm. H thng canh tc cy trng cn trng cc loi hoa mu nh ng, sn, khoai lang khoai s, k,...Ng l loi cy trng lu i hin c nhiu kh nng v m rng din tch gieo trng v tng nng sut. u th k 20 cc nc ng dng tng xut khu ng qua Php lm thc n gia sc, thi gian 10 nm qua din tch trng ng tng 30%, hin t 400.000 ha, d kin n nm 2000 din tch ng s t 1 triu ha. Vic s dng rng ri cc ging ng lai, vi 6 vng ng tp trung, cng vi sn v khoai lang, chn nui s c c s thc n mi kh d to c bc ngot chuyn t chn nui t tc sang chn nui hng ho. H thng canh tc cy trng cn, khng ch sn xut ngun thc n giu tinh bt m cn sn xut u , u tng, lc, vng, bng. Ht cy c du ngn ngy l ngun thc n giu protin a dng ca chn nui. H thng canh tc cy cng nghip di ngy c lin quan n ngun thc n giu protin cn c da v cao su. Vit Nam hin c 1 triu ha trng da v trn 100.000 ha cao su.

Trong h thng canh tc cy cng nghip cn phi cp n cy ma. Cy ma tng trng vit Nam t lu i, hin nay sn xut ma ng ang c khuyn khch pht trin. Cc vng trng ma tp trung min Bc Duyn hi min Trung, min ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long s l ch da ln ca chn nui v thc n th xanh v r ng. H thng canh tc vn ao c nng sut rt cao, to ra ngun rau xanh loi thch hp vi mi ma v. Vit Nam c 1 triu km2 lnh hi, 314.000 ha mt nc v 56.000 ha m h. Vi ti nguyn mt nc nh vy, chn nui li c thm ngun thc n dng thc vt thy sinh trong ng gi nht l ngun thc n protin ng vt. vt qua s hn ch v t, ngui nng dn Vit Nam cn c v sng to tch lu c nhiu k thut phong ph v tng v, gi v, trng xen. Do kt qu ca qu trnh lao ng v sng to ny m va tng c ngun lng thc, thc phm cho ngi va to cho chn nui nhiu ngun ln v ph phm lm thc n gia sc. c tnh hng nm c 20 triu tn rm v gn 10 triu tn thn cy ng gi, ngn ma, dy lang, dy lc, cy u tng.v.v. Vi vic m rng cc nh my ch bin hoa qu, s li c thm ngun ph phm ln lm thc n gia sc c gi tr nh b da, b cam chanh... Thin nhin Vit Nam thun li cho vic sn xut thc n gia sc, nhng hnh nh bao gi cng vy,cng vi thun li ng thi cng c nhng kh khn phi khc phc cng on sau thu hoch v bo qun. Khai thc v s dng c hiu qu cao cc sn phm chnh v cc sn phm ph ca h thng canh tc a dng ni trn s l nhim v to ln ca nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu cng nh nhng ngi lm cng tc qun l. Vit Nam khng c nhng cnh ng c bt ngt v tng i bng phng nh cc nc khc. C t nhin mc trn cc trng c trung du v min ni, cn ng bng c mc ven , ven bi cc con sng ln, dc b rung, ng i v trong cc rung mu. Cc trng c t nhin vn hnh thnh t t rng do kt qu ca qu trnh lu di khai thc khng hp l t i ni (thi quen t nng lm ry). C ti liu cho bit, t c trng c Vit Nam c tnh 5.026.400 ha. Mt c im ln trn cc trng c v bi c t nhin l rt him c h du, ch c ho tho thn b, tm thp chim v tr c tn. Lng d tr cht hu c trong t thp, cc trng c dc cc dc khc nhau, li b ra tri mnh nn nng sut c t nhin thp. Qui lut chung l u v ma c t nhin pht trin mnh nhng ri chng ra hoa v n cui v ma, pht trin chm v ngng pht trin trong v kh hanh. Trng c t nhin trung du _min ni cha c tn dng ht v lin quan n dc, ngun nc cho gia sc ung, phn b dn c tha (35 ngi/km2) tri li vng ng bng (635 ngi/km2), c t nhin c tn dng trit bng bin php va chn th va thu ct cho n ti chung. Do c u th v iu kin kh hu m c trng c tim nng nng sut cao, nht l i vi c voi v c panicum. C nhng h chn nui b sa trng c voi thm canh, mt nm thu hoch 9-10 la vi tng lng sinh khi trn 300 tn /ha. Do t canh tc rt hn hp (bnh qun din tch t trn u ngi Vit Nam ng th 128 trong tng s 200 nc trn th gii), ph phm lm thc n gia sc phong ph, quy m chn nui

cn nh, cho nn din tch c trng khng ng k, ch yu phn b l t cc vnh ai chn nui b sa. i vi nhiu nc ngun thc n pht pho d tiu thng t tin. Vit Nam c tr lng ln v phn ln. c nhng n xy dng c s sn xut pht pht kh flo lm thc n gia sc khng nhng tiu dng trong nc m cn tha trao i vi cc nc khc. C th ni nc ta c tim nng ln v ngun pht pht v ngun can xi cho gia sc.

3. c im thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s nhm thc n chnh 3.1 Thc n thc vt 3.1.1 Thc n xanh Bao gm cc loi c xanh, thn l, ngn non ca cc loi cy bi, cy g c s dng trong chn nui. Thc n xanh cha 60 - 85% nc, i khi cao hn. Cht kh trong thc n xanh c hu ht cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho ng vt v d tiu ho. Gia sc nhai li c th tiu ho trn 70% cc cht hu c trong thc n xanh. Thc n xanh cha hu ht cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho gia sc. Chng cha protein d tiu ho, giu vitamin, khong a lng, vi lng ngoi ra cn cha nhiu hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n xanh ph thuc vo ging cy trng, iu kin kh hu, t ai, k thut canh tc, giai on sinh trng... Cy c bn nhiu phn nht l phn m th hm lng protein thng cao, nhng cht lng protein gim v lm tng nit phi - protein nh nitrat, amit. Nhn chung thc n xanh nc ta rt phong ph v a dng, nhng hu ht ch sinh trng vo ma ma, cn ma ng v ma kh thiu nghim trng.

3.1.1.1

Rau, bo

L nhng cy thc n xanh sng trong mi trng nc. cc loi rau bo thng gp l: Rau mung, rau lp, bo ci, bo tm, bo du, cc loi rong, to... c im chung ca rau bo l hm lng cht kh thp (6 - 10%) nn gi tr nng lng thp. Tuy nhin trong cht kh tng i giu protein th (16 -17%) giu khong a lng v vi lng (10 - 15%). Xt v hm lng axitamin, rau bo p ng c nhu cu ca ln v gia cm v histidin, izoleuxin, tryptophan tha acginin, treonin, lxin, phenyalanin v tyroxin nhng thiu methionin. Lizin trong rau bo tng i giu, chim khong 4 - 6% protein th. Cc nguyn t khong c nhiu trong rau bo l: Canxi (2,8 - 5%); kali (3 - 5%), nhng thiu ng (Cu) (2,3 - 29,5 mg/kg).

Nhc im c bn ca rau bo l d gy nhim bnh k sinh trng ng rut cho gia sc. - Rau mung: sinh trng nhanh trong ma ma, km chu lnh, c s dng rng ri trong chn nui( nht l chn nui ln) trong iu kin thun li v thi tit, phn, rau mung c nng sut v cht lng cao. Hm lng cht kh rau mung trung bnh 100g/kg rau ti. Trong 1kg cht kh c 2450- 2500 kcal ( 10,3-10,5 MJ) nng lng trao i; 170-250g protein th, 130-200 g ng, 100-115g khong tng s... nn gia sc rt thch n. C hai ging rau mung chnh: trng v . Rau mung trng c th trng cn v gieo bng ht. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau mung cao hn rau mung trng. - Rau lp: trng t nhiu bn, sinh trng nhanh trong iu kin lnh (10 -20 oC) c kh nng chu ng c sng gi. Rau lp l thc n ch yu ca ln v ngng trong v ng. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau lp tng t nh rau mung nhng cht kh thp hn (83 g/kg thc n) protein th cng thp (140-170 g/kg cht th) cc tnh pha Bc, rau lp v bo du (v ng) cng vi rau mung (v h) to nn c cu cy thc n xanh quanh nm cho ln vng trung du v ng bng. - Bo du: sinh trng tt trong v ng, va l ngun thc n gia sc, va l ngun phn xanh qu. Trong iu kin thm canh, mi hecta bo mi thng cho 21 -34 tn cht xanh tng ng 1,9-2,9 tn cht kh v 331- 838kg protein th (tnh bnh qun trong bn thng v ng). Do hm lng nc ca bo chim ti 90 % cho nn c 14 -17 kg bo du ti mi thu c 1 kg bt bo kh. Bt bo kh c hm lng protein th bin ng t 19-26 % (tnh theo vt cht kh) hm lng protein ca bt bo du khng thua km bt c alfalfa, ngoi ra hm lng x cn thp hn. Tu theo k thut phi sy hm lng caroten ca bt bo du t t 90-200 mg trong 1 kg bt. Hm lng xantofil cng t mc 155-183 mg/kg bt. Do giu prtein, carten v hm lng x thp, bt bo du thuc loi bt xanh t cp I theo tiu chun ca Anh( 1974). Bo du cha rt nhiu loi nguyn t khong nh Canxi, Pht pho, Kali, Natri, Magie, Lu hunh, Clo, Silic, Nhm, st, mangan, ng, km, ng lu l hm lng mangan v km rt cao (Mn: 66 2944 ppm; Zn: 26 - 899 ppm). Hm lng lizin v methionin ca bo du khng thua km u tng (tnh theo hm lng protein) v cao hn c alfalfa. Ngi ta dng bt bo du nui g (5% khu phn) lm tng t l , tng n, gim t l cht phi. Bo du ti dng nui ln v vt cng cho kt qu tt, tuy nhin cn lu hn ch nh hng xu ca thuc tr su. - Bo tm cnh nh: sinh trng mt cch t nhin vo ma h, sng tri ni trn mt nc ao hay rung. Bo tm giu protein (180 - 190 g/kg cht kh), t x... bi vy thng c tn dng chn nui ln, vt, ngng... Bo tm tn ti t nhin nh mt cy di. - Bo ty: Cng nh bo tm, n tn ti t nhin cc mt nc ao, h, m. Bo ty c l to vn cao trn mt nc, ng thi cng c b r kh pht trin. Bo ty c

cht kh thp (6 - 7%) nhiu x (trn 200 gam/kg cht kh), giu khong 180 - 190 g/kg cht kh v gi tr nng lng thp (1800 - 1900 kcal/kg cht kh, hay 7,6 - 8,0 MJ/kg cht kh). Bo ty thng c tn dng lm thc n xanh cho ln khi thc n khan him.

3.1.1.2

C ho tho

Kh hu nhit i gi ma ca nc ta nh hng rt ln n kh nng sinh trng pht trin ca c ho tho. Hu ht c ho tho u sinh trng nhanh vo ma h, ra hoa kt qu vo v thu v gn nh dng sinh trng vo ma ng. n ma xun c ho tho li pht trin nhanh v cho nhiu l. C ho tho c u im l sinh trng nhanh, nng sut cao nhng nhc im c bn l nhanh ho x, gi tr dinh dng theo cng gim nhanh. Lng protein th trong c ho tho ca ta trung bnh 9,8% (75 -145g/kg cht kh) tng t vi gi tr trung bnh ca c ho tho nhit i. Hm lng x kh cao (269 372 g/kg cht kh). Khong a lng v vi lng c h o tho u thp c bit l ngho canxi v pht pho. Trong 1kg cht kh, lng khong trung bnh c ho tho l Ca: 4.7 0.4 g, P: 2.6 0.1 g; Mg: 2.0 0.1 g; K: 19.5 0.7 g; Zn: 24 1.8 mg; Mn: 110 9.9 mg; Cu:8.3 0.07 mg; Fe: 450 45 mg. T nhng c im trn khi s dng c ho tho cn ch : C ho tho trong v xun thng nhiu nc gi tr dinh dng cao cn cho n kt hp thc n th (rm; c kh). Trong ma h (ma sinh trng nhanh) cn thu hoch ng la, khng c gi nhiu x hiu qu chn nui gim. C ho tho thng thiu canxi v pht pho, cn cho n phi hp vi cc loi l cy, c bit l cy b u. - C voi (Pennisetum purpureum): C thn ng, l di v nhn ging ch yu bng on thn hay bi. C voi thuc nhm cy tng hp chui 4 Cacbon (C4) c kh nng thm canh cao. Trong iu kin thun li c th t 25 - 30 tn cht kh trn 1 hecta trong 1 nm vi 7 - 8 la ct. i khi c th t nng sut cao hn nu p ng phn bn v nc. Hm lng protein th c voi trung bnh 100 g/kg cht kh. Khi thu hoch 30 ngy tui, hm lng protein th t ti 127 g/kg cht kh. Lng ng c voi trung bnh 70 - 80 g/kg cht kh. Thng th c voi thu hoch 28 - 30 ngy tui lm thc n xanh cho ln v th; khi s dng cho b c th thu hoch 40 - 45 ngy tui; trong trng hp lm nguyn liu chua c th ct 50 ngy tui. Vit Nam thng s dng cc ging c voi thn mm nh c voi i Loan, Selection I, cc ging King grass. - C ghin: (c sa, Panicum maximum). L ging c ph bin nhit i, c kh nng chu hn tt, thch hp vi nhiu loi t. C ghin c th thu hoch 7 - 8 la

trong nm vi nng sut t 10 - 14 tn cht kh / hecta. C c th trng chn th hay thu ct cho n ti chung. Nu thu hoch 30 ngy tui gi tr dinh dng cao (139g protein th 303g x v 1920 - 2000 kcal/kg cht kh). C ghin nhanh ra hoa v ra hoa nhiu ln trong nm v vy nu c gi gi tr dinh dng gim nhanh. Vit Nam hin c tp on c ghin kh phong ph: dng K280 chu hn tt, dng Likoni chu bng dm va phi v thch hp chn th, dng I429 l to thch hp vi ch thu ct trong vn gia nh chn nui nh. - C Pangola (Digitaria decumbens): c thn b l nh, a nng, chu dm p, c dng ct lm c kh hay chn th. C Pangola c th thu ct 5 -6 la trong mt nm vi nng sut cht kh trung bnh 12-15 tn/ha/nm. Trong trng hp lm c kh c th ct vi chu k di ngy hn mc d Protein c gim i cht (70 - 80 g/kg cht kh) lng x cao (330 - 360 g/kg cht kh (Nng lng trao i: 1800 KCal/kg cht kh hay 7.5 - 7.8 MJ). Hin nay c 2 ging Pangola: ging thng thng v ging Pa - 32. Ging thng thng l nh, xanh sm, thn mnh c s dng nhiu hn ging Pa - 32.

3.1.1.3

Cy b u

iu kin kh hu, t ai nhit i nhn chung t thun li cho cc ging u n i c gi tr dinh dng cao. Cn cc ging u nhit i tuy thch hp vi iu kin kh hu nhng nng sut v gi tr dinh dng khng cao. Trn ng c t nhin t l u rt thp ch chim 4 - 5% v s lng loi, c ni cn t hn v hu nh khng ng k v nng sut. u thc n gia sc nc ta thng giu protein th, vitamin, giu khong Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe nhng t P, K hn c ho tho. Tuy vy hm lng Protein th u trung bnh 167 g/kg cht kh, xp x gi tr trung bnh ca u nhit i, thp hn gi tr trung bnh ca u n i (175g/kg CK). u thc n gia sc thng c hm lng cht kh 200 - 260 g/kg thc n, gi tr nng lng cao hn c ho tho. u im ca u thc n gia sc l kh nng cng sinh vi vi sinh vt trong nt sn r nn c th s dng c nit trong khng kh to nn thc n giu protein, giu vitamin, khong a lng v vi lng m khng cn bn nhiu phn. Nhc im c bn ca u thc n gia sc l thng cha cht kh tiu ho hay c t lm cho gia sc khng n c nhiu. Bi vy cn thit phi s dng phi hp vi c ho tho nng cao hiu sut s dng thc n. Hin nay nc ta cha c nhiu ging u thc n xanh, ging stylo v keo giu c ch hn c. - u Stylo (stylosanthes): L u nhit i, thn tho, chu hn, thch hp vi t ngho dinh dng v chua. Stylo thng c lng v nhanh ho x nn gia sc khng

thch n ti. Ngi ta thng dng c stylo ph t chng xi mn. Kt hp lm thc n gia sc, hm lng cht kh ca stylo tng i cao trung bnh 240g/kg CK cht xanh. Trong cht kh hm lng protein thp(155-167g/kg CK) x cao(266-272g/kg) thng th u stylo c gieo xen vi c ghin hay pangola chn th hoc lm c kh. Hin nay c cc ging Stylo-Cook (ging lu nm) Stylo-Verano (ging 1 nm). Stylo - Verano pht tn t nhin mt s vng min Nam nc ta. - u keo giu (Leucaena leucephala): cn c tn l bnh linh (Nam b), to nhn (Trung b) hay b cht... keo giu pht trin hu ht cc vng sinh thi nc ta, nhng nhiu Nam Trung b, nh Khnh Ho. Keo giu sinh trng tt trn t thot nc, t chua, c th thch ng vi t mn va ven bin. Keo giu chu kh hn rt tt nhng khng chu ng c bit l khi cn non. Bt keo giu l thc n b sung caroten, vitamin, cht khong cho gia cm v gia sc non. Lng protein trong l keo giu kh cao (270 - 280 g/kg CK) t l x thp (155 g/kg CK) v hm lng caroten kh cao (200 mg). Keo du c cha c t mimosine nn ch s dng 25% trong khu phn gia sc nhai li, 10% i vi ln v 3 - 4% i vi gia cm.

3.1.2

Thc n th

Thc n th bao gm c kh, rm, thn cy ng gi, cy lc, thn u v cc ph phm nng nghip khc. Loi thc n ny thng c hm lng x cao (20 - 35% tnh trong cht kh) v tng i ngho cht dinh dng. Nhng nc ta bnh qun t nng nghip tnh trn mt u ngi rt thp (0,1ha/ngi), bi chn th t; phn ln bi chn li l i ni trc c dc cao, t xu v kh cn. Do nhiu vng, thc n th v ph phm nng nghip tr thnh thc n chnh ca tru b nht l trong ma kh v v ng. Tuy nhin cc cht dinh dng trong ph phm nng nghip khng p ng nhu cu ca gia sc, cho nn cn b sung thm mt phn c xanh hoc cc loi thc n khc. Rm: Hng nm c tnh nc ta c khong 20 triu tn rm (1 la: 1 rm). Rm c hm lng x cao (320-350 g/kg CK) ngho protein (20-30g/kg). Cht x ca rm kh tiu ho v b lignin ho. Nu c kim ho bng ur, amoniac hay xt s lm tng t l tiu ho v gi tr dinh dng. Tuy gi tr dinh dng ca ca rm thp nhng li l ngun thc n r tin v nng dn c tp qun s dng t lu i. Cy ng sau khi thu bp: L ngun thc n th quan trng cho tru b nhiu vng. Gi tr dinh dng ca chng ph thuc vo ging ng v thi v thu hoch. Trong 1 kg thn cy ng c 600 - 700 g cht kh, 60 - 70 g protein, 280 - 300 g x. T l s dng v gi tr dinh dng ca thn cy ng s c nng ln nu c ch bin bng ur hoc amoniac.

C kh: C gi tr dinh dng cao hn so vi cc loi ph phm nng nghip khc. Cht lng ca chng ph thuc vo ging c, iu kin thi tit lc phi kh (nu gp ma cht dinh dng s km). Cng nh iu kin bo qun. C kh c phi kit, cho n lc hm lng nc ch cn 15 - 17%. Khi m trong c kh cn trn 18%, cc vi sinh vt v nm mc d pht trin lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca c kh trong qu trnh bo qun. C ti non c phi kh nhanh c gi tr dinh dng cao hn c gi qu la. C kh l cy h u c hm lng protein v khong a lng, vi lng cao hn c kh l cy c ho tho.

3.1.3

Thc n c qu L loi thc n dng tng i ph bin cho gia sc nht l gia sc cho sa. Thc

n c qu thng gp nc ta l sn, khoai lang, b vv.... c im chung ca nhm thc n ny l cha nhiu nc, ngho protein, cht bo, cc nguyn t kho ng a lng, vi lng, nhng giu tinh bt, ng v hm lng x thp, d tiu ho. Thc n c qu rt thch hp cho qu trnh ln men d c. Do chng c hiu qu r rt i vi gia sc nhai li ang cho sa v thi k v bo. Nhng nu s dng cho l n, cn b sung thm thc n giu protein v cht khong. - Khoai lang: Thi gian sinh trng ngn, trng c nhiu v trong nm c ng bng, min ni v trung du. Lng cht kh trong c l 270 - 290 g/kg bin ng tu theo ging, ma v thu hoch. Hm lng protein trong khoai lang rt thp (35 - 39 g/kg cht kh) nhng li giu tinh bt v ng (850 - 900 g/kg CK). Hm lng khong trong c khoai lang c 2,6 g Canxi; 1,7 g pht pho; 0,4 g magie; 4,5 g kali; 6 mg km; 17 mg mangan; 5 mg ng). - Sn: c s dng rng ri trong chn nui trung du v min ni. T l cht kh, tinh bt trong c sn cao hn trong c khoai lang, cn t l protein, cht bo v cht khong li thp hn. Trung bnh trong 1kg cht kh c 22 - 28 g protein; 3 - 4 g cht bo v 650 g tinh bt trong sn ngt v 850g trong sn ng. C sn ti cha nhiu c t cyanoglucozit cha hot ho. Mi khi t bo ca c sn b ph hu do xy st hay thi ct, cht Cyanoglucozit b enzym linamarinaza hot ho v sn sinh ra cyanhydric t do (HCN). Axit ny gy c cho gia sc, nu chng c nng thp s lm cho gia sc chm ln, km sinh sn. Nu axit ny c hm lng cao s lm cho gia sc cht t ngt. Hm lng HCN trong sn ng cao hn trong sn ngt. Khi phi di nh nng mt tri hoc nu chn s lm gim ng k hm lng cyanhydric. C sn ti c tc dng tt cho qu trnh ln men d c. Nu dng cho ln v gia cm ch nn cho n mt t l thch hp trong khu phn (20 - 30%).

3.1.4

Thc n ht Thc n ht gm c cc loi ht ca cy ho tho v cy b u. Ht ho tho cha

nhiu tinh bt cn ht cy b u li rt giu protein. Gia sc tiu ho v hp thu tt cc cht dinh dng trong ht. Thnh phn dinh dng thc n ht thng n nh t b bin i bi tc ng ca yu t ngoi cnh nh thc n xanh, thc n th v c qu.

3.1.4.1

Ht ho tho

Ht ho tho l ngun cung cp ch yu hydratcacbon giu nng lng cho gia sc c d dy n. Thnh phn chnh ca ht l tinh bt. Ht sau khi phi kh thng c hm lng vt cht kh bin i t 850 - 900g/kg. 85-90% hp cht cha nit trong ht l protein. Protein cha nhiu trong phi ca ht v lp v ngoi bao bc phn ni nh. Ht ho tho c hm lng tinh bt ng kh cao (70 - 80%) v t l x thp. V d ng t l x l 1,5 - 3,5%, nhng thc khng tch tru c t l x l 9 - 12%, cn thc loi b tru c t l x bin ng tu theo tng loi 4 - 8%. Hm lng protein trong ho tho cng bin ng tu theo tng loi v d t l protein trong ng bin ng t 8 - 12%; trong khi thc ch c 7,8 - 8,7%, cn trong go bin ng t 7 - 8,7%. - Ng: Hin nay c nhiu ging ng ang c trng nc ta, cc ging ny cho ht vi mu sc khc nhau nh mu vng, trng, . Ng vng cha nhiu caroten v cc sc t khc, do lm cho lng trng vng hn cng nh lm cho sa v m ca gia sc c mu c trng c ngi tiu dng a chung. Ng cha khong 720 - 800 g tinh bt/kg cht kh v hm lng x rt thp, gi tr nng lng trao i cao 3100 - 3200 kcal/kg. Hm lng protein th trong ng bin ng rt ln t 80 - 120 g/kg ph thuc vo ging. T l cht bo trong ht ng tng i cao ( 4 - 6%) ch yu tp trung trong mm ng. Bt ng bo qun kh hn ht v cht bo d b oxy ho. Gia sc, gia cm ti u ho tt cc cht dinh dng trong ht ng (t l tiu ho xp x 90%). tuy nhin lng protein ca ng tng i thp so vi nhu cu ca gia sc. Trong protein ca ng thiu ti 30 - 40% Lizin, 15 - 30% tryptophan, 80% lxin so vi nhu cu ca ln. Ging ng t bin Opack - 2 c hm lng lizin v tryptophan kh cao. Ng tng i ngho cc nguyn t khong nh canxi (0,01%); kali (0,45%) mangan (7,3 mg/kg) ng (5,4 mg/kg) v vy cn phi ch hp l t l ng trong khu phn. Nhn chung gi tr dinh dng ca ng nc ta khng km g cc ging ng c trng nc ngoi. - Thc: L ngun lng thc ch yu cho con ngi cc nc nhit i, nhng cng c s dng 1 phn lm thc n gia sc. Lng protein, cht bo, gi tr nng lng trao i ca thc thp hn ng, cn x li cao hn. T l protein trung bnh ca thc l 78 - 87 g/kg v x t 90 - 120 g/kg.

Thc tch tru c gi tr dinh dng cao hn, gia sc tiu ho v hp th tt hn. Tru chim khong 20% trng lng ht thc. Tru rt giu s ilic (trn 210 g/kg CK) cc mnh tru sc, nhn d lm tn thng thnh rut. Do khi dng thc lm thc n gia sc cn phi loi b tru. Go c hm lng x 40 - 80 g/kg v protein l 70 - 87 g/kg. Hm lng lizin, acginin, tryptophan trong protein ca go cao hn ng. Nhng hm lng cc nguyn t khong a lng, vi lng go li rt thp so vi nhu cu ca gia sc,gia cm. Cm go cng l sn phm ph ca cng nghip xay xt. Cm go c hnh thnh t lp v ni nh, mm phi ca ht, cng nh mt phn t tm. Do hm lng protein trong cm go cao: 120 - 140 g/kg CK. Hm lng m trong cm go cng rt cao: 110 180 g/kg CK. Cht bo trong cm go rt d b oxy ho, khng nn d tr lu.

3.1.4.2

Ht b u (u )

Ht cy b u giu protein v cc axitamin khng thay th cho gia sc, gia cm. Gi tr sinh hc ca protein u cao hn protein ht ho tho, trung bnh t 72 - 75%. Protein u d ho tan trong nc v giu lizin nn gia sc d tiu ho v hp thu. Cc nguyn t khong nh Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu trong u cao hn so vi ht ho tho, nhng chng li ngho pht pho v kali hn. Phn ln ht u cha c t hoc cc cht c ch qu trnh tiu ho. Thc n ht b u vng nhit i l u tng, lc, u c ve, u hn g o, vv... Thnh phn ho hc ca cc loi u ny rt khc nhau. - u tng: L ngun thc n thc vt giu protein (370 - 380 g/kg), cht bo (160 - 180 g/kg) v nng lng trao i (3300 - 3900 Kcal/kg). Gi tr sinh hc ca protein u tng gn vi protein ng vt. u tng giu axitamin khng thay th nht l Lizin, tryptophan l nhng axitamin thng b thiu trong thc n c ngun gc thc vt. Nu s dng ht u tng lm thc n gia sc nht thit phi x l nhit phn hu v lm mt hiu lc ca cc c t nh cht khng trypsin, hemglutinin, saponin, ureaza, lipoxydaza... Trong cng nghip, u tng c s dng p du, nhng sn phm ph l kh du u tng c coi l ngun thc n giu protein c gi tr cao. Khi p du u t ng c x l nhit, nn hu ht cc c t k trn b phn hu hoc lm mt hiu lc do lm tng kh nng tiu ho v hp th protein ca gia sc. Kh du u tng sn xut theo phng php chit ly thng c hm lng protein cao hn v c h m lng cht bo thp hn so vi kh tng sn xut theo phng php p c hc. - Lc: L cy b u ph bin vng nhit i. Ht lc c hm lng cht bo rt cao 48 - 50%, cn trong c lc c v hm lng cht bo t 38-40%. trong chn nui

thng s dng lc dng kh du. T l protein trong kh du lc nhn l 45 - 50%; trong kh du p c v l 30 - 32%, t l x tng ng l 5,7% v 27,2% trong cht kh. T l cht bo trong kh du lc bin ng t 7 - 12% tu thuc vo k thut p. Nhng kh du lc ngho lizin (3,9% trong protein), do khu phn c kh lc cn c b sung thm u tng, bt c hoc lizin trong khu phn. nc ta do m khng kh cao nhit cao nn khi kh du lc cn t l nc trn 15% rt d b mc lm gim cht lng kh du v kh du b nhim aflatoxin c hi cho gia sc, gia cm nht l i vi vt v gia sc non.

3.2

Thc n ng vt Gm tt c cc sn phm ch bin t nguyn liu ng vt nh bt c, bt u tm,

bt tht xng, bt nhng tm, bt mu vv... Hu ht thc n ng vt u giu protein c cht lng cao, c axitamnin khng thay th, cc nguyn t khong cn thit v mt s vitamin quan trng nh B12, K, A, D, E vv... T l tiu ho v hp th cc cht dinh dng trong thc n ng vt rt cao. - Bt c: L thc n ng vt c cht lng dinh dng cao nht, c ch bin t c ti hoc t sn phm ph cng nghip ch bin c hp. Trong protein bt c c y axitamin khng thay th: Lyzin 7,5%; methionin 3%; izolxin 4,8%... Protein trong bt c sn xut nc ta bin ng t 35 - 60%, khong tng s bin ng t 19,6% - 34,5% trong mui: 0,5 - 10%, canxi 5,5 - 8,7%; pht pho 3,5 - 4,8%, cc cht hu c trong bt c c gia sc, gia cm tiu ho v hp thu vi t l cao 85 90%. - Bt tht xng: Ch bin t xc gia sc, gia cm khng dng lm thc phm cho con ngi hoc t cc ph phm ca l m. Thnh phn dinh dng ca bt tht xng thng khng n nh, ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu ch bin. t l protein trong bt tht xng t 30 - 35%, khong 12 - 35%, m 8 - 15%. Gi tr sinh hc ca protein trong bt tht xng cng bin ng v ph thuc vo t l cc m lin kt trong nguyn liu. t l m lin kt cng nhiu, gi tr sinh hc ca protein cng thp. - Bt u tm: Ch bin t u, cng, v tm l ngun protein ng vt rt tt cho gia sc. Gi tr dinh dng ca bt u tm thp hn so vi bt c v bt mu. Bt u tm c 33 - 34% protein, trong protein c 4 - 5% lyzin, 2,7% methionin. Ngoi ra bt u tm giu canxi (5,2%); pht pho (0,9%) v cc nguyn t vi lng khc.

s dng bng gi tr dinh dng xy dng khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm
1. Vi nt v s dng cc bng s liu trong cun sch Cc s liu c trnh by trong cc bng biu l kt qu phn tch ca cc phng phn tch thc n gia sc Vit Nam. Ring thnh phn axit amin v khong vi lng ca mt s loi thc n gia sc ca nc ta c phn tch mt s phng th nghim c trang thit b tng i hin i nc ngoi. Cc phng php phn tch thc n u theo tiu chun Vit Nam hoc cc phng php thng dng ca th gii. H s tiu ho ca thc n gia sc da vo cc s liu gii thiu trong ln xut bn trc v cc kt qu nghin cu trong nc cng nh tham kho ti liu v thc n nhit i ca Bo Gohl (FAO, 1982). Cc s liu v thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc trnh by trong bng u tnh dng s dng (kh khng kh, hoc dng ti) thun tin cho ngi s dng. Mt s loi thc n chnh nh ng, u tng, sn ... cn c phn tch v trnh by theo vng sinh thi. Nhng s liu trnh by trong bng l cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc ln phn tch hng nm tp hp li. Nhng thnh phn ho hc cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca thc n gia sc ph thuc rt nhiu vo ging, thi v, vng sinh thi, ch phn bn, chm sc v thi im thu hoch ... Do nu chng ta s dng khi lng ln mt loi thc n no , cn gi mu n cc phng phn tch thc n gia sc phn tch v xc nh gi tr dinh dng ca chng trc khi s dng. Nhiu loi thc n gia sc ghi trong bng mang tnh cht iu tra ngun ti nguyn thc n ca Vit Nam v c nhng loi ch c s dng nhng vng nht nh, bn c c th coi l ti liu tham kho. Trong khi sp xp tn thc n gia sc vo cc bng biu c nhng loi thc n dng cho c gia cm, ln v gia sc nhai li, nhng i vi mi loi gia sc, chng ta cn s dng trong khu phn vi mt t l hp l. Ngi chn nui cn hi thm k thut vin hay cc nh sn xut thc n gia sc s dng cc loi thc n ny mt cch c hiu qu. 2. Xy dng khu phn thc n cho gia sc, gia cm Mun xy dng khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm mt cch khoa hc v hp l chng ta cn bit: Nhu cu ca gia sc, gia cm v cc cht dinh dng: nng lng, protein, axit amin, hm lng x, canxi, photpho. Bit thnh phn dinh dng ca cc loi thc n d kin s s dng trong khu phn. Da vo cc tiu chun thc n cho gia sc, gia cm ca nc ta cng nh cc ti liu ca nc ngoi chng ta c th xc nh nhu cu ca gia sc v cc cht dinh dng (xem phn ph lc tiu chun n cho gia sc, gia cm). Thnh phn cc cht dinh dng ca thc n gia sc c th tra cu trong cc bng s liu ca cun sch ny. Trong khi xy dng khu phn cn ch gii hn ti a ca tng loi nguyn liu dng trong hn hp. V d bt sn l loi thc n c dng rng ri trong chn nui cc nc nhit i, chng thng cha mt lng nht nh cyanoglucoside (s gii phng ra HCN) lm nh hng n nng sut ca gia sc, do nhiu kt qu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc xc nh

ch nn s dng sn vi t l 30-40% cho ln v bo, 20-25% cho ln nui con; 10-20% cho gia cm.
Bng 1. Khuyn co v t l ti a ca mt s nguyn liu trong thc n hn hp cho gia cm

(Singh, Panda, 1988).

Tn thc n T l ti a (%) Tn thc n T l ti a (%)

Thc n giu nng lng

- Ng - i mch - Cao lng (ht sm) - Cao lng (ht trng) - Tm go - Cm go 60 20-40 10-20 25-40 40 10-20 - Cm la - Cm la (p du) - Cm la m - Bt sn - R mt - Du thc vt, m ng vt 25-40 10-20 10-15 10-20 5-10 10

Bt c
- Bt Alfalfa - Bt c ho tho 5 5 - Bt l keo du - Bt l lc 4 5

Thc n giu protein

- Kh du lc nhn - tng nghin - Kh du tng - Kh du hng dng - Kh du vng - Kh du lanh - Kh du bng (kh gossipol) - Bt gluten ng - Bt mm ng 20 40 40 20 20 4 5 15 15 - Bt c - Bt tht - Bt tht - xng - Bt mu - Bt ph phm l m - Bt ph phm my p - Bt nhng tm - Bt lng v - B ru kh - Nm men kh 10 10 5 3 5 3 6 2 10 5

Trn y ch l t l khuyn co, chng ta c th tham kho xy dng khu phn thc n tinh hp l cho gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam. Ngi ta cng ch n gi c ca cc nguyn liu lm thc n gia sc bng cch tnh gi tin cho 1000 Kcal nng lng trao i v 100 g protein th trong thc n. (Xem bng 2). Nh vy gi tin 100 Kcal nng lng trao i ca bt sn l r nht nhng gi tin cho 100 g protein ca chng li qu t (v hm lng protein thp). Nhng ng t v ng t vng c gi tin cho 1000 Kcal nng lng v 100 g protein l tng i thp. Cho nn chng ta c th s dng vi mt t l cao trong khu phn. i vi cm la tuy gi tin cho 1000 Kcal tng i cao, nhng gi tin ca 100 g protein li thp; cm la li kh giu vitamin nhm B. Do cn s dng mt lng nht nh trong khu phn. Tuy vy i vi thc n tinh ngi ta ch nhiu n gi tin ca

1000 Kcal trong thc n. Ngc li i vi thc n giu protein, ngi ta li quan tm nhiu n gi tin 100 g protein thc n. (Xem bng 3).
Bng 2. Gi tin cho 1000 Kcal v 100 g protein ca mt s loi thc n giu nng lng (gi nm 1995) Gi nguyn liu Tn thc n (/kg) Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg) Gi tin 1000 Kcal NL trao i (ng) Gi tin 100 g protein th (ng)

Cm la N g Ng vng Tm go Bt sn

2200 2000 2000 2200 1600

2530 3240 3280 2980 3050

870 617 610 738 525

1692 2151 2247 2316 5517

Bng 3. Gi tin cho 1000 Kcal v 100 protein ca mt s loi thc n giu protein (gi nm 1995)
Gi nguyn liu Tn thc n (/kg) Hm lng Protein g/kg Gi tin 1000 Kcal NL trao i (ng) Gi tin 100 g protein th (ng)

Bt c loi 2 Kh tng tng nghin Kh lc nhn

7000 5000 5500 5300

530 425 390 450

2174 1494 1429 1606

1327 1177 1410 1178

Qua hai bng 2 v 3 cho thy gi tin 100 g protein ca thc n giu protein r hn r rt so vi gi tin 100 g protein trong thc n tinh. Bng 3 cng cho thy gi tin 100 g protein ca kh tng v kh lc nhn l r nht sau n bt c. Tuy bt c c t hn cht t nhng chng li giu cc axit amin khng thay th, nht l lyzin v methionin. Do cn s dng mt t l hp l bt c trong khu phn. nhiu nc, ngi ta c xu hng s dng bt c vi mt t l tng i thp v khi s dng vi t l cao bt c to cho tht gia sc c mi v khng hp dn i vi ngi tiu dng. Nu s dng lyzin v methionin tng hp b sung vo khu phn, ngi ta ch s dng 2-4% bt c (hoc hon ton khng dng bt c). cc nc ang pht trin phi nhp lyzin v methionin, nn gi cc loi thc n ny kh t. Do cn tnh ton s dng phi hp gia bt c vi lyzin v methionin c gi thnh thc n hp l.

Khi phi hp khu phn cng cn phi quan tm phi hp thc n gy ngon ming v ph hp vi tng loi gia sc. iu c ngha l nguyn liu thc n phi m bo cht lng tt (khng b mt v b nhim mc...) v phi trn chng vi mt t l hp l. nhng nc c ngnh chn nui pht trin vi mc thm canh cao, ngi ta s dng cc chng trnh my tnh xy dng khu phn. Nhng cc trang tri c quy m chn nui va v nh cng nh cc nc ang pht trin ngi ta thng s dng phng php n gin xy dng khu phn. Trong thc t ngi ta thng biu th khi lng cc nguyn liu thc n trong 100 hay 1000 kg thc n hn hp. V d ta xy dng khu phn cho ln ngoi thi k v bo cn c 140g protein v 3000 Kcal nng lng trao i trong 1kg thc n vi cc nguyn liu sau: kh tng, bt c loi 2, ng vng, cm go, bt sn, premix khong, premix vitamin. Phng php ny thng theo cc bc chnh sau y:

Bc 1
Xc nh khi lng cc loi thc n b sung nh khong vi lng, premix vitamin... Cc loi thc n ny thng chim t l thp trong khu phn (premix vitamin 0,5%; premix khong 1,5%). Nh vy trong 100 kg thc n hn hp 2 loi thc n s l 2 kg.

Bc 2
n nh khi lng thc n giu nng lng c t l thp trong khu phn nh cm go, bt sn. Tham kho khuyn co nu trn, ta c th s dng cm go 10% v bt sn 20% trong khu phn cho ln tht.

Bc 3
n nh khi lng thc n giu protein c ngun gc ng vt: n nh bt c loi c 53% protein l 5 kg.

Bc 4
Trn c s thc n n nh, ta tnh ton khi lng thc n giu protein c ngun gc thc vt v thc n tinh (ng) c t l cao trong khu phn p ng nhu cu nng lng v protein cho gia sc. Theo khi lng thc n n nh cc bc 1, 2 ,3 ta thy 100kg thc n hn hp c: Cm la 10 kg, cha 1,3 kg protein Sn 20 kg, cha 0,58 kg protein Bt c loi 2: 5 kg cha 2,65 kg protein. Premix khong 1,5 kg Premix vitamin 0,5 kg Nh vy tng khi lng c l 37 kg; do cn thiu 63 kg (100 kg-37 kg). Mt khc khi lng protein c l 4,53 kg, so vi nhu cu cn c l 14,0kg (trong 100 kg thc n hn hp); nh vy cn thiu l 9,47 kg (14 - 4,53). n y ta cn xc nh lng kh du tng v ng vng p ng khi lng protein cn thiu ht trong 100 kg hn hp.

Ta c th xc nh khi lng ca tng loi thc n ny bng 2 phng php: dng phng trnh i s hoc phng php ng cho Pearson. Phng php i s Gi khi lng ca ng vng l X v khi lng ca kh tng l Y, ta c phng trnh: X + Y = 63 (kg) (1) Tra bng gi tr dinh dng ta bit c hm lng protein ca kh tng l 42,5% v ng vng l 8,9%. Ta li c phng trnh biu din hm lng protein cn thiu trong khu phn l: 0,089 X + 0,425 Y = 9,47 (2) Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c: X = 63-Y; thay vo (2) ta tnh c: Y = 11,5 kg (kh tng) v suy ra X = 51,5 kg (ng). Phng php ng cho hnh vung Pearson Theo s liu thu c bc 4, khi lng kh tng v ng vng trong 100kg thc n hn hp l 63kg v khi lng protein cn thiu l 9,47kg. Nh vy hm lng protein trong hn hp ca kh tng v ng vng l: (9,47:63) x 100 = 15,0%. Lp s ng cho hnh vung Pearson Protein kh T 42,5 % Phn kh .T 6,1 phn

Protein HH 15%

8,9 % Protein ng Cng:

27,5 Phn ng 33,6 phn

Theo s trn, hm lng protein mong mun (hn hp kh tng v ng) nm gia hnh vung. Hm lng protein ca kh tng (%) v ca ng vng (%) nm 2 gc bn tri hnh vung. Hiu s (gi tr dng) gia phn trm protein ca nguyn liu v phn trm protein mong mun chnh l t l ca cc nguyn liu cn phi trn. Nh vy khi lng ca kh tng s l: (6,1 phn : 33,6 phn) x 63(kg) = 11,5kg. Suy ra khi lng ng vng l: 63 - 11,5 = 51,5kg. Kt qu tnh ton ny cng ging nh kt qu tnh ton bng phng trnh i s. Nh vy ta xc nh c khi lng s b ca tng loi nguyn liu trong khu phn.

Bc 5
Tnh ton gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn d kin (xem bng 4).

Bng 4. Gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn d kin

Khi Tn thc n lng TA (kg) Nng lngT (Kcal) Cm la Bt sn Ng vng Bt cloi 2 Kh tng Premix khong Premix vitamin Cng 10 20 51,5 5 11,5 1,5 0,5 100kg 1kg 25.300 61.000 168920 16.100 38.410 309730 3097 Nng lng v hm lng cc cht dinh dng Protein th (g) 1.300 580 4.584 2.650 4.888 14002 140 17 10 47 268 30 450 822 8,2 165 32 72 140 77 486 4,9 22 12 87,5 68 65,6 255 2,5 57 46 139 185 330 757 7,6 Ca (g) P (g) Met. (g) Lizin (g)

Trong 1kg thc n hn hp c 3097 Kcal nng lng v 140g protein.

Bc 6
iu chnh nng lng trong khu phn. i chiu vi tiu chun thc n hn hp cho ln ngoi v bo ta thy hm lng nng lng cn hi cao (cao hn 97 Kcal trong 1kg hn hp. Do ta phi iu chnh khu phn t c hm lng nng lng thch hp, bng cch s dng cm la c hm lng nng lng thp hn thay cho ng c hm lng nng lng cao. 1kg cm c hm lng nng lng thp hn ng l: 3280 Kcal-2530 Kcal = 750 Kcal. Trong 100 kg hn hp ta tnh bng trn cha 309730 Kcal nng lng trao i, nhng tiu chun thc n cho ln v bo ch cn 300.000 Kcal nng lng trao i. Nh vy 100 kg hn hp thc n d kin ca chng ta cha nhiu hn 9730 Kcal. Nu ta thay ng bng cm la ta cn mt lng cm la l 9730 Kcal:750 Kcal = 13kg cm la. Do s lng cm la trong 100 kg hn hp s l 23 kg v ng vng ch cn 38,5 kg. Khi tng 13 kg cm la trong khu phn s lm tng 1690 g protein (13 kg x 130 g), v khi gim 13 kg ng s lm gim 1157 g protein (13 kg x 89 g). Nh vy trong 100kg thc n hn hp s tng thm 533 g protein. Do ta li phi cn i li hm lng protein bng cch gim bt hm lng kh tng v thay th bng ng vng. C thay th 1kg kh tng bng ng vng th hm lng protein trong 100 kg thc n s gim i l 425 g-89 g = 336 g. Do mun gim 533 g protein trong 100 kg hn hp ta cn gim bt lng kh tng l: 53 3g : 366g = 1,5 kg tng. Nh vy trong 100 kg hn hp lng tng l 11,5 kg-1,5 kg = 10 kg, v lng ng s l 38,5 + 1,5kg = 40kg. Do thnh phn thc n hn hp v chng ta cn xc nh s l: - Cm la: 23 kg - Bt sn: 20 kg

- Ng vng: - Kh tng:

40 kg 10 kg

- Bt c: - Premix khong: - Premix vitamin:

5 kg 1,5 kg 0,5 kg

Trong 1 kg hn hp thc n ny cha gn 3000 Kcal v 140g protein th; 852g canxi, 675g photpho, 256g methionin v 757g lyzin.

Bc 7
Cn bng can xi, pht pho v axit amin. Nu khu phn m ta xc nh khng hm lng canxi hay pht pho, ta c th dng cc nguyn liu sau y iu chnh: bt vi, bt v s, bt mai mc ... ( b sung can xi) hoc dng bt xng, bt dicanxi pht pht ( b sung pht pho, canxi ). Nu khu phn cha cn bng axit amin khng thay th, ta c th s dng Lyzin, methionin tng hp b sung vo khu phn. nc ta cng nh cc nc ang pht trin, 2 loi axit amin ny thng kh t nn chng ta c th iu chnh bng phng php s dng hp l t l gia thc n giu protein c ngun gc ng vt vi thc n giu protein c ngun gc thc vt (v d bt c giu lyzin, methionin..., kh tng giu Lyzin...). Sau cng phi kim tra li ton b t l cc loi thc n trong hn hp v gi tr dinh dng ca chng t yu cu mong mun. ng thi cng cn ch n hm lng mui n (NaCl) trong thc n. Thng thng trong bt c cha mt lng nht nh mui n v d bt c l cha 4-8% mui n. Ngoi ra cng cn phi tnh ton hm lng x trong thc n hn hp sao cho hm lng ny khng c vt qu cc quy nh ca tiu chun thc n hn hp cho gia sc, gia cm.

S dng bng gi tr dinh dng xy dng khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm
Vin Chn nui -thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm vit nam - Nh XB Nng nghip H ni - 2001' 1. Vi nt v s dng cc bng s liu trong cun sch Cc s liu v thnh phn ho hc c trnh by trong cc bng biu l kt qu phn tch ca cc phng phn tch thc n gia sc Vit Nam. Ring thnh phn axit amin v khong vi lng ca mt s loi thc n gia sc ca nc ta c phn tch mt s phng th nghim c trang thit b tng i hin i nc ngoi. Cc phng php phn tch thc n u theo tiu chun Vit Nam hoc cc phng php thng dng ca th gii. H s tiu ho ca thc n gia sc da vo cc s liu gii thiu trong ln xut bn trc v cc kt qu nghin cu trong nc cng nh tham kho ti liu v thc n nhit i ca Bo Gohl (1992). thun tin cho ngi s dng cc s liu v thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc trnh by trong bng u tnh dng s dng (kh khng kh, hoc dng ti). Mt s loi thc n chnh nh ng, u tng, sn ... cn c phn tch v trnh by theo vng sinh thi. Nhng s liu trnh by trong bng l cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc ln phn tch hng nm tp hp li. Nhng thnh phn ho hc cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca thc n gia sc ph thuc rt nhiu vo ging, thi v, vng sinh thi, ch phn bn, chm sc v thi im thu hoch ... Do nu chng ta s dng khi lng ln mt loi thc n no , cn gi mu n cc phng phn tch thc n gia sc phn tch v xc nh gi tr dinh dng ca chng trc khi phi ch vo thc n hn hp hay thc n m c.

Nhiu loi thc n gia sc ghi trong bng mang tnh cht iu tra ngun ti nguyn thc n ca Vit Nam v c nhng loi ch c s dng nhng vng nht nh, bn c c th coi l ti liu tham kho. Trong khi sp xp tn thc n gia sc vo cc bng biu c nhng loi thc n dng cho c gia cm, ln v gia sc nhai li, nhng i vi mi loi gia sc, chng ta cn s dng trong khu phn vi mt t l hp l. Ngi chn nui cn hi thm k thut vin hay cc nh sn xut thc n gia sc s dng cc loi thc n ny mt cch c hiu qu. 2. Xy dng khu phn thc n cho gia sc, gia cm Mun xy dng khu phn n cho gia sc, gia cm mt cch khoa hc v hp l chng ta cn bit: - Nhu cu ca gia sc, gia cm v cc cht dinh dng: nng lng, protein, axit amin, hm lng x, canxi, photpho. - Bit thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng v gi c ca cc loi thc n d kin s s dng trong khu phn. Da vo cc tiu chun thc n cho gia sc, gia cm ca nc ta cng nh cc ti liu ca nc ngoi chng ta c th xc nh nhu cu ca gia sc v cc cht dinh dng (xem phn ph lc tiu chun n cho gia sc, gia cm). Thnh phn cc cht dinh dng ca thc n gia sc c th tra cu trong cc bng s liu ca cun sch ny. Trong khi xy dng khu phn cn ch gii hn ti a ca tng loi nguyn liu dng trong hn hp. V d bt sn l loi thc n c dng rng ri trong chn nui cc nc nhit i, chng thng cha mt lng nht nh cyanoglucoside (s gii phng ra HCN) lm nh hng n nng sut ca gia sc, do nhiu kt qu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc xc nh ch nn s dng sn vi t l 30-40% cho ln v bo, 20-25% cho ln nui con; 10-20% cho gia cm. Bng 1: Khuyn co v t l ti a ca mt s nguyn liu trong thc n hn hp cho gia cm (Singh, Panda, 1988).

Tn thc n

T l ti a (%)

Tn thc n

T l ti a (%)

Thc n giu nng lng - Ng - i mch - Cao lng (ht sm) - Cao lng (ht trng) - Tm go - Cm go Bt c - Bt c Alfalfa - Bt c ho tho Thc n giu protein - Kh du lc nhn

60 20-40 10-20 25-40 40 10-20 5 5

- Cm la - Cm la (p du) - Cm la m - Bt sn - R mt - Du thc vt, m ng vt - Bt l keo du - Bt l lc

25-40 10-20 10-15 10-20 5-10 10 4 5

20

- Bt c

10

Tn thc n

T l ti a (%) 40 40 20 20 4 5 15 15

Tn thc n

T l ti a (%) 10 5 3 5 3 6 2 10 5

- tng nghin - Kh du tng - Kh du hng dng Kh du vng Kh du lanh Kh du bng (kh gossipol) Bt gluten ng Bt mm ng

- Bt tht - Bt tht - xng Bt mu Bt ph phm l m Bt ph phm my p Bt nhng tm Bt lng v B ru kh Nm men kh

Trn y ch l t l khuyn co, chng ta c th tham kho xy dng khu phn thc n tinh hp l cho gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam. Ngi ta cng ch n gi c ca cc nguyn liu lm thc n gia sc bng cch tnh gi tin cho 1000 Kcal nng lng trao i v 100g protein th trong thc n. (Xem bng 2). Nh vy gi tin 1000 Kcal nng lng trao i ca bt sn l r nht nhng gi tin cho 100 g protein ca chng li qu t (v hm lng protein thp). Nhng ng t v ng t vng c gi tin cho 1000 Kcal nng lng v 100 g protein l tng i thp. Cho nn chng ta c th s dng vi mt t l cao trong khu phn. i vi cm la tuy gi tin cho 1000 Kcal tng i cao, nhng gi tin ca 100 g protein li thp; cm la li kh giu vitamin nhm B. Do cn s dng mt lng nht nh trong khu phn. Tuy vy i vi thc n tinh ngi ta ch nhiu n gi tin ca 1000 Kcal trong thc n. Ngc li i vi thc n giu protein, ngi ta li quan tm nhiu n gi tin 100g protein thc n. (Xem bng 3). Bng 2. Gi tin cho 1000 Kcal v 100 g protein ca mt s loi thc n giu nng lng (gi nm 1995) Tn thc n Nng lng trao i (Kcal/kg) Gi tin 1000 Kcal NL trao i (ng) Gi tin 100g protein th (ng)

Gi liu

nguyn (/kg)

Cm la Ng Ng vng Tm go Bt sn

2200 2000 2000 2200 1600

2530 3240 3280 2980 3050

870 617 610 738 525

1692 2151 2247 2316 5517

Bng 3. Gi tin cho 1000 Kcal v 100g protein ca mt s loi thc n giu protein (gi nm 1995)

Tn thc n

Gi liu (/kg)

nguyn

Hm Protein

lng g/kg

Gi tin 1000 Kcal NL trao i (ng)

Gi tin 100g protein th (ng)

Bt c loi 2 Kh tng tng nghin Kh lc nhn

7000 5000 5500 5300

530 425 390 450

2174 1494 1429 1606

1327 1177 1410 1178

Qua hai bng 2 v 3 cho thy gi tin 100g protein ca thc n giu protein r hn r rt so vi gi tin 100 g protein trong thc n tinh. Bng 3 cng cho thy gi tin 100 g protein ca kh tng v kh lc nhn l r nht sau n bt c. Tuy bt c c t hn cht t nhng chng li giu cc axit amin khng thay th, nht l lyzin v methionin. Do cn s dng mt t l hp l bt c trong khu phn. nhiu nc, ngi ta c xu hng s dng bt c vi mt t l tng i thp v khi s dng vi t l cao bt c to cho tht gia sc c mi v khng hp dn i vi ngi tiu dng. Nu s dng lyzin v methionin tng hp b sung vo khu phn, ngi ta ch s dng 2-4% bt c (hoc hon ton khng dng bt c). cc nc ang pht trin phi nhp lyzin v methionin, nn gi cc loi thc n ny cn kh t. Do cn tnh ton s dng phi hp gia bt c vi lyzin v methionin c gi thnh thc n hp l. Khi phi hp khu phn cng cn phi quan tm phi hp thc n gy ngon ming v ph hp vi tng loi gia sc. iu c ngha l nguyn liu thc n phi m bo cht lng tt (khng b mt v b nhim mc...) v phi trn chng vi mt t l hp l. cc x nghip sn xut thc n gia sc cng nh cc trang tri ln ngi ta s dng cc chng trnh my tnh xy dng khu phn. Nhng cc trang tri c quy m chn nui va v nh ngi ta thng s dng phng php n gin. Trong thc t ngi ta thng biu th khi lng cc nguyn liu thc n trong 100 hay 1000 kg thc n hn hp. V d ta xy dng khu phn cho ln ngoi thi k v bo cn c 140g protein v 3000 Kcal nng lng trao i trong 1kg thc n vi cc nguyn liu sau: kh tng, bt c loi 2, ng vng, cm go, bt sn, premix khong, premix vitamin. Phng php xy dng khu phn ny thng theo cc bc chnh sau y: Bc 1 Xc nh khi lng cc loi thc n b sung nh khong vi lng, premix vitamin... Cc loi thc n ny thng chim t l thp trong khu phn (chng hn premix vitamin 0,5%; premix khong 1,5%). Nh vy trong 100kg thc n hn hp 2 loi thc n s l 2kg.

Bc 2 n nh khi lng thc n giu nng lng c t l thp trong khu phn nh cm go, bt sn. Tham kho khuyn co nu trn, ta c th s dng cm go 10% v bt sn 20% trong khu phn cho ln tht. Bc 3 n nh khi lng thc n giu protein c ngun gc ng vt: n nh bt c c 53% protein l 5 kg. Bc 4 Trn c s thc n n nh, ta tnh ton khi lng thc n giu protein c ngun gc thc vt v thc n tinh (ng) c t l cao trong khu phn p ng nhu cu nng lng v protein cho gia sc. Theo khi lng thc n n nh cc bc 1, 2 ,3 ta thy 100kg thc n hn hp c: Cm la 10 kg, cha 1,3 kg protein Sn 20 kg, cha 0,58 kg protein Bt c 2: 5 kg cha 2,65 kg protein. Premix khong 1,5 kg Premix vitamin 0,5 kg

Nh vy tng khi lng c l 37 kg; do cn thiu 63 kg (100 kg-37 kg). Mt khc khi lng protein c l 4,53 kg, so vi nhu cu cn c l 14,0 kg (trong 100 kg thc n hn hp); nh vy cn thiu l 9,47 kg (14 - 4,53). n y ta cn xc nh lng kh du tng v ng vng p ng khi lng protein cn thiu ht trong 100 kg hn hp. Ta c th xc nh khi lng ca tng loi thc n ny bng 2 phng php: dng phng trnh i s hoc phng php ng cho Pearson. Phng php i s

Gi khi lng ca ng vng l X v khi lng ca kh tng l Y, ta c phng trnh: X + Y = 63 (kg) (1)

Tra bng gi tr dinh dng ta bit c hm lng protein ca ng vng l 8,9% v kh tng l 42,5%. Ta li c phng trnh biu din hm lng protein cn thiu trong khu phn l: 0,089 X + 0,425 Y = 9,47 T phng trnh (1) ta c: X = 63-Y Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta tnh c: Y = 11,5 kg (kh tng) v suy ra X = 51,5 kg (ng). Phng php ng cho hnh vung Pearson (2)

Theo s liu thu c bc 4, khi lng kh tng v ng vng trong 100kg thc n hn hp l 63kg v khi lng protein cn thiu l 9,47kg. Nh vy hm lng protein trong hn hp ca kh tng v ng vng l cn phi c l: (9,47:63) x 100 = 15,0%. Lp s ng cho hnh vung Pearson

The s trn, hm lng protein mong mun (hn hp kh tng v ng) nm gia hnh vung. Hm lng protein ca kh tng (%) v ca ng vng (%) nm 2 gc bn tri hnh vung. Hiu s (gi tr dng) gia phn trm protein ca nguyn liu v phn trm protein mong mun chnh l t l ca cc nguyn liu cn phi trn. Nh vy khi lng ca kh tng s l: (6,1 phn : 33,6 phn) x 63(kg) = 11,5kg. Suy ra khi lng ng vng l: 63 - 11,5 = 51,5kg. Kt qu tnh ton ny cng ging nh kt qu tnh ton bng phng trnh i s. Nh vy ta xc nh c khi lng s b ca tng loi nguyn liu trong khu phn. Bc 5 Tnh ton gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn d kin (xem bng 4). Bng 4. Gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn d kin Khi Tn thc n Nng lng v hm lng cc cht dinh dng Ca (g) 17 10 47 268 30 450 P (g) 165 32 72 140 77 Met. (g) 22 12 87,5 68 65,6 Lizin (g) 57 46 139 185 330 -

lng TA (kg) Nng lng T Protein th (Kcal) (g) 10 20 51,5 5 11,5 1,5 25.300 61.000 168920 16.100 38.410 1.300 580 4.584 2.650 4.888 -

Cm la Bt sn Ng vng Bt c Kh tng Premix khong

Premix 0,5 vitamin Cng 100kg 1kg

309730 3097

14002 140

822 8,2

486 4,9

255 2,5

757 7,6

Trong 1kg thc n hn hp c 3097 Kcal nng lng v 140g protein. Bc 6 iu chnh nng lng trong khu phn.

i chiu vi tiu chun thc n hn hp cho ln ngoi v bo ta thy hm lng nng lng cn hi cao (cao hn 97 Kcal trong 1kg hn hp. Do ta phi iu chnh khu phn t c hm lng nng lng thch hp, bng cch s dng cm la c hm lng nng lng thp hn thay cho ng c hm lng nng lng cao. 1kg cm c hm lng nng lng thp hn ng l: 3280 Kcal-2530 Kcal = 750 Kcal. Trong 100 kg hn hp ta tnh bng trn cha 309730 Kcal nng lng trao i, nhng tiu chun thc n cho ln v bo ch cn 300.000 Kcal nng lng trao i. Nh vy 100 kg hn hp thc n d kin ca chng ta cha nhiu hn 9730 Kcal. Nu ta thay ng bng cm la ta cn mt lng cm la l 9730 Kcal:750 Kcal = 13kg cm la. Do s lng cm la trong 100 kg hn hp s l 23 kg v ng vng ch cn 38,5 kg. Khi tng 13 kg cm la trong khu phn s lm tng 1690 g protein (13 kg x 130 g), v khi gim 13 kg ng s lm gim 1157 g protein (13 kg x 89 g). Nh vy trong 100kg thc n hn hp s tng thm 533g protein (1690-1157). Do ta li phi cn i li hm lng protein bng cch gim bt lng kh tng v thay th bng ng vng. C thay th 1kg kh tng bng ng vng th hm lng protein trong 100 kg thc n s gim i l 425g-89g = 336g. Do mun gim 533g protein trong 100 kg hn hp ta cn gim bt lng kh tng l: 53 3g : 366g = 1,5 kg tng. Nh vy trong 100 kg hn hp lng tng l 11,5 kg-1,5 kg = 10 kg, v lng ng s l 38,5 + 1,5kg = 40kg. Do thnh phn thc n hn hp m chng ta cn xc nh s l: - Cm la: - Ng vng: - Kh tng: 23 kg 40 kg 10 kg - Bt sn: - Bt c: - Premix khong: 1,5 kg 0,5 kg - Premix vitamin: photpho, 256g methionin v 757g lyzin. Bc 7 Cn bng can xi, pht pho v axit amin. Nu khu phn m ta xc nh khng hm lng canxi hay pht pho, ta c th dng cc nguyn liu sau y iu chnh: bt vi, bt v s, bt mai mc ... ( b sung can xi) hoc dng bt xng, bt dicanxi pht pht ( b sung pht pho, canxi ). Nu khu phn cha cn bng axit amin khng thay th, ta c th s dng lyzin, methionin tng hp b sung vo khu phn. nc ta cng nh cc nc ang pht trin, 2 loi axit amin ny thng kh t nn chng ta c th iu chnh bng phng php s dng hp l t l gia thc n giu protein c ngun gc ng vt vi thc n giu protein c ngun gc thc vt (v d bt c giu lyzin, methionin..., kh tng giu lyzin...). Sau cng phi kim tra li ton b t l cc loi thc n trong hn hp v gi tr dinh dng ca chng t yu cu mong mun. ng thi cng cn ch n hm lng mui n (NaCl) trong thc n. Thng thng trong bt c cha mt lng nht nh mui n v d bt c l cha 4-8% mui n. Ngoi ra 20 kg 5 kg

Trong 1 kg hn hp thc n ny cha gn 3000 Kcal, 140g protein th; 852g canxi, 675g

cng cn phi tnh ton hm lng x trong thc n hn hp sao cho hm lng ny khng c vt qu cc quy nh ca tiu chun thc n hn hp cho gia sc, gia cm.

Tn la tin - Anh cy c thc n gia sc vit nam

S TT Tn Vit (Vietnamese) I. Thc n th xanh 1. Cy c t nhin a. C ho tho 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9/a 10 11 12 13 14/a 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 C bc h (c vng) C bi chn th (ng Nam B) C bt C bc C bng C b rung (ng Nam B) C ch C ch - ma kh C ch - ma kh (duyn hi Min Trung) C ch - ma ma C cng vin C cng vin? - ma ma C dy C dy (ng bng Bc B) C g C g? (ng bng Bc B) C g (khu Bn c) C g? - ma kh (ng Nam B) C g? - ma ma (ng Nam B) C gng C l tre C l tre? - ma kh (ng Nam B) Oldenlandia auricularia Tn La tinh (Latin) Tn Anh (English) I. Rough green feed 1. Natural grass a. Grasses

Grazing grasses S.E. Vietn Juncus effusus Eragrostis superba peyr Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Paspalum conjugatum Paspalum conjugatum Hemarthria compressa Hemarthria compressa Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Panicum repens Hymenachne amplexicaulis Nees Hymenachne amplexicaulis Nees Groud grass Love grass Bermuda grass Bermuda (dry season)

Bermuda (dry season) of c

Bermuda (rainy season) Sour grass Sour grass (rainy season) Ray grass Ray grass of Red river del Common star grass Common star grass of Red Common star grass of Nor

Common star grass S.E. v

Common star grass S.E. v season) Torpedo grass Bamboo grass

Bamboo grass of S.E. Viet

C l tre -? ma ma (ng Nam b) Hymenachne amplexicaulis Nees C lng the (c lng) C lng i C lng - ma kh (ng Nam B) C C C C lng Para lng vc mn tru mt Centipeda minima Ischaenum indicum Brachiaria mutica Brachiaria mutica Echinochloa crus-galli Eleusine indica Menilis minutiflora

Bamboo grass of S.E. Viet Batiki blue grass

Para grass S.E. Vietnam ( season)??????????? Para grass Water grass Crow foot grass Molasses grass

C mt? - ma ma (ng Nam B) Menilis minutiflora

Molasses grass S.E. Vietna

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45/a 46 47 48 49 50 51 51/a 52 52/a 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

C Mc Chu C mi C M C M - ma kh C M - ma ma C M - ma ma (ng Nam B) C nhn C ning C ng - ma ma C ng rung la (ng Nam B) C C C C C su rm thi li tranh tranh (Ty Nguyn) t nhin (Ty Nguyn)

Paspalum urvillei Leersia hexandra Pennisetum polystachyon Pennisetum polystachyon Pennisetum polystachyon Pennisetum polystachyon Digitaria ciliaris Zizania caduciflora Panicum repen Panicum repen Setaria viridis Commelina communis Imperata cylindrica Imperata cylindrica

Vasey grass

Mission grass Mission grass (dry season Mission grass (rainy seaso

Mission grass S.E. Vietnam

Finger grass Zizania grass Torpedo grass (rainy seas

Torpedo grass in Paddy field

Wild setaria Commelina Blady grass, congo grass Blady grass (Central Highl Mixed natural grasses of C Mixed natural grasses

C t nhin hn hp C t nhin hn hp m ly C t nhin hn hp thung lng C t nhin hn hp (ng Nam B) C t nhin hn hp (ng bng Bc B) C t nhin hn hp (ng bng Bc B) C t nhin hn hp (khu Bn c) C t nhin hn hp (Khu Bn c) C t nhin hn hp? (min ni Bc B) C t nhin hn hp (trung du Bc B) C t nhin hn hp i cao (ng Nam B) C t nhin hn hp -ma ma (ng Nam B) C ven ng (ng Nam B) C vn (ng Nam B) b. C b u Cy u lng - thn l Cy u ma - thn l Cy keo du rng - cnh l c. Rau, rong, bo Bo ci Bo ci cnh ln Bo du Bo ong Bo tm Calopogonium mucunoides Centrosema pubescens Leucaena leucocephala Pistia stratiotes Eichhornia crassipes Azolla imbricata Salvinia cucullata Lemma minor

Mixed natural grasses in t

Mixed natural grasses in t

Mixed natural grasses S.E

Mixed natural grasses of R

Mixed natural grasses of R

Mixed natural grasses of N

Mixed natural grasses of N

Mixed natural grasses of N zone

Fresh mixed natural grass middleland

Mixed natural grasses of h Vietnam

Mixed natural grasses S.E saeson)

Grasses in the road site of

Grasses in the garden of S

b. Legume Calopo- stem and leaf Centro - stem and leaf Leucaena-stem and leaf c. Vegetable, seaweed, wa Pistia Water orchid Azolla Floating-mosa Duck weed

67 68 69/a 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78/a 79 80 81/a 82 83 84/a 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105/a 106/a 107 108 109 110 111

Bo Bo Rau Rau Rau Rau Rau Rau Rau

ty vn cn - b l lp lp (khu Bn c) lp (Ty Nguyn) lp (trung du Bc B) mc mung

Monochoria hastata Pistia stratiotes Oenanthe Javanica Aneilema keisak Aneilema keisak Aneilema keisak Aneilema keisak Sagittaria sagittifolia Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea aquatica aquatica aquatica aquatica aquatica per-caprae aquatica aquatica

Pistia, Laitue Oenamthe leaf Aneilema Aneilema of North central Aneilema of Central highla Aneilema of Northern mid Duck potato Spilach Spilach of Central coast Spilach Spilach Spilach Spilach Spilach of of of of of

Rau mung (duyn hi Min Trung) Rau mung (ng Nam B) Rau mung (ng bng Bc B) Rau mung (ng bng Bc B) Rau mung (khu Bn c) Rau mung (Ty Nguyn) Rau mung bin (Thi Bnh) Rau mung Rau mung trng Rau mung trng (duyn hi Min Trung) Rau mung x Rau ng d. Cy mc trn cn Cy bm bp - l Cy cng cua - l Cy chm tai tng - l Cy chn chim - l Cy ch rng - l Cy cc tn - l Cy dm bt - l Cy du - l Cy dng -l Cy ay - l Cy om m - l Cy u - l Cy gai - l Cy gai 4 tun - thn l Cy gai 6 tun - thn l Cy gng - l Cy gin gai - thn l Cy hot trng - l Cy keo ci - cnh l Cy keo ci - cnh l Cy keo ci - thn g Cy khu t - thn l Cy khu kheo - thn l Cy l mm? - l Cy mng ri - l Cy mo g rng - l

S.E. Vietnam Red river delta Red river delta North Central co Central highland

Red Spilach White Spilach

Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea aquatica Enhydra fluctuans Mallotus luchenensis metcalfe Peperomia leptostachya Acacia mangium Schefflera octophylla Symplocos racemosa Pluchea indica Hibicusrosa-sinensis L. Morus alba L. Broussonetia paperifera Cochorus olitorius Alchorne trewioides (benth) Carrica papaya L. Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria nivea Randia tomentosa Amaranthus spinosus Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra calothyrsus Calliandra calothyrsus

White Spilach central coas Mature Spilach stem Coriander d. Trees grow on land Mallotus leaf Acacia leaf Schefflera leaf Symplocos leaf Rosamallow leaf White mulbery leaf Paper mulbery leaf Jute leaf Papaya leaf Ramie leaf Ramie 4 week Ramie 6 week Randia leaf Thormy pigweed Calliandra-stem and leaf Calliandra-stem and leaf Calliandra-bold

Henna, mignonette tree Celosia eristata

112/a 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131

Cy me - cnh l (duyn hi Min Trung) Cy Cy Cy Cy mt - l m qu - l mc hm - l nn - l

Tamarindus indica Artocarpus heterophyllus Cudrania tricuspidata Caesalpinia minax Hance Mallotus barbatus Elaeagnus latifolia Psidium guyara Phlagmites karka Symphytum peregrinum Ficus glomeratas Bambusa sp Erythrina variegata Opuntia monacantha Haw

Tamarindus - stem and le Jack fruit - leaf Giant mimosa-leaf

Cy ngo - l Cy nht - l Cy i - l Cy sy - l Cy Cy Cy Cy sim phi l sung - l tre? - l vng - l

Guava leaf

Cluster fig leaf Bamboo leaf India bean leaf

Cy xng rng b gai khng t (khu Bn c)

Cactus cut out thorns of N

Cy xng rng t gai (ng Nam Opuntia monacantha Haw B) Rau du Rau hm ch Rau khoai lang rng Rau khc Rau tu bay 2. Cy c trng a. Cy, c ho tho Cy cao lng - thn l Cy cao lng tr c - thn l Cy mch hoa - thn l Cy ng chn sp - thn l Cy ng ngm sa - thn l Cy ng non - thn l Cy ng non - thn l? (ng bng Bc B) Cy ng non - thn l (Ty Nguyn) Cy ng tr c C dp C dp (ng Nam B) C dt? 25 ngy C dt? - ma kh C dt? - ma ma C dt cao 20 cm C dt cao 30 cm C dt cao 45 cm C dt trng thnh C Ghi n C Ghi n? 25 ngy C Ghi n? 50 ngy C Ghi n (Australia) C Ghi n (ng Nam B) Alternanthera sessilis Sanrurus sinensis Ipomoea batatas Gnaphalium indicum Gynura crepidioides Benth

Cactus burned thorns of S Alternanthera Natural batatas Gynura 2. Planted forages a. Grasses Sorghum Flowering sorghum Brauk, Barley Mature maize ?Maize Young maize Young maize of Red river

132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142/a 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151/a 152/a 153 154

Sorghum vulgare Sorghum vulgare Fagopyrum sagittatum Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Setaria anceps staft Panicum maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum Panicum maximum

Young maize of Central hi Flowering maize Setaria Setaria S.E of VN Setaria (25 days) Setaria (dry season) Setaria (rainy season) Setaria ( 20 cm high) Setaria (30 cm high) Setaria (45 cm high) Mature Setaria Guinea grass Guinea grass (25 days) Guinea grass (50 days) Guinea Cv. Australia Guinea of S.E.Vietnam

155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176/a 177 178/a 179 180 181 182 183/a 184/a 185/a 186/a 187 188 189/a 190/a 191/a 192/a

C Ghi n (Ty Nguyn) C Ghi n (trung du Bc B)

Panicum maximum Panicum maximum

Guinea of central highland Guinea of Northern middle

C Ghi n Hamill 30 ngy - ma Panicum maximum kh C Ghi n Hamill 30 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum C Ghi n Hamill 45 ngy - ma Panicum maximum kh C Ghi n Hamill 45 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum

Guinea Cv. Hamill 30days

Guinea Cv. Hamill 30days

Guinea Cv. Hamill 45days

Guinea Cv. Hamill 45days

C Ghi n Hamill 60 ngy - ma Panicum maximum kh C Ghi n Hamill 60 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum C Ghi n K 280 Panicum maximum C Ghi n K280 30 ngy? - ma Panicum maximum kh C Ghi n K280 30 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum C Ghi n K280 45 ngy? - ma Panicum maximum kh C Ghi n K280 45 ngy? - ma maPanicum maximum C Ghi n K280 60 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum C Ghi n Liconi Panicum maximum

Guinea Cv. Hamill 60days

Guinea Cv. Hamill 60days Guinea Cv. K280 Guinea Cv. K280 30 days Guinea Cv. K280 30 days Guinea Cv. K280 45 days Guinea Cv. K280 45 days Guinea Cv. K280 60 days Guinea Cv. Likoni

C Ghi n Liconi 30 ngy - ma ma Panicum maximum C C C C C C C Ghi n Uganda (cy) Gigantea (cy) Gigantea (cy)Gliricidia sepium Goatemala lch (duyn hi Min Trung) lng Para Cu ba Panicum maximum Trichantera gigantea Trichantera gigantea Gliricidia sepium Tripsacum laxum Saccharum arundinaceum Brachiaria mutica Brachiaria mutica Paspalum urvillei Digitaria decumbens Digitaria decumbens Digitaria decumbens Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis

Guinea Cv. Likoni 30 days

Guinea Cv. Uganda Gigantea Gigantea Gliricidia, Mother of cocoa Goatemala grass Para grass of Cuba

C lng Para (duyn hi Min Trung) C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Mc Chu Pangla Pangla (ng Nam B) Pangla (trung du Bc B) Ruzi Ruzi 25 ngy Ruzi 30 ngy Ruzi 35 ngy Ruzi 35 ngy - l Ruzi 35 ngy - thn Ruzi 40 ngy Ruzi 45 ngy Ruzi 50 ngy Ruzi ti sinh? 25 ngy

Para grass of central coas

Vasey grass Pangola grass Pangola grass of S.E. Viet Pangola grass of Northern Ruzi grass Ruzi grass 25 days Ruzi grass 30 days Ruzi grass 35days Ruzi grass 35days (leaf) Ruzi grass 35days (stem) Ruzi grass 40days Ruzi grass 45days Ruzi grass 50days Ruzi grass? regrow 30days

193/a 194/a 195/a 196/a 197/a 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 205/a 206 207 208/a 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238

C Ruzi ti sinh 30 ngy C Ruzi ti sinh 35 ngy C Ruzi ti sinh 40 ngy C Ruzi ti sinh 45 ngy C Ruzi ti sinh 50 ngy C sao C voi 28 ngy C voi 30 ngy C voi 30 ngy - ma kh C voi 30 ngy - ma ma C voi 40 ngy C voi 45 ngy C voi 45 ngy (ng Nam B) C voi 45 ngy (ng Nam B) C voi 45 ngy - ma kh C voi 45 ngy - ma ma C voi 45 ngy - ma ma (Ty Nguyn) C voi 49 ngy C voi 60 ngy - ma kh C voi 60 ngy - ma ma C voi 70 ngy C voi (min ni Bc B) C voi (trung du Bc B) C voi Kinggrass 40 ngy C voi Kinggrass 56 ngy C voi Napier C voi ngn tn thu C voi non C voi Seleccion I

Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Brachiaria ruziziensis Cynodon nlemfuensis Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum Pennisetum purpureum purpureum purpureum purpureum purpureum purpureum sp sp purpureum purpureum purpureum purpureum

Ruzi grass? regrow 30days Ruzi grass? regrow 35days Ruzi grass? regrow 40days Ruzi grass? regrow 45days Ruzi grass? regrow 50days Star grass Elephant grass 28days Elephant grass 30days Elephant grass 30days (dr Elephant grass 30days (ra Elephant grass 40days Elephant grass 45days Elephant grass 45days of

Elephant grass 45days (dr Elephant grass 45days (ra Elephant grass 45days of

Elephant grass 49days Elephant grass 60days (dr Elephant grass 60 days (r Elephant grass 70 days Elephant grass of Northern Elephant grass of Northern Kinggrass 40 days Kinggrass 56 days Napier grass Top of elephant grass Young elephant grass Elephant grass Cv. Selecti

C voi Seleccion I (trung du Bc Pennisetum purpureum B) C Xu ng Sorghum sudanense b. Cy, c b u Cy ct kh - l Cy u bm - thn l Cy u Cao bng - l Cy u c ve - l Cy u c ve -? thn? l Cy u di - thn l Cy u en - thn l Cy u en ti sinh - thn l Cy u hn the - thn l Cy u hng o - l Cy u hng o - thn l Cy u kim - l Cy u kim - thn l Cy u mo - l Cy u mi mc-thn l Cy u rng - l Tephrosia candida Centrosema pubescens Phaseolus calcaratus Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Vigna sinensis Vigna cylindrica Vigna cylindrica Desmodium heterophyllum Vigna unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Canavalia gladiata Canavalia gladiata Mucuna utilis Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

Elephant grass Cv. Selecti middleland Sudan grass b. Legumes Tephrosia leafs Centro Field bean leafs Running bean leafs Running bean Chaina bean Vigna Vigna regrow Desmodium Cowpea leafs Cowpea Jack bean leafs Jack bean Mucuna leafs Pois dragon leafs

239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250/a

Cy u rng - thn l Cy u trng - thn l Cy u triu ngm sa Cy u triu - thn l Cy u tng ang ra hoa Cy u tng - thn l Cy u vn - thn l Cy u vn - thn l (Trung Quc) Cy u xanh - thn l (Canada) Cy in thanh - l Cy in thanh - cung l Cy in thanh Canabiana - l

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Vigna unguiculata ssp. cilindrica Cajanus cajan Cajanus cajan Glycine max Glycine max Dolichos lablab Dolichos lablab Vigna sp. Sesbania cannabina Sesbania cannabina Sesbania cannabina Sesbania cannabina Sesbania rostrata Sesbania rostrata Vicia cracca Vicia cracca Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena leucocephala

Pois dragon leafs Cowpea Congo pea, pegion pea Congo pea, pegion pea Soyabean flowering Soyabean Lablab China lablab

Canada bean Sesbania - leafs Sesbania leafs stalk Sesbania (cannabina) leaf Sesbania (cannabina) Sesbania (rostrata) leaf Sesbania (rostrata) Vicia - leafs Vicia Leucaena - leafs Leucaena

251/a Cy in thanh Canabina - cnh l 252/a 253/a 254 255 256 257 258/a 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 Cy in thanh Rostrata - l Cy in thanh Rostrata - cnh l Cy iu t - l Cy iu t - thn l Cy keo du - l Cy keo du - cnh l Cy? keo du - cnh l (Ty Nguyn)

Leucaena of central highla Leucaena cunningham

Cy keo du Cunningham - cnh Leucaena leucocephala cunningham l Cy keo du Cunningham - cng Leucaena leucocephala cunningham l Cy keo du ang ra n Leucaena leucocephala Cy keo du ng phng - cnh l Leucaena leucocephala Cy keo du Hawaii - cng l Cy keo du Peru - cnh l Cy keo du Philippin - cnh l Leucaena leucocephala Hawaii Leucaena leucocephala Peru Leucaena leucocephala

Leucaena cunningham lea Leucaena flowering Leucaena of the East

Leucaena Hawaii Leucaena Peru Leucaena Philippin (60 day

Cy keo du Philippin 60 ngy Leucaena leucocephala cnh l Cy keo du Philippin 70 ngycnh l Cy Kutzu - l Cy Kutzu - thn l Cy Meicago - l Cy Meicago - thn l Leucaena leucocephala Pueraria phaseoloide Pueraria phaseoloide Medicago sativa Medicago sativa

Leucaena Philippin (70 day Leucaena Philippin Kudzu - leafs Kudzu Lucerne - leafs Lucerne Lucerne flowering Lucerne befor flowering Sunn hemp - leafs Sunn hemp

Cy Meicago ang ra hoa - thn l Medicago sativa Cy Meicago trc ra hoa - thn l Medicago sativa Cy mung - l Cy mung - thn l Cy mung hoa vng- thn l Cy mung l kh? - thn l Cy mung tho quyt minh thn l Crotalaria sp. Crotalaria sp. Cassia siamia Albizia lebbek Cassia tora

279 280/a 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 307/a 308

Cy Quynua Cy si h (Thi Bnh) Cy sn dy - l Cy sn dy - thn l Cy so a - l C ba l - thn l C u Glicine Tinaro C Stylo - l C Stylo - thn l C Stylo Cook - thn l

Chenopodium pallidics Pueraria lobata Pueraria lobata Sesbania grandiflora Trifolium repens Neonotonia wightii cv. tinarro Stylosanthes sp Stylosanthes sp Stylosanthes gracilis cv cook

Yellow seed Kudzu - leafs Kudzu Agati sesbania - leafs Dutch clover Glycine tinarro Stylo - leafs Stylo Stylo cook

C Stylo Hamata 30 ngy - ma ma Stylosanthes Hamata C Stylo Hamata 45 ngy - ma ma Stylosanthes Hamata C Stylo Hamata 60 ngy - ma Stylosanthes Hamata kh C Stylo Hamata 60 ngy ma ma Stylosanthes Hamata C Stylo Hamata- thn l C Stylo Humilis-thn l C Stylo Liconi - thn l C Stylo Santhes - thn l 3. Thc n c qu C bnh vi C c rt C ci C ci ng C ci trng cn non C ci trng gi C chui ht C chui ty C dong ging C hong tinh C khoai lang C khoai lang C khoai lang (duyn hi Min Trung) Stylosanthes Stylosanthes Stylosanthes Stylosanthes Hamata Humilis gracilis cv. likoni sp.

Stylo Hamata (rainy seaso

Stylo Hamata (rainy seaso

Stylo Hamata (dry season

Stylo Hamata (rainy seaso Stylo Hamata Stylo Humilis Stylo likoni Stylo sp. 3. Tuber and fruit Tuber stephania rotunda Tuber carrot Turnip Sugar beet Young rave Old rave Tuber common banana Edible canna Rhizoma polygonati Sweet potato Sweet potato

Stephania rotunda Daucus carota Raphanus sativus Beta vulgaris Raphanus sativus Raphanus sativus Musa sp. Musa paradisiaca Canna edulis Polygonatum kingianum Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea Ipomoea batatas batatas batatas batatas batatas batatas batatas

Sweet potato of Central co

C khoai lang (ng Nam B) 309 309/a C khoai lang (ng Nam B) 310 C khoai lang (ng bng Bc B)

Sweet potato of S.E.Vietn Sweet potato of S.E.Vietn Sweet potato of Red river

310/a C khoai lang (ng bng Bc B) 311/a 312 313 314 315 316 317/a C khoai lang (khu Bn c) C khoai lang (Ty Nguyn) C khoai lang rut vng C khoai lang v C khoai lang v trng C khoai lang kh C khoai lang kh (khu Bn c)

Sweet potato of Red rever

Sweet potato of North cen Sweet potato of Central hi Yellow sweet potato Red skin sweet potato White skin sweet potato Dried sweet potato Dried sweet potato of Nor

318 319 320 321 322/a 323 324 325 326 326/a

C khoai lang v kh C khoai lang v trng kh C khoai ty C khoai ty kh C khoai ty lai C lc non C sn b v C sn b v kh C sn b v kh (duyn hi Min Trung) C sn b v kh (duyn hi Min Trung) C sn b v kh? (min ni Bc B) C sn b v kh (trung du Bc B) C sn c v C sn c v (duyn hi Min Trung) C sn c v (duyn hi Min Trung) C sn c v (ng Nam B) C sn c v (Ty Nguyn) C sn c v (trung du Bc B) C sn c v kh C sn chui C sn d C sn gong C sn 202 C sn 205 C sn xanh C su ho Qu bu Qu b Qu b np

Ipomoea Ipomoea Solanum Solanum

batatas batatas toberosum toberosum

Arachis hypogaea Manihot escuslenta Manihot escuslenta Manihot escuslenta

Dried red skin sweet potat Dried white skin sweet po Patato Dried potato Hybrid potato Young peanut

325/a C sn b v kh

327/a C sn b v kh (khu Bn c) 328/a 329/a 330 331 331/a 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346/a 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355

Manihot escuslenta Manihot escuslenta Manihot escuslenta Manihot Manihot Manihot Manihot Manihot escuslenta escuslenta escuslenta escuslenta sp.

Cassava Cassava of Central coast Cassava of Central coast

Cassava of S.E. Vietnam Cassava of Central highlan Cassava of Northern midd Dried cassava

Manihot sp. Manihot sp. Manihot sp. 202 Manihot sp. 205 Manihot sp. Brassia caulorapa Lagenaria sicerraria Cucurbita pepo Cucurbita pepo cv. Kohlrabi Bottle gourd Pumpkin

Qu u tng DH84 - v (duyn hi Glycine max DH84 Min Trung) Qu u xanh Qu mt mt 4. Ph phm ngnh trng trt Cy bp ci - l gi Cy c rt - l ngn Cy c ci ng - l ngn Cy ci thc - l Cy ci trng - l ,v, c Cy chui - l Cy chui - thn ly bung Caria papaya Artocarpus heterophyllus Brassica oleracca Daucus carota Beta vulgaris Raphanus sativus Musa sp. Musa paradisiaca

Soy bean hull DH84 Centr Young papaya Jack fruit 4. Agricutural by product Cabbage - old leaf Carrot - leaf Sugar beet - leaf Rave

Banana plant after harves banana

356 357 358 359 360/a 361/a

Cy da - bp u qu Cy da - l Cy dong ring - l Cy dong ring - thn l

Ananas comosus Ananas comosus Canna edulis Canna edulis

Pineapple-the leafs one in t fruit Pineapple -leaf Edible canna - leaf Edible canna

Cy u en - thn l (duyn hi Vigna cylindrica Min Trung) Cy u xanh sau thu hoch -thn l Phaseolus aureus (duyn hi Min Trung) Ipomoea batata Ipomoea batata Ipomoea batata sp. Ipomoea batata sp.

Vigna sp. Stem and leaf C Mung bean stem and leaf

362 Cy khoai lang - thn l gi 363 Cy khoai lang - thn l non 364/a Cy khoai lang - thn l Cy khoai lang - thn l (ng 365/a bng Bc B) 366/a 367/a 368 369/a 370/a 371/a 372 372/a 373/a 374 375 376 377/a

Sweet potato - old stem a Sweet potato - young stem Sweet potato sp.stem and

Red sweet potato of Red r

Cy khoai lang - thn l (khu Bn Ipomoea batata sp. c) Cy khoai lang trng - thn l (duyn hi Min Trung) Cy lc bt u ra hoa Cy lc - l Cy lc - l gi Cy lc - thn cy b l Cy lc - thn l Cy lc - thn l Cy lc - thn l (duyn hi Min Trung) Cy lc - thn l? (ng Nam B) Cy la ti sinh Cy ma - l Cy ma - l (duyn hi Min Trung)

Red sweet potato of North

White sweet potato of Cen Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Arachis hypogaea Oryza sativa Saccharum officinarum Saccharum officinarum Saccharum officinarum Peanust Peanust Peanust Peanust Peanust start flowering leaf old leaf stem no leafs stem and leaf

Peanust of Central coast Peanust of S.E. Vietnam Rice regrow Sugar cane leaf

Sugar cane leaf of Central Sugar cane top Sugar cane top of Central

378 Cy ma - ngn 378/a Cy ma - ngn 379/a

Cy ma - ngn (duyn hi Min Saccharum officinarum Trung) Saccharum officinarum Zea mays Zea mays

380/a Cy ma - ngn (Ty Nguyn) 381 Cy ng - bp chn sp Cy ng thu bp - thn l 382 383/a 384 Cy ng lai - thn (duyn hi Min Trung)

Sugar cane top of Central Maize- Mature corn Maize plant after harvestin

Hybrid maize plant Centra

Cy ng np sau thu hoch - thn l Zea mays sp. (ng Nam B) Zea mays Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta Manihot esculenta sp. Manihot esculenta sp.

Sticky maize plant after h Vietnam

385/a Cy ng sau thu bp - thn l ti 386 Cy? sn - l 387/a 388/a Cy sn - l cng (duyn hi Min Trung) Cy sn - l c cng (Ty Nguyn)

Fresh maize plant after ha Cassava leafs

Cassava stem and leaf Ce

Red cassava stem and lea

389/a Cy sn - ngn l (Ty Nguyn)

Red cassava top Central h

390/a 391 392 393 394 395

Cy sn trng - ngn l (Ty Nguyn) Cy su ho - l Cy su ho - thn l 5.C kh, bt c, rm r Bt bo du Bt l gai Bt l keo du Brassica caulorapa Brassica caulorapa

White cassava top Central

Kohlrabi leafs Kohlrabi 5. Hay, powder and straw Azolla meal Ramie leaf meal Leucena leaf meal Leucena leaf meal

395/a Bt l keo du Bt l mm en 396 397 398 Bt l mm trng Bt l sn

Black Mignonette leaf mea Cassava leaf meal

White Mignonette leaf mea

399/a Bt sn gc nai (Tuyn Quang) 400/a Bt sn Philipin Bt thn l u tng 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414/a 415/a 416 417 418 419 420 Bt thn l qu u tng Bt thn l khoai lang Cht cha d c phi kh Cy u bic - thn l kh Cy u bm - thn l kh Cy u c ve - thn l kh Cy u lng - thn l kh Cy u nho nhe - thn l kh Cy u tng - thn l kh Cy u vn thn l kh Cy u xanh - thn l kh Cy mai - l kh (ng Nam B) Gliricidia sepium Cy in thanh hoa vng - l kh Cy in thanh gai - l kh Cy keo du - cng l kh Cy khoai lang - thn l kh Cy khoai ty - thn l kh Cy lc - thn l kh Sesbania canabiana Sesbania rostrata Leuceana leucocephalata (Lam) Ipomoca batatas (L.) Lam Solanum tuberosum L. Arachis hypogaca L.

Powder cassava (Tuyen Q

Soy bean stem and leaf m

Soy bean stem and leaf m Dried rumen content

Sweet potato stem and lea

Dried Butterfly pea stem a

Dried Centro stem and lea

Dried Butter bean stem an

Dried Calopo stem and lea Dried Soy bean stem and

Dried Field bean stem and

Dried Lablab stem and lea

Dried Mung bean stem an

Dried leafs of Gliricidia S.E

Sesbania (Canabiana) drie Sesbania (Rostrata) dried Dried leuceana stem and l Dried sweed potato - leaf Dried potato stem and lea Dried groundnut stem and

Cy lc - thn l kh (ng Nam B) Arachis hypogaca L.

Dried ground nut stem an

421 Cy Medicago - thn l kh Medicago sativa L. 422/a Cy ma - ngn kh Saccharum officinarum Cy ng thu bp - thn l kh Zea mays 423 424/a 425/a 426 427 427/a 428 429/a 430 Cy ng - thn t bp tr ln (duyn hi Min Trung) Cy Cy Cy Cy Cy ng c bp - kh ng chn sp - thn l kh Zea mays ng non - thn l kh Zea mays ng non - thn l kh Zea mays sn - l kh Manihot esculenta crants

Dried alfalfa Dried the top of sugar can Dried plant of maize after

Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried

maize plant mature corn's stem growing corn's stem young maize- stem cassava leaf

Cy sn - ngn v l kh (duyn Manihot esculenta hi Min Trung) C bc h kh Oldenlandia auricularia

Dried tops and leafs of cas Dried oldenlendia

431/a 432 433 434/a 435/a 436/a 437/a 438/a 439/a 440/a 441 442 443 444 445/a 446/a 447 448/a 450/a 451 452 453 454 455/a 456 457 458 459 460 461 462/a 463 464/a 465/a 466 467 467/a 468/a 469 470/a 471/a 472/a 473/a

C ch kh C dp kh (ng Nam B) C g Cu Ba kh C g kh C g nc kh

Cynodon dactilon Setaria anceps Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon Panicum maximum cv.TD58 Panicum maximum cv.TD58 Trichanthera gigantea Panicum repen Hymenachne amplexicaulis Brachiaria mutica (Forsk) stapf Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Melinis minutiflora Pennisetum polystachyon Panicum repen Digitaria decumbens stent

Dried Dried Dried Dried

bermuda setaria- S.E. of Vietn Cuba star grass bermuda grass

C Ghi n TD 58 kh - 30 ngy C Ghi n TD 58 kh - 40 ngy C Gigantea kh C gng kh C l tre kh C lng Para kh C lng vc kh C mt kh C Mng C kh C M kh C ng kh C Pangola kh C thn b ngoi bi - kh 449/a C thn ng ngoi bi - kh C t nhin hn hp kh (ng bng Bc B) C Stylo kh C Stylo kh 60 ngy (ng Nam B) C t nhin hn hp kh (ng Nam B) C t nhin hn hp kh (trung du Bc B) C voi kh C x l nh kh C x l nh 30 ngy kh C x l to kh (ng Nam B) Rm cao lng Rm la cn (ng Nam B) Rm la chim

Dried guinea TD58 (30 da Dried guinea TD58 (40 da Dried gigantea Dried torpedo grass Dried bamboo grass Dried para grass Dried jungle rice Died honey grass Mongol grass-dry Dried misson grass Dried torpedo grass Dried pangola grass Dried stoloniferous grass Dried erect grass

Dried mixed natural grass Stylosanthes gracilis Stylosanthes gracilis Dried stylo

Dried stylo-60-day S-E.Vie

Dry natural grass S.E. Vie

Dry natural grass of North Pennisetum purpureum Panicum maximum cv. K.280 Panicum maximum cv. K.280 Panicum maximum cv. I429 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Oryza stativa L. Oryza sativa L.

Dried elephant grass Dried Guinea grass cv. K.2 Dried panicum maximum cv. Dried Guinea grass cv.I42 Sorghum straw Rice straw S.E of Vietnam Rice straw prince crop Rice straw wintery spring Rice straw autumn crop

Rm la ng xun (duyn hi Min Oryza sativa. L Trung) Rm la ma Rm la ma (duyn hi Min Trung) Rm la ma (khu Bn c) Rm la np Rm la t Rm la t Rm la t (ng bng Bc B) Rm la t - ti (Bnh nh) Rm la t ging C70 Rm la t ging CR203 Rm la t ging HYT77 Rm la t ging IR64 Oryza sativa L. Oryza sativa L. Oryza sativa L. Oryza stativa L. Oryza stativa L. Oryza Oryza Oryza Oryza Oryza Oryza sativa L. stativa L. stativa L. C70 stativa L. CR203 stativa L. HYT77 stativa L.IR64

Rice straw autumn crop C

Rice straw autumn crop N Glutinous rice straw Rice straw

Rice straw Red river delta Fresh rice traw of Binh Din Rice straw C70 Rice straw CR203 Rice straw HYT77 Rice straw L.IR64

474/a 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 186 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 499/a 500/a 501/a 502/a 503/a 504/a 505/a

Rm la t ging P6 Rm m Cy bp ci - l gi Cy? c rt - l Cy c ci ng - l Cy da - bp u qu Cy da - l Cy khoai ty - thn l Cy lc - thn l ho Cy lc - thn l lc ti Cy Meicago- thn l Cy ng non - thn l C t nhin hn hp non C t nhin hn hp chua (ng Nam B) C mc t nhin chua C voi chua C voi 45 ngy? - chua C khoai lang C khoai ty Hn hp da - (70%bp u qu+30% v da) Ht bo bo b v Ht bo bo c v Ht cao lng Ht cao lng - c cung Ht i mch Ht go t Ht go t Ht go t (duyn hi Min Trung) Ht go t (ng Nam B) Ht go t (ng bng Bc B) Ht go t (khu Bn c) Ht go t (Ty Nguyn)

Oryza stativa L. P6 Triticum aestivum Brassica oleracea L. Daucus carota L. Beta vulgaris Ananas comosus L. Ananas comosus (L) Solanum tuberosum L. Arachis hypogaca L. Arachis hypogaca L. Medicago sativa Zea mays L. Natural grass

Rice straw L.P6 Wheat straw Cabbage mature leaf silag Carrot leaf silage Beed-silage of leaf Silage of ananas's top Silage of ananas's leafs Silage of potato's stem an Silage of groundnut's stem Silage of groundnut's stem Silage of alfalfa Silos of young corn's stem Silage of natural grasses

Silage of natural grasses S Pennisetum purpureum Peniselum purpureum Ipomoea batatas (L) Solanum tuberosum Ananas comosus (L.) Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor Sorghum bicolor Hordeum vulgare L Oryza sativa L Oryza sativa L Oryza sativa L Oryza Oryza Oryza Oryza sativa sativa sativa sativa L L L L Silage of natural grass Silage of elephant grass Silage of sweet potato Silage of potato

Silage 45th day elephant g

Silage of ananas's top (70 Sorghum grain Sorghum grain Sorghum grain Sorghum grain Barley grain Rice Rice Rice Central coast Rice Rice Rice Rice S.E. Vietnam Red river delta North central coast Central highland

Ht go t i chim? (ng bng Bc Oryza sativa L B) Oryza sativa L cv Oryza sativa L cv

Rice Red rever delta Rice Rice

506/a Ht go t chim 507/a Ht go t lc

508/a Ht go t nng (min ni Bc B) Oryza sativa L cv 509/a 510 511 512 513 Ht go t R 38 (khu Bn c) Ht k c v Ht mch en Ht mch hoa c v Ht m Oryza sativa L R38 Panicum miliaceum Fagopyrum sagittatum gilib Triticum aestivum Triticum aestivum cv

Hilh rice Northern highlan Rice Central coast Millet grain Beech grain Wheat grain Australian wheat grain

514/a Ht m? c

515 Ht ng chn sp Zea mays L. 516/a Ht ng mo (min ni Bc B) Zea mays cv 517 Ht ng np Zea mays cv

Under matured corn grain Corn Glutinous corn

518 519 520

Ht ng np (duyn hi Min Trung) Ht ng np (ng Nam B) Ht ng np? (min ni Bc B)

Zea mays cv Zea mays

Glutinous corn of Central c

Glutinous corn of? S.E. Vie Glutinous corn of North m

521 Ht ng np (Ty Nguyn) Ht ng t 522 522/a Ht ng t 523/a Ht ng t (ng bng Bc B) 524 524/a 525/a 526 526/a 527 527/a Ht ng t (khu Bn c) Ht ng t (khu Bn c) Ht ng t (min ni Bc B) Ht ng t (Ty Nguyn) Ht ng t (Ty Nguyn) Ht ng t (trung du Bc B) Ht ng t (trung du Bc B)

Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays

Glutinous corn of Central h Red corn

Red corn of Red rever delt Red corn of North Central

Red corn Northern highlan Red corn of Central highla

Red corn of Northern midd

528/a Ht ng t hp chn, sy kh 529 Ht ng t trng 529/a Ht ng t trng 530 531 Ht ng t trng (duyn hi Min Trung) Ht ng t trng (ng Nam B)

Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays

White corn

White corn of? Central coa

White corn of S.E. of Vietn

Ti liu tham kho References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Agriculture forestry and fisheries research council secretariat, 1995. Japanese feeding standard for swine ,1993 Central association of livestock industry, Tokyo Anthony J.S., 1993. The tropical agriculturalist. Poultry. Macmillan, London Agricultural Research council, 1965. The nutrient requirements of farm livestock, No 2, Ruminants, London Agricultural Research Council, 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs, London Agricultural research council, 1984 . The nutrient requirements of ruminants livestock supplement No.1. Commonwealth agricultural bureaux, London .

[6] Bi c Lng, V Duy Ging, Hong Vn Tin, Bi Vn Chnh, 1995.Thc n v dinh dng gia sc. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip, H Ni [7] [8] [9] Blum J.C.L'alimentation des animaux monograstriques.(Porc, Lapin, Volailles). INDRA, Paris Crampton E.W., Lloyd L.E. and Mackey V.G., 1957. The calories value of TDN.J. Anim. Sci. 16: 541. 5 Feedstuffs 1990 reference issue, 1990, Vol 62, No 31

[10] Garett W.N. 1980. Factors influencing energetic effeciency of beef production. J.Anim. Sci. 51: 1434 [11] Gerpacio A.L., Castillo L.S. 1988. Nutrient Los. Banos composition of some Philippine feedstuffs.

[12] Gohl B. 1992. Les aliments du btail sous les tropiques, FAO, Rome

[13] Hill F.W., Anderson D.L. 1958. Comparision of metabolisable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutri. 64:579. 603 [14] Kearl L.C. 1982. Nutrient requirements of ruminants in developing countries [15] L Don Din v CTV, 1993..Ho sinh thc vt.- Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. [16] Lng TT Nh, 1984. Hng dn nui vt t nng sut cao.Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. [17] McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.E.D. 1995.Animal nutrition (5 th E.di.). Longman, New York [18] Moe and Tyrrell, 1977. Effects of feed intake and phisical form on energy value of corn in timothy hay diets for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 60: 751. 758 [19] Nehring K. and Haenlein G.F.W. 1973. Feed evaluation and ration calculation based on net energy J. Anim. Sci. Vol 36. No: 5 [20] Nguyn Vn Thng, Sumilin I.S., Nguyn Nghi, Bi Vn Chnh, o Vn Huyn, ng Th Tun, Nguyn Thanh Thu, Bi Th Oanh, Nguyn Ngc H, V Duy Ging, Trn Quc Vit. 1992. S tay thnh phn dinh dng thc n gia sc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni [21] [22] National research council, 1976. Nutrient requiremeants of beef cattle (6 th Rev. Ed.). National academy of sciences. Washington D.C. National research council 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7 th Rev. Ed.). Washington D.C.

[23] National research council 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle National academy of sciences (5th Rev. Ed). Washington D.C. [24] National research council 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (6 th Rev. Ed). Washington D.C. [25] National research council 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry (9th Rev. Ed.). Washington D.C. [26] National research council, 1984. Nutrient requirements of swine ( 9 th, Rev. Ed.).National ecademy Press, Washington D.C. [27] National research council 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine (10th Rev. Ed.). Washington D.C. [28] Singh K.S., Panda B. 1988. Poultry nutrition. New Delhi [29] T Giy, Bi Th Nh Thun, H Huy Khi, Bi Minh c. 1995. Thnh phn dinh dng thc n Vit Nam. Nh xut Bn Y Hc, H Ni [30] Wardeh, M.F., 1981. Models for estimating energy and protein ultilization for feeds.Utah State University, Logan.

Nhng t vit tt dng trong sch

Vin Chn nui -thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc, gia cm vit nam - Nh XB Nng nghip - H ni - 2001'

Ting Vit (Vietnamese) ADF X cn li sau thu phn bng dung dnh axit (gm cellulose, lignin, silic) CB CKA DXK KTS MNLT NDF Cht bo Lng cht kh n c Dn xut khng m hoc cht chit khng Ni-t Khong tng s Mt nng lng trao i X cn li sau thu phn bng dung dch trung tnh (gm NLT NLTDT NLTDTSX cellulose, lignin, NE NEm NEmp hemicellulose) Nng lng thun Nng lng thun duy tr Nng lng thun duy tr v sn xut NLTST NLTTS NLTh NLTH NLT PHTDC PKHTDC Pth Nng lng thun sinh trng Nng lng thun cho tit sa Nng lng th Nng lng tiu ho Nng lng trao i Protein ho tan trong d c Protein khng ho tan trong d c Protein th H s nng lng trao i CP NEg NEl GE DE ME RDP UDP TA MEC NDF EE DMI NFE ADF

Ting Anh (English) Acid detergent fibre

Ether extract Dry matter intake Nitrogen free extractives Total ash Metabolisable concentration Neutral detergent fibre enegy

Net energy Net energy for maintenance Net energy for maintenance and production Net energy for gain Net energy for lactation Gross energy Digestible energy Metabolisable energy Rumen degradable protein Undegradable protein Crude Protein Metabolisability (qm=ME/18,4) (ME Kcal/kgDM))

qm

qm

TDDTH TLNLTSX

Tng cc cht dinh dng tiu ho T l nng lng thun cho sn xut Vt cht kh X th

TDN APL

Total digestible nutrients Animal production level

(APL=[NEm+NEp]/NEm DM CF Dry matter Crude fibre

VCK Xth