Tao Ap Cau Thanh

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LI M U
Trc s pht trin ngy cng cao ca x hi, nhu cu v vn phng
lm vic v nh cho ngi dn tng cao. Cc ta nh cao tng, cc chung
c v chung c cao cp v ang c xy dng p ng c nhu cu
cp thit .
Tp.HCM, cc v chy ln trong cc ta nh cao tng nh v chy
trung tm thng mi quc t ITC ngy 29/10/2002 lm 60 ngi cht v
chy trung tm thng mi Si Gn ngy 15/03/2007 lm thit hi ti sn
rt ln cho ta nh ny v li ni kinh hong cho ngi dn khi phi bc
chn vo nhng nh cao tng. Do , h thng tng p cu thang l mt phn
quan trng khng th thiu trong cc ta nh cao tng tng tin cy cho
to nh.
n ny thit k h thng iu p cho cu thang b ta nh Hong
Thp TP. H Ch Minh nhm tng gi tr cho ta nh v an ton cho ngi s
dng.
Do trnh cn hn ch, thi gian gp rt nn n ny c nhiu li
vn cha sa c. Xin cm n!
n thit k v iu khin h thng to p cu thang Upload by http://www.povn.info
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LI CM N
Nhm em chn thnh cm n c NGUYN TH TM THANH v cc
Thy C trong Khoa Nhit Lnh n cn ch dn cho nhm em hon thnh
n. C hi ny l mt vinh d gip nhm em hc c nhiu kinh nghim
qu gi.
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NHN XT
(Ca gio vin hng dn)
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NHN XT
(Ca gio vin phn bin)
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Mc lc
Li m u .......................................................................................................................4
Bng k hiu......................................................................................................................5
Mc lc.............................................................................................................................6
Danh mc cc bng ........................................................................................................10
Danh mc cc hnh .........................................................................................................11
Ti liu tham kho ..........................................................................................................13
Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng tng p cu thang
1. Nhng mc tiu chnh ca h thng iu p ..............................................................15
2. Nguyn l ca h thng tng p cu thang .................................................................15
3. iu khin ..................................................................................................................16
4. Hot ng ...................................................................................................................16
5. Thng khi v iu p ................................................................................................18
Chng 2: C s l thuyt tnh ton h thng tng p cu thang
1. Cc tiu chun p dng thit k h thng tng p cu thang.................................21
2. Nhng nn tng c bn v tng p cu thang.............................................................22
2.1 Cc nh ngha..........................................................................................................22
2.2 nh hng thit k..................................................................................................25
3. Tng quan v ta nh .................................................................................................26
3.1 Nhng nguyn tc chung ca s iu p..................................................................26
3.2 H thng iu p mt cp hoc hai cp....................................................................26
3.3 Vt liu d chy trong vic bo v li thot him....................................................27
3.4 S chuyn ng ca khi trong ta nh ...................................................................27
4. Cc phng php iu p ...........................................................................................29
4.1 Phng php 1 Ch iu p cu thang b..............................................................29
4.2 Phng php 2 iu p cho (cc) cu thang b v tt c hoc mt phn li thot
him nm ngang .............................................................................................................31
4.3 Phng php 3 Ch iu p tin snh v /hoc hnh lang.....................................32
4.4 Phng php 4 iu p ton b ta nh ...............................................................32
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5. S tng tc gia cc khng gian iu p .................................................................33

5.1 Cc khng gian iu p c lin thng trc tip vi nhau ....................................33
5.2 Cc khng gian iu p khng c lin thng trc tip vi nhau ........................33
5.3 Mi quan h gia h thng iu p trong trng hp khn cp v h thng iu ha
khng kh bnh thng ...................................................................................................34
6. H thng iu p.........................................................................................................36
6.1 Cc thit lp c bn ..................................................................................................36
6.2 Nguyn tc chung .....................................................................................................36
6.3 Nhng thnh phn ca mt h thng iu p...........................................................36
6.4 Chnh p...................................................................................................................36
6.5 Cp kh t c yu cu chnh p .....................................................................38
Chng 3: H thng tun hon v phn phi khng kh
1. H thng iu p.........................................................................................................59
1.1 Nhng thnh phn ca mt h thng iu p...........................................................59
1.2 H thng cp kh.......................................................................................................59
1.3 H thng thi kh ......................................................................................................63
1.4 Khng gian c iu p .........................................................................................65
2. Cc yu cu v khng kh ca h thng iu p ........................................................66
2.1 Cc mc p sut........................................................................................................66
2.2 Lu lng kh cp ....................................................................................................66
2.3 Din tch r r qua ca ..............................................................................................67
2.4 Tc khng kh qua ca m ..................................................................................69
3. Nhng yu cu ca mt h thng iu p ..................................................................69
3.1 R r qua ca s........................................................................................................70
3.2 Cung cp s thng gi c bit cho cc mt ngoi ca ta nh...............................70
3.3 Cc trc thng ng..................................................................................................71
3.4 Cc my mc ht kh................................................................................................72
4. Nhng qui nh v vic cp kh..................................................................................72
4.1 iu p cc cu thang b..........................................................................................72
4.2 iu p cc tin snh................................................................................................72
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4.3 Tm quan trng ca cc khe h ca ca ..................................................................72

4.4 Cc van chn la trong h thng ng gi.................................................................73
Chng 4: Tnh chn qut v cc thit b phn phi khng kh
1. Phn tch c im cng trnh thit k .......................................................................75
2. Nhng yu cu ca mt qut iu p .........................................................................76
3. Thay i cng sut qut..............................................................................................77
4. Tnh ton qut cp ......................................................................................................78
5. Tnh ton ct p ca qut ...........................................................................................81
6. Cng sut qut cp .....................................................................................................83
Chng 5: Cp ngun v t ng iu khin h thng
1. Dng cm bin t ng hay cng tc tc ng bng tay............................................85
1.1 Loi cm bin v cng tc c qui nh.................................................................85
1.2 V tr cc u cm bin khi v bo ng la khc .................................................85
2. X p cao dng van gim p ......................................................................................85
Chng 6: Thi cng Nghim thu Bn giao Chy th - Bo dng
1. Thi cng......................................................................................................................88
1.1 Tm tt v vic lp t ng gi ................................................................................88
1.2 S lp t v thit b.................................................................................................88
1.3 Qut vi h thng in ca n..................................................................................89
1.4 H thng phn phi gi ............................................................................................91
1.5 u cui ng gi ......................................................................................................92
2. Chy th h thng Nghim thu ...............................................................................93
2.1 S ha nhp vi thit b o c phng chng la khc trong ta nh .....................93
2.2 Chy th h thng iu p........................................................................................93
2.3 o c chnh p .......................................................................................................94
2.4 S t c mc iu p chnh xc .........................................................................94
2.5 o c lng kh cp ti khng gian iu p ..........................................................94
2.6 Cc li r r cho khng gian iu p ........................................................................95
2.7 Dung sai c th chp nhn c trong mc iu p ................................................95
2.8 o c dng kh qua ca m....................................................................................95
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3. Bn giao......................................................................................................................96
3.1 Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho k thut ca ta nh .......................................96
3.2 Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho ch u t/ch ta nh ..................................96
4. Bo dng ..................................................................................................................97
Bng ph lc .................................................................................................................98
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DANH MC CC BNG V HNH
Bng 1.1 Bng so snh cc tiu chun v iu p ca cc quc gia ................................21

Bng 1.2 Cc mc p sut iu p ....................................................................................37
Bng 1.3 Gi tr ca (P)1/N cho N = 2 v N = 1.6............................................................39
Bng 4: Din tch r r xung quanh ca ...........................................................................42
Bng 5: Lu lng r r qua ca chnh ............................................................................42
Bng 6: Lu lng r r qua ca s..................................................................................43
Bng 7: Gi tr ca h s F cho kch thc ca l thng gi khc nhau..........................45
Bng 8: Gi tr ca K........................................................................................................47
Bng 9: Lu lng qua mt ca m: ch iu p cu thng b: ca gia cu thang b v
ni c m ..................................................................................................................50
Bng 10: Lu lng qua mt ca m: cu thang b v tin snh thang my cng mc
iu p: lu lng khi mt ca tin snh v ni c m ........................................51
Bng 11: Lu lng qua 2 ca c m: cu thang b v tin snh thang my cng
mc iu p: 2 ca ca tin snh ( cu thang/ tin snh v tin snh/ ni ) c m trn
cng mt tng ...................................................................................................................52
Bng 12: Phn loi ta nh cho mc ch iu khin khi bng h thng iu p.....60
Bng 13: Cc mc p sut thit k ...................................................................................66
Bng 14: Din tch r r xung quanh ca .........................................................................67
Bng 15: Tng chiu di nh nht ca khe h ca s ( mi tng) p ng thng gi cho
iu p ..............................................................................................................................71
Bng 16: Cc ngh cho vic la chn h thng thng gi...........................................88
Bng 17: Danh mc cc thit b v thi gian cn c kim tra v bo dng .............97
Bng 18: Bng D1 BS 5588 4 -1998 Lu lng r r qua cc ca chnh .....................98
Bng 19: Bng D2 BS 5588 4 1998: lu lng r r qua ca s ..................................99
Bng 20: Bng D3 BS 5588 4 1998: lu lng r r qua tng v trn ..................... 100
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Danh mc cc hnh
Hnh 1: H thng iu p dng qut cp kh vo cu thang b .....................................16
Hnh 2: iu p cu thang b trong cn h....................................................................17
Hnh 3: Thng khi v iu p.......................................................................................18
Hnh 4: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut m .......................................................19
Hnh 5: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut dng..................................................19
Hnh 6: Hiu ng ng khi.............................................................................................23
Hnh 7: Hiu ng ca p sut trung tm trn dng kh vo mi khu vc ......................23
Hnh 8: Chnh p ca trc ta nh v bn ngoi gy ra bi hiu ng ng khi bnh
thng.............................................................................................................................24
Hnh 9: Chnh p gy ra bi hiu ng ng khi ............................................................24
Hnh 10: Hiu ng ng khi cho dng kh qua ta nh vo ma ng..........................25
Hnh 11: Chnh p bn trong v bn ngoi ca khi c chy..........................................27
Hnh 12: Cc tc ng ca gi ln ta nh.....................................................................28
Hnh 13: H thng HVAC..............................................................................................29
Hnh 14: Ch iu p cu thang b .................................................................................30
Hnh 15 - 1: iu p cu thang b v tin snh thang my............................................31
Hnh 15 - 2: iu khin khi bng h thng HVAC......................................................35
Hnh 16: Cc phn r r ..................................................................................................40
Hnh 17: Tng bc kt hp cc phn r r dng ni tip v song song ......................41
Hnh 18: S r r t ca thang my...........................................................................46
Hnh 19: S dng kh theo cc iu kin cho trong bng 12 ....................................51
Hnh 22: Cc thnh phn ca h thng iu p..............................................................59
Hnh 23: Giai on pht hin khi .................................................................................60
Hnh 24: Tiu chun vn tc ..........................................................................................61
Hnh 25: Tiu chun vn tc v tiu chun p sut cho h thng loi C .......................62
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Hnh 26: Tiu chun vn tc v tiu chun p sut cho h thng loi D .......................62
Hnh 27: Tiu chun vn tc v tiu chun p sut cho h thng loi E .......................63
Hnh 28: H thng ht kh vi ng ng .......................................................................64
Hnh 29: Cc khng gian c iu p ..........................................................................65
Hnh 30: Cc khng gian c iu p..66
Hnh 31: Cc ca m song song.....................................................................................68
Hnh 32: Cc ca m ni tip.........................................................................................68
Hnh 33: Cc dng van chn (Damper) ..........................................................................73
Hnh 34: Tng 14 ta nh Hong Thp ..........................................................................75
Hnh 35: S nguyn l h thng iu p cu thang ...................................................76
Hnh 36: Mt bng cu thang b v ng gi iu p......................................................76
Hnh 37: Ch 2 Giai on s tn ............................................................................79
Hnh 38: Ch 3 Giai on cu ha .........................................................................80
Hnh 39: V tr lp t ca van gim p .........................................................................86
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Bng k hiu:
Ad: Din tch r r ca mt ca thang my (m2).
AD: Din tch r r ca cc ca ng gia tin snh v cu thang (m2).
AE: Din tch r r khng kh t khng gian iu p (m2).
AF: Tng din tch r r gia trc thang my v cc khng gian khng c iu p (m2).
AG: Din tch r r qua ca (m2)
AL: Tng din tch r r qua mi hnh tin snh (m2).
At: Tng din tch r r gia cc tin snh v trc thang my (m2).
AX: Din tch nh nht ca nhnh ng gi ht (m2)
F: H s ph thuc vo kch thc ca l thng gi trn trc thang my.
H: Ct p (Pa), (mkk)
K: H s ph thuc vo t s Ax/AG
m: S lng khe h ca trc thang my vo trong mi tin snh.
N: Cng sut (kW)
n: S tin snh c iu p m vo trong trc thang my - H s r r.
nS: S tin snh c iu p m vo trong cu thang b.
P: Chnh p (Pa).
Q: Lu lng kh (m3/s)
QB: Lu lng r r qua ca (m3/s)
Qc: Lng kh r r qua mt ca thang my ring bit (m3/s).
Qd : Lng khng kh r r t mt tin snh qua mt ca thang my (m3/s).
QF: Tng lu lng vo trong trc thang my (m3/s).
QG: Lu lng r r vo trong toilet hoc cc khng gian khc (m3/s).
QL: Lng kh cp bng ng gi ti mt tin snh c iu p.
QT : Lu lng tng vo cu thang b t cc tin snh c iu p khi tt c cc ca u
ng.
h: Hiu sut
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CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V TNG P CU THANG
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Vn an ton cho nh cao tng (t 10 n 30 tng) l vn mi, n i hi cc c

quan chc nng phi c cc quy nh ng b v:
+ nh ngha.
+ Phng php lun tnh tan.
+ Tiu chun - Quy phm.
VN Tiu chun c ban hnh t 1996 ( TCVN 6160 : 1996 Phng chy
cha chy nh cao tng yu cu thit k - iu 11: Thng gi v ht khi ), hoc c th
p dng theo tiu chun BS 5588:1978; BS 5588:1998; CP 13; ASHRAE Standard 152007.
Tiu chun ca mi nc mi khc: p sut trong cu thang, s ca m, vn tc gi qua
ca.
C th ni dung ca h thng tng p:
1. Nhng mc tiu chnh ca h thng iu p.
Mc tiu ca bt k h thng iu p no cng l gi cho khi v kh c cch xa
li thot him cho ngi trong vng chy c th thot him hoc tm ni tr n an
ton.
a) An ton cho con ngi: Bo v tnh mng con ngi trong nhng trng hp c
ha hon bng nhng li thot him hoc nhng ni n np tm thi c iu p.
b) Chng la: cho nhng thao tc chng la pht huy hiu qu th nhng trc
thang my hay cu thang b cn phi c duy tr chnh p ngn cn vic xm nhp
ca khi t tng b chy khi tng b chy c hay khng c h thng iu ha.
c) Bo v ti sn: S ly lan ca khi vo trong nhng khu vc m cha thit
b c gi tr, phng tin x l d liu v thit b khc m c bit nhy cm khi c khi,
thit hi cn phi c hn ch.
2. Nguyn l ca h thng tng p cu thang.
H thng tng p cu thang trong cc ta nh bao gm qut, ng ng dn gi,
cc ca cp, cc van ng m, cc cm bin, t cp ngun v iu khin.
Chc nng ca h thng ny nhm mc ch khi v la khng vo thang b
c th ct p trong cu thang phi cao hn trong hnh lang. Chnh v th phi c qut
to p lc cao cung cp khng kh vo cu thang. Ngi (gi yu v khe) u c th y
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c ca vo cu thang b (ca ny khng c kha bao gi). Ca cu thang l ca

chng chy (chu nhit v chu la khong 1 hay 2 gi) s c bn l thy lc t ng
ng li v mt phn do p lc trong thang mnh s ng ca lin tc.
3. iu khin.
Qui trnh iu khin qut tng p l khi c khi hay la chy th cc cm bin khi
chuyn tn hiu v h thng bo chy trung tm BMS (Building Management System)
ng tip im in cp cho qut chy, tng p vo cu thang. Cc cm bin chnh p
trong cu thang s khin cho qut chy lin tc hay dng (mc chnh p c ci t
p sut trong cu thang lun ln hn p sut ngoi cu thang.) v khng c lp thit b
bo v qu dng hay chng ngn mch cho qut ny.
4. Hot ng.
Qut tng p cp khng kh vo cu thang v khng kh thot ra ngoi khu vc
chy bao gm c khi v bi. Khi ngi chy ra khi mt ca tng 1 chng hn th ca
s m ra v c bn l thy lc ko ca lun ng vo, cn h ca thot mt phn
khi bi (nu c b lt vo cu thang ) th ra mt pha khc, ca ny c van iu chnh v
cm bin chnh p, ch cho m ra khi p lc chnh trong gii hn cho php.
Hnh 1: H thng iu p dng qut cp kh vo cu thang b

Khi ha hon xy ra t 1 phng (cn h), khi s lan ra hnh lang, v vy phi c
h thng ht khi ti hnh lang (smoke control exhaust system) dng gim thiu nh
hng ca khi. H thng ny gm cc van khi (lun ng) t di trn mi tng ni
vi cc ng ht ti qut ht t trn mi. Khi c tn hiu bo chy, van khi ti tng b
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chy v qut ht c kch hat m ht khi. ng khi phi cao hn nh mi nh ti

thiu 2,5m. Qut dng chu nhit.
Theo cc tiu chun nc ngoi: Cu thang thot him kn (khng yu cu i vi
cc cu thang h) cn c to p 20 50 Pa khi khng th xm nhp vo cu thang
(TCVN l 20 Pa), trong trng hp ngi dn c s tn qua phng m th vn tc gi
qua ca l 0,75 - 1,3 m/s. S lng ca m thng thng l 1 ca tng trt (thot him
) v 1 ca tng b chy.
Hnh 2: iu p cu thang b trong cn h

Khoang cho h thng thang my bao gm thang my thng thng v thang dnh
cho lc lng cu ha, cu h... hot ng trong thi gian chy cng phi c to p
nh cu thang b.
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Khng kh cp vo cu thang b v thang my c th t mt hoc nhiu qut, thi

thng v cu thang hoc qua ng cp gi.
Cch tnh tr lc ng ng v chn qut theo cc cch tnh thng thng.
5. Thng khi v iu p.
Trong cc khong khng gian rng ca ta nh nh bi u xe, trung tm mua
sm, khu trin lm thng thng c iu khin khi bng thng gi ht khi ra
khi cc khu vc . Trong cc ta nh cao tng th cu thang b, hnh lang xem l li
thot him v thng khi c th ch p dng trong trng hp xu nht.
H thng thng khi trong hnh 3a v hnh 4 c cung cp mt p sut m li
thot him rt khi ra ngoi.
Hnh 3: Thng khi v iu p

Tuy nhin khi cng c th c gi li bi s cung cp kh ti t li thot him,
v vy khng gian cn bo v c p sut dng (hnh 3b v hnh 5).
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Hnh 4: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut m
Hnh 5: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut dng

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CHNG 2:
C S L THUYT TNH TON
H THNG TNG P CU THANG
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1. Cc tiu chun p dng thit k h thng iu p.

1) BRITISH STANDARD BS5588 4: 1978
2) BRITISH STANDARD BS5588 4: 1998
3) SINGAPORE STANDARD CP13 1999
Ngoi ra, n cn tham kho thm mt s tiu chun khc:
ASHRAE STANDARD 15-2007
Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6160 : 1996
Quc Gia
U.K
Code
BS 5588
4 - 1978
BS 5588
5 - 1991
p sut (Pa) Tc khng kh

qua ca
Min Max
50
60
Khng lin
quan
4.72 m3/s + 0.094

m3/s cho mi tng
Khng cp
1 ( 2 ca trn tng b
chy)
3 ( 2 ca trn tng b
chy)( Ca thot him v
ca thang my)
3 (2 ca trn 2 tng)
( ca thot him)
3 (2 ca trn 2 tng)
( ca thot him)
4 (2 ca trn 3 tng)
( ca thot him)
Khng cp
Khng cp
Khng cp
Thot him cc
cu thang b 0.75
m/s
Cu ha 2 m/s
1 (h thng loi A & C)

2 (h thng loi D)
3 (h thng loi E)
3 (h thng loi B)
0.75 m/s
2 m/s
Australia
AS 1668 - 1
50
110
1 m/s
Singapore
CP 13
50
110
1 m/s
Canada
U.S.A
U.K
N.B.C.C
1990
UBC 1988
N.F.B.A
(92A) 1988
BS 5588
4 - 1998
Khng
cp
37
Ln
n
133
45
50
60
S ca m hiu qu
Bng 1: Bng so snh cc tiu chun v iu p ca cc quc gia.
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2. Nhng nn tng c bn v tng p cu thang.

2.1 Cc nh ngha.
a. ng gi: l ng truyn i ca khng kh, gii hn trong din tch .
b.Thot kh hoc thng gi: s di chuyn ca khng kh ra khi ta nh qua
nhng li nh c tr lc thp hoc cc k h. Nguyn nhn khng kh di chuyn l do
chnh p trong ta nh.
c. R r khng kh: s di chuyn ca khng kh thng thng t ni c iu p
qua cc khe h c din tch tng i nh.
d. Cp kh: vic cp kh nh qut qua h thng ng gi hoc cc knh, mng c
sn.
e. Din tch r r: din tch ca phn khng kh r r thng thng c o trc
tip t lu lng ca khng kh v thng ha nhp vo trong din tch tng v l mt
phn ca ta nh nh ca chnh, ca s
f. Tin snh (Lobby): mt khng gian ca ta nh c dng tch ri mt
phn ca ta nh vi nhng phn khc. N thng dng tch ri cu thang b hoc
thang my vi ni hoc lm vic (Accommodation).
g. H thng thng gi vo: mt gian hoc mt bung hoc mt khng gian m
mt hoc nhiu ng gi c kt ni vo v n l mt phn ca h thng phn phi
khng kh.
h. Chnh p: chnh lch p sut gia hai khng gian lin k trong ta nh.
i. Khng gian iu p: mt khng gian trong ta nh m p sut khng kh
c duy tr gi tr cao (mc cao) hn cc ni cn li trong ta nh bi h thng cp
kh trc tip t qut.
j. S iu p: mt phng php bo v li thot him chng li s xm nhp
ca khi bng cch duy tr p lc khng kh trong li thot him cao hn nhng ni lin
k khc trong ta nh.
k. Mc iu p: Chnh p gia khng gian iu p v ni (Accommodation)
c p ng bi li thot him c iu p (n v l Pascal, Pa).
l. Tin snh n: mt tin snh m khng c ca m ra ngoi, ngoi tr mt ca
m n cu thang b hoc ca dn ti phng . Lu : mt tin snh c nhng ca m
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ti toilet hoc thang my th khng phi l tin snh n.

m. Hiu ng ng khi (Stack Effect): chnh lch p sut do chnh lch nhit
ca khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi ta nh khi c nhng khe h nh v y ng
gi s y mnh qu trnh lu thng dng kh t nhin trong ta nh, khng kh s i ln
khi n m hn v n s i xung khi n lnh hn khng kh xung quanh ta nh.
Hnh 6: Hiu ng ng khi
Hnh 7: Hiu ng ca p sut trung tm trn dng kh vo mi khu vc
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Hnh 8: Chnh p ca trc ta nh v bn ngoi gy ra bi

hiu ng ng khi bnh thng
Hnh 9: Chnh p gy ra bi hiu ng ng khi

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Hnh 10: Hiu ng ng khi cho dng kh qua ta nh vo ma ng

2.2 nh hng thit k.
Cc bc cn thc hin khi thit k h thng iu p cho ta nh:
u Cn nhc xem xt cc xut cho ta nh v ch ra nhng thay i v cch b tr cu
trc ca ta nh s c th hoc cn thit nu dng h thng iu p.
v Xc nh cc khng gian cn c iu p v cn nhc vic nh hng hay tc ng
ln nhau ca khng gian c iu p v khng gian khng c iu p.
w Quyt nh h thng no c dng trong trng hp khn cp: h thng mt cp hay
hai cp v chn mc iu p thch hp.
x Xc nh tt c cc li r r c th thot ra t khng gian iu p v xc nh tc
dng kh r r qua cc phn chnh p tng ng.
y Xc nh tng lu lng ca cc khng gian iu p.
z Xc nh tc khng kh qua mi ca m.
{ Lng kh cp xc nh theo y v z phi c o cui ng gi trn mi khng gian
iu p. Cc v tr cui ng gi nn c tho lun vi cc k s hoc cc chuyn gia
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thch hp.
| Cng sut ca qut v kch thc ca ng nn c quyt nh bi cc k s c kinh
nghim. V tr ca cc ming li ly gi vo nn c s ng ca cc kin trc s.
} Li thot ca khng kh c iu p t ta nh nn c cn nhc v c phng php
thch hp cho vic thng gi c bit.
~ Hot ng ca h thng v v tr ca cc cm bin khi (nu c/ nu cn thit) nn
c cn nhc.
~u V cc din tch r r c gi nh th nn c cho bi cc kin trc s v nhc
nh h rng cc din tch phi t c khi ta nh ha thnh.
~v Qu trnh o c nn theo l thuyt thch hp vi qu trnh lp t khi ta nh
hon thnh.
3. Tng quan v ta nh.
3.1 Nhng nguyn tc chung ca s iu p: Nhng khng gian c iu p
l nhng li thot him cn c bo v. N gm c (nhng) cu thang b, nhng tin
snh v trong mt vi trng hp c c cc hnh lang. Mt hoc nhiu khng gian s
c iu p v nguyn tc chung l khi s ch c iu khin thch hp cho nhng
khng gian no m n c iu p. Nh vy, khu vc no c khi xm chim th c
ngn cn s xc nh c nhng khng gian c iu p.
3.2 H thng iu p mt cp hoc hai cp (single stage or Two stage
system): h thng iu p c thit k c th ch hot ng trong trng hp khn cp,
n c gi l h thng mt cp (single stage system). Hoc h thng iu p s hot
ng lin tc mc thp v n c th sp nhp vi h thng thng gi bnh thng vi
s cp kh mc cao vo h thng iu p a khng kh vo hot ng trong trng
hp khn cp. N c gi l h thng hai cp (two stage system).
H thng hai cp c nh gi chung l thch hp hn bi v cc thit b o
lng cho vic bo v (cc cm bin khi v nhit) th lun hot ng v v th bt k
ngun khi no lan ra t ngn la ca tng b chy u c ngn chn. Tuy nhin,
phng php mt cp cng s c p dng trong mt s trng hp c bit.
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3.3 Vt liu d chy trong vic bo v li thot him: iu ny rt quan trng

bi v bt k mt cu thang b, tin snh hoc hnh lang no cng u cha hoc c kh
nng cha cht d chy, n s lm pht sinh ra la.
3.4 S chuyn ng ca khi trong ta nh:
Khi c la chy, khi s c to ra v lan i do nhng tc ng sau:
a) Hi nng sinh ra t tng ha hon: Bn trong khu vc b chy to ra khi,
hin nhin l khi s lan ra v bay ln lm cho mt khi y gim xung. Khi s
theo cc kt cu xy dng ca ta nh lan nhanh vo nhng tng trn nu c nhng khe
h hoc do ca c m. Chnh p in hnh gy ra bi khi v kh nng to ra t m
chy r r qua nhng l hng ti nh ca ca v khng kh ngui s vo bn trong xuyn
qua nhng l hng ti chn ca.
Hnh 11: Chnh p bn trong v bn ngoi ca khi c chy

b) S dn n do nhit ca kh nng to ra trong khu vc ha hon: S gin n
khng kh trong khng gian c m chy c th lm tng p sut trong khng gian .
c) Hiu ng i lu sut c ta nh: Vo ma ng, khng kh trong nh m
hn v long hn khng kh ngoi tri. Tnh cht ca khng kh m l bay ln, v vy
mt chnh lch c to ra, khng kh bn trong nh s thot ra ngoi qua nhng khe
h pha trn v khng kh lnh s vo bn trong nh qua nhng khe h bn di.
Trong ma h, khng kh bn trong nh c v mt hn bn ngoi v mi vic c th din
ra theo hng ngc li, khng kh nng bn ngoi s vo t pha trn v khng kh mt
trong nh s i ra ngoi t pha di. Trong mi trng hp, mt mt trung gian s
c hnh thnh v chnh lch p sut bn ngoi v bn trong y l bng nhau.
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d) p lc gi: Khi gi thi vo cc cnh ca ta nh th n b cn li nn n to

nn p lc ln mt ta nh c gi thi trc tip . Cng lc , cn gi b i hng v
tng tc cnh bn cng vi mi nh to nn gi xoy gc khut ca ta nh gy nn
s tut p cc b, to nn lc ht vo vng ny. Khi tc gi ln hn th lc ht cng
ln hn. Hiu ng chnh ca lc ht ny l to ra mt p lc nm ngang xuyn qua khng
kh ta nh t mt hng gi n mt khut gi. Nu ta nh c xy dng vi mc
ch tn dng hiu ng ny th rt ng quan tm. Nu cc kt cu ca ta nh b xy
dng lng lo, v d nh cc ca v ca s c th m ra c, th hiu ng s r rng
hn. V d nh trong lc ha hon nu ca s pha c gi ca ta nh c m, gi s
lm cho khi bt buc phi i xuyn qua ta nh theo phng ngang hoc trong mt s
trng hp l thng ng. Cho nn, kh m c th d don ng c p lc c th din
ra bn ngoi hoc bn trong ta nh.
Hnh 12: Cc tc ng ca gi ln ta nh
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e) H thng HVAC: H thng HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

System) c th l h thng ph hoc l h thng iu khin khi chnh ca mt s ta
nh.
Hnh 13: H thng HVAC

4. Cc phng php iu p.
4.1 Phng php 1 - Ch iu p cu thang b: vic bo v theo phng php
ny th hon ton b gii hn trong phn thng ng ca li thot him. Phng php ny
ch thch hp vi nhng ta nh m vic iu khin khi l khng cn thit cho cc
phn nm ngang trong li thot him mi tng ca ta nh. Thng thng n ch c
dng khi cu thang b th gn nh st ni (Accommodation) hoc ch qua mt tin snh
n. Nh nh ngha phn 2.1 th tin snh ny khng nn l li vo cho thang my
hoc nhng phng khc (v d nh toilet), c th l mt ng r r ng k.
Tin snh n c th c qui nh hon ton bo v la cho cu thang b, n
s phc v cho vic gim hiu qu ca mt ca c m ti cu thang c iu p. Tin
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snh n ny khng nn c thng gi v trong trng hp ha hon n s c t ng

iu p bng dng kh ra khi cu thang b.
Hnh 14: Ch iu p cu thang b

Trong sut giai on khn cp lc ha hon th tt c cc cu thang b c lin
quan n tin snh, hnh lang hoc ni u c bo v v ng thi n cng c
iu p.
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4.2 Phng php 2 iu p cho (cc) cu thang b v tt c hoc mt phn ca li

thot nm ngang.
Trong cc ta nh, mi tng u c cc thnh phn nm ngang trong li thot
him nn iu p c tin snh v nu c th th c hnh lang.Trong sut giai on khn
cp khi c ha hon th tt c (cc) cu thang v cc tin snh/hnh lang u c bo v
v c iu p lin tc.
4.2.1 iu p cu thang v tin snh: nu mt tin snh ngn cch
cu thang b vi ni , ngoi tr tin snh n th tin snh ny nn c iu p c lp
vi cu thang b. N nn c iu p bng mt ngun cp khng kh ring bit vi
ngun cp kh cho cu thang b. p sut tin snh nn bng hoc nh hn p sut trong
cu thang b (nhng khng nh hn 5 Pa). hnh 15 - 1 trnh by v d v s iu p c
lp ca cu thang b v tin snh thang my v ch r hiu qu ca mt ca m.
Hnh 15 - 1: iu p cu thang b v tin snh thang my

4.2.2 iu p cu thang, tin snh v hnh lang: Nu tin snh
m vo hnh lang c tht (c kh nng chu la trong 30 pht) m n l mt phn ca li
thot him c bo v. Nhng u im ca h thng iu p c th c m rng
bao gm c hnh lang v iu khin khi ra khi ni , vn phng hoc dy phng.
lm c iu ny th mt h thng cp kh c lp c cung cp ti hnh lang v p
sut y nn nh hn hoc bng p sut trong tin snh nhng khng nh hn 5 Pa.
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C mt s kh khn cho s m rng phm vi iu p ny l nu hnh lang c

nhiu ca (hoc nhiu li r r khc) th kh cp cn phi ln v cc ca cn phi t ng
ng li v mi ni khng c iu p m vo hnh lang nn c r r tng ng
khng kh ra ngoi.
4.3 Phng php 3 ch iu p tin snh v/hoc hnh lang: trong mt vi
ta nh th n s cn thit, c th v l do cu trc (nh l kh khn trong vic sp xp cc
ng gi cho cc h thng iu p c lp) cho php cu thang b c iu p bng h
thng kh m cc khe h vo trong n t cc tin snh v hnh lang c iu p. Nu
vic thit k l chnh xc th iu ny c th l mt phng php thch hp, nhng trong
mt vi trng hp th c th nhn thy rng tng lng kh cp cn thit ch iu p
tin snh c th ln hn mc cn thit nu cu thang b v tin snh c iu p c
lp.
Trong phng php ny th cu thang b khng nn c thng gi lu di ngoi
tr cc khe h cn thit cho vic tnh ton s ca m. Tt c cc tin snh v/hoc hnh
lang c iu p trn tt c cc tng ca ta nh nn c iu p trong trng hp
khn cp.
4.4 Phng php 4 - iu p ton b ta nh (khng khuyn co/khng
ngh): nhng thit k cho vic chnh p khng c trin khai trong ta nh nhng
khng kh c a vo theo li m ton b ton nh c nng cao p sut p sut
trong ta nh cao hn bn ngoi. Trong trng hp c ha hon th dng khng kh c
ci t chng li dng khi bng nhng khe h thng gi trn tng b chy. H thng
ny c ngh cho nhng ta nh m s phn chia ni b bn trong l nhng l h m
mt phn khng gian iu p khc khng th c ( nh cc cu thang b v cc tin snh).
thit k chi tit cho loi h thng ny bao gm v tr, s r r khng kh t
tng ngoi th c qui nh. Nu s r r ny l ng k th lng khng kh lng
ph s cao.
iu n tng ca h thng iu p ny l ton b ta nh hon ton da vo
nhng khe h thng gi ch trn tng b chy. S thng gi trong c th l nguyn nhn
lan ta ca khi n nhng phn khc ca ta nh. Trong trng hp, c mt ca c
m cu thang b c th l nguyn nhn lm cho n b y khi. Do , nu h thng
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ny c dng th cc ca/van chn khi phi c lp t. V nhng l do ny m h

thng iu p cho ton b ta nh khng c khuyn co s dng trong b lut ny.
5. S tng tc gia cc khng gian iu p.
Trong mt ta nh, c bit l cc ta nh rng, c th c mt vi khng gian
c iu p. Chng c mi lin h trc tip vi nhau hoc chng c th b ngn cch
bi cc khng gian khng c iu p c din tch rng ln nn s c mt ca mt vi
khng gian c iu p trong ta nh thng th khng to nn vn ln.
5.1 Cc khng gian iu p c lin thng trc tip vi nhau: iu kin ny
s xut hin khi cc cu thang b v cc tin snh (c khi l c hnh lang) cng c iu
p, n s c p dng trong mt vi ta nh. Nh mc ch thit k ca h thng th nn
m bo rng dng kh s i t cu thang b qua tin snh qua hnh lang (nu c/nu
c thit k) vo trong ni (Accommodation) khi c la xy ra . Cho nn tt c
cc khng gian c iu p lin thng vi nhau u c duy tr cng mt p sut
c cho trong bng 3 ty thuc vo cao ca ta nh.
Nu c chnh p gia cc khng gian c iu p lin k nhau th n nn nh v
din tch v khng nn chnh p qu 5 Pa. Khng gian c iu p gn ni nht nn
c gi p sut thp nht. Trong iu kin thit k ny th khi c mt ca ca cu thang
b c m vo khng gian khng c iu p th n c nh gi l gy ra s c
tm thi trong thi gian ngn lm cho p sut trong cu thang b gim xung bng vi p
sut tin snh nhng p sut iu p trong tin snh vn c duy tr khng i,
dng kh i v pha c m chy.
5.2 Cc khng gian iu p khng c s lin thng trc tip:trng hp ny
xy ra khi mt ta nh c t hai hoc nhiu h thng thot him c iu p cng m
vo trong cc ni khng c iu p.
C mt vn xy ra hay mt s hn ch ph l mi mt h thng thot him
nn c mt h thng iu p ring bit cho n v cc ni nn c din tch r r ln
m bo rng khng kh c iu p c th thot ra ngoi qua cc khe h . iu
kin tha mn cho trng hp ny l cc khng gian c iu p trong ta nh s khng
c kh nng nh hng ln nhau.
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5.3 Mi quan h gia h thng iu p trong trng hp khn cp v h

thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng: Mc ch ca h thng iu p l thit lp iu
kin dng kh trong ta nh ngn cn s di chuyn ca khi v pha hoc qua ca ca
li thot him. iu ny c thc hin bng cch duy tr li thot him trng thi p
sut cao hn ni xy ra chy bng vic cp kh ti nh cc qut cng bc v thm vo
l phi c cc khe h thot khi ra khi ta nh ti nhng v tr c th nhn bit
c.
H thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng nn cch xa li vo ca li thot him
vi lng kh c ht ra hoc tun hon nhng im ring bit vi li vo li thot
him.
Nu h thng iu p l hai cp th n c nt c trng khng i l lun duy tr
li thot him mt p sut khng i v h thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng n
khp vi nhau lm cho dng kh cch xa li thot him. Nu l h thng iu p mt
cp th n ch hot ng trong trng hp khn cp cho nn s tng tc ca n vi h
thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng l khng r rng nhng n c khuyn co lm
c s cho vic tnh ton thit k h thng iu p.
Mt h thng iu ha khng kh dng cho hnh lang hoc trn gi ca hnh lang
nh l mt h thng thi gi th khng nn dng chung vi h thng iu p ngoi tr
trng hp c bit thi kh trong trng hp c chy. Trong trng hp ny, h
thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng c th a khi vo trong hnh lang, l l do
khng an ton v la nu khng c h thng iu p trong ta nh.
S ha nhp ca h thng khn cp v h thng iu ha khng kh bnh
thng: H thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng v h thng iu p nn c x l
nh l mt phn khng th thiu trong tnh ton thit k h thng. iu ny d nhin l
cn thit cho h thng iu p hai cp, n s gim mc p sut trong sut thi gian bnh
thng. V th lu lng khng kh v s di chuyn ca khng kh c a vo h
thng thng gi bnh thng.
Trong trng hp iu p khn cp th n c a vo trong hot ng ca h
thng iu ha khng kh bnh thng nh sau:
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Nn dng h thng tun hon khng kh v h thng thi kh bng cc van thch
hp.
Nn dng h thng cp kh ti cc ni (Accommodation).
H thng thi thi kh c th tip tc hot ng, min l:
1. V tr cc ming ht khng hng v pha li vo ca li thot him.
2. Cu trc ca ng gi v ca qut khng b nh hng bi khi v kh
nng.
3. Khng c nguy him ca vic lan ta khi sang cc tng khc bi nhng
li nh ca h thng ht gi v m bo rng cc qut ht lun hot ng v v th v tr
ca chng v cc ngun cp in phi c bo v.
Hnh 15 -2: iu khin khi bng h thng HVAC.

Tn hiu bt u kch hot cho tt c cc thay i trong h thng iu ha
khng kh nn n t cng mt ngun no m lm cho h thng iu p khn cp hot
ng. Cm bin pht hin khi trong ng gi ca h thng iu ha khng kh khng
c dng cho mc ch ny bi v khi long s xut hin trong mt vi tng dng
chung h thng ny. y l nguyn nhn chm tr cn phi iu chnh li h thng
iu ha khng kh hot ng trong trng hp c chy.
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6. H thng iu p.
6.1 Cc thit lp c bn.
Thit k c bn: tiu chun c thit lp c bn l h thng iu p
phi lun gi cho khi cch xa li thot him. lm c iu ny th li thot him
phi c duy tr mt p sut dng v lng khng kh r r t cc ni phi
thot khi ra ngoi.
Chnh p: n c thit lp bng cch duy tr lin tc vic cp kh ti
c cung cp bi qut cng bc vo khng gian iu p.
Khng gian c iu p: Ta nh cn c cc khng gian iu p nn s
c mt lng khng kh r r qua cc b mt ngoi nht l cc ca chnh v ca s, trc
tip r r qua kt cu ca ta nh, qua ng gi ca h thng iu ha khng kh v nhiu
ni khc na. Nu chnh p c duy tr gia khng gian iu p v cc khu vc lin k
th khng kh s chy thnh dng qua cc li r r .
6.2 Nguyn tc chung: nguyn tc quan trng cn phi r l duy tr p sut
khng gian A cao hn p sut khng gian B. Cc khng gian c lin thng vi
nhau ch qua s r r ca cc ca c ng li, cho nn khng gian B phi c li r r
m duy tr chnh p gia A v B. Nu B khng c li r r khng kh th khi trong la t
B chc chn s lan trn qua A.
6.3 Nhng thnh phn ca mt h thng iu p:
a. Qut cp kh ti qua h thng ng gi n cc khng gian c iu p
nh cu thang b, tin snh, hnh lang.
b. Li r r khng kh t mi khng gian iu p.
c. Li r r khng kh t mi ni .
thit k h thng iu p cho ta nh th tt c cc yu t phi c xc
nh.
6.4 Chnh p.
a. H thng iu p mt cp hoc hai cp: H thng iu p mt cp ch
c p dng khi c chy xy ra v trong h thng hai cp th mc thp lun c duy
tr trong sut thi gian hot ng v ch tng ln mc khn cp khi c chy xy ra. Mc
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iu p khn cp ca h thng mt cp hay hai cp u ging nhau v n s ph thuc

vo cao v v tr ca ta nh.
b. Cc mc iu p c dng: cc mc iu p dng trong thit k cho
bt k khng gian iu p trong ta nh no cng khng nn nh hn mc thch hp c
cho trong bng 2 (hoc ln hn 60 Pa) vi tt c cc ca ca khng gian c iu p
u ng v tt c cc ca ca tin snh n u ng.
Ch :
1. Cc ta nh c dng cho nhng tr em, nhng ngi gi hoc nhng ngi b
tt nguyn th cn phi c s suy xt c bit m bo rng nhng ngi vn c th
m c ca mc d vn c lc to ra do chnh p.
2. Lc c th y c ca m s c gii hn bi s ma st gia giy v sn v
n c th cn thit trnh s trn trt gn ca m vo khng gian iu p ca ta
nh no m c tr em hin din.
3. C cu t ng trn ca m vo khng gian iu p nn c iu chnh ch
cn mt lc thch hp nh nht cng c th m ca. Trong cc ta nh c th c tr em
khng c ngi ln cng i vi chng th vic cn nhc lc m ca cho chng l cn
thit. Cc ca m vo khng gian iu p nn c b phn m c th gi ca t ng li
nh p sut.
Chiu
cao
ta nh
12m
> 12 m
Cc mc p sut
Ch khn cp
(Pa)
50 (25 Pa trong mt s trng hp)
50
Gim hot ng ca tng I ca

h thng 2 tng
(Pa)
8
15
Bng 2: cc mc p sut iu p.
Cc mc iu p cho trong bng 2 c p dng cho cc cu thang b. Nu c th
th cng cc mc p sut c th p dng cho c tin snh v hnh lang nhng cc mc
thp hn vn c th c dng cho cc khng gian nu c ngh. Chnh p gia
cu thang b v tin snh (hoc hnh lang) khng nn ln hn 5 Pa.
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6.5 Cp kh t c yu cu chnh p.
6.5.1 Tnh ton lng kh cp: lng kh cp cn t c s chnh p
c xc nh bng lng kh r r ra ngoi khng gian . Khi lng kh qua ca
chnh hay ca s b hn ch v kt qu l chnh p cng b hn ch (khng t c
chnh p). Mi quan h gia lu lng, din tch gii hn ca s r r v chnh p c
th hin qua cng thc sau:
Q = 0.827 AE
1
PN
(1)
Trong :
Q: lu lng (m3/s).
AE: din tch gii hn r r (m2).
P: chnh p (Pa).
N: h s N = 12
N = 1.6 nu r r qua din tch nh nh ca s.
N = 2 nu r r qua din tch ln nh ca chnh.
Gi tr P1/N theo hai gi tr ca N ( 1Pa n 50Pa) c cho trong bng 3
Trong hu ht trng hp c nhiu kh nng nht l r r qua ca, cho nn N c th bng
2, khi :
1
Q = 0.827 AE P 2
(2)
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Bng 3: Gi tr ca (P)1/N cho N = 2 v N = 1.6

6.5.2 Qui tc tnh din tch r r: Cc li r r ra ngoi khng gian iu p,
c th ni tip nh hnh 16a v song song nh hnh 16b hoc kt hp va ni tip va
song song nh hnh 17
Trng hp song song: Mt v d v cc li r r song song khi cc ca m ra
ngoi khng gian iu p vo cc khng gian khng c iu p. Th din tch r r
bng tng cc din tch r r nh hnh 16b:
Atotal = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
(3)
Ch rng: php tnh ny ch c p dng cho cc li r r c cng gi tr N trong

phng trnh (1).
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Hnh 16: Cc phn r r

Trong thc t cc li r r ny c nhiu kh nng song song vi cc khng gian
khng c iu p v hu ht n s i qua ca v cc khe h ln khc t c
gi tr N = 2.
Trng hp ni tip: Cc li r r dng ni tip xy ra khi c nhng khng gian
trung gian (phng m) m vo cc khng gian khng iu p. V d cho trng hp ny
l li vo ca tin snh n chn vo gia cu thang b v ni (Accommodation) hoc
l trc thang my n c lin thng vi cc tin snh c iu p khc. Tng din tch
r r dng ni tip c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
1
( Atotal )
1
A1
1
A2
1
A3
1
A4
(4)
Tuy nhin, trong h thng iu p th ng ch l c hai li r r ni tip, cho

nn cng thc trn c bin i thnh:
1
( Atotal )
1
A1
1
A2
hoc Atotal =
(A
A1 A2
+ A2
1
2 2
(5)
Cc cng thc trn ch p dng cho cc li r no tha mn gi tr ca N trong (1)

l 2 ( chng hn nh r r qua ca). Tuy nhin, phng php tnh ny cng c p dng
gn ng cho cc ca s m ni tip.
Trng hp kt hp song song v ni tip: Tng din tch r kt hp gia song
song v ni tip thng c th t c bng cch kt hp cc nhm ring l li vi
nhau. Cc cng thc tnh ch p dng cho N = 2 theo (1). Do , theo hnh 17b
A4/5 = A4 + A5
A9/10 = A9 + A10
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Hnh 17: Tng bc kt hp cc phn r r dng ni tip v song song

V theo hnh 17c th:
A1 =
(A
A1 A2
2
+ A2
A3 / 5 =
1
2 2
(A
A3 A4 / 5
+ A4 / 5
1
2 2
V tng t cho A6/7 v A8/10

V theo hnh 17d th:
A3/10 = A3/5 + A6/7 + A8/10
Cho nn tng din tch r r t khng gian iu p c cho bi cng thc:
A1 / 10 =
(A
A1 / 2 A3 / 10
1/ 2
+ A3 / 10
1
2 2
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6.5.3 Din tch r r qua cc thnh phn khc.

a. Cc ca: Din tch r r qua cc ca thng thng l qua cc khe
h xung quanh ca. V th tng din tch r r qua cc khe h s ph thuc vo di ca
khe h (chng hn do kch thc ca ca, do thit k v do hot ng ca ca). Thng
thng, cc ca gn khng gian iu p th phi c tnh chu la v iu ny m bo
rng cc ca phi ng kn trong khung ca n.
Cc loi din tch r r cho 4 dng ca ca c cho bng 4:
Chiu di khe
Loi ca
Kch c
h (m)
Ca cnh n trong khung m vo trong
2m x 0.8 m
5.6
khng gian iu p.
Ca cnh n trong khung m ra ngoi. 2m x 0.8 m
5.6
Ca cnh i
2m x 1.6m
9.2
2m cao x 2m
Ca thang my
8.0
rng
Din tch r
r (m2)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.06
Bng 4: Din tch r r xung quanh ca

i vi nhng ca c kch thc nh hn kch thc trn th vn dng cc thng
s . i vi nhng ca c kch thc ln hn cc kch thc th phi tng ln theo
t l thun tng di ca khe h . V d: mt ca cnh n c chiu cao 2m, rng 1.2
m th n c din tch r r l (6.4/5.6) 0.01 m2 = 0.0114 m2 (tng 14%).
b. Cc ca s: Mc d trong mt vi v d v khng gian iu p
khng ni g v cc tng ngoi v do d s khng ni g v cc khe h qua ca s.
Nhng cng c mt vi v d cp n vn cc khe h ca ca s ra ngoi khng
gian iu p. Cc s liu v dng r r qua ca s c cho trong bng 5
Lu lng r r (m3/s)
Din
Chnh p (Pa)
tch
r r
Dng ca
8 Pa
15 Pa 20 Pa 25 Pa
2
3
m
m /s
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
Ca cnh n m vo
0.0234 0.0320 0.0370 0.0413
khng gian iu p
0.01
Ca cnh n m ra
ngoi khng gian iu
0.02
0.0468 0.0641 0.0740 0.0827
p
Ca cnh i
0.03
0.070 0.096 0.111 0.124
Ca thang my
0.06
0.140 0.192 0.222 0.248
50 Pa
m3/s
Gi tr
ca N
0.0585
0.0117
0.175
0.351
2
2
Bng 5: lu lng r r qua ca chnh

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Loi ca s
Din tch
r r (m2/
m chiu
di)
m2/ m
Ca quay v
ca khng 2.55 x 10-4
chng ma
Ca quay v
ca chng 3.61 x 10-5
ma
Ca trt
1.00 x 10-4
Lu lng r r (m3/s)/m chiu di cho chnh p (Pa)
Gi
tr
ca
N
8 Pa
15 Pa
20 Pa
25 Pa
50 Pa
(m3/s)/m
(m3/s)/m
(m3/s)/m
(m3/s)/m
(m3/s)/m
0.77 x
10-3
1.15 x
10-3
1.37 x
10-3
1.58 x
10-3
1.43 x
10-3
1.6
0.11 x
10-3
0.16 x
10-3
0.19 x
10-3
0.22 x
10-3
0.34 x
10-3
1.6
0.30 x
10-3
0.45 x
10-3
0.54 x
10-3
0.62 x
10-3
0.95 x
10-3
1.6
Bng 6: lu lng r r qua ca s

Khng ging nh ca chnh, ca s c th thay i nhiu v kch thc v cng v
l do ny din tch r r s thp hn chiu di khe h. Trong trng hp, din tch r r
c xc nh nhanh qua cc ca s c th m th tng chiu di cc khe h nn c o
v nhn vi mt h s thch hp cho mt n v chiu di t bng 6.
c. Cc ca u thang my: s r r ca khng kh qua cc ca u
thang my khng th c xc nh mt cch n gin bng cch dng din tch r r ca
ca thang my c cho trong bng 5 bi v khng kh s r r t tin snh qua khng
gian trung gian ca trc thang my. Trong trng hp ny, khng kh t cc tin snh
c iu p ti trc thang my v dng kh ny s vo trc thang my tt c cc tng.
Ton b dng kh ny s ph thuc vo cc li r r (a) gia cc tin snh v trc thang
my v (b) gia trc thang my v khng kh bn ngoi hnh 18 Cc li r r ny theo
dng ni tip v mi quan h ca chng c din t l tng lu lng dng kh t khe
h ca cc tin snh qua trc thang my, tr thnh:
QF = 0.827
(A
At AF
2
+ AF
1
2 2
PL
1/ 2
(6)
Trong :
QF: tng lu lng vo trong trc thang my (m3/s).
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At: tng din tch r r gia cc tin snh v trc thang my (m2). Thng thng
n bng nAd, trong n l s tin snh c iu p m vo trc thang my v Ad l din
tch r r ca mt ca thang my.
AF: Tng din tch r r gia trc thang my v cc khng gian khng c iu
p ( bn ngoi) (m2).
PL: mc chnh p ca tin snh thang my (Pa).
Tng lng kh r r mi tin snh vo trong trc thang my c th c xc nh bng
t s ca lu lng tng QF cho tt c cc tin snh v lu lng thnh phn mi tin
snh c din tch At. Khi , din tch r r th ging nhau trn tt c cc tng QF/n vi n
l s tin snh c iu p m vo trc thang my. C mt ngh l nu tin snh
thang my c iu p th cn c mt din tch thng gi t nht l 0.1 m2 trn mi
thang my.
c bit, i vi kch thc khe h ca trc thang my n bn ngoi th khng
kh s r r t mt tin snh vo trc thang my c tnh nh sau:
Qd =
Qc F
n
(7)
Trong :
Qd : lng khng kh r r t mt tin snh qua mt ca thang my.
Qc: lng kh r r qua mt ca thang my ring bit (gi tr ca n c cho
bng 8 hoc c tnh theo cng thc Qc = 0.0496 x P1/2 , trong P l chnh p cho tin
snh).
F: h s ph thuc vo kch thc ca l thng gi trn trc thang my, c cho
trong bng 7
n: s tin snh c iu p m vo trc thang my.
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S tin snh c iu p m vo trong trc

thang my (n)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
>16
Gi tr ca F cho kch thc l thng gi

khc nhau
2
0.1 m
0.16 m2
0.22 m2
0.86
0.94
0.96
1.28
1.6
1.76
1.46
1.99
2.32
1.54
2.22
2.7
1.58
2.35
2.96
1.61
2.44
3.13
1.62
2.49
3.25
1.63
2.53
3.33
1.64
2.56
3.4
1.645
2.58
3.44
1.65
2.6
3.51
1.655
2.62
3.55
1.66
2.63
3.57
1.66
2.66
3.66
Bng 7: Gi tr ca h s F cho kch thc ca l thng gi khc nhau.

Ch :
u ct th 2 (kch thc thng gi l 0.1 m2) ch nn c dng khi cc khe h t trc
thang my n cc khng gian khng c iu p bng kch thc ny (y l tnh
trng thit k bnh thng).
v ct th 3 (kch thc thng gi l 0.16 m2) ch nn c dng khi kch thc thng
gi ln hn 0.1 m2 l 50% hoc nu vi kch thc thng gi 0.1 m2 c mt ca thang
my dn ti tin snh khng c iu p.
w ct th 4 (kch thc thng gi l 0.22 m2) ch nn c dng khi kch thc thng
gi ln hn 0.1 m2 l 100% hoc nu vi kch thc thng gi 0.1 m2 c hai ca thang
my ca cng mt trc thang my m vo tin snh khng c iu p.
x Nu trc thang my phc v n tin snh c iu p m vo trc thang my v
nu c nhng ca m vo hn hai tin snh khng c iu p th gi tr F phi c
tnh ton theo cng thc (8), (9).
y Ct 3 v 4 nn c dng tnh ton lu lng kh ra ngoi tin snh khi mt ca
trong mt hnh lang c m.
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z Nu c thm li r r ra trc thang my th gi tr ca F c tnh ton nh sau:

F=
Af
(8)
Ad
Trong :
Af: tng din tch r r hiu qu ca trc thang my
1
A f =
1 2
1
) +(
)2
(
n Ad
AF
1/ 2
(9)
Ad: din tch r r ca mt ca thang my v n: s tin snh c iu p m vo

trc thang my.
AF: tng din tch r r gia trc thang my v khng gian khng c iu p
( thng thng l din tch ca l thng gi).
Hnh 18: S r r t ca thang my

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Nu trc thang my c ni tip vi tin snh c iu p th n khng nn c

ca dn ti khng gian khng c iu p hoc l khng gian m khng gian khng
phi l mt phn ca li thot him v n khng c ca lin lc vi li thot him.
Cc php tnh ton pha trn l cho mt thang my v gi s rng trc thang my
c iu p bo v. Khi c hai hoc nhiu thang my trong mt trc chung th phi chia
tng thang my ra m tnh, khi din tch AF s c tnh ring cho tng thang my.
d. Cc li r r ni tip v song song khc: tng t nh s kt
hp ca cc li r r song song v ni tip c th xy ra trong cc tnh hung khc v cc
phng php trn c th c p dng cho cc khng gian rc ri phc tp v cu trc.
Trong cc khng gian m (trung gian) khng c bo v th khng nn c gi s
rng n cn c iu p v phng php tnh ton lu lng kh cn thit iu p
cng phi cn c vo phng trnh (1).
e. Din tch toilet: khi toilet v cc din tch khc c lin thng
trc tip vi khng gian c iu p c h thng ht thi kh th lng khng kh r r
vo trong chng l mt trong hai sau:
Khi qut thi ang chy th lu lng thi l m3/s.
Khi qut dng th n c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
QG = Q B . K
(10)
Trong :
QG: lu lng r r vo trong toilet hoc cc khng gian khc (m3/s).
QB: lu lng r r qua ca (m3/s) nh thit k iu p bng 8 hoc c tnh
ton t phng trnh (1).
K: ph thuc vo t s Ax/AG c cho bng 11
Ax/AG 4 2
1 0.5 0.25
K
1 0.9 0.7 0.45 0.25
Bng 8: Gi tr ca K
Trong :
AX: din tch nh nht ca nhnh ng gi ht (m2) ( c th c van chn khi
hoc thit b cn bng ngay ti ming ht).
AG: din tch r r qua ca (m2)
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Lu : AG bao gm cc li hoc/v cc l h rng no cho khng kh i qua v

n cng c dng tnh ton gi tr ca QB khi din tch r r ln hn tng din tch
ca cc khe h bnh thng.
f. Nhng phn r r khng th nhn bit c t khng gian
iu p: Qu trnh thit k h thng iu p thng ph thuc vo tt c cc din tch r
r ra ngoi khng gian iu p. T mi tnh c lng khng kh cn thit duy tr
c (mc) chnh p theo yu cu. Bt k h thng iu p no cng phi c cu trc
lng khng kh r r qua cu trc ca ta nh l nh nht. Nu cu trc c th th c
th xc nh r rng nhng nu cu trc l khng r rng th kh m xc nh c th.
Thm vo , nn ch n cc ch ni gia cc bc tng hoc gia cc bc tng vi
trn, sn m bo rng khng c ch r r ph (ngu nhin/ tnh c) . iu ny rt
quan trng khi cu trc ta nh rc ri phc tp.
Trong tnh ton cp kh iu p th c hai gi nh xy ra l:
u Din tch r r ca cc thnh phn (ca, ca s, ca thang my) c dng trong
tnh ton s c p dng cho cc thnh phn c lin quan khi ta nh c hon
thnh.
v Khng c din tch r r ra ngoi khng gian iu p m khng nhn bit c.
cho php hai gi nh ny c tn ti th 25% lu lng c ngh thm
vo tng lu lng kh cp cn thit. Cn nhn mnh rng vic thm vo gi tr ny s
to ra vic tha nhn cc din tch r r khng nhn thy c c gi nh l tn ti.
Vic thm ny khng c d dnh p dng cho vic r r qua cc ng gi cp (v r r
qua cc ng gi cp l c th nhn bit c).
g. Cc khe h rng: thit k iu p s khng th duy tr nu c
nhng khe h rng gia khng gian iu p v cc khu vc ln cn lin k. Nu khng
duy tr c s iu p th khi c th b gi li khng gian c thit k iu p
nu cc khe h khng rng. Khi cc khe h l c nh th tc khng kh r r ra
ngoi c th t 3 4 m/s ph thuc vo nhit ca la( hoc ln ca la hoc s
thng gi). duy tr tc ny qua cc khe h ln s cn lu lng ln v h thng
iu khin khi ny s khng kinh t lm v nu c th th n ch nn p dng vo cc
trng hp c bit. Tuy nhin, nu cc khe h rng th cc ca s ch c m khng
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lin tc hoc ch trong giai on ngn th tc khng kh thp hn c th chp nhn

c.
h. Ca m: Li thot him s khng cn pht huy hiu qu khi cc
ca lc no cng m. Cho nn yu t cn c quan tm ng mc l cc ca ch nn
m khng lin tc v trong nhng giai on ngn. Trong mc trn cp n vn
ny, mc d khi cc khe h rng th chnh p gia khu vc c iu p v khu vc lin
k khng c iu p khng c duy tr. Vic bo v chng li khi c th t c
m bo rng tc khng kh thch hp ra ngoi qua cc khe h rng c duy tr. Cc
qui nh cho a s cc trng hp nh sau:
u Nu ch c cu thang b c iu p v khng c tin snh xen vo th tc
khng kh ti thiu l 0.75 m/s qua cc ca m l cn thit. Vi nhng ta nh c hn 20
tng, khi hai ca trn hai tng khc nhau cng m th tc khng kh ti thiu l 0.75
m/s qua cc ca m l cn thit.
v Nu cu thang b v tin snh trn mi tng c iu p c lp vi nhau th
tc khng kh ti thiu l 0.7 m/s l cn thit khi hai ca tin snh trn mi tng
c m ( iu ny c ngha l ca cu thang b/tin snh hoc tin snh/ni c
m). Khi ta nh c trn 20 tng th iu kin ny nn c t n khi ca tin snh trn
hai tng u c m.
w Nu cu thang b v tin snh trn mi tng c iu p c lp vi nhau th
c cp v, nn mt trong nhng iu kin sau y khi tt c cc ca ca cu
thang b/tin snh u ng v bt k mt ca tin snh/ni no c m. Khi tc
khng kh qua tin snh/ ni c m nn t nht l 0.5 m/s hoc chnh p qua cu
thang b/ tin snh nn nm trong gii hn 5 Pa.
x Nu ch iu p cu thang b v n m vo trong hnh lang m n ch phc v
cho mt vi phng (Accommodation) th tc dng kh qua ca m nn c tham
kho mc u tc l 0.75 m/s nn t c khi (cc) ca t hnh lang c m v lng
kh r t mi phng ca ni phi c tnh chnh xc.
y Nu ch iu p cu thang b v n m vo trong hnh lang v/hoc tin snh
m n ch phc v cho mt vi hoc nhiu phng (Accommodation) th tc dng
kh qua ca m nn c tham kho mc u tc l 0.75 m/s nn t c khi cc ca
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gia cu thang b v ni c m v lng kh r t mi phng ca ni phi c

tnh chnh xc.
z Nu tin snh c iu p c lp m vo hnh lang v n ch phc v cho
mt vi phng v cu trc ca hnh lang phi c kh nng chu la t nht l 30
pht. Khi dng kh qua ca m c tham kho mc v v w c th khng cn thit
bi v c 3 ca c bo v gia cu thang b v ni .
{ Nu tin snh c iu p c lp m vo hnh lang v n ch phc v cho
mt vi phng nhng ranh gii ca hnh lang khng c cu trc chu la th khi
tc dng kh qua ca m c tham kho mc v v w vi mt hoc nhiu ca
ti ni c m v lng kh r t mi phng ca ni phi c tnh chnh xc.
| Nu h thng iu p ni trn mi tng l ring l th lu lng kh cp cho
mi phng phi va cho cc phng .
Bng 9, 10, 11 tha nhn rng din tch r r l v hn.
Bng 9: Lu lng qua mt ca m: ch iu p cu thng b: ca gia cu thang b v

ni c m
Trng hp 1: cu thang b c ca cnh n m t ni vo trong cu thang b. Trn
mi tng c nhiu ca cnh i khng kh ra ngoi tng trt v cc ca cnh n m
hng vo trong. Ca m c gi nh c mt din tch l 1.6 m2
Trng hp 2: nh trng hp 1 nhng vi ca i t ni trn mi tng.
Chiu cao ta
nh
m
15
30
75
150
S
tng
Tng
5
10
25
50
Mc chnh
p
Pa
50
50
50
50
Lu lng qua mt ca m
Trng hp 1
Trng hp 2
3
m /s
m/s
m3/s
m/s
0.5
0.31
1
0.63
0.76
0.47
1.7
1
1.4
0.9
3.1
2
2.4
1.5
4.6
2.9
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Hnh 19: S dng kh theo cc iu kin cho trong bng 12

Bng 10: lu lng qua mt ca m: cu thang b v tin snh thang my cng mc
iu p: lu lng khi mt ca tin snh v ni c m.
Cc iu kin thit k. Cu thang b c ca cnh i tng trt, ca cnh n mi. Tt
c cc tng u c ca cnh n t cu thang b vo tin snh. Ca vo hai thang my v
ca cnh i gia tin snh v ni .
Chiu cao ta nh S tng Mc iu p
m
15
30
75
150
Tng
5
10
25
50
Pa
50
50
50
50
Lu lng qua mt ca m
p sut trong cc tin snh khc
Pa
m3/s
m/s
26
0.86
0.54
31
0.87
0.54
38
0.88
0.55
43
0.9
0.56
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Bng 11: lu lng qua 2 ca c m: cu thang b v tin snh thang my cng mc
iu p: 2 ca ca tin snh ( cu thang/ tin snh v tin snh/ ni ) c m trn cng
mt tng
iu kin thit k: cu thang b c ca cnh i m ra tng trt, ca cnh n
mi. Tt c cc tng u c ca cnh n t cu thang b vo tin snh. Ca vo hai
thang my v ca cnh i gia tin snh v ni .
Mc
Chiu
Mc iu p
S
Lu lng qua ca cu
cao ta
iu trong cc
tng
thang b/tin snh
nh
p
tin snh
khc
m
Tng
Pa
Pa
m3/s
m/s
15
5
50
20
0.42
0.26
30
10
50
23
0.62
0.39
75
25
50
25
1.24
0.78
150
50
50
27
2.30
1.44
Lu lng qua ca tin

snh/ni
m3/s
1.20
1.37
1.96
3.01
m/s
0.75
0.85
1.23
1.88
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6.5.4 Xc nh vn tc khng kh qua cc ca m (hoc cc khe h
rng khc): Tc khng kh qua cc ca m nh tham kho cc phn trn s thp
hn cc gi tr on trc (gi s) v din tch r r l v hn ( nh gi s bng 9, 10,
11). Cho nn tc khng kh cn c tnh li v sau nhn vi h s 0.6 t c
tc xp x tt nht trong thc t.
Cc qu trnh v phng php tnh ny xc nh lu lng kh qua ca khng
chnh xc nhng n cng chnh xc cho qu trnh tnh ton n gin. Gi s rng ca
m l ca cnh n ( hoc mt cnh trong ca cnh i) v din tch ca n l 1.6 m2.
a. Xc nh tc khng kh khi ch iu p cu thang b:
i vi ta nh c 10 tng hoc t hn th gi s rng tt c khng kh cp vo
cu thang b u c ra ngoi qua cc ca m ( ca m gi s l ca cnh n v c
din tch 1.6 m2).
i vi ta nh c hn 10 tng th din tch r r ca tt c cc ca trong cu
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thang b phi bng tng din tch v phi cn i vi 1.6 m2 din tch c tnh ton
.
b. Xc nh vn tc ra vi cu thang b v tin snh c iu
p c lp, mt ca m (tin snh/ ni ):
i. Cc tin snh khng lin thng vi (cc) trc thang my: tng lu lng kh ra
ngoi qua cc ca tin snh m s bng tng ca:
u lng kh cp ti tin snh bng ng gi.
v dng kh qua cc ca ng t cu thang b vo trong tin snh.
tnh v th gi s rng p sut thit k trong cu thang b c duy tr v p sut trong
tin snh khi ca m s v 0 Pa.
ii. Cc tin snh lin thng vi mt hoc nhiu trc thang my: tng lu lng kh ra
ngoi qua cc ca tin snh m s bng tng ca:
v dng kh qua cc ca ng t cu thang b vo trong tin snh.
w Dng kh ra ngoi mi trc thang my qua cc ca vo thang my c ng.
tnh v th dng phng php a. pha trn.
tnh w th gi s rng dng kh vo mi trc thang my vn gi c cc gi
tr nh khi thit k. Sau , mt trong ba lu lng tng ny vo trong tin snh vi cc
ca ca mi trc thang my c m. Nu c hai tin snh trong ta nh th vi mt ca
m khi ch c mt trong bn phn lu lng tng vo c trong mi trc thang my
s vo mi tin snh.
c. Xc nh tc kh ra vi cu thang b v tin snh trn mi
tng c iu p c lp vi nhau, hai ca ca cng mt tin snh c m (cu
thang b /tin snh , tin snh /ni ).
i. Cc tin snh khng lin thng vi (cc) trc thang my: dng kh qua ca gia tin
snh v cu thang b l tng ca:
u lng kh cp ti cu thang b bng ng gi.
v dng kh qua cc ca ng vo trong cu thang b t cc tin snh khc.
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Gi tr ca v c tnh theo cng thc sau:

(11)
Trong :
QT : lu lng tng vo cu thang b t cc tin snh c iu p khi tt c cc
ca u ng.
QL: lng kh cp bng ng gi ti mt tin snh c iu p.
AD: din tch r r ca cc ca ng gia tin snh v cu thang b ( gi s l
ging nhau trn tt c cc tng).
AL: tng din tch r r qua mi hnh tin snh AL = AD + Al vi Al l din tch r
r qua mi tin snh c dng trong thit k tnh ton.
nS :s tin snh c iu p m vo trong cu thang b.
Nu hai tin snh trong ta nh c c hai ca c m th dng kh qua ca cu
thang b vo trong mi tin snh s bng trung bnh cng ca u v v pha trn v h s
(nS 2) nn c thay th cho h s (nS 1) trong cng thc (18).
Lu lng kh qua tin snh th hai s l tng ca:
v Lu lng ra ngoi cu thang b qua cc ca ca cu thang b / tin
snh c m ( c tnh ton nh pha trn cho mt hoc hai tin snh vi cc ca m
l thch hp).
ii. Cc tin snh c lin thng vi cc trc thang my: dng kh qua cc ca gia
tin snh v cu thang b l tng ca:
u lng kh cp ti cu thang b bng ng gi.
v dng kh qua cc ca ng vo trong cu thang b t cc tin snh khc.
Gi tr ca v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(12)
Trong :
55
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QT: lu lng tng vo trong cu thang b t tt c cc tin snh c iu p khi

cc ca u ng.
QL: lng kh cp bng ng gi ti mt tin snh c iu p.
AD: din tch r r ca cc ca ng gia tin snh v cu thang b ( gi s l
ging nhau trn tt c cc tng).
Al1: din tch r r ca mi tin snh c dng trong tnh ton thit k, bao gm
c din tch r r qua ca ca thang my.
Ad: din tch r r qua li vo ca ca thang my (thng dng gi thit l 0.06
m2).
n :s tin snh c iu p m vo trong trc thang my.
m: s khe h ca trc thang my vo trong mi tin snh.
F: h s c lit k trong bng 7 cho s tng tng ng, dng ct 3 v ct 4 trong
bng khi mt tin snh trong ta nh c hai ca c m hoc hai tin snh c ca
c m v h s (nS 2) nn c thay th cho h s (nS 1) trong cng thc (11).
Khi tng lu lng qua cc ca ca tin snh / cu thang b / thang my c m
th bng QS + QT vi QS l lng kh cp ti cu thang b.
Lu lng qua ca m gia tin snh thang my v ni s bng tng ca:
w tng lu lng vo tin snh qua cu thang b (QS + QT).
x Lng kh cp bng ng gi ti mi tin snh (QL).
y Lu lng ra ngoi qua tt c trc thang my qua cc li vo ca thang my
c ng.
Gi tr ca y c tnh theo cng thc:
(13)
Trong : QA l lu lng tng ra ngoi ca tt c cc trc thang my vo trong
tin snh vi hai ca c m. Khi hai tin snh m mi tin snh c hai ca m th h
s m/3 trong cng thc (20) nn c thay bng h s m/4 v gi tr ca F nn chn theo
ct th 4 ca Table 6.
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Tng ca wxy pha trn l tng lu lng qua cc ca m gia tin snh thang
my v ni c th c vit l:
(14)
Trong : QS l lng kh cp bng ng gi ti cu thang b.
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CHNG 3:
LU LNG QUT CP V H THNG TUN HON, PHN
PHI KHNG KH
58
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1. Phn tch c im cng trnh thit k.

Ta nh Hong Thp vi cc c im nh sau:
Thnh Ph (Tnh) :
H Ch Minh
Huyn Bnh Chnh
Loi nh :
Nh chung c
Cn h cao cp
Hng nh :
ng
V tr ca ngi nh :
Gn trung tm thng mi
Gn ngn hng
Gn ch
Tin nghi ca cn nh : Cc phng u c ca s

C h thng ca knh hai lp
C khu git, phi qun o
C truyn hnh cp
Sn g t nhin
C ban cng ln
C hp th ring
C internet tc cao
C kho cha
C phng khch ln
Phng ng chnh ln
Toilet t ring khng chung vi nh tm
in nc y
An ton, an ninh :
C bo v 24/24
C camera trong thang my
C thit b phng chy hin i
Ca kho t ng
Tin nghi cho ni tr : C dch v thu gom rc 24/24
Ta nh Hong Thp cao 15 tng cng vi sn thng, tng k thut, tng p mi

v tng mi tng chiu cao 55.5 m. Ta nh vi y cc tin nghi cao cp ang p
ng kp thi cho nhu cu nh ca ngi dn.
Hnh 34:Tng 14 ta nh Hong Thp

59
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Vi mc tiu an ton tnh mng con ngi l trn ht nn ta nh Hong Thp c

trang b h thng iu p cu thang theo trc thng ng ca lng cu thang t tng 1 n
tng 15. Trong trng hp c ha hon cc cn h th ngi dn s c s tn v
thot him cu thang b c to p sut cao hn trong cc cn h khi khng vo
c ni ny, mt khc h thng ny cn cung cp oxi cho mi ngi s tn, sau lc
lng cu ha s dp tt ngn la, m bo an ton cho con ngi.
Cu thang b trong ta nh Hong Thp l dng cu thang i lng vo nhau t
tng trt n sn thng nn h thng ng gi v cc ming khuch tn c b tr dc
cu thang theo trc thng ng c qut gi tng k thut cp gi vo. Trc cc
ming gi u c cc ODB iu chnh lu lng gi.
2. Nhng yu cu ca mt qut iu p.
Nhng yu cu ca qut cp v qut ht ca h thng iu p nh sau:
a. Qut cp phi c kh nng thay i lu lng p ng yu cu ca c 3 ch hot
ng ca h thng.
b. Qut cp phi c kh nng thay i cng sut b li cho vic tng qu mc hoc
gim qu mc kch thc trong qu trnh thit k.
c. Qut cp nn c ng cong p sut/lu lng dc ng gii hn s hao ht khng
kh qua van gim p ca n.
d. Qut cp nn duy tr p sut cao m bo rng p sut lun dng cho h thng.
e. Qut thi khng kh phi c kh nng ht khi nng 6000C trong trng hp ta nh
khng c h thng vi phun nc cu ha hoc 3000C trong trng hp c vi phun
cu ha.
f. Cc loi qut ny phi c trng lng nh, rung ng t/ t do v d dng lp t.
g. Cc qut phi chc chn trong hot ng v phi c cung cp y v hon chnh
cc ch dn v hot ng. Cc qut ny phi c ch to bi cc cng ty t c
chng nhn H Thng m Bo Cht Lng BS EN ISO 9001 hoc ngang bng.
3. Thay i cng sut qut.
Trong gii hn bt buc thng thng ca cc qut cp khng kh, vic thay i
cng sut cp kh c th t c bng cc cch sau:
60
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a. Dng qut n vi tc khng i vi cc van gim p.

b. Dng hai qut vi tc khng i vi van gim p - s qut hot ng khng
u.
c. Dng qut c th thay i tc .
d. Dng qut c tc khng i nhng c th thay i dc ca ng c
tnh ca qut.
Tc ca qut khng i m bo rng p sut ti a ca qut c th p ng
c cho c 3 ch hot ng ca h thng. p sut c cp bi qut c th thay i
theo bnh phng tc . Nu tc ca qut c chia i t c cng sut cp
kh thp nht cn thit cho Ch 1 v Ch 2, khi p sut cp b gim i 4 ln.
Kt qu l: tc thp nht s khng p sut cp cho ch 1 l +50Pa v
vt qua tr lc ca h thng ng. iu ny c th dn n hot ng ca qut rt kh
khn.
4. Tnh ton qut cp.
Thit k: Ta nh Hong Thp ch c cu thang b c iu p. Hai cu
thang b dng chung cho 14 tng. C mt ca i m ra tng trt v hai ca n
m vo phng ca mi tng. H thng thot him l loi E, c 2 ca m v ca
thot him cui m cng lc. H thng iu p thuc loi h thng 2 cp.
Vi nhng s ngoi tr c th c v kch thc ca qut cp cho h thng iu p
th c xc nh bi tc khng kh qua ca ch 2, 3 v lu lng cn thit cho
ch 1 t c bng mt trong hai cch sau:
Loi b p sut khng kh vt qu mc p sut kh quyn.
Gim lu lng khng kh ca qut.
Cch tnh ton ny th lun xc nh qut cp ln hn cn thit v:
Thm 50% lng kh cp cho ch 1 Mode 1.
Theo l thuyt th khi ca c m ( ch 2, 3) th p sut vn c duy tr
+10 Pa v +15 Pa trong cu thang b v tin snh thang my.
Tuy nhin, thng thng trong cc ta nh th cu thang b lun c ch r r. Nh
vy vic iu chnh khng ng cc ca lm tng lu lng khng kh r r.
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iu ng ch l mt trong nhng iu kin cn thit ca qut cp l lu lng

khng kh c th iu chnh mt cch d dng ti mi v tr. Qut hng trc vi bnh
cng tc c th thay i c thng gp trong yu cu ny.
4.1 Ch 1 ( Tiu chun B5588 4 - 1998). Tt c cc ca u ng.
AE = 1 x 0.03(ca i) + 14 x 0.01( ca n) = 0.17 m2
Q1 = 0.83AE.P1/2+ 50%(0.83AE.P1/2)
(tng 50%)
= 0.83 x 0.17 x 501/2 + 50%(0.83 x 0.17 x 501/2) = 1.496 m3/s 1.5 m3/s.
4.2 Chn Ch 2 - H thng thot him Giai on s tn.
a. Tnh ton lu lng qua ca m thot ra bn ngoi vi p sut +10 Pa trong cu thang.
Q2= 0.83 x AE x P1/2 = 0.83 x 1.6 x 101/2 = 4.2 m3/s.
b. Tnh ton lu lng qua ca m ca phng vi p sut +10 Pa trong cu thang v
0.09 m2 din tch r r *** qua mi tng.
Hnh 37: Ch 2 Giai on s tn
1
1
AE = 2 + 2
A
A2
1
1
2
1
1
= 2 +
0.09 2
1.6
1
2
= 0.09m 2
Q3 = 0.83AE.P1/2 = 0.83 x 0.09 x 101/2 = 0.24 m3/s

*** Phng mi tng khong 640 m2 x 3 m chiu cao, t bng D3 trong BS
5588 4:1998 ta dng din tch r trung bnh qua cc tng v qua cc khe tng i h
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ca tng th ta c din tch r r qua mi tng l (2 x 640/2 x 0.52x10-4) + (330/2 x

0.35x10-3) = 0.09 m2.
Ch tnh na din tch cho mt qut.
c. Tnh lu lng cn thit duy tr tiu chun p sut.
Qua ca thot him m Q2 = 4.2 m3/s
Qua ca phng m Q4 = 2 x 0.24 = 0.48 m3/s
Cng vi ch Q1 = 1.5 m3/s
Vy Q5 = 6.18 m3/s
Vy: Ch iu p cu thang thot him h thng loi E lu lng l 3 m3/s +50 Pa v
giai on cu ha lu lng l 6.18 m3/s.
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CHNG 4:
THIT B PHN PHI KHNG KH V TNH CHN QUT
64
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1. H thng phn phi gi:

H thng ng gi c ch to bng tole m km chng r hiu qu. dy tole
ng tiu chun, cc ng gi ln c cng sng theo yu cu, m bo chng n v
chn rung tt.
Cc van gi, min gi, kt ni, chia nhnh v cc lin kt khc m bo ng tiu
chun t ra. Di y l nhng catalogue ca nh sn xut v bn v kt cu h
thng ng gi thng p cu than ca cng trnh.
65
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2. Tnh ton ct p ca qut.

Ct p tng ca qut cp.
H = Ht + Hd + HW = Ht + Hd + Hms + Hcb
Trong :
* Ht: l p sut cn thit thng sc cn ca ng ng (Pa).
* Hd: l tr lc sinh ra do khng kh chuyn ng trong ng ng thng lc
ma st vi thnh ng v ma st gia cc phn t khng kh (Pa).
* Hms: tn tht ma st khi khng kh chy trong ng ng (Pa).
* Hcb: tr lc cc b khi khng kh qua cc co, cc ch m rng, thu hp (Pa).
2.1 Tnh p sut tnh Ht
p sut tnh c tnh nh sau:
Ht = r.g.h (Pa)
Trong :
r = 1.2 (kg/m3): khi lng ring ca khng kh.
g = 9.81 (m/s2): gia tc trng trng
h = 42 m kk: chiu cao chnh lch ca ng gi vi qut cp trong h thng.
vy:
Ht = r.g.h = 1.2 x 9.81 x 42 = 494
kg
=494 Pa.
m.s 2
2.2 Tnh p sut ng Hd
r .v 2
Hd =
( Pa)
2g
Vi v = 0.883/(0.5x0.45) = 4 m/s: vn tc khng kh trong ng ng ngay sau qut.
vy:
r .v 2 1.2 x 42
kg
Hd =
=
= 0.98 2 = 9.6 Pa
2g
2 x9.81
m
2.3 Tnh tr lc do ma st Hms
H ms
l v2
= l.r . . ( Pa)
dtd 2 g
Trong :
l: h s ma st ca lu cht v vt liu lm ng.
66
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l: chiu di tng tng ng ca h thng ng t qut n ming thi (m).

dtd: ng knh tng ng ca ng (m).
v = 4 m/s: vn tc khng kh trong ng ng.
n = 16.10-6 m2/s: nht ng hc ca khng kh.
* Trong thc t thng chn tit din ca on ng chnh gn qut lm tit
din in hnh. ng c tit din vung 500mm x 500mm tra bng 9.4/320 [7] ta c dtd
= 547 mm = 0.547 m
* Chiu di tng tng ng ca h thng bao gm chiu di cc on ng
thng, chiu di tng ng cc co, r nhnh.
+ Chiu di tng ng ti co 900 ng 500mm x 500mm : tra bng
10.8/347[7] c ltd co 90 = 5500 mm = 5.5 m
+ Tng chiu di t qut n cc ming cp l 48.5 m
Vy chiu di tng tng ng l 54 m.
* H s ma st:
Tr s Renold:
Re =
v.d td 4 x0.547
=
= 136750 > 105
-6
n
16 x10
V Re > 105 : khng kh chy ri nn ta p dng cng thc:

l = 0.0032 + 0.221xRe-0.237 = 0.0032 + 0.221 x 136750-0.237 = 0.017
Cho nn tr lc ma st l:
H ms
l v 2 0.017 x1.2 x54 x 42

= l.r . .
=
= 16 Pa
dtd 2 g
0.547 x 2 x9.81
2.4 Tnh tr lc cc b Hcb
V2
H cb = x .r . mmH 2O
2g
Vi x: h s tr lc cc b.
H s tr lc cc b bao gm :
+ on cong 500x500 500x500 tra bng 10.11a/348[7] c x = 0.21
+ 7 Nhnh r ch T ng nhnh ni vo ng chnh bng mt cnh gc
nghing 450 tra bng 10.41/377[7] ta c x3 = 0.72 x 7 = 5.04
+ Ti 6 ch gim u ng, tra bng 10.27/363[7], ta c x = 0.05 x 6 = 0.3
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+ Ti ch m rng ng, tra bng 10.24/361[7], ta c x = 0.22

+ Ti van OBD tra bng 10.8/405[7], ta c x = 0.79 x 7 = 5.53
+ Ti ming gi ra, tra bng 10.72/401[7] ta c x = 0.3 x 7 = 2.1
Vy h s tr lc cc b l:
x = xi = 13.3
i =1
Cho nn tr lc cc b l:
V2
42
H cb = x .r .
= 13.3 x1.2 x
= 128 Pa
2g
2 x9.81
Vy: Ct p tng ca qut cp l:
H = Ht + Hd + Hms + Hcb = 494 + 9.6 + 16 + 128 = 647.6 Pa 648 Pa
3. Cng sut qut cp.
N=
r .g.Q.H 1.2 9.81 9.18 55

=
= 8kW
1000.h
1000 0.5
Trong :
H = 648 Pa = 55 mkk
Chn h = 0.5: hiu sut qut.
Yu cu qut c cng sut 8 kW, lu lng 6.18 m3/s, ct p 648 Pa.

Ch qut hng trc ca hng FANTECH, model AP0632BA7/32 vi cc thng s
k thut nh catalogue sau y.
68
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CHNG 5:
CP NGUN V T NG IU KHIN H THNG
69
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1. Dng cm bin t ng hay cng tc tc ng bng tay cho vic kch hot trng
thi khn cp ca h thng.
1.1 Loi cm bin hoc cng tc c qui nh: H thng c u tin kch
hot trng thi khn cp ca h thng iu p l cc cm bin khi t ng nhng trong
mt s h thng iu p th c th dng h thng bo ng t ng hoc im kch hot
bng tay (Break Glass System) nu c lp t trong ta nh.
S la chn h thng nn theo cc mc sau:
Trong cc ta nh ang s dng c h thng bo ng ni ang ch
ch kch hot h thng iu p th nn s dng h thng pht hin khi t ng.
Trong cc ta nh ang s dng khng c h thng bo ng ni ang
ch ch kch hot h thng iu p th c th dng h thng bo ng la t ng
(cm bin nhit) hoc h thng kch hot bng tay (h thng Break Glass)
Nn kim tra h thng bo ng la m khng cn h thng iu p hot ng.
1.2 V tr ca cc u cm bin khi v cc bo ng la khc (t ng hoc
bng tay): Trong cc ta nh cc cm bin khi c lp t kch hot cho h thng
iu p v bo chy. Cc cm bin khi nn c lp bn p sut thp ca mi ca m n
dn ti ni t khng gian c iu p. V tr ca cc u cm bin khi th n c
lp hnh lang chung.
2. X p cao dng van gim p.
p sut cn to ra trong cu thang b t 50 n 60 Pa. Khi p sut trong cu thang
vt qu 60 Pa th van gim p tc ng x bt kh t trong cu thang ra ngoi tri
duy tr p sut n nh trong cu thang.
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Hnh 39: V tr lp t ca van gim p.

71
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CHNG 6:
BIN PHP THI CNG NGHIM THU BN GIAO
VN HNH - BO DNG
72
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1. Thi cng.
1.1 Tm tt v vic lp t thng gi: c th hin bng 16.
H thng thng gi
Cch b tr
S thng
Thm vo hoc cc
Cc ca s
Cc
bin
php
ca ta nh
gi
bin php khc (Nu
chnh
cn thit)
C th m,
R r t nhin (R
khng che c T nhin
r qua ca s)
ma
T nhin
Ngoi vi thng gi
Mt bng C th m, che
R r t nhin hoc
hoc c
hoc cc my mc ht
m
c ma
cc trc thng ng
kh
gi
Ngoi vi thng gi
Ht gi bng my
c lm kn
C kh
hoc cc trc thng
mc
ng
C th m,
R r t nhin (R
khng che c T nhin
r qua ca s)
ma
T nhin
Cc trc thng ng
Cc tng b C th m, che
R r t nhin hoc
hoc c
hoc cc my mc ht
chia ra
c ma
cc trc thng ng
kh
gi
Cc trc thng ng
c lm kn
C kh
Ngoi vi thng gi hoc cc my mc ht
gi
Bng 16: Cc ngh cho vic la chn h thng thng gi
1.2 S lp t v thit b.
1.2.1 Lp t v kt hp thit b vi h thng iu p bao gm:
a. S sp xp vic ly gi vo.
b. Qut vi h thng in ca n.
c. H thng phn phi ng gi.
d. u cui ng gi (cc li, cc ming khuch tn)
e. Sp xp h thng thot kh cho h thng iu p.
f. Duy tr lp t v bo dng cho tt c cc thit b.
1.2.2 Sp xp vic ly gi vo: phi m bo rng lng kh cp cho h
thng iu p khng bao gi c lm bn bi khi trong la trong ta nh.
Bt k s tng hoc gim p sut u vo hay u ra cng u nh hng n
73
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lng gi qua ta nh. Do , iu kin cn thit l p sut cho h thng iu p u vo

v thi ra phi c lp vi hng v tc gi bn ngoi ta nh.
Khi h thng iu p c dng chung vi cc h thng phn phi kh khc ca
to nh th tc ng ca hng v tc gi nn ging nhau cho c hai h thng.
V tr ca cc ming ly gi vo nn tt nht l hoc gn tng trt (mt t) v
khng nn t gn cc ni tim tng mi nguy him v la v c mt ngh l nn c
ng gi kt ni gia ming vo v qut.
Nu v tr ly gi vo l trn mi nh th n nn c t ch m khi khi dng
ln th n khng nh hng ti h thng iu p. Chng hn n nn tch bit vi s dng
ln ca khi mt mt ca ta nh bi cc bc tng thng ng v n nn c t v
tr thp hn im y ca cc ng gi hoc trc y khi trong sut qu trnh c chy. C
mt ngh l cc bc tng thng ng v cc im y ca cc ng khi nn c m
rng cao hn 1 m so vi ming ly gi vo. Cc ming ly gi vo v cc im y
ca khi nn cch nhau 5m theo chiu ngang.
Nu ta nh c iu p bng h thng qut ring trn mi tng th cc ming ly
gi vo nn c b tr hay thit k gim n mc ti thiu nguy him ca khi.Thng
thng cc ming ly gi vo thng mt tng nh l phng my v do iu quan
trng ca cc v tr ly gi mt t nn c cn nhc k khi v tr ca phng my c
quyt nh.
1.3 Qut vi h thng in ca n.
1.3.1 Quyt nh cng sut ca qut: cng sut cn thit ca qut nn
c quyt nh theo cc yu t sau:
Lu lng l ton b lng kh cp vo khng gian iu p bng qut bao
gm c phn r r qua ng gi. Mc r r cho php thm vo lu lng l 15% i vi
kim loi lm ng dng tm.
p sut tng ca qut: tng tr lc ca h thng phn phi cng vi mc
p sut khi khn cp.
p sut tnh ca qut bng p sut tng tr i p sut u y ca qut.
1.3.2 Qut ch: i vi cc ta nh c mt cu thang b n th cc qut
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v cc motor nn c lp thnh hai b (mt b hot ng, mt b ch). i vi cc ta

nh c nhiu hn 1 cu thang b th mt qut n vi hai motor nn c lp. Tuy nhin,
nu tng lng kh cp cho khng gian iu p c lp t t hai hoc hn hai ngun
cp kh ring l cng hot ng th khi khng cn gp i cc thit b na.
1.3.3 Cp in v cc thit b:
a) Cp cp ngun nn chy qua ta nh theo nhng li m n c bo v trnh
khi s tn cng ca la bt k ni u trong ta nh.
b) Nu ngun cp khn cp c dng c lp vi ngun cp ca ta nh th n
nn c chuyn i t ng kt ni vi ngun cp cho qut iu p v cc thit b in
khc bt k thi gian no.
c) Nu ngun cp c lp khng c cung cp cho ta nh th mt ngun in
xoay chiu vo t mt ngun in ph khc ca ngun chnh cp cho ta nh phi c
cung cp.
d) Bt k mt s lp t ngun cp in no kt ni ti cc thit b iu p u phi
ngt ngun cp cc thit b y ( hoc ngt ngun cp in ca ta nh ( nu c th)).
e) S ng ngt in cho motor qut iu p v iu khin cc thit b khc nn
c cung cp vi cng s bo v khi la nh ch r mc a).
f) S sp xp vic iu khin nn theo nhng ngh sau:
1. Qut nn hot ng mnh m khi c tn hiu t h thng pht hin khi
v la, bao gm h thng vi cu ha v kch hot bng tay. Qut nn c tt c lp
vi h thng pht hin khi.
2. iu khin start/stop nn c t nhng v tr sau:
Trung tm ta nh phc v cho phng iu khin.
Trong phng my iu p nu phng ny xa trung tm ta nh
phc v cho phng iu khin.
gn li vo ta nh v tr m c s ng ca chuyn gia v
la.
g) Cc cng vic lp t in nn ph hp vi nhng qui nh v cc thit b ca
ta nh c cng b bi t chc k s in.
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1.3.4 Cu trc bo v qut iu p: Cc my mc iu p chng hn nh

qut iu p th ng c in v bt k s kt hp iu khin no ca cc thit b khc vi
ng c in th cng nn tt nht l t trong mt phng my tch bit vi phng my
chnh. Nu n chung vi mt phng my chnh th n nn c ro chn cn thn v tch
bit vi cc thit b khc v n phi c tnh chu la t nht l 1 gi. Cc ca vo phng
my iu p nn c cng chu la v nn t ng li. Cc my pht in nn c bo
v trong cc phng ca n cng tiu chun ging nh qut.
1.4 H thng phn phi gi.
i vi cc ta nh c nhiu tng th cc sp xp c thy thch hp nht
l h thng phn phi iu p dng ng gi thng ng chy lin k vi khng gian iu
p. Cc ng gi phn phi thng thng nn theo tiu chun CP 13 v theo bt k cc qui
nh no c lin quan n ta nh.
1.4.1 Van chn la trn h thng ng gi: Cc qui nh v ta nh
v/hoc tiu chun CP 13 c th yu cu van chn la c lp t trong cc ng nhnh
ni m chng (la v khi) c th xm nhp. Cc iu kin hot ng ca h thng iu
p khng nn dn ti vic ng cc van chn la nhng chng c th to ra mi nguy
him nu tin snh c iu p. khi lp t cc van chn la th cc ng gi phi
c t trong tnh trng c bo v hon ton. Cc van chn la hot ng c nh
vo cc iu khin t xa nh cm bin khi, cc u cu ha nng chy bn ngoi ng
gi v khng nn sp nhp vo h thng iu p.
1.4.2 Cu trc ng: ng gi c dng phn phi khng kh iu p nn
tt nht l n nn c lm t kim loi dng tm v n nn c cc gn chu lc v phi c
cht bt kn tt c cc ng ni nm ngang.
ng gi bng kim loi dng tm nn c chy trong trc c bo v. Cc cng
c lm ng ca cc ch thu nn chuyn theo kiu ch lm ng gi v din tch pha trong
ng nn c trt va hn ch r r hoc dng lp vi lt cho ng gi.
Kim tra p sut hay kim tra r r tt nht l nn lm lc lp t , phi m bo
rng lu lng r r khng vt qu 10% lu lng iu p khn cp c mang trong
ng gi. Khng nn tin tng vo vic dng bng keo dnh cho s kn lu di ca ng
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gi.
B tr ca ng gi v kch thc ca cc ng gi chnh hoc ng gp v cc ng
nhnh nn ph hp vi tiu chun thit k v nhit v thng gi cng nghip nh
1.5 u cui ng gi (cc li, ming khuch tn).
1.5.1 V tr ca khng gian iu p:
i vi cc tin snh c iu p th n khng nn c t gn l r r
chnh ra ngoi khng gian c iu p. Nu r r l r rng c phn b u xung
quanh khng gian c iu p th v tr trung tm cho cc ming gi dng li c
chn.
i vi cc cu thang b c iu p th nn c mt vi cc ming gi
dng li, cc khng gian c phn b u theo chiu cao ca cu thang b th c
khong cch ti a 3 tng cho cc cc ming gi dng li k nhau.
1.5.2 Thit k u cui: khi mt h thng ng gi chung phc v cho cc
khng gian ring l th n phi m bo rng khi p sut trong mt hoc nhiu khng gian
b ri rm (qun) do cc ca m th lng kh cp vo cc khng gian khc l nh
nht.
Nu khi mt ca mt tin snh c m th lu lng qua cc tin snh khc b
gim 15% ph hp vi mc chnh p trong cc tin snh khc s l 30%. iu ny
nn c xem xt theo mc ti a c th chp nhn c v u cui ng gi phi c
thit k hoc chn m bo rng n khng vt qu gii hn. iu ny t c nu
mc p sut khn cp l 50 Pa th tut p 50 Pa l cn thit cho u cui ng gi.
77
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2. Chy th h thng Nghim thu.

2.1 S ha nhp vi cc thit b o c phng chng la khc trong ta nh:
Mc ch ca cc thit b o c phng chng la c lp t trong ta nh th tt nhin
l dp tt la khi xy ra chy. iu ny khc vi mc ch iu p l chng li s i
vo ca khi vo trong li thot him.
Mt lng ln khi s tng nhanh chng tng gn dm chy trc khi cc vi
cu ha hoc cc thit b cm bin nhit t ng hoc h thng my dp la c hot
ng. V l do ny nn hot ng ca bt k h thng no cng khng nn theo mt cch
duy nht kch hot hot ng ca h thng iu p. Nu cc vi cu ha hoc cc cm
bin nhit hoc h thng dp la c cung cp th chng nn c lin kt vi h thng
iu p.
2.2 Chy th h thng iu p.
Ch c cc thit lp thch hp mi lm cho vic lp t h thng iu p
c ng v ph hp vi thit k c th o c chnh p qua cc ca ng v o vn
tc dng kh qua cc ca m.
Mt cuc kim tra dng khi ngui s ch chng t c s di chuyn ca khng
kh trong ta nh. Vic kim tra khi v la thc s khng tn ti lu cho nn vic kim
tra khi nng th hu nh khng th. Tuy nhin, cc cuc kim tra khi lnh i khi c
th bc l nhng iu khng mong mun v cc ng i ca khi nguyn nhn l do
nhng khuyt im trong cu trc ca ta nh.
Tiu chun thit k cho h thng iu p bao gm cc iu kin bt li v thi tit
v bi v khng m bo rng cc iu kin thi tit s t c vo ngy c chn
kim tra la (fire test) nn s khng t c cc yu cu mong mun ca cuc kim tra.
Cho nn cc cuc kim tra nn bao gm:
o c tt c cc khng gian c iu p xc nh chnh p cc khng gian
iu p v cc khng gian khng c iu p lin k, tt c cc ca u ng
o c vn tc khng kh ra ngoi qua mt ca i din c chn m khi n ng n
s ngn cch khng gian iu p v ni ca ta nh.
Vic kim tra ch nn c tin hnh khi ta nh c hon thnh, h thng
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iu ha khng kh v iu p c cn bng v ton b h thng hot ng, vi mi

chc nng thch hp ca cc thit b v mi cch kch hot ch khn cp chnh xc
tng ng.
2.3 o c chnh p: vic o c chnh p gia cc khng gian iu p v cc
khng gian khng c iu p lin k nn c tin hnh bng cch dng p k cht
lng c th iu chnh c hoc cc thit b nhy khc.
Ni thun tin o chnh p s l qua cc ca c ng. Cc ng d nh c
t mi bn ca, mt u ng qua khe h ca ca hay qua bn di ca, hai u ng d
nh ny c kt ni vi p k bng cc ng do. iu quan trng l cc ng chn qua
ca nn chn qua cc khe h v c khong cch xa trong vng khng gian c khng
kh ng yn (yn tnh). Cc ng nn l ng c cha ch khy ch L (di t nht l 50
mm) m sau khi chn qua khe h ca ca th n c th xoay mt gc 90 . iu quan
trng l vic chn cc ng qua khe h ca ca khng c lm thay i c im r r
ca ca.
2.4 S t c mc iu p chnh xc: Nu c bt k s sai lch nghim trng
no t thit k mc iu p trong bt k khng gian iu p no cng s l l do cho iu
ny c thit lp:
a. Tc ca dng kh ti vo khng gian iu p qu chm.
b. Din tch r r ra ngoi khng gian iu p ln hn khi thit k tnh ton.
c. Din tch r r ra ngoi ta nh khng th trong trng hp ny th tc vo
ca dng kh ti ti khng gian iu p b thp hn gi tr tnh ton nhng n s tng
nu cc li r r ln c m nh l ca hoc ca s.
2.5 o c lng kh cp ti khng gian iu p: Qu trnh o c c dng
xc nh tc dng kh bt k im no ca h thng ng thng gi c miu t
trong BSRIA.
Cc phng php o c xc nh lu lng ra ca bt k u cui n no ca
h thng cng u c m t trong BSRIA.
o lu lng cp ti khng gian iu p u tin nn c thc hin vi cc ca
m hng v khng gian iu p c ng v vi r r bnh thng t ni . Nu lu
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lng kh cp c o thp hn gi tr thit k th nn o li ln na vi cc li r r ng

k c m gia khng gian v bn ngoi.
2.6 Cc li r r cho khng kh iu p: Nu vic o c mc 2.5 trnh by
vic thit k tc u vo t c hp l trong lp t th l do mc iu p thp nn
c d tm trong din tch r r ra ngoi ca mt trong hai khng gian iu p hoc
khng gian khng c iu p.
Cc khe h xung quanh ca v ca s nn c kim tra, ch c bit ti cc l
h qua y ca tt c cc ca. Nu bt k l h ca ca hoc ca s no c tm thy m
chng c kch thc khng th chp nhn c th nn gim kch thc ca chng li.
Nu tt c cc ca v ca s c tm thy c ng kn bnh thng th phi
m bo rng khng gian iu p nn c kim tra cc li r r khc m n khng th
nhn ra trong tnh ton thit k gc. Cc li r r ny nn c trm kn li hoc lu
lng kh cp vo nn c tng ln cho php t ng gi tr ca mc iu p ph
hp vi hiu qu ca cc li r r c thm vo.
Cui cng, r r khng kh t khng gian khng c iu p nn c kim tra
m bo rng chng ph hp vi cc yu cu tnh ton. Nu khng tha ng th din tch
r r nn c tng ln ph hp vi cc gi tr . Nu r r vt qu gii hn t cc
khng gian iu p th vic tng lu lng kh cp vi vic tng r r t (cc) khng gian
khng c iu p l cn thit.
2.7 Dung sai c th chp nhn c trong mc iu p: mc iu p c o
khng nn thp hn 80% gi tr thit k hay ln hn 60Pa.
2.8 o c dng kh qua ca m: vic o c ny nn c thc hin vi thit b
o gi kiu chong chng quay hoc cc cng c thch hp khc.
Tc trung bnh qua mt ca m nn c o c kt hp vi nhiu im trn
cc khe h m bo rng chiu ngang v chiu ng khng i xng ca ca s khng
l nguyn nhn gy ra cc sai s ln. chnh xc cao t nht 10 ln o u ging nhau
cc v tr c phn b trn khe h ca ca nn c thc hin v gi tr trung bnh t
c cho dng kh t c chnh xc cao thng c yu cu t c cc iu
kin gi n nh.
80
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3. Bn giao.
3.1 Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho k thut ca ta nh ton b chi tit v
lp t, bao gm:
a. y tnh ton trnh by cc tiu chun thit k c dng.
b. y cc chi tit c bit c dng.
c. n hon thin trnh by b tr v bo v qut kt hp vi thit b in
iu khin v v tr ca ming ly gi ti.
d. Cu trc chi tit ca ng gi v cc u cui ng gi c dng cho h
thng iu p.
e. Bt k cc cu trc c lin quan khc cng cn cung cp.
f. y cc chi tit hot ng c m t trong Word v bng cc biu
m t chnh xc nhng iu s xy ra trong h thng iu p v h thng thng gi bnh
thng khi c la xy ra trong ta nh.
g. Hon thnh cc bng mc lc ghi r cc thng s cn c duy tr v s
ln kim tra nh k cho cc thit b ca h thng.
h. cui cng l kt qu ca cc cuc kim tra trn h thng iu p.
3.2 Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho ch u t/ch ta nh: Ch u t
nn c cung cp vi s m t r rng cho mc ch v hot ng ca cc thit b c
lp t, n bao gm:
a. M t r rng mc ch ca cc thit b c lp t.
b. Mt tm tt ngn gn trong Word km theo cc biu cho hot ng
ca cc thit b lp t. Cung cp mt s ch nh r rng v trnh t cc bc khi c chy
xy ra.
c. M t chc nng ca mi thit b ring l v ch r ni m mi thit b
c lp trong ta nh.
d. Hon thnh cc bng mc lc ghi r cc thng s cn c duy tr v s
ln kim tra nh k (bo dng) cho cc thit b ca h thng.
e. Mt danh sch cc thit b cn c bo dng cng nh cc s sch m
81
n DHKK
n ghi li vic bo dng c tin hnh m trong cc li u c ghi li.

f. Tp hp cc bn v c c trn cng trng.
g. Cnh bo rng s thay i cc vch ngn hoc mt sn di ca c th
nh hng n h thng iu p.
h. Ni vi ngi s dng ta nh rng khi h thng iu p lp t th
ca c th c m ra rt d dng v c th c cc ting n t qut.
4. Bo dng.
Qu trnh bo dng: ton b thit b iu p bao gm h thng pht hin khi
hoc cc dng khc ca h thng bo ng la c dng, cc thit b ng ngt, cc qut
v ngun in khn cp phi c b tr v t ng hot ng. Hot ng khn cp ca
bt k h thng no nn c kim tra hng tun m bo rng mi qut vn hot ng
tt. Chnh p nn c kim tra hng nm v c th lp t cc my mc c nh cho
mc ch ny. Danh sch kim tra qu trnh bo dng nn c cung cp bi ngi c
vn chuyn nghip hoc ngi lp t c trch nhim cho vic thit k h thng.
Trong mi dp tin hnh kim tra qu trnh bo dng th ngi c trch nhim
ca ta nh nn xc nhn cc thng s c trng ca h s vi mt bn vit chi tit trong
sut qu trnh kim tra bo dng.
Tn s bo dng
Bo dng
Kim tra chc nng
Cc qut v cc my mc chy
Thng thng
6 thng / 1 ln
Hng tun
Dy ai (dy cua roa)
3 thng / 1 ln
Hng tun
ng c
3 thng / 1 ln
Hng tun
H thng thng gi
12 thng / 1 ln
Hng tun
H thng iu khin v kch hot 6 thng / 1 ln
Hng tun
H thng ngun khn cp
6 thng / 1 ln
Hng thng
Cc thit b ch ch
Qut
6 thng / 1 ln
Hng thng
Dy ai (dy cua roa)
3 thng / 1 ln
Hng thng
ng c
3 thng / 1 ln
Hng thng
H thng phn phi gi
ng gi
12 thng / 1 ln
12 thng
Van chn
6 thng / 1 ln
12 thng
Cc ming gi dng li
6 thng / 1 ln
12 thng
Thit b
Bng 17: Danh mc cc thit b v thi gian cn c kim tra v bo dng

82
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Bng ph lc.
Bng 18: Bng D1 BS 5588 4 -1998 Lu lng r r qua cc ca chnh
Loi ca
Din tch r r
(m2)
Ca cnh n m vo trong khng

gian iu p
0.1
Ca cnh n m ra pha ngoi khng

gian iu p
0.2
Ca cnh i
0.3
Ca thang my
0.6
Chnh p
(Pa)
Lu lng r r
(m3/s)
8
15
20
25
50
8
15
20
25
50
8
15
20
25
50
8
15
20
25
50
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.12
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.18
0.14
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.35
83
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Bng 19: Bng D2 BS 5588 4 1998: lu lng r r qua ca s

Din tch r r (m2) Chnh p (Pa) Lu lng r r (m3/s)
8
0.77 103
15
1.1 103
Ca xoay, khng che ma
20
2.5 104
1.4 103
25
1.6 103
Loi ca s
15
2.4 103
0.11 103
0.16 103
20
25
0.19 103
0.22 103
50
8
0.34 103
0.30 103
15
20
25
0.45 103
0.54 103
0.62 103
50
0.95 103
50
8
Ca xoay, c che ma
Ca trt (ca ko)
3.6 103
1.00 104
84
n DHKK
Bng 20: Bng D3 BS 5588 4 1998: lu lng r r qua tng v trn
Thnh phn xy dng
kn
ca
tng
Kn
Cc bc tng pha ngoi (bao gm cc khe h xy Trung bnh
dng, cc khe h xung quanh ca v ca s)
H
Rt h
Kn
Cc bc tng pha trong (bao gm cc khe h xy
dng, nhng khng gm cc khe h xung quanh ca Trung bnh
H
v ca s)
Cc bc tng trong lng thang my (bao gm cc
khe h xy dng, nhng khng gm cc khe h
xung quanh ca v ca s)
Kn
Trung bnh
H
T s din tch r
r
A/Aw
0.70 104
0.21 103
0.42 103
0.13 102
0.14 104
0.11 103
0.35 103
0.18 103
0.84 103
0.18 102
T s din tch r
r
A/Af
Cc tng (bao gm cc khe h xy dng v cc khe

Trung bnh
h theo hng thm vo trong)
Ghi ch: A
= din tch r r
Aw = din tch tng
Af = din tch sn
0.52 104
85
n DHKK
Ti liu tham kho

1. Fans in fire safety Smoke control by pressurisation November 1998.
2. British Standard BS 5588 4 1978.
3. British Standard BS 5588 4 1998.
4. Singapore Standard CP 13.
5. ASHRAE Standard 15 2007.
6. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6160 : 1996.
7. L Ch Hip K Thut iu Ha Khng Kh NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut.
86
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5. S tng tc gia cc khng gian iu p .................................................................33

4.3 Tm quan trng ca cc khe h ca ca ..................................................................72

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DANH MC CC BNG V HNH

Bng 1.1 Bng so snh cc tiu chun v iu p ca cc quc gia ................................21

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Vn an ton cho nh cao tng (t 10 n 30 tng) l vn mi, n i hi cc c

c ca vo cu thang b (ca ny khng c kha bao gi). Ca cu thang l ca

Hnh 1: H thng iu p dng qut cp kh vo cu thang b

chy v qut ht c kch hat m ht khi. ng khi phi cao hn nh mi nh ti

Hnh 2: iu p cu thang b trong cn h

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Khng kh cp vo cu thang b v thang my c th t mt hoc nhiu qut, thi

Hnh 3: Thng khi v iu p

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Hnh 4: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut m

Hnh 5: H thng iu khin khi dng p sut dng

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1. Cc tiu chun p dng thit k h thng iu p.

p sut (Pa) Tc khng kh

4.72 m3/s + 0.094

1 (h thng loi A & C)

Bng 1: Bng so snh cc tiu chun v iu p ca cc quc gia.

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2. Nhng nn tng c bn v tng p cu thang.

ti toilet hoc thang my th khng phi l tin snh n.

Hnh 6: Hiu ng ng khi

Hnh 7: Hiu ng ca p sut trung tm trn dng kh vo mi khu vc

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Hnh 8: Chnh p ca trc ta nh v bn ngoi gy ra bi

Hnh 9: Chnh p gy ra bi hiu ng ng khi

Hnh 10: Hiu ng ng khi cho dng kh qua ta nh vo ma ng

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3.3 Vt liu d chy trong vic bo v li thot him: iu ny rt quan trng

Hnh 11: Chnh p bn trong v bn ngoi ca khi c chy

d) p lc gi: Khi gi thi vo cc cnh ca ta nh th n b cn li nn n to

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e) H thng HVAC: H thng HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

Hnh 13: H thng HVAC

snh n ny khng nn c thng gi v trong trng hp ha hon n s c t ng

Hnh 14: Ch iu p cu thang b

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4.2 Phng php 2 iu p cho (cc) cu thang b v tt c hoc mt phn ca li

Hnh 15 - 1: iu p cu thang b v tin snh thang my

C mt s kh khn cho s m rng phm vi iu p ny l nu hnh lang c

ny c dng th cc ca/van chn khi phi c lp t. V nhng l do ny m h

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5.3 Mi quan h gia h thng iu p trong trng hp khn cp v h

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Hnh 15 -2: iu khin khi bng h thng HVAC.

n thit k v iu khin h thng to p cu thang Upload by http://www.povn.info

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iu p khn cp ca h thng mt cp hay hai cp u ging nhau v n s ph thuc

Gim hot ng ca tng I ca