GS. TSKHKT- PHAN K PHNG Ths.

THI HONG PHONG

GIO TRNH

SC BN VT LIU
TP I

NNG 2005

MC LC Trang s Li ni u 4 Mc lc 6 Chng m u : NHNG KHI NIM C BN 9 0.1. Khi qut 9 0.2. Cc nguyn nhn ngoi tc dng ln vt th 11 0.3. Cc gi thuyt c bn 12 0.4. Lch s pht trin mn hc 13 Chng 1: L THUYT V NI LC 16 1.1. Ni lc - phng php mt ct 16 1.2. Cc thnh phn ni lc 17 1.3. Bi tan phng, biu ni lc 18 1.4. Lin h gia ti trng phn b vi lc ct v m men un trong thanh thng 27 1.5. Lin h gia ti trng tp trung vi ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct, biu m men un trong thanh thng 27 1.6. p dng 28 Chng 2: KO, NN NG TM 33 2.1. Khi nim 33 2.2. ng sut trn mt ct ngang 33 2.3. Bin dng, h s poisson 35 38 2.4. ng sut trn mt ct nghing 2.5. c trng c hc ca vt liu 39 2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an ton - Ba bi ton c bn 42 2.7. Bi ton siu tnh 45 2.8. Th nng bin dng n hi 47 Chng 3: TRNG THI NG SUT 49 3.1. Khi nim 49 3.2. Trng thi ng sut phng 50 3.3. Trng thi trt thun ty 58 3.4. Lin h gia ng sut v bin dng - nh lut Hooke tng qut 59 3.5. Cc thuyt bn 64 Chng 4: C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT NGANG PHNG 70 4.1. Khi nim chung 70 4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh 70 4.3. M men qun tnh ca mt s hnh n gin 74 4.4. Cng thc chuyn trc ca m men qun tnh 75 4.5. H trc qun tnh chnh - cng thc xoay trc ca m men qun tnh 77 4.6. Vng trn Mohr qun tnh 78 4.7. Bn knh qun tnh 79 Chng 5: UN NGANG PHNG NHNG THANH THNG 84 5.1. Khi nim 84 A. Dm chu un thun ty phng 85 5.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang 85 89 5.3. Biu ng sut php - ng sut php ln nht 5.4. iu kin bn ca un thun ty phng 91 5.5. Khi nim v hnh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang 93 6

B. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10. 5.11. 5.12. C. 5.13. 5.14. 5.15. 5.16. 5.17. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. truyn 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. 6.10. 6.11. A. 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. B. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. C. 7.7. 7.8. D. 7.9. 7.10. 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4.

Dm un ngang phng 94 ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ca dm un ngang phng 94 ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng 95 iu kin bn ca dm chu un ngang phng 98 Cc dng bi ton c bn 101 Khi nim v dm chng un u 104 Qu o ng sut chnh khi un 105 Th nng bin dng n hi ca dm chu un ngang phng 106 Chuyn v ca dm chu un 108 Khi nim ng n hi 108 Phng trnh vi phn ca ng n hi 109 Thit lp phng trnh n hi bngt tch phn bt nh 110 Xc nh vng v gc xoay bng phng php ti trng gi to 110 Phng php thng s ban u 116 Chng 6: XON NHNG THANH THNG C MT CT NGANG TRN Khi nim chung 122 M men xon v biu m men xon 122 Lin h gia m men xon ngoi lc vi cng sut v s vng quay ca trc 123 ng sut trn mt ct ngang ca thanh trn chu xon 125 Biu ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang 127 Bin dng ca thanh trn chu xon 128 Tnh thanh trn chu xon 130 Xon thun ty thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn 131 Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton siu tnh 132 Tnh l xo xon c hnh tr c bc ngn 132 S ph hy ca thanh trn chu xon 136 Chng 7: THANH CHU LC PHC TP 138 Thanh chu un xin 138 ng sut php trn mt ct ngang 138 iu kin bn ca dm chu un xin 142 vng ca dm chu un xin 145 Thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm 147 ng sut php trn mt ct ngang 148 Thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm 149 Khi nim v li ca mt ct ngang 151 Thanh chu un ng thi vi xon 155 Thanh c mt ct ngang trn 155 Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht 155 Thanh chu lc tng qut 160 Thanh c mt ct ngang trn 160 Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht 161 Chng 8 : KHI NIM CHUNG V T BIN 164 M u 164 Nhng ng cong t bin 165 Phn tch qu trnh t bin ca vt liu 166 Phng php m hnh ho trong t bin 171 7

8.5. 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8. 9.9.

Nhng m hnh c bn Chng 9: NHNG L THUYT C BN V T BIN Khi nim chung L thuyt ho gi L thuyt chy do L thuyt cng c L thuyt di truyn S do ng sut trong cc bu lng,(ko- nn ng tm). Xon thanh trn Bi ton un T bin ca cnh tuc bin Ph lc Tham kho

172 176 176 176 179 180 181 182 183 184 187 189 205

TI LIU THAM KHO 1) Bi Trng Lc, Nguyn Y T... Sc bn Vt liu (T.1, 2). Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1964. Nguyn Y T (Ch bin) .... Sc bn vt liu. Nh xut bn i hc v TNCN, H Ni 1973. L Quang Minh, Nguyn Vn Vng Sc bn Vt liu (T.1, 2, 3) Nh xut bn i hc v Gio dc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1989. Nguyn Y T Sc bn Vt liu Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni 1966 L Vit Ging, Phan K Phng Sc bn Vt liu (T.1) 8

2) 3)

4)

5)

Nh xut bn Gio dc 1997 6) L Ngc Hng Sc bn Vt liu Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut ,H Ni 2000 Phan K Phng, ng Vit Cng L thuyt do v T bin Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997

7)

10

LI NI U
Sc bn vt liu l mt mn hc c s, n l gch ni gia cc mn hc c bn n cc mn hc k thut cho cc ngnh c kh, ng lc, cu ng, xy dng, thy li, giao thng... hc tt cc mn chuyn mn cc ngnh hc ni trn th cn phi nm c cc kin thc cc mn hc c s trong c mn hc Sc bn vt liu. Gio trnh Sc bn vt liu (Tp I) nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn v phng php tnh ton bn, cng vng i vi nhng bi ton thng gp nh bi ton ko (nn), un, xon v t hp cc bi ton . Phn ny cng gii thiu cch xc nh v xy dng biu ni lc i vi cc dng bi tp. Nh c n ta mi bit ni no l chu lc nguy him nht. V vy phn ny s c s dng sut trong gio trnh Sc bn vt liu v ng dng trong cc gio trnh chuyn mn khc. Tp 1 Sc bn vt liu ny cn trnh by cch nghin cu trng thi ng sut trong vt th khi chu tc dng ngoi lc, n trang b kin thc hc mn Sc bn vt liu v cc mn c hc khc nh l thuyt n hi, l thuyt do, vt l cht rn. Trong xu th chung ca gio dc i hc, chng ti mong mun sinh vin c th t nghin cu, t hc mn Sc bn vt liu, nn trong gio trnh ny sau khi trnh by L thuyt chng ti dn ra nhiu v d sinh vin d hc tp. Tc gi cng rt cm n ging vin cao cp Phm Vn Song ca i hc nng, gip tc gi sa cha, chnh l, vi tnh v ng gp nhiu kin gio trnh ny hon chnh hn. Chc rng trong qu trnh bin tp khng khi cn nhiu thiu st, mong nhn c s gp ca sinh vin v cc c gi gio trnh ngy cng c hon chnh v p ng c yu cu hc tp ca sinh vin v cc bn. Trn trng cm n ! Tc gi GS.TSKH. Phan K Phng

Chng m u

NHNG KHI NIM C BN

0.1.KHI QUT. 0.1.1. Nhim v ca mn hc. Mn hc sc bn vt liu c nhim v cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v phng php tnh ton bn (ngha l cc kt cu, chi tit my khng b ph hy di tc dng ca ti trng). Xc nh cng vng (ngha l s thay i kch thc hnh hc ca cc kt cu, chi tit khng c vt qu mt gii hn cho php). Tnh ton v n nh (ngha l tnh ton sao cho cc kt cu, chi tit c kh nng bo ton trng thi cn bng ban u), iu ny chng ta s r khi gp bi tan n nh. Mn hc ny cng cp n mt s kin thc tnh ton cho h thanh, cho cc tm, cc v, thanh thnh mng... Mn hc ny cn cp n cc bi ton v ng sut tip xc, v cc ng v.v... iu cng c ngha l gio trnh ny bao gm nhng kin thc c bn ca cc mn hc c lin quan "sc bn vt liu", "c hc kt cu" v "l thuyt n hi". Ngy nay, khi m khoa hc pht trin th cc mn hc c an xen nhau, khng cn ranh gii r rt na. Cc mn hc c hc cng vy, nn nhng vn c trnh by di y chng ti cng theo xu hng , nhm cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v c hc c lin quan n tnh bn, cng vng v n nh ni trn, nhng li phi tit kim nht, c li nht. Ni mt cch khc l phi gii quyt vn ti u nht trong sn xut l phi chn kt cu, chn phng php tnh, phi chn vt liu sao cho c li nht. Trong bn cht bi ton ny, r rng c mu thun v nh mt chi tit cng c kch thc ln th c th rt bn, rt cng vng v rt n nh nhng li khng kinh t v cng s khng tha mn nhng yu cu khc. Chnh v nhng mu thun chc chn n s l yu t thc y s pht trin k thut tnh ton, ch to ca cc vt liu mi... Mn sc bn vt liu cng phi pht trin a ra cc m hnh tnh ton, cc phng php tnh ton hp l, tha mn cc iu kin trn. 0.1.2. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc. Mn sc bn vt liu l mt mn hc nm trong ngnh C hc vt rn bin dng. Khc vi C l thuyt, nhm kho st s cn bng v chuyn ng ca vt rn tuyt i, mn Sc bn vt liu kho st vt th thc, tc l vt rn c bin dng. + Hnh dng vt th nghin cu trong Sc bn vt liu: Vt th thc c kch thc theo ba phng v c phn lm ba loi: - Khi: Kch thc theo ba phng khng hn km nhau nhiu (hnh 0.1a). - Tm, v: Kch thc theo hai phng ln hn kich thc theo phng cn li rt nhiu (hnh 0.1b, 0.1c). - Thanh: Kch thc theo mt phng ln hn kch thc theo hai phng kia rt nhiu. Sc bn vt liu ch yu nghin cu thanh v h thanh. + nh ngha thanh: Mt din tch F hu hn di ng sao cho trng tm O trt trn mt ng cong (C) v thng gc (C), th F s qut trong khng gian mt hnh khi gi l thanh c din tch mt ct ngang l F. Trong : (C)- Trc thanh; F- Din tch mt ct ngang.

+ Cc loi thanh: Thanh nu c trc thanh (C) l thng th ta gi l thanh thng, khi trc thanh (C) l cong th ta gi l thanh cong. Mt ct thanh c th l khng i sut chiu di thanh, nhng mt ct thanh cng c th thay i. + Khung: H gm nhiu thanh ghp li, c hai loi: khung phng v khung

a)

b)

c)

d)

d )

e)

e)

f)

h)

i)

VA g) R HA m) n) VA k)

VA j) VA HA o)

MA

Hnh 0.1: i t ng nghin c u c a S c b n v t li u a-Kh i; b, c-T m v v ;d- d ,e- e -Thanh v cch bi u di n thanh trong tnh tan; f,h,i,g- Khung; j,k-G i di ng;m,n-Kh p c nh;o-Ngm
khng gian. Trong tnh ton thng biu din thanh bng trc ca n (hnh 0.1d', hnh 0.1e'). T nhim v v i tng nghin cu ni trn ta thy trong sc bn vt liu c cc bi ton sau: a) Kim tra cc iu kin v bn, cng vng, n nh. b) Xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang, hnh dng hp l ca cng trnh hay chi tit. c) Xc nh gi tr ti trng cho php tc dng ln vt th. 10

0.1.3. c im - Mn Sc bn vt liu kho st ni lc v bin dng ca vt thc, nhng vn p dng cc kt qu ca C hc l thuyt (s dng cc phng trnh cn bng). - Mn Sc bn vt liu l mt mn khoa hc thc nghim vi phng php nghin cu nh sau: + Quan st thc t. + ra cc gi thuyt v tnh ton. + Th nghim kim tra. 0.2. Cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi tc dng ln vt th. 0.2.1. Ngoi lc. nh ngha: Ngoi lc l lc tc dng ca mi trng bn ngoi hay ca cc vt th khc ln vt th ang xt. * Phn loi ngoi lc. Ngoi lc gm: - Ti trng: Tr s, v tr v tnh cht ca lc bit trc. - Phn lc: Lc pht sinh ni tip xc gia vt th ang xt vi vt th khc ty thuc vo ti trng. Ti trng bao gm lc phn b tc dng lin tc trn th tch hay b mt (c cng bng gi tr lc/n v th tch hay din tch, th nguyn l [lc/(chiu di)3], [lc/(chiu di)2] hoc l lc phn b theo chiu di [lc/chiu di]. Ngoi ra cn c lc tp trung, m men tp trung, m men phn b. * Tnh cht ti trng. - Ti trng tnh: Gi tr ca lc tng t t xem nh khng gy ra lc qun tnh. - Ti trng ng: Gi tr ca lc tng t ngt (va chm) hay k n lc qun tnh (dao ng, chuyn ng c gia tc). 0.2.2. Cc nguyn nhn khc. Bao gm s gia tng ca nhit , s ch to khng chnh xc cc chi tit my hay s ln ca cc gi ta trong cng trnh. 0.2.3. Cc loi lin kt phng v phn lc lin kt . a) Gi di ng (khp di ng, con ln): Lin kt cho php thanh quay xung quanh mt im v chuyn ng tnh tin theo mt phng no . Lin kt hn ch s di chuyn ca thanh theo phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng tnh tin, nn theo phng ny lin kt s pht sinh mt phn lc VA: (hnh 0.1j) hay (hnh 0.1k). b) Gi c nh (khp, bn l): Lin kt cho php thanh quay xung quanh mt im v hn ch mi chuyn ng tnh tin trong mt phng. Lin kt ny pht sinh phn lc theo mt phng bt k trong mt phng. Trong tnh ton ta thng phn lc ny ra hai thnh phn vung gc nhau HA v VA (xem hnh 0.1m v 01 n). c) Ngm: Lin kt hn ch mi chuyn ng trong mt phng. Ti ngm pht sinh mt m men phn lc v mt phn lc theo phng bt k, phn lc ny thng c phn ra hai thnh phn vung gc nhau (xem hnh 0.1o). xc nh cc phn lc, ta xem thanh nh vt rn tuyt i v xt s cn bng ca vt rn di tc ng ca phn lc v ti trng. 0.3. Cc gi thuyt c bn. V i tng kho st l vt thc, cho nn nu xt n mi tnh cht thc th bi ton s rt phc tp. Do vy qu trnh suy lun hay tnh ton c n gin m vn m bo c chnh xc cn thit, ta cn phi lc b nhng tnh cht khng c bn v ch gi li tnh cht c bn quyt nh n phm cht cng trnh hay chi tit. Tc l ta a ra cc gi thuyt. Mn Sc bn vt liu s dng ba gi thuyt c bn sau: 11

* Gi thuyt 1: Vt liu c tnh lin tc, ng cht v ng hng. - Vt liu lin tc ngha l vt liu chim y khng gian vt th. - Vt liu ng nht khi tnh cht c hc v vt l ti mi im ca n ging nhau. - Vt liu ng hng ngha l tnh cht c l xung quanh mt im bt k v theo hng bt k nh nhau. * Gi thuyt II: Vt liu n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut Hooke. Di tc dng ca nguyn nhn bn ngoi, vt th b thay i hnh dng, kch thc ban u. Tuy nhin khi b cc nguyn nhn ny i th vt th c khuynh hng tr v hnh dng v kch thc ban u. l tnh n hi ca vt liu v vt th tng ng v c gi l vt th n hi. Nu vt th c kh nng tr v nguyn hnh dng v kch thc ban u ta gi l vt th n hi tuyt i. Vt liu lm vic tun theo nh lut Hooke khi tng quan gia lc v bin dng l tng quan bc I. Vt liu tha mn gi thuyt II gi l vt liu n hi tuyn tnh. i vi cc loi vt liu nh thp, gang... nu lc tc dng nh hn mt tr s gii hn xc nh no , c th xem nh tha mn gi thuyt ny. * Gi thuyt III: Bin dng ca vt th l b. H qu ca cc gi thuyt: Trong qu trnh tnh ton ta c th: - S dng php tnh vi phn, tch phn, tc l c th nghin cu mt phn t b suy rng ra cho c vt th ln. - S dng s khng bin dng, tc l xem im t ca ngoi lc khng i trong khi vt th b bin dng. - p dng c nguyn l c lp tc dng (hay cn gi l nguyn l cng tc dng): "Tc dng gy ra ng thi do nhiu yu t bng tng tc dng do tng yu t ring r gy ra".
0.4. Lch s v s pht trin ca mn hc. Sc bn vt liu l mn khoa hc thc nghim, c xy dng trn mt s kt qu v gi thuyt rt ra t nhng th nghim tng ng vi cc bi ton c th, s lp lun trn c s thc nghim va mang tnh khoa hc va gip cho vic thit lp cc cng thc tnh ton t phc tp hn v mt ton hc. Vo th k 17 Nh bc hc Galiles lm th nghim v s chu lc ca mt dm Cngxon lm c s cho cc thit k v ng cc tu bin phc v cho s pht trin hng hi. Nhng trn thc t trong th k 17 cha c cc cng trnh tm c. S pht trin mn hc Sc bn v cc mn hc ca c hc thc s pht trin t th k 18 n nay. Nm 1729 Buynphighe a ra l thuyt v quan h phi tuyn gia ng sut v bin dng. Sau nm 1768 Hooke cho rng mt giai on no th quan h ng sut v bin dng l quan h t l thun. V trong cc bi ton ca Sc bn vt liu ch yu vt liu lm vic tun theo nh lut Hooke ny. Cc nh bc hc nh Poisson, Euler, Lomorovsov, Ortrografski... c nhiu ng gp cho s pht trin ca c hc ni chung v cho mn hc Sc bn vt liu ni ring. Nh bc hc Ngi Php Navie cho ra i gio trnh Sc bn vt liu u tin vo cui th k 18. S pht trin mn hc Sc bn vt liu gn lin vi s pht trin ca l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh v n hi phi tuyn. Mt s bi ton khng th chng minh qua con ng lp lun t khoa hc thc nghim m cn phi gii bng L thuyt n hi. Vo cui th k 19 u th k 20, Ngnh c hc bin dng pht trin ht sc rng ln, 12

cng vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, nhng thnh tu v Ton hc v Vt liu yu cu v to iu kin cho ngnh c hc vt rn bin dng pht trin. Ngi ta ng dng cc phng php sai phn, bin phn, phn t hu hn... trong vic gii cc bi ton m trc y cha gii c hoc gii rt kh khn. Cng t nhiu l thuyt v cc vt liu d hng, vt liu c bn ln, vt liu lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao v trong cc mi trng n mn khc nhau pht trin. Trong th k 20 cn xut hin l thuyt do, n nht, n do, l thuyt t bin, lu bin, l thuyt ph hy... gip chng ta nghin cu su hn v ton din hn s lm vic, bn, cng vng, n nh... ca cc bi ton thc t, do s pht trin khoa hc k thut ngy nay i hi. C hc l mt lnh vc rng ln, c th l mi trng lin tc, mi trng ri rc, mi trng thy, kh, mi trng nhit...V vy nhng phng trnh cn bng v c bn ging nhau, ty theo mi trng c th m thay i mt s thng s v h s, nhng nhng phng trnh ny vn l nhng phng trnh vi phn o hm ring. C th ni iu quan tm trc tin ca c hc vt rn bin dng l quan h gia ng sut v bin dng xut hin trong vt liu trong qu trnh tc ng ca ti trng. V mt ton hc ng sut l mt hm s ca bin dng: = f() (0-1) Trong :-ng sut; -Bin dng. - Nu vt liu lm vic tun theo nh lut Hooke th phng trnh trn tuyn tnh hay cn gi l n hi tuyn tnh. B - Nu quan h khng phi l tuyn tnh A bc nht nhng vn tha mn iu kin qu trnh t ti v ct ti l thun nghch. Ngha l khi t ti, quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l ng cong OAB, th khi ct ti tng quan cng gim theo ng BAO (ng khng lin O tc BAO thc t trng vi ng lin tc BAOtrn hnh BAO c v tch ra d nhn) v bin dng mt i hon ton khi khng cn ti (xem Hnh 0.2: Quan h hnh 0.2). gia ng sut v Ta xem bi ton ny l n hi nhng bin dng khng phi tuyn tnh m l n hi phi tuyn v biu thc (0.1) vn ph hp. Chng ta hy xt th nghim ko mt mu thp (i din cho vt liu do), th quan h gi ng sut v bin dng c trnh by trn hnh 0.3. R rng giai on u OA l n hi tuyn tnh vn liu lm vic tun theo nh lut Hooke, tc l ng sut v bin dng l quan h bc nht. n im B no , nu ta ct ti th n khng theo ng c m n i theo ng song song vi OA . Khi ti trng

A B

l P

Hnh 0.3: Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng khi ko

Hnh 13 0.4: Hin tng sau tc dng (do)

Hnh 0.5: Hin tng ni

khng cn na, vt th cn c mt lng bin dng th hin bng on OC . Bin dng ny c gi l bin dng do (hay bin dng d). L thuyt nghin cu quy lut hnh thnh bin dng do v trng thi ng sut tng ng c gi l l thuyt do. Chng ta hy lu cc tnh cht sau y ca vt liu: Mt thanh thp treo chu tc dng lc ko (hnh 0.4), khi t ti P gy nn mt gin di l no . Nu lc P khng i ny tn ti lu di th gin tip tc tng ln mc d s tng ny rt chm, hin tng ny cng r rt khi vt liu lm vic mi trng nhit cao. Hin tng c gi l hin tng sau tc dng hay hin tng do. Mt v d khc: ta sit cht cu ghp 2 tm thp vi nhau (hnh 0.5) bng mt lc no , ngha l to cho bulng mt gi tr ng sut nht nh. Nhng n mt thi gian di no ta nhn thy cu lng ra, ngha l ng sut trong bulng gim i. Hin tng gi l hin tng ni. Hin tng sau tc dng v hin tng ni u th hin mt bn cht ca vt liu l bin dng tip tc thay i khi ng sut do P sinh ra khng i hay ng sut gim (mi ni lng ra), khi bin dng khng thay i (khong cch ban u ca 2 tm thp xc nh) c gi chung l hin tng t bin. Hin tng t bin xut hin c trong giai on n hi v giai on chy do. V vy l thuyt t bin c ng dng trong l thuyt n hi v c l thuyt do. Gn y pht sinh mt ngnh mi l l thuyt cm bin. N nghin cu nhng quy lut chung v s pht sinh v pht trin ca bin dng theo thi gian ca vt liu do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau trong nhng iu kin nhit ng v ha l khc nhau. L thuyt cm bin gip cho ta xc nh c bin dng v ng sut ti mt im bt k trong vt th mt thi im no khi bit cc thng s ca cc yu t tc ng bn ngoi v qu trnh bin i cc thng s .

CU HI T HC :
0.1. Nhng nhim v chnh ca mn sc bn vt liu ? 0.2. Nhng nhn t no thc y s pht trin ca mn hc ? 0.3. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc? 0.4. Cc gi thuyt c bn, gii thch cc gi thuyt . 0.5. Nhng nt chnh ca cc mn hc khc lin quan n mn Sc bn vt liu. - - - -

14

Chng 1

L THUYT V NI LC
1.1. NI LC - PHNG PHP MT CT (PPMC). 1.1.1. nh ngha ni lc. Trong vt th, gia cc phn t c cc lc lin kt gi cho vt th c mt hnh dng nht nh. Khi c ngoi lc tc dng, vt th b bin dng, lc lin kt thay i chng li bin dng do ngoi lc gy ra. Lng thay i ca lc lin kt gi l ni lc. 1.1.2 Phng php mt ct (ppmc). xc nh ni lc trn mt ct ngang cha im K ca vt th chu lc nh hnh1.1, ta dng ppmc nh sau: Tng tng P5 P1 dng mt phng () qua im K v thng gc vi trc thanh, ct vt th ra hai phn (A) v P4 K (B), (hnh1.2). Xt s cn bng ca mt phn, v P2 d phn (A), (hnh 1.3). Phn (A) c cn P6 P3 bng nh ni lc ca phn (B) tc dng ln phn (A). Ni lc ny phn b trn din tch Hnh 1.1:Mt vt th P5 mt ct ca phn (A) v hp lc ca chng cn chu lc bng vi cc ngoi lc thuc phn ang xt (A). P1 Ngc li nu ta xt s cn bng ca phn B, th P4 A B K phn A cng tc dng ln B cc ni lc tng t P2 nhng c chiu ngc li. P3 P6 1.1.3. Khi nim v ng sut. Chung quanh im K (trn mt ct Hnh1.2: Phng php thuc phn A), ta ly mt phn t in tch v cng b F, hp lc ca ni lc tc dng ln P1 mt ct

F l P , (hnh 1.4; 1.5). A K P2 P Ta c : // P F P3 P l ng sut trung bnh Ta gi p tb = Hnh 1.3: S cn bng F lc phn A ti K. P : ng sut ton phn hay l ng sut thc (gi tt l ng p = lim p tb = lim F0 F0 F sut) ti K. lc Th nguyn ca ng sut l , n v thng dng KN/cm2, MN/m2 2 dai (chiu ) Thng ngi ta phn ng sut ra hai thnh ph: - Thnh phn vung gc vi mt ct gi l ng sut php, k hiu . - Thnh phn nm trong mt ct gi l ng sut tip, k hiu .

Nh vy P = 2 + 2 , P: ln ca ng sut ti K.

15

P1 K

P
(A) F P2

P1

(A)

r P r

P2

P3 Hnh 1. 4:Hp lc

P3

ca ni a)
>0

lc b)

Hnh 1.5: ng sut

<0

n
>0

n
<0

Hnh 1.6: ng sut, a- ng sut chiu dng; b-ng sut chiu m

Trong nhiu trng hp thnh phn ng sut tip trn mt ct cn c phn thnh hai thnh phn theo hai phng vung gc no . - ng sut php c coi l dng khi n cng chiu vi php tuyn ngoi n ca mt ct (ng sut ko), ngc li l m (ng sut nn), (xem hnh 1.6a). - ng sut tip c coi l dng khi php tuyn ngoi n ca mt ct quay mt gc 0 90 cng vi chiu kim ng h (trong mt phng ( n , ) th chiu ca php tuyn trng vi chiu ca ng sut tip, ngc li ng sut tip c coi l m, (xem hnh 1.6 b).
1.2. CC THNH PHN NI LC. Ngi ta thng thu gn hp lc ca h ni lc v trng tm O ca mt ct ngang. S thu gn cho ta mt lc R v mt m men M. Ni chung R v M c phng, chiu bt k trong khng gian. tnh P1 ton, ta phn R ra thnh ba thnh phn (ta Mx thng chn Oxyz sao cho Ox, Oz nm z Nz (A) Mz O P2 trong mt ct ngang v Oy hng xung, My Oz trng trc thanh), hnh 1.7: P3 - Thnh phn nm trn trc z gi l Qx Qy lc dc v k hiu Nz. x - Thnh phn nm trn trc x, y gi y l cc lc ct v k hiu Qx, Qy. Ta cng phn M ra ba thnh phn: Hnh 1.7: Cc thnh phn ca - Cc thnh phn quay quanh ni lc trc x v y gi l cc m men un v k hiu Mx, My. - Thnh phn quay quanh trc z gi l m men xon v k hiu Mz. Nz, Qx, Qy, Mx, My, Mz l 6 thnh phn ni lc trn mt ct ngang v chng c xc nh t iu kin cn bng ca phn ang xt:

N z + Piz = 0
i =1

16

Q x + Pix = 0
Q y + Piy = 0 Trong :
i =1 n

p iz ,

p ix ,

p iy l tng hnh chiu ca tt c cc ngoi lc thuc

n

i =1

phn ang xt ln cc trc z, x, y. M x + m x (Pi ) = 0 M y + m y (Pi ) = 0 M z + m z (Pi ) = 0 Trong : m x (Pi ) , m y (Pi ) , m z (Pi ) l tng m men ca tt c cc ngoi lc thuc phn ang xt quay quanh cc trc x, y, z. * Lin h gia cc thnh phn ng sut v cc thnh phn ni lc. Cc thnh phn ni lc tc dng trn din tch v cng b (VCB) dF ln lt l zdF, zxdF, zydF. Ly tng ni lc vi phn ny trn ton din tch mt ct ngang phi chnh l cc thnh phn ni lc. Do : N z = z dF ; Q x = zx dF ; Q y = zy dF
F F F

i =1 n

i =1 n

i =1

M x = z ydF ; M y = z xdF ; M z = ( zx y zy x )dF

1.3. BI TON PHNG - BIU NI LC. Khi ngoi lc tc dng nm trong mt mt phng cha trc thanh (xem hnh 1.8), hnh ny cc lc tc dng trong mt P5 P2 phng (yoz), th hp lc ca ni lc m cng nm trong mt phng , ta c P4 bi ton phng. z * Cc thnh phn ni lc: Ch c ba thnh phn Nz, Mx, Qy nm trong P1 mt phng yoz. n P6 y Qui c du: Qui c dng P3 ca ni lc trong bi ton phng nh Hnh 1.8: Mt vt trn hnh 1.9 v hnh 1.10. th chu lc Nz > 0 khi c chiu hng ra mt ct. Qy > 0 khi c khuynh hng quay mt ct ang xt theo chiu kim ng h (hoc du ca Qy ging du ca ).

17

Mx > 0 khi n lm cng cc th v pha y > 0 (pha di).Ngc li cc ni lc m. P5 P2 P4 m MX>0 MX>0 m

Nz>0 P1 P3 Nz> 0

n Qy>0 y

x
Qy>0 n

y Hnh 1.10: Cc thnh phn ni lc v chiu dng phn bn phi ca mt ct m-n

Hnh1.9:Cc thnh phn ni lc v chiu dng phn bn tri ca mt

* V d 1: Cho mt thanh chu lc nh hnh 1.11a. Hy xc nh ni lc v v biu ni lc O z

x y
1

Mx

a)

z
l

b)
P

Qy

(Qy)

c)

(Mx)

d)

Ta s dng phng php mt ct: Tng tng c mt mt ct [11] vung gc vi Hnh 1.11. V biu xt lc: a- Mt dm chu trc thanh v cch u t do mt on l z. Ta nis cn bng phn tri (hnh 1.11b), lc; c cn bng th bng lc ca phn dm, c- v m on thanh ang xtb-Xt s cn ti mt ct [11] xut hin ni lc l Qy Biu men lc ct Q ; d- Biu m men y xoay quanh trc x l Mx. Ban u chngyta gi nh Qy v Mx tc dngM mt ct [11] l dng theo quy nh. Nu kt qu tnh tan m Qy, Mx c du + th coi nh gi nh ban u ca ta l ng v Qy, Mx ng l dng theo quy nh. Nu kt qa tnh ton m Qy, Mx mang du -, th ta phi i chiu Qy v Mx tr li, cng c ngha l ni lc m theo quy nh trn. By gi ta s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc thng thng trong c l thuyt hay cc phng trnh trnh by trn xc nh Qy v Mx. Ch : - Khi chiu ln mt trc no th cc m men l ngu lc khng c trong phng trnh.
18

- Khi ly m men i vi mt im no th lc qua im c m men bng 0. (1) Phng trnh 1: Q y + Piy = 0

i =1 n

Suy ra Qy - P = 0, vy Qy = +P Nh vy lc ct Qy = +P, du ta gi nh ban u l ng v khng ph thuc z. (2) Phng trnh 2: M x + m x (Pi ) = 0

i =1 n

Tc l Mx - Pxz = 0 Suy ra Mx = +Pz Nh vy Mx = +Pxz , du m men gi nh ban u l cng pha di (pha dng ca trc y) l ng v Mx l hm bc nht ph thuc vo ta z. Cui cng ta v biu Qy v Mx nh hnh 1.11c, 1.11d. * V d 2: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh v 1.12a. Hy xc nh lc ct Qy, m men un Mx v v biu ca chng. O z
x y
q 1

q
O1

1
Mx Qy

a) z

b) z
1

1 l

c)

(Qy)

ql

Khi ngoi lc tc dng nm trong mt mt phng cha trc thanh, v d mt phng ql 2 (yoz) th hp lc ca ni lc cng nm trong mt phng , ta c bi ton phng. d) (Mx) Cng tng t nh trn, chng ta ct thanh bi 2 mt ct [11] vung gc vi trc thanh cch u t do 1 on z v xt s cn bngni phn bn tri, ta v ln ra hnh ca lc v v Hnh 1.12: Xc nh 1.12b. on thanh ny cng phi cnlc do cc lc q, Qy v Mx tc dng. Chng ta biu ni bng cng v Qy, Mx theo chiu dng nh quy nh. xc nh chng ta li s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc, c th vit dng sau: (1) Phng trnh hnh chiu cc lc ln trc y: P(y) = Qy + qz = 0 Suy ra Qy = -qz Vy Qy l hm bc nht theo z (khc vi trng hp v d 1 - Dm chu lc tp trung P th Qy l hng s). Kt qu du - chng t ta gi s Qy l dng nh hnh v 1.12b l khng ng ta phi i du Qy, tc l v li Qy hng t di ln trn, v vy l Qy m theo quy nh trn. (2) Phng trnh ly m men i vi im O1 trng tm ca mt ct [11]:

19

z =0 2 q z2 Suy ra: Mx = 2 Kt qu Mx mang du - chng t chiu Mx ta chn ban u l sai, ta phi cho Mx quay ngc li, tc l n lm cng pha m ca trc y hay cng cc th trn ca dm nn mang du - trong biu . ng thi m men Mx ni lc l mt hm s bc 2 so vi z. Cui cng ta xy dng c cc biu Qy v Mx (trn hnh v 1.12c, d). Ch b lm ca ng bc 2 hng ly cc mi tn do q tc dng. * V d 3: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.13a. Hy xc nh ni lc v v biu ca chng. Bi ton ny c khc trc l vic u tin ta phi xc nh cho c phn lc cc gi ta A v B. Ti A l gi kp, ng l phn lc ti c hai thnh phn phn lc theo phng y v phng z, nhng do lc ch c theo phng y thng ng, nn ti A ch c thnh phn phn lc theo phng y, ta k hiu l YA v gi ta B d nhin ch c mt thnh phn phn lc theo phng y, ta k hiu l YB. xc nh YA v YB, ta phi xt s cn bng ca ton dm do cc lc P v hai phn lc YA v YB tc dng. Chng ta cng dng cc phng trnh cn bng thng thng l chiu tt c cc lc ln trc y v ly m men i vi mt im no (im A chng hn). Gii: a) Xc nh cc phn lc YA v YB. Chiu cc tt c cc lc ln trc y: (1) P(y ) = P YA YB = 0
M(O1)= Mx + qz

M(

A)

= YB l P

l =0 2

(2)

P v kt qu c du + chng 2 t chiu phn lc YA v YB chn hng ln l ng v gi tr bng mt na lc P. Cc phn lc YA, YB cn c th c suy lun ra nh sau: Do tnh cht i xng YA phi bng YB v y l h lc song song, nn YA + YB = P, vy: P YA = YB = 2

Gii 2 phng trnh (1) v (2), ta c YA = YB = +

20

x
A

y
1

P
C

2 2 l/2

z
B

YA
(Qy)

l/2 1

a)

A O1 YA

Mx

b)

YB

p 2

Qy l-z
Qy 2 Mx O2 2

p 2

d)

(Mx)

c)
YB

Pl 4 Hnh 1.13: Xc nh ni lc v v biu ni lc cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh a

e)

b) Tnh ton ni lc trong dm. Sau khi xc nh c YA v YB, ta xem nh dm chu cc lc YA, YB v P tc dng. n y chng ta thy bi ton ny khc trc ch ti trng tc dng ln dm khng phi khng i sut dm (nh v d 1) hay ti trng phn b lin tc sut dm (nh v d 2), m c th xt ni lc ta phi chia dm ra mt s on sao cho trong mi on ti trng l hng s hoc mt hm s lin tc v xt ni lc cho tng on ri ni li. Vi nguyn tc ny ta phi chia dm ra lm hai on: l (1) on 1 l t A - C tc l: 0 z . 2 Ta tin hnh xt ni lc trong on ny nh v d 1 v v d 2. Trc ht ta li tng tng c mt mt ct [11] vung gc vi trc thanh v cch u A l z (tt nhin mt ct ny trong gii hn A-C). Gi li phn tri chng hn (xem hnh 1.13b). Ta xt s cn bng ca n khi gi nh chiu ca Qy v Mx mt ct [11]. - Tnh lc ct Qy. Chiu tt c cc lc ln trc y, ta c: P(y) = Qy - YA = 0 Suy ra Qy = + YA , kt qu mang du +, chng t chiu ca Qy ta v ban u l ng v theo quy nh Qy ny l dng. Qy trong on AC l hng s khng ph thuc vo z. - Tnh m men Mx . Ly m men i vi trng tm O1 ca mt ct [11] ,ta c: M (o1 ) = Mx - YAz = 0

21

Suy ra Mx = +YAz, kt qu du +, chng t ta chn chiu ca m men Mx nh hnh 1.13b l ng v m men ny dng v n lm cng pha di hay phn dng ca trc y. M men Mx l hm s bc nht ca ta z. Nh vy ni lc trong on AC c xc nh, ta hon ton c th v biu Qy, Mx trong on ny. l (2) on CB : z l 2 Vi cch lm tng t nh trn, ta tng tng c mt ct [22] cch u A mt on l z hay cch u B mt on l (l-z). Mt ct ny chia thanh ra lm 2 phn. Nu xt phn bn tri th ti mt ct ny ni lc sinh ra do YA, P gy ra v cch xc nh hon ton nh va ri. Nhng ta cng c th gi li v xt s cn bng phn bn phi (nh hnh 1.13c), xt phn phi ny n gin hn v ngoi ni lc ch c thm YB tham gia vo cc phng trnh cn bng thi. Kt qa tnh c cng ging nhau v tr s v du nh khi xt s cn bng phn tri. - Tnh lc Qy. Chiu cc lc ln trc y (xem hnh 1.13c). P(y) = - Qy -YB =0 Suy ra Qy = -YB , kt qu mang du (-) ; chng t chiu Qy ta chn dng nh hnh v l khng ng v Qy phi c i chiu li l m theo quy nh. Qy khng ph thuc ta z. -Tnh m men Mx. Ly m men i vi trng tm O2 ca mt ct [22], (xem hnh 1.13c). M (o2 ) = YB (l-z) - Mx = 0 Vy : Mx = +YB (l-z) Kt qu du +, chng t l ta chn du ca Mx ban u l ng v n lm cng cc th di hay cng pha dng ca trc y l dng; Mx l hm s bc nht ca z. Tm li, chng ta xc nh c lc ct Qy on AC l dng c tr s P 2 v on CB c lc ct Qy l m v gi tr l P 2 . M men ni lc 2 on u dng. Ta c th v ln lt biu ni lc ca hai on AC v CB nh cc hnh 1.13d v 1.13e. * V d 4: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.14. Xc nh tr s cc ni lc ti mt ct 1-1 cch gi ta tri 14m.
M=44kN.m q=1kN/m
HA VA

P=20kN z C 6m
O

1 1 B
VB

14m

10m

8m

Hnh 1.14: Xc nh ni lc ti mt ct 1 1 ca dm

22

Gii: Tnh phn lc lin kt: Gii phng cc lin kt ti A v B v thay bng cc phn lc lin kt HA, VA, VB. Xt s cn bng ca h c lp ABC chu tc dng ca ngoi lc bao gm ti trng v cc phn lc lin kt. (1) Ta c: z= 0 => HA = 0 y = 0 => VA +VB - p - q10 = 0 (2) mA = 0 => 1105-M-VB 18 + P24 = 0 (3) => VB = 27 kN => VA = 3kN Th VB vo (1) Tnh ni lc ti mt ct 1-1 (xem hnh 1.15). Dng mt ct 1-1 v xt s cn bng ca phn tri: y = 0 => -VA +q10+Qy = 0 => Qy = -7kN M=44kNm q=1kN/m m0 = 0 =>-VA14+q109+M+Mx= 0 Mx z O 1 HA =>Mx =-92 kNm . A D Biu ni lc: L ng NZ Qy biu din s bin thin ca ni lc 14m 2 dc trc thanh. Honh trng VA 10m tm mt ct ngang ly trn trc song song vi trc thanh, tung y l cc gi tr ca ni lc ti cc mt ct ngang tng ng. Hnh 1.15: Tnh ni lc ca Nh vy da vo biu mt ct 1 1 ni lc ta c th xc nh c mt ct ngang nguy him nht, tc l mt ct ngang c gi tr ni lc ln nht. * Ch khi v biu ni lc: - Vi biu lc ct (Qy), (Nz), tung dng ca biu c biu din v pha trn ca trc honh v c ghi du trn biu . - Vi biu (Mx): Tung dng (Mx > 0) c t v pha y > 0. Ngc li, tung m (Mx < 0) t pha y < 0. Nh vy nhn vo biu m men un (Mx), ta bit ngay cc th dc thanh chu cng pha c t tung Mx. * V d 5: Mt dm chu lc nh hnh v 1.16. Hy v biu ni lc (Qy), (Mx) .
M=ql2 q
HA A VA C B D O

p=ql

l VB

y Hnh 1.16: V biu ni lc ca dm chu lc nh hnh v

23

Gii: a) Tnh phn lc . H phng trnh xc nh phn lc :

(1)

z = 0 => HA = 0

(2) mA = 0 => VB = 2ql y = 0 => VA = ql (3) Kim tra c: MC = 0 b) Tnh ni lc. Dng phng php mt ct: Trn AC, tng tng mt ct ngang 1-1 (c trng tm O vi honh z: 0z1, gc A), chia dm ra hai phn, xt cn bng AO (hnh 1.17). T cc phng trnh: z = 0 => Nz = 0 q y = 0 => Qy = VA - qz 1 Mx 1 HA mo = 0 => Mx = VA z - qz2 z A O Nz 2 Qy ti gc A(z = 0) : Qy = VA = ql v Mx = 0 z 1 VA 1 l2 ti C(z=1): Qy = 0 v Mx = ql 2 ql 2 = q y 2 2 Trn on CB: Tng tng mt ct ngang 2-2 Hnh 1.17: Dng (c trng tm O vi honh z: l z 2l, gc A) chia phng php mt dm ra hai phn, xt cn bng phn ACO (xem hnh ct M=ql2 z = 0 N 2 = 0 1.8). q y = 0 Q Y = VA qz 2 z2 m x = 0 M x = VA z q M 2 Ti C(z = l): QY = 0, Mx = 1 + ql 2 2 QY = -ql, Mx = ql2 Trn on DB: Tng tng mt ct ngang 3-3 (c trng tm O vi honh z: 0 z l, gc D), chia m ra hai phn, xt cn bng phn DO, (xem hnh 1.19). z z = 0 N2 = 0 y = 0 QY = P = ql mx = 0 MX = - Pz = -qlz Ti D(z=0): Mx= 0 Ti B(z=l): M x= 0 Nhn xt: a) Trn nhng on thanh: q = 0 biu QY l ng thng song song vi trc honh, biu Mx l ng bc 1; q = const Qy bc 1, v Mx bc 2. b) Mx t cc tr ti nhng im m QY = 0. c) B lm ca MX hng mi tn lc phn b q. Ti B(z = 2l):
HA A VA l C O Qy 2 Mx Nz

z y Hnh 1.18:Dng phng php mt ct Qy p=q Mx 3 l

Nz O 3 D

y Hnh 1.19: Dng phng php mt ct

24

d) Ti nhng im (mt ct) c lc tp trung (hoc m men tp trung), th ti nhng im tng ng trn biu Qy (hoc MX) c bc nhy v ln bc nhy bng gi tr ca lc tp trung (hoc m men tp trung) ti cc im y. V d ti cc im A, B, C, D (trn hnh 1.20). Biu nh hnh 1.20
1,5 1,0 0,5 0 0,5 1,0 1,5

Q (ql) 1 55 109 163 217 271 325 379 433

1,5 1,0 0,5 0 0,5 -1,0 -1,5

1 44

87 173 259 345 431 130 216 302 388

Hnh 1.20: Biu biu th cc im chu lc c bit 1.4. Lin h vi phn gia ti trng phn b vi lc ct v m men un trong thanh thng. * Xt on thanh vi phn dz ta z, chu ti trng phn b bt k q(z) v cc thnh phn ni lc trn hai mt ct nh hnh 1.21. y = 0 Qy + q(z)dz -(Qy+dQy) = 0
q(z) q(z) 2
Qy1 Mx O1 (A) O2 Qy+dQy

2 Mx+ dMx

(A)
1 dz 2

dz

y Hnh 1.21: S biu din s lin quan gia ti trng phn b vi lc ct v m men

25

dQ y dz

= q (z) dz =0 2

(1)

o2

= 0 (Mx + dMx) -Mx - Qy dz + q(z) dz

dM x (2) = Qy dz d2Mx = q(z) (3) T (1) v (2) dz 2 Kt lun: o hm ca lc ct ti mt im bng cng ti trng phn b theo chiu di ti im . o hm ca m men un ti mt im bng lc ct ti im , cn o hm bc hai ca m men un bng cng ti trng phn b theo chiu di. 1. V mt hnh hc, lc ct ti mt tit din chnh bng dc ca tip tuyn vi biu m men un ti v cng ti trng phn b theo chiu di l dc ca tip tuyn biu lc ct. 2. Nu hm s q(z) l mt hm s i s th bc ca hm s lc ct s cao hn bc ca q(z) mt bc v bc ca hm s m men un s cao hn bc ca hm lc ct mt bc. 1.5. Lin h gia ti trng tp trung vi ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct. Biu m men un trong thanh thng. * Xt on thanh vi phn dz ta z, chu P0 v M0, cc thnh phn ni lc trn hai mt ct nh hnh 1.22.

B qua lng VCB bc 2

y = 0 QY + P0 - (QY + QY) = 0 QY = P0 m o4 = 0 Mx + Qy dz + P0 dz + M0 - (Mx + Mx) = 0 2 B qua cc lng VCB Qy dz MX = M0 Ta chng minh c nhn xt d mc 1.3.
P0 P0
3 (B) 3 dz 4 3 M0 4 Mx 3 Qy O3 (B) dz O4 Qy+ Qy 4 M0 4 Mx+Mx

(4)

(5)

y Hnh 1.22: Xt s lin hgia ta trng tp trung v ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct 1.6. p dng. Ta c th s dng cc lin h vi phn (1), (2), (3) v tnh cht (4), (5) hoc nhn xt (c) :

26

- V biu ni lc nhanh chng. - Kim tra cc biu ni lc. V d 6: V th ni lc M, Q ca dm chu lc nh hnh 1.23.
q
A

p=qa

M0=qa2

1 a 2

1 a 2

Hnh 1.23: Mt dm chu lc

(Qy)

qa 2qa
1,5qa 0,5qa
2 2

2qa
1,5qa
2

(Mx) 0,5qa
2

Hnh 1.24: Biu ni lc Qy v M * on AB: c q = const QY bc 1; Mx bc 2. im A: Qy = 0; Mx = 0 v t cc tr 1 im B: Qy = - qa; Mx = - qa 2 2 * on BC: Khng c q QY hng s; cn MX bc1. qa2 im B: QY = - 2qa; MX = 2 3 2 im C : QY = - 2qa; Mx = - qa 2 * on CD: Khng c q QY hng s : Qy = -2qa, cn MX bc 1. 1 im C: Mx = qa2 2 3 2 3 im D: Mx = - qa qa2 + qa2 = qa2 . 2 2 Biu lc ct v m men c biu din trn hnh 1.24. Kim tra: + Ti A, QY = 0 tip tuyn vi biu Mx ti y nm ngang. Ngoi ra v o hm bc hai ca Mx (tc l q) m nn b lm ca biu Mx < 0 (hng ln trn). + Ti B c lc tp trung P = qa nn biu lc ct ti B c bc nhy v ln bng qa. + Ti C c m men tp trung qa2 quay theo chiu kim ng h nn biu m men un Mx ti c bc chy t tri sang phi bng chnh qa2. 27

hai.

V d 7: V biu ni lc M, N, Q ca khung thng, (hnh 1.25). Gii: on DC (hnh 1.26): q = const Q bc mt, M bc qa2

im D: QD = 0; MD= 0 v t cc tr, ND = 0. im C: QC = + qa, 1 MC= qa2 (cng th ngoi) ; NC = 0. 2 on CB: Khng c q nn Q l hng s , M bc 1. im C: Nc BC N C = qa Mc 1 BC BC Qc Q C = 0; M C = qa 2 2 C
q

q
A

Hnh 1.25: Mt khung chu lc

Hnh 1.26

(cng th trn ) im B: Xt cn bng on BC (hnh 1.27) BC BC N BC = N C = qa ; Q BC = Q C = 0 B B 1 BC M BC = M c = qa 2 (cng th trn) B 2

on BA:
Q hng s nh M bc im B:

Trn on BA khng c q:

AB AB N B = 0 ; QB = qa . 1 3 M AB = qa 2 qa 2 = qa 2 , (cng th pha tri). B 2 2 im A: Xt cn bng on BA (xem hnh 1.28).

NB

BC

MBBC B QB
BC

MCBC

MCBC

z
C QCBC NCBC NCBC C

QCBC

Hnh 1.27: Tnh ni lc ca on DC v CB

NBAB MBAB QBAB QBAB MBAB NBAB

qa2

QAAB MAAB NAAB

28 Hnh 1.28:Tnh ni lc on BA

AB AB N AB = N B = 0 ; QAB = QB = qa A A 3 M AB = M AB Q AB a = qa2 (qa)a A B B 2 1 2 M AB = qa (Cng th pha tri). A 2 Cui cng v c biu M, N, Q (xem hnh 1.29a, b, c)

C th kim tra cc biu thng qua vic xt s cn bng cc nt. S cn bng nt B (hnh 1.29d): 1 1 x = qa - qa = 0; mC = qa2 qa2 = 0 2 2 S cn bng nt C (hnh 1.29e): 1 3 x = qa - qa = 0;mB = qa2 + qa 2 qa 2 = 0 2 2 qa qa Vy nt B cn bng.
qa qa

a)

(Q)

b)

(N)

qa
0,5qa2 1,5qa2 0,5qa2

. .
qa2 qa qa
C B

0,5qa2

c)

(M)

0,5qa2 0,5qa2

d)

qa 1,5qa
2

e)

qa 0,5qa2

V d 8: V biu ni lc ca thanh cong chu lc nh hnh v 1.30. 2

P 2P 1 Hnh R 1.29: Biu ni (Nz) Q(a); N(b);(Qy) lc M(c) v 0 2604 kim tra biu26 (d) 4 2P 0,5qa

1
P

a)
z
Nz

c)

0,236P

2P PR

d)
(Mx)

M Q x1 y b) y

2P

2604
0,236PR

29 Hnh 1.30: S ni lc ca thanh cong

e)

Xt mt ct 1-1 v s cn bng ca phn u t do vi qui c dng ca ni lc nh hnh v. i vi thanh cong, du ca Qy v Nz c quy nh hon ton ging thanh thng. Ring MX c gi l dng khi m men lm cho thanh cong hn. z = 0 NZ = Psin + 2Pcos (1) y = 0 QY = Pcos - 2Psin, (2) mo = 0 Mx = -PRsin + 2PR(1-cos). (3) Trong : O-Trng tm mt ct; z-Php tuyn ngoi; y- thng gc z (hng tm). Bng bin thin: 450 600 900 0 300 NZ 2P 2,232P 2,121P 1,866P P Qy P -0,134P -0,707P -1,23P -2P Mx 0 -0,232PR -0,121PR 0,134PR PR 0 0 Ta c nhn xt sau: Khi bin thin t 0 n 30 , lc ct Qy i du t dng sang m, nn (0, 300) c Qy = 0. 1 T hnh 1.30a, ta c: Pcos - 2Psin = 0 , suy ra tg = = 26040'. 2 Ta nhn thy ti mt ct ny Mx & Nz t cc tr, v: dN z dM x = Qy ; = RQ y d d Th = 26040' vo (1) v (3), ta tnh c Nzmax v Mxmin : Nzmax = 2,236P; Mxmin = - 0,236PR. Cui cng biu ni lc c biu din trn hnh 1.30c, d, e.

CU HI T HC
1.1. Th no l ni lc? Phng php mt ct xc nh ni lc ?. Nhng thnh phn ca ni lc. 1.2. Ngoi lc l g ? Cc dng ca ngoi lc, th nguyn v n v ca n. 1.3.V cc lin kt v biu din cc thnh phn phn lc ti cc lin kt . 1.4. Quy c du ca cc thnh phn ni lc? Hy biu din n thng qua mt on thanh. 1.5. Quan h gia lc phn b q v lc ct Qy, Mx. Cc bc nhy biu ni lc Qy v Mx xut hin u, du ca bc nhy . Khi no th trn biu Mx c cc tr, cch xc nh n. 1.6. Hy t v biu Qy v Mx bng phng php nhanh da vo cc lin h vi phn gia ngoi lc v ni lc v nhng nhn xt hc. 1.7. Hy xc nh ni lc v v biu ni M0=2qa2 q P lc i vi dm chu lc nh trn hnh 1.31 P=4qa P Hng dn: Tch khp D ta s c P hai dm n gin v xt ni lc nh bnh A B C D E P thng P Pa P 2a P 2a P P Hnh 1.31: S chu lc - - - %%%%%-- -

30

Chng 2

KO, NN NG TM
2.1.KHI NIM Trong sc bn vt liu, bi ton ko ng tm l bi ton n gin nht v c bn nht v vy trc tin chng ta nghin cu n. 2.1.1. nh ngha: Thanh chu ko (hoc nn) ng tm khi trn mi mt ct ngang ca thanh ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc Nz. Nu NZ > 0: ta ni rng thanh chu ko ng tm. Nu NZ < 0: ta ni rng thanh chu nn ng tm. Hnh 2.1a: Thanh chu nn ng tm. Hnh 2.1b: Thanh chu ko ng tm. P P a) b) P
1

c)

P
1

NZ

d)

e)

f)

Hnh 2.1: V d cc thanh chu ko, nn ng tm Ngi ta dng phng php mt ct xt s cn bng phn bn tri, chng hn hnh 2.1c.T iu kin cn bng, ta c phng trnh: z = 0; Nz - P = 0 => Nz = P > 0. 2.1.2. V d:Trong thc t chng ta thng gp cc cu kin chu nn, ko ng tm (hnh 2.1): - Dy cp nng vt ca cn cu (hnh 2.1d). - ng khi (hnh 2.1e). - Cc thanh trong gin (hnh 2.1f). v.v... 2.2. NG SUT TRN MT CT NGANG 2.2.1. Quan st bin dng. Nh bit, mn hc sc bn vt liu l mn khoa hc thc nghim, n va da vo cc cng c ton hc, va da vo nhng kt qu rt ra t nhng th nghim xy dng cc cng thc tnh ng sut, bin dng... Vic xem xt thc nghim l ht sc cn thit, n gip cho ta b qua mt s i lng khng cn thit trong qu trnh xt ng sut v bin dng. Nh vy bi ton tr nn n gin hn, nhng vn m bo chnh xc 31

cn thit v hp l ca cc cng thc c thit lp. V vy i vi cc bi ton c bn bao gi cng bt u t quan st th nghim v xy dng cc gi thuyt lm nn tng cho vic thit lp cc cng thc ng sut v bin dng sau ny. Ta k trn b mt thanh cc ng song song vi trc thanh (tng trng cho cc th dc) v cc ng vung gc vi trc thanh (tng trng cho cc mt ct ngang) chng to thnh li vung (hnh 2.2a). Sau khi chu lc, thanh b bin dng v li vung tr thnh li ch nht (hnh 2.2b). 2.2.2. Cc gi thuyt.
P P

vung a)

ch nh t b)
1
NZ NZ

2 2
NZ

O dF

O1

O2

dz

y c)

(dz) 2 2

d)

e)

Hnh 2.2: Quan st bin dng: a- ng k vung trc khi chu lc bng k vung sau khi ch u l c; c d e- N i l c Cn c vo s quan st bin dng trn, ngoi cc gi thuyt chng m u, trong chng ny ngi ta a ra hai gi thuyt na. * Gi thuyt I v mt ct ngang: Trong qu trnh bin dng cc mt ct ngang lun lun phng v vung gc vi trc thanh. * Gi thuyt II v cc th dc: Trong qa trnh bin dng cc th dc khng p ln nhau v cng khng y xa nhau. 2.2.3. Cng thc tnh ng sut. Xt mt ct ngang bt k, chn h trc Oxyz (hnh 2.2c), O l trng tm mt ct ngang. Ni lc ch c NZ. Tch ti im A bt k thuc mt ct ngang mt phn t hnh hnh hp b (hnh 2.2d). * Da vo gi thuyt I, trn mt ct ngang ch c ng sut php z m khng c ng sut tip. Tht vy nu c ng sut tip th mt ct ngang s b vnh khng cn phng v vung gc vi trc thanh na (vi gi thit I). * Da vo gi thuyt II, trn mt ct dc khng c ng sut no c. Vy trong trng hp ko, nn ng tm, trn mt ct ngang ch c ng sut php z thi. Ni lc tc dng ln phn t din tch dF bao quanh A l z dF. Tng ni lc ny trn ton din tch F ca mt ct ngang l: Nz = z dF (a)
F

32

* Ta xt thm iu kin bin dng: Xt phn t chiu di dz (hnh 2.2e). Gi s c nh mt ct 1-1, khi c Nz tc dng, mt ct 2-2 di chuyn n 2'-2'. Do gi thuyt I nn mi im thuc mt ct 2'-2' thng gc trc thanh, nn mi th dc u gin di nh nhau v bng (dz). (dz) Gi z l bin dng dc t i, ta c: z = (b) = const dz * Theo nh lut Hooke: (c) z = z E Vi E: hng s t l, gi l mouyn n hi, n ph thuc vo vt liu, nhit ...v c th nguyn [lc/(chiu di)2]. n v thng dng KN/cm2, MN/m2,.E xc nh c bng th nghim (bng 2.1). T (b) v (c) => z = E z = const i vi mi im trn cng mt mt ct ngang N v t (a) => Nz = z dF = zF => z = z (2-1) F F Trong F: Din tch mt ct ngang, du ca z ging nh du ca Nz qui c mc 1.3 chng 1. Bng 2.1: Gi tr E ca mt s vt liu Vt liu E (N/m2) 20.1010 Thp (0,15 0,20%) C Thp l xo 22.1010 Thp Niken 19.1010 Gang xm 11,5.1010 ng 12.1010 ng thau (10 12).1010 Nhm (7 8).1010 G th dc (0,81,2).1010 Nh vy trong ko (nn) ng tm, trn mt ct ngang, ng sut php phn b u. 2.3. BIN DNG - H S POISSON (POT XNG) . 2.3.1. Bin dng dc. Ta c bin dng ca dz l (dz) = zdz. Vy bin dng di tuyt i ca on l l l = (dz) = z dz
l l

Hay

l =
l

z N dz = z dz EF E l Nzl EF

(2-2) (2-3)
Ni l hng s Ei Fi

- Nu trn sut l: E = const, F = const, Nz = const, th l =

- Trng hp thanh c th chia lm n on sao cho tch s trong tng on, th l s l:

N zi l i i =1 E i Fi Tch s EF: Gi l cng ca thanh khi ko hay nn ng tm. l =
n

(2-4)

33

- Trng hp thanh c cc on li, m trong mi on tc, th bin dng di ca on thanh c tnh:

l =
i =1 0 n li

N zi l mt hm s lin Ei Fi

N zi dz E i Fi

2.3.2. Bin dng ngang. Ta nhn thy rng khi thanh chu ko, chiu di ca n gin ra, cn b ngang th co li, tri li khi thanh chu nn th chiu di ca n co li, chiu ngang phnh ra. Nh vy khi ko, nn th phng ngang cng b bin dng. Gia bin dng ngang t i ng v bin dng dc t i d c mi lin h: ng = d

Trong : - h s Poisson, n c xc nh c bng th nghim . H s ph thuc vo tng loi vt liu, tr s = 0 0,5. Du chng t ng lun lun ngc du vi d. Thp: = 0,25 0,33; Gang: = 0,23 0,27; Nhm: = 0,32 0,36; B tng: = 0,08 0,18; Cao su : = 0,47 V d1:V biu lc dc Nz v tnh ng sut, bin dng ton phn ca thanh. V biu bin dng (chuyn v) ca thanh chu lc nh hnh 2.3a, bit E = 2.104 KN/cm2. Mt ct ngang c din tch F = 1cm2. a) V NZ: Dng phng php mt ct: 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 v xt cn bng phn trn c N1, N2, N3. Phn lc ti ngm : z = 0 => VA (hng ln). Trn AB: Dng mt ct 1-1 v xt cn bng phn trn :z = 0 => N1 = VA = 10KN Tng t trn BC: N2 = -10 KN, N3 = 30KN. b) Tnh ng sut: N 10 on 1: 1 = 1 = = 10KN / cm 2 F 1 N 2 10 on 2: 2 = = = 10KN / cm 2 F 1 N 3 30 on 3: 3 = = = 30KN / cm 2 F 1 Biu bin dng din t s bin dng ca mt ct ngang theo v tr ca chng i vi mt gc c nh no y. y gc l u ngm v tnh t ngm ra vi cng thc: z N dz l = 1 EF 0 on 1: 0 z 20 (cm):
1 10 20 2 l 1 = N1dz = 2.10 4 1 = +10 EF 0
z

34

c) V biu bin dng (Chuyn v):

VA=10KN A 1 B 20KN 400 2 40KN C 400 3 D 30KN 3 2 10- 2 10 30 200 1 10 10 10- 2

30

5.10- 4

NZ(KN) a) z

l(cm)

b) c) Hnh 2.3: V biu ni lc v bin dng ton phn on 2: 20 (cm) z 60 (cm) : 20 z 1 10 40 2 N 1dz + N 2 dz = 100 10 4 + l 2 = = 10 cm EF 0 2 10 4 1 20 on 3: 60 (cm) z 100 (cm) : 20 60 100 1 N1dz + N 2 dz + N 3 dz = 5 10 2 cm l 3 = EF 0 20 60 d) Bin dng ton phn: 3 Nl 10 20 10 40 30 40 l = i i = = 500 10-4 cm + 4 4 4 2.10 1 2.10 1 2.10 1 i =1 EF Biu (Nz) ,(l) nh trn hnh 2.3b,c. 2.4. NG SUT TRN MT CT NGHING Trn y chng ta tm c quy lut phn b v cng thc tnh ng sut php trn mt ct ngang khi thanh chu ko hoc nn ng tm. By gi chng ta hy nghin cu quy lut v gi tr ca ng 3 1 sut trn mt mt ct nghing bt k c php tuyn lm vi trc thanh mt gc . a) 2 2 lm c iu , ta tng P P 3 1 tng tch ra khi thanh mt phn t bng cc mt ct 1-1, 2-2 v 3-3 nh trn hnh 2.4a. u B U Phn t chu tc dng ca cc ng sut c biu din trn hnh 2.4b. z b) Nu gi din tch AB l dF, ng UV sut mt ct vung gc vi trc thanh A C ny l z, th din tch mt ct nghing V Hnh 2.4: Tnh ng sut trn t t hi 35

dF v trn mt ct nghing ny s c ng sut php u hay v ng sut cos tip uv hay tc dng. Chng ta xem , cng phn b u trn mt nghing BC. xc nh u, uv ta xt s cn bng ca phn t . c gi tr u, ta chiu tt dF c cc lc ln trc u: (1) P(u ) = u cos z dF cos = 0 Ta tip tc chiu cc lc ln trc V xc nh uv. dF (2) P(v) = uv cos z dF sin = 0 1 + cos2 T (1) v (2) ta c: u = z .cos2 = z (2-6) 2 uv = z .sin. cos = z sin 2 2 T cng thc (2-6) ta thy ng sut php u t gi tr ln nht khi cos2 = 1 tc l = 0 hoc = 1800, c ngha l mt ct nghing ny tr thnh mt ct ngang v n c gi tr nh nht khi cos2 = -1 hay = 900, tc l mt ct nghing tr thnh mt ct dc. Gi tr ng sut php ln nht v nh nht l: max = z =Nz/F ; min = 0 . ng sut tip s t gi tr ln nht khi sin2 = 1 hay = 450, tc l khi mt ct nghing c php tuyn ngoi u hp vi trc thanh mt gc 450: max = z . 2 Chng ta hy th tm cc ng sut mt ct vung gc vi mt ct nghing va ri, xem ng sut 2 mt vung gc vi nhau c mi lin h no khng ? C th tin hnh theo cc bc va ri, bng cch thay mt ct [3-3] thnh mt ct vung gc vi n, sau chng ta cng s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc thng thng nh lm trn, cui cng ta cng c c biu thc cc gi tr ng sut mt ct vung gc vi mt nghing va ri. Th nhng cng c cch lm n gin hn l chng ta thay gc bng gc = + vo cng thc (2-6). Ta s c kt qu : 2 = Z 1 + cos( + ) = Z (1 cos 2 ) 2 2 2 (2-7) Z z = sin 2 + = sin 2 2 2 2 Qua cc cng thc (2-6), (2-7), chng ta rt ra cc kt lun sau: 1- Mt ct c gi tr ng sut ln nht khi ko, nn ng tm l mt ct ngang N v cng chnh l mt ct nguy him nht : z = Z . F 2- Tng ca 2 gi tr ng sut php 2 mt ct nghing vung gc : + = Z (1 + cos2 ) + Z (1 cos2 ) = Z = const (2-8) 2 2 Nh vy tng gi tr ng sut php 2 mt ct vung gc vi nhau l mt hng s, khng ph thuc vo cc gi tr v . Tng s ny c gi l lng bt bin bc nht, n c ngha i vi cc bi ton c hc sau ny. ng thi n gip ta tm gi tr
BC s l

36

ca ng sut trn mt ct nghing no nu bit c gi tr ng sut trn mt ct ngang v mt mt vung gc vi n. 3- Gi tr ng sut tip trn hai mt vung gc vi nhau : = - = Z sin 2 . 2 Ngha l ng sut tip trn hai mt ct vung gc vi nhau c gi tr bng nhau v ngc du nhau. Theo quy c du i vi ng sut tip bit, th 2 ng sut tip ch c th <0 cng hng vo giao tuyn chung > 0 >0 <0 hoc cng xut pht t giao tuyn chung (xem hnh 2.5). iu ny c gi l lut i ng ca ng a) b) sut tip. Hnh 2.5: Chiu ng sut trn hai mt ct vung gc 2.5. C TRNG C HC vi nhau CA VT LIU Mun hiu r tnh cht c hc ca vt liu ta cn th nghim ko, nn quan st tnh cht chu lc v qu trnh bin dng t lc bt u chu lc n khi ph hng. Phn loi vt liu: Cn c vo bin dng v s ph hng, kh nng chu ko, nn khc nhau, ngi ta phn loi vt liu thnh hai loi c bn: + Vt liu do: b ph hy khi bin dng kh ln (thp, ng, nhm...). + Vt liu gin: b ph hy khi bin dng cn kh b (gang, , b tng...). 2.5.1. Th nghim ko vt liu do (thp). a) Mu th nghim: Theo TCVN 197-66 (hnh 2.6a). C ng knh: d0 = 3 25 mm. C chiu di: l0 = (510) d0 . b) Tng lc t 0 n khi mu a) l0 F0 t. c) Phn tch kt qu . Khi th nghim, trn b phn v F1 biu ca my ko, ta nhn c th quan h gia lc P v bin dng di b) l1 l ca mu (hnh 2.6). Ngoi ra sau khi mu t, ta chp mu li bit chiu P di khi t v din tch ch b t. D * c trng tnh bn: th Pb E P-l chia thnh ba giai on r rt: Pch B + OA- Giai on n hi, c) C Ptl P-l quan h bc nht. A P Gii hn t l : tl = tl F0 O l F0- Din tch mt ct ngang ban Hnh 2.6: Th nghim ko u. vt liu do + BC- Giai on chy: Lc a- M u th nghi m; b- T ng l c; ckhng tng, bin dng tng, gi tr lc l Quan h gi a bi n d ng v l c ko Pch (lc chy). on BC gi l din chy,
d1

37

d0

vt liu cng do th din chy cng ln.

P ch F0 + CDE - Giai on cng c (ti bn): Lc ln nht l lc bn pb . P Gii hn bn: b = b F0 - Ba i lng tl, ch, b l ba c trng v tnh bn ca vt liu . Ch : Giai on AB xy ra rt ngn, nn ta khng n. * c trng tnh do ca vt liu: l l + bin dng di t i tnh theo phn trm: = 1 0 100% l0 F F + tht t i tnh theo phn trm: = 0 1 100% F0 Vi l1 - Chiu di mu sau khi t; F1- Din tch mt ct ngang mu, ch t. d) Biu - (biu qui c) . Biu P - l (khng ch r cc c trng tnh bn ca vt liu), nn ngi ta lp biu qui b P l ,= c - vi = gi l biu quy c, ch F0 l0 v khi tc dng lc th din tch mt ct thay i, tl nhng ta khng th o c tng thi im nn tg= E trong cng thc tnh v ta vn ly din tch ban O u F0 v chiu di ban u l0. Biu ( - ) cho thy r cc gii hn tl, Hnh 2.7: Biu quy c - ch, b v c mouyn n hi : E = = tg 2.5.2. Th nghim nn vt liu do. a) Mu hnh tr trn hay lp phng (h 2d),(hnh 2.8b, 2.8c). b) Th nghim tng lc t 0 n P v nhn c biu P-l. c) Kt qu ta cng nhn c ba giai on c biu din trn hnh 2.8a.

Gii hn chy:

ch

P
Pch Plt

l
a)

d b) c)

Hnh 2.8: Th nghim nn vt liu do P + Gii hn t l: tl = tl Fo 38

Pch F0 + Cng c, nhng khng xc nh c lc bn v lc ny mu phnh ra dng trng, din tch mt ct ngang tng v sc chu ng tng ln. 2.5.3. Th nghim ko vt liu gin (gang). a) Mu: Ging mu vt liu do trong th nghim ko, (xem hnh 2.6a). b) Th nghim tng lc t 0 n khi mu t. Thc cht i vi vt liu gin do tnh ng nht, lin tc km nn quan h gia lc v bin dng khng tun theo inh lut Hooke, c ngha l ng OA l ng cong v bin dng tng ng vi lc bn l rt b. Tuy nhin mt cch gn ng c th chp nhn c, ngi ta c th xem vt liu vn tun theo nh lut Hooke, c ngha l xem ng OA gn nh ng thng. Cc tnh ton sau ny vn s dng c nh lut Hooke. c) Kt qu: th P-l l mt ng cong v vt liu ch c gii hn P b = b . Gii hn bn ny thp so vi vt liu do (hnh 2.9). Mu b t khi bin dng F0 cn b.

+ Chy vi lc chy Pch v gii hn chy: ch =

P
Pb A

Pb

O l

O l

Hnh 2.9:Quan h i P l

2.5.4. Nn vt liu gin. a) Mu ging vt liu do trong th nghim nn b) Th nghim: Tng lc t 0 n lc mu v c) Kt qu: ta nhn thy th P- l ging nh khi ko v cng c gii hn P n = b bn: b F0 Gii hn ny kh ln so vi gii hn bn khi ko vt liu gin (xem hnh 2.10). V d: Gang xm c: k 250 MN/m2 nhng n 1000 MN/m2. b b Nh vy gii hn bn ca vt liu gin khi chu nn ln hn nhiu so vi bn khi ko. y l mt tnh cht quan trng, i vi nhng kt cu ch yu chu nn th vic s dng vt liu gin l tt, nhng i vi nhng kt cu ch yu chu ko th khi s dng vt liu gin phi c tnh ton kh c th. 2.6. NG SUT CHO PHP - H S AN TON - BA BI TON C BN.

Hnh 2.10: Quan h gia P-l khi ko vt liu gin

39

Khi tnh bn ca cng trnh hay chi tit my, cn phi m bo chng khng pht sinh vt nt hay gy t tc l ng sut trong h phi nh hn mt gii hn nguy him 0 qui nh cho tng loi vt liu : max z 0 2.6.1. ng sut cho php - h s an ton. - i vi vt liu do, c giai on chy tc l giai on lc khng tng m bin dng vn tng s nguy him n s lm vic ca h, cho nn ngi ta chn: 0 = kch = nch= ch - Tri li i vi vt liu gin th v cc cu kin b ph hoi khi bin dng cn b, k b nn ngi ta chn : 0 = n vi k khi ko, n khi nn. b b b - Trong tnh ton, an ton ngi ta khng dng trc tip 0 m dng mt i lng khc b hn gi l ng sut cho php, k hiu [] v ta c: max z [] 0 vi n > 1 gi l h s an ton. Trong : [] = n k n b ; [ ] n = b v ta c: Vi vt liu gin: [ ] k = n n vt liu do: [ ] k = [ ] n = [ ] = ch n - H s an ton n>1 c chn ph thuc vo: + Tiu chun ca vt liu. + iu kin lm vic ca cng trnh, chi tit my, nguyn nhn ngoi cha xc nh c chnh xc. + Tm quan trng ca cng trnh, tnh lu di ca cng trnh. + Phng php v cng c tnh ton. + Trnh ca ngi thit k, thi cng. Nh vy m bo iu kin bn ta cn c: max N z max z = [ ] F 2.6.2. T bt phng trnh trn ta c ba bi ton c bn. a) Kim tra bn: Bit [], F, Nz ta cn kim tra: max N z [ ] (5%) max z = F (1) b) Chn kch thc mt ct ngang: Bit [], P, xc nh [F]. Ta xc nh [F] khi bit [], ti trng : max N z (2) F= [] c) Xc nh ti trng cho php: Bit [], F, xc nh [P]. Ta xc nh [P] t max |Nz| [] F (3) Ta c th chn F nh hn mt t c kch thc theo tiu chun hoc d ch to (khng tha mn bt phng trnh (2) hoc P ln hn mt t (khng tha mn (3)). Th nhng lc phi kim tra li xem (1) c tha mn khng vi s chnh lch khng qu 5%.
40

V d 2 : Cho mt h chu lc nh trn hnh 2.11. a) Kim tra bn thanh AB. b) nh s hiu thp dng cho BC ? Cho bit [] = 14KN/cm2; d = 2,2cm, P = 20KN.
A

y
d=2,2 cm
NAB B NBC B

5 cm

12cm

Gii :

P a) b) Hnh 2.11: Kim tra bn v xc nh kch thc

a) Tch nt B:

y = 0 N

5 20 = 0 N AB = 52kN . 13 12 x = 0 N AB 13 + N BC = 0 N BC = 48kN .
AB

b) Tnh ng sut:
AB = N AB 52 = = 13,8kN / cm 2 < [] ,Thanh AB bn. F 3,14.(1,1) 2

48 = 3,43cm2 [] 14 Tra bng thp L chn hai thanh L25 25 4 c F = 2 1,86 = 3,72 cm2. Khng th chn thp L 25253 c v lc din tch ghp s l 1,432 = 2,86 cm2 nh qu nhiu so vi kt qu tnh ton (F = 3,43cm2), nn phi chn s hiu ln hn tip theo l L 25254 nh lm. V d 3: Mt trc bc chu lc nh hnh v 2.12. Hy tin hnh tnh ton theo ba trng hp : a) Trc lm bng gang (vt liu gin) c []k = 9 KN/cm2, []n= 15 KN/cm2, P=30 kN, F1=10 cm2, F2 = 4 cm2. Da vo phng php mt ct, ta xc nh v v biu lc dc trn hnh 2.12b. N1= 4P = 120 KN 1 = 12 KN/cm2 N2= -2P = -60 KN => 2 = -15 KN/cm2 N3= P = 30 KN 3 = 7,5kKN/cm2 |2| []n = 15KN/cm2 3 < []k 1 > []k: on I khng bn. Vy trc khng bn. b) Trc lm bng vt liu do c [] = 16KN/cm2, P = 30KN, hy chn kch thc mt ct ngang F1, F2 = ?.
c/ Xc nh din tch FBc: FBC

N BC

41

4P

(1) (2)

F1 P1= 6P P2= 3P

2P

4P

2P

(3)

F2 P P3=P (Nz)

a)

b)

Hnh 2.12: Tnh bn ca trc a cho cc trng hp vt liu khc nhau Theo cng thc xc dnh din tch mt ct ngang : N 120 F1 1 = = 7,5cm 2 [] 16 N 2 60 F2 = = 3,75cm 2 [ ] 16 N 30 F3 3 = = 1,85cm 2 [] 16 T (1), (2), (3) chn [F1] = 7,5cm2, [F2] = 3,75 cm2. c) Trc lm bng vt liu do c [] = 16KN/cm2, F1=10cm2, F2 = 4cm2 Xc nh ti trng cho php [P] T iu kin bn ta c: N1 = [] F1= 16.10 = 160KN => 4P 160 => P 40KN |N2| = 2P [] F2 = 16.4 = 64KN => P 32KN => P 64KN N3 = P [] F2 = 16.4 = 64KN T (4), (5), (6) chn [P] =32kN (Gi tr nh nht).

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

2.7. BI TON SIU TNH . 2.7.1. Bi ton tnh nh: tm cc n nh phn lc, ni lc trn mt ct ngang... Nu ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp thi, th ta gi l bi ton tnh nh. S phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp = s n s (cc i lng cn xc nh). 2.7.2. Bi tan siu tnh: L bi ton m nu ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp th s khng gii c tt c cc phn lc, ni lc trn mt ct ngang (s n s ln hn s phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp). Bc siu tnh n = s n s - s phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp. 2.7.3. Cch gii bi ton siu tnh bc n. Ngoi cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp, ta phi lp thm n phng trnh 42

bin dng na. V d 4: Xc nh phn lc ti A, B (xem hnh 2.13) . Thay ngm A, B bng cc phn lc, ta c phng trnh:
a)
A

P a b

b) VA

VB

P-VB

P-VB

c)
VB VB

Hnh 2.13: Phng php gii bi ton siu tnh VA + VB-P = 0 (1) h c tng ng nh h mi, ta phi c bin dng l=0. + VA .a (P VA ) b = l = 0 (2) V t EF EF Pa Pb Gii (1) v (2), ta c: VB = v t (1) ta c VA = a+b a+b Khi c VA, VB th vic v biu lc dc l n gin (xem hnh 2.13c). * V d 5: Tm ng sut trong thanh mt v hai (2 thanh cng vt liu v c F1=F2= 12cm2). Gi s AD tuyt i cng (xem hnh 2.14) Ct thanh 1 v 2 xem hnh 2.14b, xt cn bng phn di ta c: mA = 0 => P.3a - N1.a - N2.2a = 0. Vy N1 + 2N2 = 3P (1) Ch : Ngoi phng trnh m men ly vi im A, ta khng th tm mt phng trnh cn bng c lp no na c, nn phi xt thm iu kin bin dng ca h: 1 a 1 = = , vi 1; 2 ln lt l bin dng di ca thanh 1 v thanh 2 nh 2 2a 2 N l Nl 2 = 21 => 2 2 = 2 1 1 (2) trn hnh 2.14a.Ta c: EF EF N2 = 2N1 (3) m l1 = l2 , suy ra: Th (3) vo (1) => N1 = 96 (KN) (3) => N2 = 192 (KN)

43

a)

a
1

a
2

a
P

b)

N1

N2

P
A

D D

Hnh 2.14: Tnh ng sut trong thanh 1 2 dng T gi tr N, N2 , ta d d tnh c ng sut trong 2 thanh 1 v 2. 1 2.8.TH NNG BIN DNG N HI. Th nng bin dng n hi l mt vn ln ca c hc vt rn bin dng, n gip ta gii quyt mt s vn c hc quan trng. Trong mc ny ta trnh by vn xc nh th nng bin dng n hi ca mt thanh chu ko hoc nn ng tm. T kt qu ny chng ta s suy lun tng t cho cc dng chu lc khc. Chng ta xt mt thanh chu ko nh trn hnh 2.15a. Lc P tng t 0 n mt gi tr P no , trong qu trnh ny im t lc P di chuyn xung di v lc s sinh ra mt cng A, l cng ca ngoi lc. Cng ny gy nn bin dng ca thanh v cng c ngha l to nn cho thanh mt th nng gi l th nng bin dng n hi. Ta tng lc P thm mt lng P+dP th bin dng ca n cng tng mt lng dl (hnh 2.5b). Vy lng cng tng ln l dA sinh ra do lc P+dP c tnh: P P+dP P l
A

dl l

l
dl

a)

b)

Hnh 2.15: Tnh th nng bin dng n hi ca mt thanh chu ko hoc nn ng tm dA = (P+dP) dl =Pdl + dPdl. B qua v cng b bc cao dPdl, ta c: dA =Pdl Cng ny c biu din bng phn c gch cho trn hnh 2.15b. Vi l lun ny cng ca th nng bin dng n hi ca thanh khi lc ko tng t 0 n gi tr P no

s l :

A=

dA = P dl
0

l Pl l = , nn dl = dP. Nh ta bit EF EF Thay gi tr ny vo A ta s c:

44

l P2 l Pl . dP = = 0 EF 2 EF 2 Biu thc ny chnh bng din tch tam gic OAC hnh 2.15b. Nu b qua s mt mt nng lng th cng nh ni l th nng bin dng n hi U ca thanh : P2 l A=U= (2-11) 2EF A=
P

CU HI T HC:
2.1. Cho mt s v d v cc thanh chu ko v nn ng tm. 2.2. Cch thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut php mt ct ngang v mt ct xin ? 2.3. Cng thc tnh bin dng, cc trng hp trong thc t c th gp ? 2.4. Tm tt qu trnh xc nh cc i lng c trng c hc ca vt liu ? 2.5. Th no l ng sut nguy him, 0, ng sut cho php ? 3.6. iu kin bn v 3 dng bi ton c bn khi ko nn ng tm ? 2.7. Bi ton siu tnh, cch gii cc bi ton siu tnh ? -----

45

Chng 3

TRNG THI NG SUT

3.1. KHI NIM. 3.1.1. Khi nim. Nh trong bi ton ko nn ng tm, ta thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k:
= cos2 1 = sin 2 2 (a) ( b)

Trong l gc gia php tuyn ca mt ct v trc thanh. R rng khi thay i, cc ng sut php , ng sut tip u thay i theo qui lut (a) v (b). Nhng trong nhng thanh chu lc phc tp hn (thanh b un, xon v.v...) th vn xc nh qui lut bin thin ca ng sut theo gc nghing ca mt ct cng phc tp hn. Trong chng ny, chng ta s xc nh qui lut bin thin . V th nu bit c qui lut bin thin ng sut ti mt im th ta c th xc nh c ti im mt ct no c ng sut ln nht. nh ngha trng thi ng sut: Trng thi ng sut ti mt im l trng thi chu lc ca im ang xt, c c trng bi tp hp cc gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn nhng mt ct v cng b (VCB) khc nhau i qua im . xc nh ng sut ti mt im trong vt th n hi, ta tch ring ra mt hnh hp c kch thc v cng b VCB (gi l phn t) bao quanh im . Ch rng cc cnh ca phn t l VCB, nn ta c th coi phn t l im ang xt v ng sut trn cc mt ca phn t c xem nh ng sut trn cc mt i qua im . Trong l thuyt n hi, ngi ta chng minh c rng: "Ti mt im bt k thuc vt th n hi chu lc, ta lun lun c th tch ra c mt phn t sao cho trn cc Hnh 3.1:Phn t v mt ca n b 1=2 KN/cm2 ch c cc ng sut php m khng c ng sut tip, = 0". 2= 3 KN/cm2 Phn t c coi l phn t chnh, cc mt ca phn t gi l mt chnh, cc ng sut 3 2 3= -10KN/cm2 php trn cc mt gi l cc ng sut chnh, phng php tuyn ca cc mt gi l phng chnh. 1 Mt phn t hnh hp c su mt, nh vy ni chung c su thnh phn ng sut chnh. Hnh 3.2: Phn Nhng do iu kin cn bng, cc mt i din t chinh c cc thnh phn ng sut chnh bng nhau v tr s v ngc chiu nhau, do ch c ba ng sut chnh. Ta k hiu cc ng sut chnh 1, 2, 3 vi th t qui c 1 >2 >3 (so snh nh s thc). 49

V d: 1 = 2KN/cm2; 2 = 3 KN/cm2; 3=-10KN/cm2 3.1.2. Phn loi trng thi ng sut. Cn c vo cc ng sut chnh trn mt phn t chnh, ta phn ba loi trng thi ng sut: a) Trng thi ng sut n: Trn phn t chnh ch c mt ng sut chnh khc khng v hai ng sut chnh khc bng khng. l trng hp thanh chu ko (hay nn) ng tm, (xem hnh 3.3a). b) Trng thi ng sut phng: Trn phn t chnh ch c hai ng sut chnh khc khng v mt ng sut chnh bng 0, (xem hnh 3.3b) c) Trng thi ng sut khi: Trn phn t chnh c ba ng sut chnh khc khng, (xem hnh 3.3c). Trong gio trnh sc bn vt liu, chng ta ch yu ch quan tm n trng thi ng sut phng. T c th suy ra trng thi ng sut n. Cn trng thi ng sut khi c nghin cu k trong gio trnh l thuyt n hi. 1 2
1

3 1

1 a ) b ) c )

3.2.1. ng sut trn c- Trng thi ng sut khi. phng; mt ct nghing . Gi s ti K, ta tch ra khi vt th n hi chu lc mt phn t c cc mt song song vi mt phng ca h ta , trong mt vung gc vi trc Oz l mt mt chnh khng c ng sut php tc dng (hnh 3.4), cn cc mt kia l bt k nn c cc thnh phn ng sut. Ta k hiu cc ng sut nh sau: - ng sut php c km theo mt ch s, ch s ny biu din phng ca php tuyn ca mt ct c ng sut tc dng (x - ng sut php theo phng x). - ng sut tip c hai ch s: Ch s th 1 ch phng ca php tuyn ca mt ct c ng sut tip tc dng, ch s th 2 biu din phng song song vi ng sut tip (xy l ng sut tip trn mt phng c php tuyn ngoi l x v ng sut ny nm theo phng y).

3.2. TRNG thi NG SUT PHNG. b-Trng thi ng sut THI ng sut n;

Hnh 3.3.Cc trng thi ng sut:a- Trng

50

y
y yx
x

y
y yx xy
x

xy

yx y

xy
A

(R)

xy
B

yx y

Hnh 3.5: Thit lp ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct nghing bt k song song Gi s bit x, y v xy, by gi ta thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut php v tip trn mt ct nghing bt k song song vi Oz. Tng tng ct phn t bi mt mt ct (R) c php tuyn u lm vi trc x mt gc . Mt (R) // Oz, mt ny ct phn t ra hai phn (A) v (B), xem hnh 3.5. Gi s xt cn bng phn (A). Gi u, uv tc dng trn mt ct nghing (). Ta xt cc lc tc dng trn cc mt ca phn (A), (xem hnh 3.6, 3.7). Gi cc cnh ln lt l dx, dy, dz, ds. y u u

Hnh 3.4:Phn t c mt mt chnh khng c ng sut php

x
y

uv

xdydz

udzds udzds

yxdxdz

x v

y
x

xydydz

ydxdz

Hnh Hnh dy.dz Cc hp Trn din tch 3.6: c cc lclc xdydz v xydydz. 3 .7: Cc lc tc tch dx.dz c cc hp A ydzdx v yxtc dng ln phn A dng ln phn lc dzdx. Trn din ca phn cc hp lc dzds v dzds. ca phn t t Trn din tch dz.ds c u uv dy dx = D dng xc nh ds = cos sin - Vit phng trnh m men vi im O': dx dy m o' = 0 xy dydz. 2 yx dzdx. 2 = 0

xy = yx xy = yx

(3-1)

Kt qu ny c gi l nh lut i ng ca ng sut tip trn hai mt ct vung gc nhau.

51

- Vit phng trnh chiu tt c cc lc ln trc u ta c: x + y x y (3-2) U = 0 u = 2 + 2 cos 2 xy sin 2 - Vit phng trnh chiu tt c cc lc ln trc V ta c: x y (3-3) V = 0 uv = 2 sin 2 + xy cos 2 Biu thc (3-2) v (3-3) cho php xc nh ng sut php v ng sut tip trn cc mt ct nghing () song song vi mt phng chnh (mt ct ny vung gc vi mt ct ang xt) khng c ng sut. By gi ta xt ng sut trn mt ct nghing (), vi = + . 2 x + y x y v = + cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 x + y x y v = cos 2 + xy sin 2 (3-4) 2 2 Thc hin php cng cc phng trnh (3-2) v (3-4) theo v c: U + v = x + y = const (3-5) Biu thc (3-5) c gi l nh lut bt bin bc nht ca ng sut php trn hai mt ct vung gc nhau. 3.2.2. Phng chnh v ng sut chnh. Mun xc nh phng chnh v ng sut chnh, th theo nh ngha ta phi tm mt nghing no c ng sut tip bng khng (tc l mt ct khng c ng sut tip). (3-6) Mt ct nghing () l mt chnh khi uv = 0. Gi 0 l gc nghing ca phng chnh vi trc x, t (3-6) v (3-3), ta c: x y sin 2 0 + xy cos 2 0 = 0 (3-7) uv = 2 2 xy => tg 2 0 = x y

tg =

2 xy x y

0 =

+k 2 2

, kz

Hay

01 = 2 = + 02 2 2

nhau

Nh vy t (3-7) lun lun tm c hai gi tr ca 0 l 01 v 02 chnh lch

52

 2 . Vy lun lun c hai phng chnh thng gc nhau. Ln lt thay 01, 02 vo (3-2) ta s c cc ng sut chnh cn tm. Nhng ng sut chnh cn l nhng ng sut cc tr, ngha l ng sut trn mt chnh s c gi tr cc tr. R rng o hm bc nht ca gi tr ng sut php bng 0 cng ng ngha vi ng sut tip mt trit tiu. x y d u Thc vy = 2 sin 2 2 xy cos 2 = 2 uv d 2 d u =0 uv = 0 , cng c ngha l d Nh vy, khi thay cos 2 c1 , cos 2 c 2 , sin 2 c1 v sin 2 c 2 , suy t (3-7) vi s 1 tg 2 bin i cos 2 = v sin 2 = , ta c c hai gi tr ng sut 2 1 + tg 2 2 1 + tg 2 chnh hai mt chnh vung gc vi nhau v thng trong trng thi ng sut phng, ta k hiu cc ng sut chnh l max, min. x + y 1 Ta c : max/ min = ( x y ) 2 + 4 2 (3-8) xy 2 2 du + ng vi max, du ng vi min. 3.2.3. Vng trn ng sut (vng Mohr) Chng ta n hai biu thc (3-2) v (3-3) th thy rng: u v uv u l hm ca gc nghing . Do gia chng chc s c mt mi lin h no . Tht vy t (3-2) v (3-3) ta c: x + y x y = u cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 x y uv = sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Bnh phng c 2 v ca hai phng trnh ny, sau cng cc v li ta s c:

+ y u x 2

y + 2 = x co2 xy sin 2 + uv 2

x y sin 2 + xy cos 2 + 2 Sau khi thu gn ta c:

2 2

+ y y + 2 + 2 = x u x (3-9) uv xy 2 2 Trong hnh hc gii tch ta bit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng trn bn knh R: (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = R2; (a,b) ta tm vng trn . Nu lp h trc m trc honh l u v trc tung uv th (3-9) chnh l phng trnh ca mt vng trn trong : u, uv - Ta ca nhng im trn vng trn.

53

 x + y ,0 - Ta ca tm vng trn. 2

x y 2

+ 2 - Bn knh ca vng trn. xy

Ta c th kt lun: S lin h gia ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct bt k c th biu din bng mt vng trn l vng trn ng sut (hay vng Mohr). Cch dng vng Mohr nh sau: Xt mt phn t trng thi ng sut phng, trong phng Oz l mt phng chnh khng c ng sut, cn hai phng Ox, Oy l bt k v gi s bit cc ng sut x, y, xy = -yx , vi gi thit x > y > 0; xy> 0. Ta lp h trc ta (theo mt t l nht nh ,v d 1cm ng vi 1KN/cm2). * Trc honh song song vi Ox, biu din ng sut php. * Trc tung song song vi Oy, biu din ng sut tip.
y
yx xy x xy
yx y

uv
D

xy
O A y C B

x
x +y
2
x

Hnh 3.9: V vng trn Mohr Xc nh tm C ca vng Mohr: Trn trc honh ly cc on OA = y ; OB = x .

Hnh 3.8:Phn t ng sut phng

im chnh gia C ca AB chnh l tm vng Mohr, v: OA + OB y + x OC = = 2 2 * Tm bn knh vng Mohr: ng vi im A ta ly D c tung AD = xy nm v pha dng ca trc tung (v gi thuyt xy> 0). CD chnh l bn knh ca vng Mohr, v: x y + 2 CD = AC + AD = xy 2 Vi tm C v bn knh CD ta lp c vng Mohr. D (y, xy ): Gi l im cc ca ca vng Mohr c tm C v bn knh CD.Ta hon ton c th v vng trn Mohr ng sut (hnh 3.9).
2 2 2 2

54

Chng ta ch n im Mo (x, xy), hnh 3.11, tc l ta ca n th hin ng xut php x, ng sut tip xy trn mt chun c php tuyn x, nn im Mo gi l im gc ca vng trn ng sut, MO cng l bn knh ca vng Mohr. By gi ta hy chng minh tnh cht sau: - Nu ly mt im M thuc vng Mohr v k hiu gc gia cc bn knh CM v CMo l 2, th ta im M s l u, uv trn mt ct c php tuyn u xin gc vi trc x (xem hnh 3.11).
uv
y
y yx u uv xy x
O M

xy

MO

xy
x
O A C

2
T B

xy u

yx
y

y
x

Hnh 3.10: ng sut trn mt ct xin

Hnh 3.11: Cch dng vng trn ng sut

Theo hnh ta tnh c: OT = OC + CT = OC + CM cos( + 2 ) = OC + CM cos . cos 2 CM sin . sin 2 x y CM cos = CM 0 cos = CB = 2 CM sin = CM 0 sin = BM 0 = xy
OT = So snh vi (3-2) Tng t Ni x + y 2 cos 2 xy sin 2 2 => OT = u
TM = uv

V V

x y

DM => MDM 0 =

=> DM // u

* Ch : a) Khi biu din cc gi tr x, y, xy trong h trc (, ) cn lu du. b) > o, khi quay ngc chiu kim ng h k t trc x.
V d: Tnh ng sut trn mt ct c php tuyn u nghing mt gc = 300 so vi trc x. * Tnh theo phng php th:

Lp h trc // x; // y, chn t xch 5mm =1KN/cm2.

55

Trn trc ly OA = y = 4; OB = x = 8 . Trung im C ca AB l tm vng Mohr. Cc D (4,2), CD l bn knh vng Mohr ng vi phn t cho. T D k ng thng song song vi u ct vng Mohr ti M. o ta , ta nhn c:

y
4

u = x(M) = 5,3 k/cm2; uv - y(M)== 2,7k/cm2 KN 2 cm

M

u
2 uv
O

300
B M1

300 8

2,7

M2 O

4 5,3 8

kN 2 cm

Hnh 3.12: Xc nh ng sut ti mt xin

* Tnh theo phng php gii tch: 8+4 84 u = + cos 60 0 2 sin 60 0 = 5,268 KN cm 2 2 2 84 uv = sin 60 0 + 2c0s60 0 = 2,732 kN cm 2 2

Hnh 3.13: Cch tm ng sut trn mt xin bng vng Mohr

* ng dng ch yu ca vng Mohr l xc nh phng chnh v ng sut chnh. Ta bit rng mt chnh l mt khng c ng sut tip. Do xc nh phng chnh ta ch vic tm trn vng trn Mohr nhng im c tung bng khng. l hai im M1, M2, cc phng ny hp vi phng ngang nhng gc 1 v 2. y ta qui c chiu dng ca cc gc l chiu ngc vi chiu quay ca kim ng h. Gi tr ca cc ng sut chnh c th o trc tip trn cc trc (, ). l cc on OM 1 v OM 2 ; OM 1 = max ; OM 2 = min , (xem hnh 3.15)

Nh vng Mohr ta c th rt ra cng thc tnh ng sut chnh:

min = OC M 2 C = x + y

2
x + y

x y 2 x y + 2

+ 2 xy + 2 xy
2

max = OC + CM 1 =

56

Vit gp:

max/ min =

x + y

x y 2
1

+ 2 xy
2
D

(3-10)

du + ng vi ma x, du ng vi min.

y y
x

x
y

x
x y

M2 O

2
A C B

x
y

M1

y
x

x
y 2
2x

+ y 2

Hnh 3.15: Xc nh ng sut chnh bng vng Mohr Theo hnh trn th ta sp xp cc ng sut chnh theo th t :

Hnh 3.14:Phn t ng sut phng

1 = max, 2 = min, 3 = 0 Gi: 1- Gc gia phng chnh c max vi phng ngang. 2- Gc gia phng chnh c min vi phng ngang. th t vng Mohr ta rt ra: tg1 = tg 2 = Vit gp: xy xy AD = = max y y max AM1 xy AD = AM 2 y min xy y max / min (3-11)

tg 1/2 =

Trn vng trn Mohr cn c hai im c bit M3 v M4 l hai im c tung ln nht v b nht. Da vo vng Mohr, ta c:
max x y = CM 3 = 2 x y = CM 4 = 2 + 2 xy + 2 xy
2 2

min

57

Vit gp:

max/ min

x y = 2

+ 2 xy

(3-12)

3.3. TRNG THI TRT THUN TY.

Trng thi trt thun ty ti mt im trong vt th n hi. Nu ti mt im no ta tch ra c mt phn t m trn cc mt ca n ch c ng sut tip (khng c ng sut php, tc = 0) xem hnh 3.16, trong trng hp ny, vng trn Mohr c tm C gc O, (v x = y = 0).
y

M3 O M1 C

1 =

3=

x
3=

Hnh 3.16: Trng thi ng sut trt thun tu

1=

Hnh 3.17: Vng Mohr xc nh ng sut chnh

Cc D (0, ) trc tung. Da vo vng Mohr, ta c: 1 = max = xy; 2 = 0; 3 = min = -xy Nh vy trng thi trt thun ty c c im l hai ng sut chnh 1 v 3 bng nhau nhng ngc chiu (ko, nn). Phng chnh xin gc 450 so vi phng ca ng sut tip (hnh 3.16; 3.17).
3.4. LIN H GIA NG SUT V BIN DNG - NH LUT HOOKE TNG QUT.

Trong trng hp tng qut, trn cc mt ca phn t c cc ng sut php v ng sut tip. 3.4.1. Bin dng di theo mt cnh ca phn t. l bin dng do tc dng ca c ba ng sut php theo ba phng x, y, z gy ra. tnh bin dng ny ta dng nguyn l c lp tc dng: "Tc dng gy ra ng thi do nhiu yu t th bng tng nhng tc dng do cc yu t ring r gy ra". Nguyn l th hin bng biu thc ton hc sau: ( ) ( ) y x= (x x ) + x y + (xz ) = x y y (zz ) E y y 1 Z z = x ( y + z ) (3-13) x = x E E E E dy Ta suy ra cho bin dng cc phng khc: x

dz

dx

58

Hnh 3.18: Xc nh

1 x = E [ x ( y + z )] 1 (3-14) y = [ y ( z + x )] E 1 z = E [ z ( x + y )] Biu thc (3-14) c gi l nh Hooke tng qut. Nu cc mt ca phn t l mt chnh, th nh lut Hooke tng qut c dng: 1 1 = E [ 1 ( 2 + 3 )] 1 (3-15) 2 = [ 2 ( 3 + 1 )] E 1 3 = E [ 3 (1 + 2 )] 3.4.2. nh lut Hooke v bin dng th tch: t vn : Tnh bin i th tch ca mt phn t chnh hnh hp c cc cnh di dx, dy, dz. Gi th tch ban u: V0 = dxdydz Th tch sau bin dng: V1 = (dx + dx) (dy+dy) (dz+dz) B qua cc v cng b bc cao: dx dy dz => V1= dxdydz (1+ + + ) dx dy dz

V1= V0 (1+ x+ y + z) Gi l bin dng th tch tng i, th: V V0 1 2 = 1 = x + y + z = V0 E Vi

(3-16)

= x + y+z

3.4.3. nh lut Hooke i vi bin dng trt:Theo nh lut Hooke, bin dng xy yz ; yz = ; zx = zx (3-17) trt t l vi ng sut tip: xy = G G G Trong : xy, yz, zx- Cc ch s ca , dng ch bin dng trt trong cc mt phng song song vi cc mt phng ta xOz, yOz, yOx; G- H s t l, c gi l moduyn n hi trt, n v MN/m2, KN/cm2... Moduyn G ph thuc tng loi vt liu v lin h vi E, theo biu thc sau: E G= (3-18) 2(1 + ) 3.4.4. Trng thi ng sut khi. nh ngha: Trng thi ng sut khi l trng thi ng sut m trn 3 mt chnh ca n u c cc ng sut chnh khc khng.

59

y l mt bi ton khng gian, l thuyt n hi s nghin cu y hn v n. y chng ta ch xt mt vi trng hp c bit. a) ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k. Gi s ti mt im M no ca vt th n hi ta rt ra mt phn t chnh (cc mt u l mt chnh, hnh 3.19). Nu bit cc ng sut chnh 1, 2, 3, ta c th hon ton xc nh c cc ng sut trn mt nghing bt k no i qua im M.
z
3

z u c
Zu u u Pu Xu 2

c
M

1 a

b 2

x b

Yu

y a) y b) Tht vy, tng tng ct phn t bi mt ct abc, c php tuyn u. Gi l, m, n l cc cosin ch phng ca php tuynTrng thi ng sut khi Hnh 3.19: u: l = cos , m = cos , n = cos Trong : , , - Gc gia php tuyn u vi cc trc x, y, z. By gi hy kho st s cn bng ca phn t bn mt Mabc (hnh 3.19b). V abc l mt mt bt k, nn trn c c ng sut php u v ng sut tip u. Gi pu l ng

sut ton phn trn mt ny v pu =

2 + 2 , ta c th xc nh ng sut ton phn pu u u

da vo cc ng sut chnh 1, 2, 3 v cc cosin ch phng l, m, n. Nu gi Xu, Yu, Zu l cc hnh chiu ca Pu xung cc trc x, y, z th: (a) Pu2 = X 2 + Yu2 + Z 2 u u Vy mun xc nh Pu ta ch cn xc nh cc hnh chiu ca n ln cc trc l Xu, Yu, Zu. Nu ta gi dF l din tch ca mt xin abc th: - Din tch mt Mbc s l dFl. - Din tch mt Mca s l dFm. - Din tch mt Mab s l dFr . Thit lp cc phng trnh cn bng cho phn t Mabc ta c:

X = XudF - 1dFl = 0 => Xu = 1l Y = YudF - 2dFm = 0 => Yu = 2m Z = ZudF - 3dFn = 0 => Zu = 3n

2 2 a (b) vo (a) ta c: P 2 = 1 l 2 + 2 m 2 + 3 n 2 u 2

(b) (3-19)

Mun c thnh phn ng sut php u th ta chiu gi tr ng sut php ton phn Pu xung trc u: u = Xu.l + Yum + Zu.n hay u = 1l2 + 2m2 + 3n2 (3-20)

60

V ta c gi tr ng sut tip u l: u =

p2 2 u u

(3-21)

b) ng sut trn mt ct nghing song song vi mt ng sut chnh: * Trn mt ct song song vi 3: Php tuyn u ca mt ct ny s vung gc vi phng x (phng tc dng ca ng sut chnh 3), lc n = 0 v cng thc (3-19), (32 20), (3-21) s l: P 2 = 1 l 2 + 2 m 2 u 2 u = 1l2 + 2m2
2 u = Pu2 2 = 1 l 2 + 2 m 2 (1l 2 + 2 m 2 ) 2 = (1 2 )l.m u 2

Ta nhn thy rng: ng sut trn mt ct nghing ny ch ph thuc vo 1 v 2, do da vo 1, 2 ta c th v c vng Mohr ng sut, m tm vng trn ny + 2 2 ,0 , bn knh r3 = 1 c ta C3 1 , (hnh 3.20b). 2 2 Tng t nh trn ta ca mt im no trn vng Mohr ny s l gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct nghing song song vi 3 . * Trn mt ct song song vi 2: Cng tng t nh vy, nu mt ct song song z 3

a)
2

b) x
2 O C3 1

y Hnh 3.20: Xc nh ng sut trn mt ct nghing song song vi vi 2 th php tuyn s vung gc vi 2 (tc l vi trc y), khi m = 0. Cc ng sut trn mt ch ph thuc vo 1 v 3 cho nn ta cng s c: 2 2 P 2 = 1 l 2 + 3 n 2 u

u = 1l2 + 3n2 u = (1- 3)l.n Da vo 1 v 3 ta cng xy dng c vng trn Mohr ng sut c tm + 3 3 ,0 , bn knh r2 = 1 C2 1 . Ta ca mt im trn vng trn ny cng 2 2
z
3

t a)
2 1

b) x 61
O 3 C2

Hnh 3.21 Xc nh ng sut trn mt ct

l gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct c php tuyn u song song vi 2 (trc y), hnh 3.21. * Mt ct song song vi 1, l=0 do ng sut trn mt ct ch ph thuc vo 2 2 v 3. P 2 = 2 m 2 + 3 n 2 u 2 u = 2m2 + 3n2 u = (2- 3)m.n Cng tng t nh trn, da vo 2, 3 ta c th lp vng Mohr ng sut vi tm + 3 3 ,0 , bn knh r1 = 2 C1 2 , ( hnh 3.22). 2 2 Ta ca ,mt im trn vng trn l gi tr ng sut php v tip ca mt ct nghing c php tuyn u song song vi 1 (vi trc x)
z a)
3

b)

1 2
O

C1

y Hnh 3.22 Xc nh ng sut trn mt ct nghing song song vi 1 Tm li: ng sut trn mt ct no m song song vi mt ng sut chnh xc nh, th c th va xc nh bng cng thc gii tch va c th biu din bng th l vng trn ng sut to vi 2 ng sut chnh khng song song vi mt ct ni trn. Cng c th ni v mt th th i vi mt phn t trng thi ng sut khi ta c th v 3 vng trn ng sut to nn bi 3 ng sut M chnh. Mi vng trn ng sut tng ng vi mt tp hp cc mt ct song song vi mt 1 C1 2 C2 C3 O 3 ng sut chnh no . i vi mt mt ct nghing bt k, khng song song vi mt ng sut chnh no c, th ta c th s dng kt qu trong l thuyt n hi xc nh ng sut trn mt ct nghing c biu din ta ca Hnh 3.23: Vng Mohr ca mt im nm trong vng gch gii hn ca trng thi ng sut khi 3 vng trn C1, C2 v C3, (hnh 3.23). * Nhn xt chung: 1- Tng ng sut php trn 3 mt vung gc vi nhau i qua mt im l hng s: 1 + 2 + 3 = x + y + z (3-21)

62

Ta gp li lut bt bin bc nht i vi trng thi ng sut khi tng t nh gp trng thi ng sut phng trn. 2- Nhng ng sut tip ln nht s l: 2 1.2 = 1 - ng sut tip trn mt ct song song vi phng ca 3 v 2 xin mt gc 450 so vi cc phng ca 1, 2. 3 - ng sut tip trn mt ct song song vi 1 v xin mt gc 2.3 = 2 2 450 so vi cc phng ca 2, 3. 3 - ng sut tip trn mt ct song song vi 2 v xin gc 450 3.1 = 1 2 vi cc phng 1 v 3. Trong 3 ng sut tip ln nht ny, th ng sut tip 3.1 l ln nht: 3 max= 3.1 = 1 2 iu ny rt quan trng n c ngha i vi nhiu vn trong c hc, v nh xy dng cc thuyt bn chng hn.
3.5. CC THUYT BN.

i vi trng thi ng sut n (ko, nn ng tm) hay trng thi trt thun ty (ct, xon), ta xc nh d dng cc ng sut gii hn bng th nghim, nh phn c trng c hc ca vt liu. l cc gii hn chy ch (hay ch) i vi vt liu do v gii hn bn b (hay b) i vi vt liu gin, t chng ta d dng c iu kin kim tra bn nh sau: max []k ; min []n ; max [] Trong []k, []n, [] l cc ng sut cho php, ngha, gi tr tng gp chng ko (nn) ng tm. Th nhng i vi trng thi ng sut phc tp, vn xc nh cc trng thi gii hn bng th nghim rt kh khn v phc tp, trn thc t khng tm c bi hai l do sau : - Th nghim ko, nn theo 3 chiu i hi nhng thit b phc tp, khng c dng rng ri nh cc thit b thc hin cc th nghim ko, nn ng tm v xon. - Trong lc th nghim cn phi to t s cc lc tc dng nh bi ton thc v t s ny thay i theo tng trng hp c th nn s th nghim s rt ln v khng c kh nng tin hnh c. Do vy ngi ta c xu hng a trng thi ng sut phc tp ang xt v trng thi ng sut n tng ng, tc l trng thi gii hn ca trng thi ng sut phc tp cng chnh l trng thi gii hn ca trng thi ng sut n tng ng. iu c ngha l bn ca trng thi ng sut phc tp ang xt cng bng bn ca trng thi ng sut n tng ng n. ng sut chnh ca trng thi ng sut tng ng c gi l ng sut tng ng, c k hiu l td, lc ny iu kin bn s c vit nh trong chng ko, nn ng tm: td [] (3-22)

63

Nh vy vn phi gii quyt cc bi ton bn cho cc trng thi ng sut phc tp l d on v mi lin h ca cc ng sut chnh 1, 2, 3 vi gi tr td (ca trng hp trng thi ng sut n tng ng). Nhng gi thuyt cho php ta thit lp s lin h gia cc ng sut chnh ca trng thi ng sut phc tp cho vi ng sut tng ng td c gi l thuyt bn. R rng c nhiu thuyt bn ra i v khng th khng nh gi thuyt no l chnh xc. V tnh cht khng hon chnh ca cc thuyt bn nn ta ng ngc nhin khi kt qu tnh tan theo thuyt bn ny c khc mt t so vi kt qu tnh ton ca thuyt bn kia. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu nhng thuyt bn c bn nht v ph bin nht. Xt hai phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp v n: 1) Thuyt bn ng sut php ln nht (thuyt bn I) Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu ng sut php ln nht ca chng bng nhau. - Vt liu do: td = max (|1|, |3|) (3-23) => iu kin bn td [] - Vt liu gin: 1 = 1 []k td II = |3| []n td 2) Thuyt bn bin dng t i ln nht (thuyt bn II).
1 2 td

(3-24)

3 2 1 td

Suy ra td = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) [] Ngy nay ngi ta khng dng thuyt bn I v II na (v khng ph hp), ch cn gi tr lch s. 3) Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht (thuyt bn III). Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu ng sut tip ln nht ca chng bng nhau. Trong trng thi ng sut khi (phc tp), ngi ta chng minh c:

Hnh 3.24: Trng Hnh 3.24: Trng thi ng sut phc thi ng sut n tp tng ng Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu bin dng di t i ln nht ca chng bng nhau: 1 1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )] E 1 = td td td = E

64

2 td => td = 1 - 3 (3-25) trng thi ng sut n: max = 2 v iu kin bn td []. i vi trng thi ng sut phng c bit (xem hnh 3.26) l trng thi ng sut thng gp cc bi ton ca sc bn vt liu nh un, sc chu phc tp..., m chng ta s nghin cu sau: 2 2 1 = + 4 + = max 2 Hnh 3.26: Trng 2 = 0 thi ng sut 2 2 phng c bit 3 = 4 + = min 2

max =

1 3

cho nn : td = 1 - 3 = 2 + 4 2 [ ] (3-26) 4) Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng (thuyt bn IV). Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu nh th nng ring bin i hnh dng ca chng bng nhau. iu kin bn td =
2 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 [ ] K 2

(3-28)

td = 2 + 3 2 [] (3-29) 5) Thuyt bn Mohr (thuyt bn V). iu kin bn : td = 1 - 3 [] (3-30) k vi = 0 n 0 * Vt liu do: = 1 tr v thuyt bn III. * Vt li gin: < 1. i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit: 1 1+ td = (3-31) + 2 + 4 2 [ ] 2 2 Kt lun: a) Dng thuyt bn I trong trng hp trng thi ng sut n hoc rt gn vi trng thi ng sut n. b) Dng thuyt bn III hay thuyt bn IV i vi vt liu do (v 2 thuyt bn ny rt ph hp i vi vt liu do). c) Dng thuyt bn V i vi vt liu gin. V d 2: Mt l c kch thc 101010 z P=5 kN (mm2) ca mt khi thp ln, chng ta t vo 2 mt khi c kch thc101010 (mm ) va kht vo l v p n bi mt lc nn P = 15 KN (hnh 3.27). x * Xc nh p sut tc ng ln thnh l ?
65 y
Hnh 3.27:Tnh kch thc theo thuyt bn

i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit :

* Bin dng th tch ca khi ? * Kim tra bn bng thuyt bn III ? Cho bit : = 0,3; [] = 16 KN/cm2 ; E = 2.104KN/cm3. Bi gii: 1/ Xc nh p sut ln thnh l. P 15 z= = = 15KN / cm2 , do i xng x = y. F 1,1 10,001 10 = 10 4 theo nh lut Hooke: x = y = 10 i x = x ( y + z ) E => x = y = -3,57 KN/cm2 V 1 2 = 2/ Tnh bin dng th tch : = V E 1 2 1 2 0,3 => V = V = 2.10 4 (3,57 2 15) 10 10 10 = 0,443mm 3 . E Nh vy l th tch b gim. 3/ Kim tra theo thuyt bn III: td = 1 - 3 = -3,57 - (-15) = 11,43 KN/cm2 < []. Vy khi thp bn. V d 3: Trn hai mt to vi nhau mt gc 600 v i qua mt im trng thi ng sut phng c cc ng sut y=3KN/cm2, yx = 5 KN cm 2 , uv = 6 KN cm 2 , hnh 3.28. uv

uv

Tnh cc ng sut ti im . Bi gii: T cng thc: x y uv = sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 2( uv xy cos 2 ) + y x = sin 2 Vi: = 6 KN cm 2 ; y = 3 KN cm 2 ; x 0 x = 2(6 5 1 2)

uv 600 yx y

Hnh 3.28: Tnh ng su t

xy = yx = 5 KN cm 2 ; = 90 0 60 0 = 30 0

nn:

32 Cc ng sut chnh ti im tnh theo cng thc: x + y 1 max/ min = ( x y ) 2 + 4 2 xy 2 2 11,08 + 3 1 (11,08 3)2 + 4 5 2 = 2 2

+ 3 = 11.08 KN cm 2

66

 max = 13,47 KN cm 2 min = 0,61 KN cm 2 V d 4: Tm ng sut chnh v phng chnh ca phn t trng thi ng sut phng v trn hnh 3.29 bng phng php gii tch v phng php th. Bi gii: 1- Phng php gii tch: 5KN/cm2 2 2 x = 3 KN cm ; y = 5 KN cm ; xy = 2 KN cm 2

3KN/cm2 2KN/cm2 Hnh 3.29: Phn t trng thi ng t h

ng sut chnh: x + y 1 max/ min = ( x y ) 2 + 4 2 xy 2 2 3+5 1 (3 5)2 + 4 ( 2)2 = 2 2 max = 1 = 6,24 6KN cm 2 ; min = 2 = 1,7 6KN cm 2 Phng chnh theo cng thc: 2 xy 2 ( 2 ) tg 2 = = = 2 x y 35 2 = 63 30 1 = 58 015 ; 21 = 310 45 2- Phng php th:
0

2
0 1 3 2 2 4 5 6 1 7

2=1,76 1=6,24

max = 1 = 6,24 KN cm

min = 2 = 1,76 KN cm 2

V d 5: Mt khi hnh tr trn A c Hnh 3.30: Phng php t kht vo l khot ca mt vt tuyt i cng th B v chu lc nn P=50KN. Xc nh p lc tc dng vo vch l khot, cc bin dng h v V ca khi ng. Cho d= 4cm; h=10cm; =0,31 ; E = 1,1 10 4 KN cm 2 . Bi gii: Gi z l phng tc dng ca P. x, y to vi z h trc vung gc. Tch ra mt phn t hnh hp c mt song song h trc trn. Do tnh i xng trc ca bi ton suy ra:x= y. P iu kin bin dng tr A: 1 x = x ( y + z ) = 0 E Trong x, y cng l cng p lc ca vt B A B tc dng ln tr A: x = 0 Vi

Hnh 3.31: Tnh p lc 67

P 50 = = 3.98 KN cm 2 F 42 4 0,31 ( 3,98) = 1,79 KN cm 2 x = y = 1 0,31 h Bin dng h ca tr A: h = h z = z ( x + y ) E 10 [ 3,98 0,31( 1,79 1,79)] = 2,61 10 3 cm = 1,1 10 4 1 2 Bin dng th tch V ca tr A: V = V0 = V0 E 3,14 4 2 = 2,61 10 3 =-0,032789cm3 4 z =

CU HI T HC :
3.1. Th no l trng thi ng sut ti mt im ? 3.2. Hai im c coi l c trng thi chu lc nh nhau th phi cn c vo phn t g v tr s phi nh th no ? 3.3. Th no l mt chnh, phng chnh, ng sut chnh? C bao nhiu mt chnh, ng sut chnh cng nh phng chnh ? 3.4. Phn bit cc trng thi ng sut n, trng thi ng sut phng v trng thi ng sut khi ? 3.5. Khi s dng cc cng thc tnh ng sut trn mt ct xin th du cc i lng ph thuc vo yu t no ? 3.6. Chng minh rng: Trn cc mt chnh th ng sut ca n l gi tr cc tr. 3.7. T xy dng vng Mohr ng sut i vi trng thi ng sut phng v cho bit cc phng chnh, mt chnh v gi tr ng sut chnh. 3.8. Trnh by cc thuyt bn thng dng hin nay v cch s dng n.

*****

68

Chng 4

C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT NGANG PHNG

4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG Khi nghin cu kh nng chu lc ca thanh chu ko, nn ng tm, ta nhn thy vi cng mt loi vt liu, thanh no c din tch mt ct ngang ln hn th chu c ti trng ln hn. Nhng khi tnh nhng thanh chu xon, un... th kh nng ca chng khng nhng ph thuc vo din tch ca mt ct ngang m cn ph thuc vo hnh dng v s b tr mt ct ngang. V d: Xt mt dm tit din ch nht b h vi h > b trong hai trng hp: Tit din ng v tit din nm ngang cng chu lc P nh nhau nh trn hnh 4.1a, 4.1b.
P
a)

b
a)

P
d= 0,7071D D b) b)

Hnh 4.2: Dm c tit din hnh tr(a) v hnh vnh khn (b) Kt qu thc nghim hoc bng trc gic ta cng nhn ra l trng hp (a) chu lc tt hn trng hp (b). i vi trng hp trc chu xon hnh 4.2, th mt ct ngang vnh khn chu xon tt hn. Chng ta s kho st nhng c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang c lin quan n vic chu lc ca cc thanh. 4.2. M MEN TNH V CC M MEN QUN TNH Gi s c mt ct ngang c din tch F. Xc nh trong mt phng ca mt ct mt h trc ta (Oxy) v ta gi (x, y) l ta ca im A no y thuc F. Ly chung quanh A mt phn t din tch dF. 4.2.1. M men tnh. Ta gi m men tnh ca din tch F i vi trc x hay i vi trc y l cc biu thc tch phn sau:
Sx =

Hnh 4.1: Dm c tit din ng (a) v nm ngang (b)

ydF ;
F

S y = xdF
F

, n v m3, cm3 ...

Trong : Sx, Sy c th m, dng, hay bng khng.

70

d= 0,7071D

* Khi m men tnh ca din tch F i vi mt trc no bng khng th trc gi l trc trung tm. * Giao im ca hai trc trung tm gi l trng tm ca mt ct ngang. dF A y Xut pht t nh ngha trn ta c th thit lp cng thc tnh ta trng tm ca din tch F i vi x h trc Oxy. Gi s c hai trc trung tm Cxo , Cy0 ct O x nhau ti trng tm C ca mt ct ngang v song song vi Ox, Oy, hnh 4.4. (a) Theo nh ngha ta c: Sxo = Syo = 0 Hnh 4.3 Xc nh m men tnh Gi (xC,yC) l ta ca C trong h trc Oxy v (xo,yo) l ta ca A trong h y yo x = x c + x o trc Cxoyo th: y = y c + y o T nh ngha c: S x = ydF = ( y c + y o )dF = y c dF + y o dF
y

F: Din tch ca b mt ct ngang

F A xo

Sx = ycF + Sxo = ycF [Sxo = 0 theo (a)] Tng t: Sy = xcF Vy, ta c:

S yc = x S x = y c F F S y = x c F x = S y c F

yc

yo

C O x0 xC x

(4-1)

Tnh cht c bn: Mi trc i xng ca mt ct ngang u l trc trung tm (hnh 4.5). Thc vy, nu trc y l trc i xng ca mt ct ngang th:
F1

Hnh 4.4: Xc nh to trng tm ca mt ct ngang

y

dF
B

dF
A

xdF = | x | dF = xdF
F2 F2

F1

F2

Trong F1, F2 din tch ca hai na. S y = xdF =

F F1 + F2

xdF = xdF xdF = 0

F1 F2

Hnh 4.5: Trc i xng ca mt ct ngang l trc trung tm * V d 1: a) Tnh m men tnh v ta trng tm ca mt ct ngang ch nht i vi cc trc i qua cc cnh (hnh 4.6).

Sy = 0 Vy y l trc trung tm.

-x

71

Trn hnh ch nht ta ly di phn t din tch dF = bdy, ta c: S x = ydF =

F

dy

dF h
C

bh 2 ybdy = 2

(4-2)

Tng t :
x

O b/2

Hnh 4.6: Tnh m men tnh v to trng tm b) Tnh mt ct ngang ch nht m men tnh S x v tung trng tm y c ca hnh tam gic i vi trc x cnh y (hnh 4.7). Theo hnh 4.7, ta c: b( y) h y = dF = b(y)dy , m b h b( h y) => dF = dy h
b bh 2 (4-4) S x = ydF = (h y) ydy = h 6 F 0
h

hb2 2 Ta trng tm : S y bh 2 b h xc = = = ; yc = F 2bh 2 2

h/2

Sy =

(4-3)

dF dy b(y) h
y x O

S x bh / 6 h = = F bh / 2 3 c) Tnh m men tnh v ta trng tm ca mt ct ngang dng na hnh trn i vi trc x i qua y (hnh 4.8). y T hnh 4.8, ta c: dF = b(y)dy dF nhng y = Rsin => dy= Rcosd A b(y) = 2Rcos b(y) => dF = 2R2cos2d yc =
/2

Hnh 4.7: Tnh m men tnh v tung trng tm mt ct

=>Sx =

2 2 R sin .2R cos d 0

dy

2 3 R => Sx = 3

(4-5) yc = Sx 4 R = F 3

Hnh 4.8 Tnh m men tnh v tung trng tm mt ct ngang dng

72

d) Tnh m men tnh v ta trng tm ca mt ct ngang nh hnh v 4.9 i vi trc x i qua y. T hnh 4.9, ta c: y
2a 2a

S x = ydF = ydF + ydF + ydF ydF

F F1 F2 F3 F4

Sx =
3 3a 5a 6a

2 3a 5a

4a (6a ) 3a (6a ) 2 + 2 a (3a ) 2 6 3 2 3 Sx = 90a xC = 0

Sx 90a 3 180a = = 9 2 84 9 F 42 a 2

yc =

Hnh 4.9 Tnh m men tnh v tung trng tm mt ct ngang hnh thang 4.2.2. M men qun tnh i vi mt trc (gi tt m men qun tnh). Ta gi m men qun tnh ca din tch F i vi y Din tch mt ct trc x hay trc y l biu thc tch phn sau:
J x = y 2 dF
F

y
4 4

dF
x

hay

J y = x dF n v m , cm ...
2 F

Jx, Jy lun lun dng.

Hnh 4.10: Xc 4.2.3. M men qun tnh c cc (i vi mt im). nh m men qun y tnh Ta gi m men qun tnh c cc ca din tch F i vi gc ta O l biu thc tch phn:
J P = 2 dF , n v m4, cm4 ...
F

dF

dF

Trong : v

= OA
F1 F2
F

2 = x2 + y2 => J P = ( x 2 + y 2 )dF

Jp = Jx + Jy cng nh m men qun tnh, m men qun tnh c cc bao gi cng dng.
-x O x

4.2.4. M men qun tnh ly tm. Ta gi m men qun tnh ly tm ca din tch F i vi h trc Oxy l biu thc tch phn: J xy = xydF n v m4, cm4 ...

Hnh 4.11: Xc nh m men qun tnh li tm

x, y c th c du ngc nhau => Jxy c th m, dng, hay bng khng.

73

Khi Jxy = 0, th Oxoyo gi l h trc qun tnh chnh (gi tt h trc chnh). * Nu h trc qun tnh c gc ti trng tm ca mt ct ngang th c gi l h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm. * Tnh cht: Nu mt ct c mt trc i xng th bt c trc no vung gc vi trc i xng cng lp vi n mt h trc qun tnh chnh (c th chng minh tng t nh hnh 4.5). 4.3. M MEN QUN TNH CA MT S HNH N GIN. y V d 2: 1) Hnh ch nht bh: dF = bdy
dF h
C

dy

J x = y dF =
2 F

h/2

h / 2

2 y bdy =

bh 3 12

O b/2

bh 3 Jx = 12 hb 3 Jy = 12 2) Hnh tam gic y b, cao h:

h/2

(4-6)

Hnh 4.12: Xc nh m men qu tnh ca hnh ch nht

b b( y) h y = => b( y) = (h y) h h b
J x = y 2 dF = y 2
F 0 h

dF b(y) h y
x

b (h y)dy h

bh 3 (4-7) 12 Nu trc x qua trng tm hnh tam gic th cng thc hin tng t ta c: Jx = Jx = bh 3 36

Hnh 4.13: Xc nh m men qu tnh ca hnh tam gic

3) Hnh trn. i vi hnh trn, hnh vnh khn do i xng, ta c: Jx = Jy => Jp = Jx+ Jy = 2Jx= 2Jy nn ta c th tnh Jp trc ri suy ra Jx, Jy Dng ta c cc: dF = dd
J P = 2 dF =
F 2R 2 dd = 0 0

R 4 2

R l bn knh ng trn.

74

dy

Jx + Jy = JP = hay

R 4 R 4 => J x = J y = 2 4 4 D JP = 0,1D 4 32 Jx=Jy 0,05D4

y

(4-8)

dF d=2r
x O

+d

D=2R

D=2R

Hnh 4.14: Xc Hnh 4.15: Xc nh nh m men qu m men qun tnh ca tnh ca hnh trn hnh vnh khn D- ng knh ng trn 4) Hnh vnh khn: Tng t, nhng vi r R D 4 JP = (1 4 ) 0,1D 4 (1 4 ) 32 D 4 Jx = Jy = (1 4 ) 0,05D 4 (1 4 ) 64 d Trong : = D 4.4. CNG THC CHUYN TRC SONG SONG CA M MEN QUN TNH Gi s ta bit m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang c din tch F i vi trc x, y.Tnh m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi cc trc X, Y song song vi cc trc x, y.Ta c: y Y x = X + a y = Y + b Theo nh ngha: A dF J x = y 2 dF = (Y + b) 2 dF
b=yC Y

= JX + b2F + 2bSX Tng t: Jy = JY + a2F + 2aSY Jxy = JXY + abF + aSX + bSY Nu X, Y l cc trc trung tm: SX = SY = 0 ; a = xC ; b = yC
75

C
O

X x

a=xC
x

Hnh 4.16: S chuyn trc song song ca m men qun tnh

Ta c:
2 J x = JX + yc F 2 Jy = JY + xc F

(4-9)

J xy = J XY + x c y c F V d 3: Xc nh m men qun tnh i vi trc trung tm X ca mt ct ngang hnh 4.17. Trc ht ta phi xc inh trng tm ca mt ct ngang. Chia mt ct ngang thnh 2 hnh n gin (1) l hnh ch nht cha b khot v (2) l din tch hnh tam gic b khot. Chn h trc ban u (x1, y) i qua trng tm ca hnh (1). V y trc i xng , nn C trc y: XC = 0 S xl S (x11) S (x2 ) 0 3a 6a 2 1 = = 0,43a YC = = F F1 F2 48a 2 6a 2 Nh vy trng tm C ca hnh s nm trn trc x, cch trc x1 v pha di mt on bng Yc= 0,43a. By gi ta tnh m men qun tnh i vi trc chnh trung tm x va mi xc dnh.Ta c: y 1 J X = J (X) J (X2 ) 2a 2a 1 2 m J (x1) = J (X1) + y c1 F1

2 J (X2 ) = J (X22) + y c 2 F2

8a

C1 C

3a
x1 x

6a (8a ) 3 = + (0,43a ) 2 48a 2 12 = 264,875a 4 4a (3a ) 3 = + (3,43a ) 2 6a 2 36 Vy 191,285a4 = 73,59a 4 JX = 264,875a4 - 73,59a4 =

2 C2

x2

3a

4a

1
6a

4.5. H TRC QUN TNH CHNH - CNG THC XOAY TRC CA M MEN QUN TNH. 4.5.1. H trc qun tnh chnh. i vi mt hnh phng c mt trc i xng th khi bit trng tm, ta c ngay mt h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm (h trc ny c gc trng tm, mt trc l trc i xng v trc kia vung gc vi n i qua trng tm). V vic xc nh m men qun tnh chnh ca n l n gin. Th nhng i vi mt hnh khng c trc i xng no th khi bit trng tm ca n vn cha th xc nh h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm v cng cha th xc nh c cc m men qun tnh chnh c. Di y ta hy nghin cu vn ny, trc ht ta nhc li mt s nh ngha: nh ngha: Trong mt phng cha mt ct ngang, xc nh mt h trc vung gc Oxy sao cho Jxy=0 v Sx=Sy=0, th ta gi h trc l h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.

Hnh 4.17: Xc nh m men qun tnh i vi trc trung tm ca mt ct ngang

76

0,43a

Lc m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm c gi l m men qun tnh chnh trung tm. Khi gii cc bi ton sc bn vt liu, ta thng s dng n cc h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm v cc m men qun tnh chnh trung tm. By gi cn phi xc nh v tr ca h trc chnh. Mun vy, ni chung ta cn xt s bin thin ca cc m men qun tnh khi xoay trc. 4.5.2. Cng thc xoay trc ca m men qun tnh. Xt mt mt ct ngang biu din hnh 4.18. Gi s bit Jx, Jy, Jxy ca mt ct ngang. By gi chn h trc to xoay quanh O y mt gc , ta c h trc mi Ouv. Tm s lin h v F gia Jx, Jy, Jxy vi JU, JV, JUV. Ta c cng thc chuyn trc: u u = x cos + y sin v = y cos x sin
y
v
2

A dF

Nn: J u =

(y cos x sin ) dF

O x

u
x

= J x cos 2 + J sin 2 2Jxy sin 2 Cui cng ta c: Jx + Jy Jx Jy Hnh 4.18: S Ju = + cos 2 J xy sin 2 xoay trc tnh 2 2 m men qun tnh Ch : Dng cng thc: 1 + cos 2 cos 2 = 2 1 cos 2 sin 2 = va 2 Tng t: Jx + Jy Jx Jy + cos 2 J xy sin 2 JU = 2 2 Jx + Jy Jx Jy (4-10) cos 2 + J xy sin 2 JV = 2 2 J = J x J y sin 2 + J cos 2 xy UV 2 l cng thc xoay trc ca m men qun tnh. Ta rt ra nhng nhn xt : * JU + JV = Jx + Jv * Cc cng thc trn ging cng thc tnh U, V, UV * iu kin xc nh h trc chnh l: JUV = 0 Hon ton ging iu kin xc nh mt chnh trong trng thi ng sut UV = 0. V vy y ta c th s dng ngay cc kt qu nghin cu chng trc xc nh h trc chnh v m men qun tnh chnh.
J max/ min = Jx + Jy 2 1 2 (J x J y ) 2 + 4J 2 xy

(4-11)

77

tg1 / 2 =

J xy J y J max/ min

(4-12)

4.6. VNG TRN MOHR QUN TNH. xc nh cc trc chnh, cc ng sut chnh ca mt hnh phng no ta cng c th s dng phng php ho nh i vi vic xc nh phng chnh, ng sut chnh i vi bi ton trng thi ng sut. Tht vy i chiu cc cng thc tnh m men qun tnh chnh, xc nh phng chnh bng gii tch nh (4-10), (4-11) v (4-12) vi cc biu thc xc nh cc ng sut chnh v phng chnh chng 3 va ri ta thy v mt ton hc tng t nhau. T (4-10) vi lp lun v thc hin cc Juv Phng trc php bin i nh i vi vic xy dng vng chnh c Jmin trn Mohr ng sut, ta s c vng trn Mohr 2 qun tnh. 1 Khi bit Jx, Jy v Jxy th tm C ca vng cc D Jx + Jy Jmin Jy Jmax trn qun tnh c to : C 2 ,0 Ju

(J x J y ) + J2 . v bn knh s l: R = xy Phng trc 2 chnh c Jmax Cui cng ta c th dng vng trn qun tnh v cch xc nh cc trc chnh v Hmh 4.19: Vng trn gi tr cc m men qun tnh chnh nh trn Mohr qun tinh hnh 4.19. Ch :Vng trn Mohr ng sut c th nm c 2 pha trc tung hoc ct trc tung, nhng vng trn Mohr qun tnh ch c th nm bn phi ca trc trung m thi,v gi tr m men qun tnh lun lun dng T hnh v vng trn Mohr qun tnh (xem hnh 4.19), ta c th tm v tr cc trc c m men qun tnh chnh theo biu thc: J xy J xy tg1 = tg (180 ) = = (4-13) J max J y J y J max
2

Jx

tg 2 =

J xy J y J min

(4-14)

4.7. BN KNH QUN TNH. Bn knh qun tnh cng l mt i lng c ngha v thng c s dng trong tnh ton kt cu, cng nh cc i lng c hc khc n c k hiu v nh Jy Jx ngha theo biu thc: v ry = rx = F F Trong : rx , ry l bn knh qun tnh theo phng x v phng y. Tng t i Jmax Jmin vi trc chnh, ta cng c: rmax = . va rmin = F F

78

V d 4: Xc nh m men qun tnh chnh, trng tm ca mt ct nh hnh 4.20. Bi gii: Trc tin ta phn tch mt ct y thnh 3 hnh ch nht v c nh du I, II, 2a III (xem hnh 4.20). Vi cc trng tm tng hnh l O1, O2, O3 v knh thc c xc nh. I O1 1. Xc nh trng tm C ca ton a hnh: Chng ta bit v trc y l trc i xng II nn trng tm c hnh chc phi nm trn trc O2 x y. V vy trc tin ta chn trc xo qua trng C tm ca hnh III, n cng vi trc y l h trc III 3 O ban u. Gi yc l tung ca trng tm C xo trong h xoO3 y th n c xc nh bi: 6a Sx o yc = F Trong : Sxo- M men tnh ton hnh Hnh 4.20: Xc nh m ly i vi trc xo; F- Din tch ton hnh : men qun tnh chnh F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 2a a + a 4a + 6a a = 12a2 v S x o = S Ix o + S IIo + S III x xo
5a 2,5a
yC 3/5a

Trong :

S Ix o = F1 010 3 = 2a 2 5a = 10a 3 S IIo = F2 0 2 0 3 = a 4a 2,5a = 10a 3 x S III = F3 0 3 0 3 = 6a a 0 = 0 xo

Vy:

S x o = 10a3 + 10a3 + 0 = 20a3 yc = Sxo

=+

F Vy trng tm C c xc nh. Ch : Trc xo ban u chn u cng c nhng tt nhin chn qua trng tm mt hnh no th n gin hn. 2. M men qun tnh chnh trung tm. a) Tnh Jy: V y l trc qua trng tm ca mi hnh nn ta s dng cng thc tnh m men qun tnh cho hnh ch nht. J y = J Iy + J II + J III y y m J Iy = J II = y J
III y

Cui cng :

20a 3 5 =+ a 2 3 12a

a (2a ) 3 2 4 = a 12 3 4a.a 3 a 4 = 12 3

a (6a ) 3 = =18a 4 12
79

4a

Vy Jy = 19a4 b. Tnh Jx: V trc x khng i qua trng tm ca mt hnh ch nht no nn phi dng php chuyn trc song song. J x = J Ix + J II + J III x x M J Ix =
II x

2a a 3 5 403a 4 + (2a a ) 5a a = 12 3 18
2

a (4a ) 3 5 146a 4 J = + (4a a ) 2,5a a = 12 3 18 J Vy

III x

6a.a 3 309 4 5 a = + (6a a ) a = 12 18 3

403a 4 146a 4 309a 4 858a 4 143 4 + + = = a 18 18 18 18 3 V d 5: Xc nh v tr h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm v m men qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt mt ct ngang ghp bi cc thp nh hnh ch s 22a v thp gc u cnh 10010010 nh trn hnh 4.21a. Bi gii: Trc ht tra cc s liu cn thit cho cc thp nh hnh - i vi thp ch 22a (nh du l hnh I): Jx = h1 = 22cm; Z 01 = 2,47cm; F1= 28,6cm2; J (x11) = 2320cm 4 ;
J (yI1) = 186cm 4

V h trc trung tm (x1, y1) ca thp ch c trc i xng, nn J (x11)y1 = 0 - i vi thp gc u cnh 100 100 10 (nh du l hnh 2): b2 = 10cm ; Z o 2 = 2,83cm ; F2 = 19,20cm2
2) 2) J (x22) = J (y22) = 179cm 4 ; J (max = 284cm 4 ; J (min = 74,1cm 4

Gi C2 l trng tm ca thp gc u cnh v h trc (x2, y2) l h trc trung tm song song vi cc cnh. H trc ny khng phi l h trc chnh trung tm ca thp gc u cnh nn ta phi tnh m men qun tnh ly tm J (x22)y 2 ca n. Theo cng thc (4-10)(1):
( tg12 ) =

J (y22) J max
J (x22)y 2 179 284

J (x22)y 2

( Vi v tr ca thp gc u cnh nh trn hnh 4.19, th 1 2) = 450 nn:

tg (45 ) =
0

Rt ra:
(1)

J (x22)y 2 = 1 (179 284) = 105cm 4

th tnh J x 2 y 2

c bit i vi thp c gc u cnh, ta c mt cch n gin.V J x 2 = J y 2 , nn theo vng

2 2

Mohr qun tnh ta c : J xy (max) = J max J min = 284 74,1 105cm4 80

Sau khi c s liu, ta s tin hnh tnh ton theo trnh t sau: 1. Xc nh trng tm ca mt ct ngang ghp (hnh 4.18a) cho h trc ban u l h trc trung tm (x1, y1) ca hnh 1. Nh vy m men tnh ca thp ch i vi cc (1) (1) trc ny u bng 0: S x1 = 0 ; S y1 = 0 Do m men tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi cc trc x1 v y1 chnh bng m men tnh ca thp gc u cnh cng i vi cc trc :

h 22 S x1 = S (x2) = F2 . y1 (c 2 ) = F2 1 z 0, 2 = 19,2 2,83 = 157cm 3 1 2 2

S y1 = S (y2 ) = F2 . x 1 (c 2 ) = F2 1

(z

0 ,1

+ z 0, 2 ) = 19,2 . (2,47 + 2,83) = 102cm 3

Din tch ca mt ct ngang: F = F1 + F2 = 28,6 + 19,2 = 47,8m2 Trng tm ca mt ct ngang i vi h trc x1, y1 c tnh theo cng thc (4-3) :
x 1 ( c) = y 1 (c ) = S y1 F S x1 = = 102 = 2,13cm ; 47,8

157 = 3,28cm F 47,8 2. Tnh cc m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi h trc trung tm (x,y) ca n (hnh 4.18a) song song vi h trc (x1, y1) v (x2, y2). - i vi thp ch : x c1 = 2,13cm ; y c1 = 3,28cm
2 J (x1) = J (x11) + y c1 F1 = 2320 + (3,28) 2 . 28,6 = 2628cm 4 2 J (y1) = J (y11) + x c1 F1 = 186 + (2,13) 2 .28,6 = 316cm 4 1 J (xy) = J (x11)y1 + x c1 y c1 F1 = 0 + (2,13)(3,28).28,6 = 200cm 4

y1 x 1(c)
1

z02 2

Jmin y2
2 x2

Juv(cm4) min 2=780

C2

y1(c)

C C1

x
1

1000 Jy
O C

x1
Jmax

1=120

M1

Ju(cm4)

1000 2000 3000 Jmin=550cm2 Jma x=3400 cm4 max

z01

a)
81

b)

Hnh 4.21: Xc nh trng tm v m men qun tnh chnh ca hnh ghp - i vi thp gc u cnh (hnh 4.22) x c 2 = z 01 + z 02 x 1 (C ) = 2,47 + 2,83 2,13 = 3,17cm

y c2 = J (x2 )

h1 22 z 02 y1( c ) = 2,83 3,28 = 4,89cm 2 2 ) 2 = J (x222 + y c 2 F2 = 179 + (4,89) 2 19,2 = 640cm 4

2 J (xy) = J (x22)y 2 + x c 2 y c 2 F2 = 105 + (3,17) (4,89) 19,2 = 402,5cm 4

Nh vy m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang ghp i vi h trc trung tm (x,y) s l :

J x = J (x1) + J (x2 ) = 2628 + 640 = 3268cm 4 J y = J (y1) + J (y2) = 316 + 371 = 687cm 4
1 2 J xy = J (xy) + J (xy) = 200 + 402,5 = 602,5cm 4

y2

3. Xc nh v tr ca h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm: - Bng vng Mohr qun tnh, ta o c (t l xch 2cm ng vi 1000cm4): Jmax = 3.400cm4; Jmin=550cm4; 1 = -120; 2 = 780 - Bng gii tch: Theo cng thc (4-10) v (4-11) Jmax = 3268 + 687 1 (3268 687) 2 + 4 (602,5) 2 = 3407,5cm 4 + 2 2 Jmin =

x2

1(2)=-450

z02

Hnh 4.22: Xc nh v tr ca h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm

3268 + 687 1 (3268 687) 2 + 4 (602,5) 2 = 547,5cm 4 2 2 J xy 602,5 tg1 = = = 0,222 J y J mx 687 3407,5 1 = -12030' ; 2 = 900 - 12030' = 77030'

CU HI T HC:
4.1. Cc i lng no c gi l cc c trng hnh hc ca din tch phng? 4.2. Cch xc nh trng tm ca mt hnh ghp t cc hnh n gin ? 4.3. Trn mt hnh phng, nhng trc no c gi tr mmen tnh i vi n bng khng? Nhng trc gi l g v giao im ca n u ? 4.4. Cch xc nh cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm i vi mt hnh ghp t cc hnh n gin. 4.5. Cng thc chuyn trc song song ?
82

4.6. Cng thc xoay trc 4.7. S ging nhau v khc nhau gia vic xc nh phng chnh, ng sut chnh i vi trng thi ng sut v trc qun tnh chnh cng nh gi tr ca m men qun tnh chnh i vi hnh phng ?
-----

83

Chng 5

UN NGANG PHNG NHNG THANH THNG

5.1.KHI NIM. Mt thanh chu un l mt thanh c trc b un cong di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Nhng thanh ch yu chu un gi l dm. V d: Dm chnh ca mt ci cu (hnh 5.1), trc bnh xe la (hnh 5.2), x nh...
q
B

Hnh 5.1: Dm chnh Hnh 5.2: Trc Ngoi lc gy ra un c th l lc tp trung hay lc phn b c phng vung gc vi trc dm, hay l nhng m men nm trong mt phng cha trc dm. Mt s nh ngha : - Nu ngoi lc cng tc dng trong mt mt phng cha trc dm th mt phng gi l mt phng ti trng. - Giao tuyn gia mt phng ti trng v mt ct ngang ca dm gi l ng ti trng. - Mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm l mt mt phng to bi mt trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang v trc dm. Trn hnh 5.3, gi s y l trc i xng ca dm, z l trc dm, th mt phng Oyz l mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm. Nu trc dm khi b un cong vn nm trong mt phng qun tnh chnh trung q( tm th s un c gi l un phng z) Trong thc t, nhng dm b un P thng l nhng dm c mt ct ngang l M0 V hnh i xng qua mt trc. V vy, trong chng ny ta ch xt cc loi dm c tnh cht , ngha l cc loi dm c t nht mt O mt i xng i qua trc ca dm (hnh 5.3). x Ngoi ra, ta cng gi thit thm rng, ngoi lc tc dng trong mt phng cha trc dm v trc i xng ca mt ct ngang, tc l z ngoi lc tc dng trong mt mt phng i y xng i qua trc ca dm. Nh vy, trong trng hp un phng ang xt, mt phng Hnh 5.3:Mt dm chu un i xng l mt phng ti trng v ng thi phng l mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm. V tnh cht i xng, nn trc dm sau khi b un l mt ng cong phng nm trong mt phng i xng . Trc i xng ca mt ct l ng ti trng. Ta chia un phng lm hai loi: a) Un thun ty phng. b) Un ngang phng. 84

A. DM CHU UN THUN TY PHNG Mt dm chu un thun ty phng l mt dm chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca dm ch c mt thnh phn m men un nm trong mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm. Trn hnh 5.4, hnh 5.5: P, Mo nm trong mt phng i xng.
P MO A B C

a
A B

a P
D

l
MO MO P (Mx ) P P

P (Qy ) (Mx )

Hnh 5.5: Dm chu un thun tu phng R rng tt c mi mt ct ngang thuc on AB ca hai dm ch c mt thnh phn m men un nm trong mt phng i xng ca dm (mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm). Do , on AB chu un thun ty. 5.2. NG SUT PHP TRN MT CT NGANG CA DM CHU UN THUN TY PHNG. tnh ng sut trong dm chu un thun ty phng, trc ht ta xt bin dng ca a) dm. 5.2.1. Quan st bin dng: Quan st mt dm Mx Mx chu un thun ty phng c mt ct ngang hnh a b ch nht. Trc khi cho dm chu lc, ta k nhng b d c ng thng song song vi trc biu din cc th dc v nhng ng thng vung gc vi trc biu din cc mt ct ngang (hnh 5.6a). Hnh 5.6: Bin dng Khi c m men un tc dng vo hai u ca dm chu un dm, ta nhn thy rng nhng ng thng trc phng thun tu kia song song vi trc dm th by gi tr thnh nhng ng cong v vn song song vi trc dm Nhng ng thng trc kia vung gc vi trc dm, by gi vn vung gc vi trc dm. Nh vy, nhng gc vung v trc khi bin dng, th sau bin dng vn l gc vung (hnh 5.6b). 5.2.2. Gi thuyt. T cc nhn xt trn, ta a ra hai gi thuyt sau lm c s tnh tan cho mt thanh chu un thun ty: 85

Hnh 5.4: Dm chu un thun tu phng

a) Gi thuyt v mt ct ngang phng (Bemili): Trc khi bin dng mt ct ngang ca dm l phng th sau bin ng vn phng v vung gc vi trc dm. b) Gi thuyt v cc th dc: Trong qu trnh bin dng, cc th dc khng p ln nhau v cng khng y xa nhau. Ngoi hai gi thuyt trn, ta cn gi thuyt rng vt liu lm vic trong gii hn n hi, tc l vt liu tun theo nh lut Hooke. 5.2.3. Cng thc tnh ng sut php: * Quan h bin dng. Khi quan st bin dng ca dm chu un thun ty nh trn hnh 5.6a, ta nhn thy: Cc th dc pha trn trc dm b co li (th ab), cc th dc pha di trc dm b gin ra (th cd). Nh vy, t th b co sang th b gin, chc chn s c cc th khng b co cng khng b gin, tc l th khng bin dng. Cc th gi l th trung ha (hnh 5.7a). Cc th trung ha to thnh mt lp c gi l lp trung ha. Lp trung Mx Mx ho ng trung x ho
O

Th trung ho

ng trung h y a) b)

Trc i xng

Hnh 5.7: Bin dng ca dm chu un thun tu Giao tuyn ca lp trung ha vi mt ct ngang gi l ng trung ha. V cc th trn b nn, nn b rng ca mt ct pha trn phnh ra, cn cc th pha di chu ko nn b rng ca mt ct pha di thu hp li (hnh 5.7b). Mt ct ngang khng cn nguyn dng hnh ch nht nh trc khi b bin dng. ng trung ha l mt ng cong nhng v bin dng nh, nn c th coi mt ct sau khi bin dng vn khng i (vn hnh ch nht) v coi ng trung ha l ng thng v bin dng ca dm chu un thun ty l s quay ca cc mt ct xung quanh ng trung ha. By gi, ta xt mt on dm dz c ct ra bi hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 (hnh 5.8a).
d z
d 1

1
O1

2
O2

O1

O2

Th trung ho
n
2

m 1

n Th trung 2 h

m
1

b a ) Sau bin dng, theo gi thuyt mt ct ngang phng th hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 vn ) Hnh 5.8: Xt s bin dng ca mt th phng v vung gc vi trc dm, ng thi quay vi nhau mt gc d. Gi l bn knh cong ca th trung ha O1O2 (hnh 5.8b). V th trung ha khng b bin dng nn: 86

O1O2 = dz = O1O 2 = d By gi, tnh bin dng di ca mt th mn cch th trung ha mt khong cch y. Chiu di ca th ny trc khi b bin dng: mn = dz = d v sau khi bin dng : mn= ( + y) d Vy, bin dng di t i ca th mn bng: ( + y)d d y = z = d Trong , gi tr ca y v u cha bit, v v tr ca ng trung ha cn cha xc nh. * Quan h vt l: Ta hy xt mt mt ct no , chng hn mt ct 2-2. Mt ct c biu din nh trn hnh 5.9. Trn mt ct ta lp h ta Oxyz vi Ox l ng trung ha, Oy l trc i xng ca mt ct, Oz song song vi trc ca dm. Chiu ca cc trc nh hnh v (hnh 5.9a).
F Mx

x z
z
z

x
O d F

zd F

y By gi, ta tch ra mt phn t hnh hp bng cc mt ct song song vi cc mt b ta . Phn t c biu din trn hnh 5.9b. Theo gi thuyt v mt ct ngang phng a ) v vi nhn xt cc )vung sau khi bin dng vn gi gc vung, ngha l trn cc mt Hnh c ng sut tip. Ni cch khc, trn dm ngang ca ct ca phn t khng th5.9: Xc nh ng sut ca mt ctchu un thanh v cc tu th x= ch c ng sut php z..Theo gi thuytthun th dcphng y = 0. Nh vy, trng thi ng sut ca mt phn t tch ra mt im A no trn mt ct ngang l trng thi ng sut n. nh lut Hooke cho php ta biu din quan h y z = E z = E (b) gia z v Z nh sau :

* Quan h ng sut v ni lc: Xt mt phn t din tch dF bao quanh im A. Phn t ni lc tc dng ln phn t din tch l zdF. Nu quy v gc ta O ca h trc trn mt ct ngang ang xt, th chng ta c cc thnh phn phn t ni lc: dNz = zdF dMy = (zdF)x dMx = (zdF)y V chng ta nghin cu dm chu un thun ty phng, cho nn trn mi mt ct ngang ca dm ch c m men un Mx; cn My = 0 v Nz = 0. Do : (c) Nz = z dF = 0
F

87

My =

Mx =
F F

z z

xdF = 0 ydF

(d) (e)

im ca mt ct ngang nn c th a ra ngoi du tch phn : E E Nz = ydF = ydF = 0 F F Rt ra Sx = ydF = 0

F

Trong cc tch phn ly trn ton b din tch F ca mt ct ngang. E a) Lc trc NZ: Mang (b) vo (c) v ch t s l mt hng s trn mi

Trong , Sx l m men tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi ng trung ha Ox. iu chng t ng trung ha Ox trng vi trc trung tm ca mt ct ngang. b) M men un My: Mang (b) vo (d) ta c : E E My = xydF = xydF = 0 F p p F Rt ra : Jxy =

xydF = 0
F

Trong Jxy l m men qun tnh li tm ca mt ct ngang i vi h trc Oxy. Vy, h trc Oxy l h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang. c) M men un Mx: Sau khi xc nh v tr ng trung ha Ox, ta thit lp cng thc ng sut php. Mang (b) vo (e) ta c: E E E Mx = y 2 dF = y 2 dF = J x F F 1 Mx (5-1) Rt ra : = EJ x Trong EJx: cng ca dm khi un. M (5-2) Khi thay (5-1) vo (b) ta c: z = x y Jx Trong , Mx: M men un trn mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ha Ox v c coi l dng nu lm cng cc th v pha dng ca trc y. Jx: M men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ha Ox . y: Tung ca im ang xt n trc trung ha Ox. ng sut php tnh c mang du cng l ng sut ko, mang du tr l ng sut nn . thun tin cho vic tnh ton, chng ta c th vit (5-2) di dng cng thc k M z = x | y| (5-3) thut : Jx Trong , ta ly du (+) khi z l ng sut ko v du (-) khi z l ng sut nn im chng ta tnh ng sut.
5.3. BIU NG SUT PHP - NG SUT PHP LN NHT. 5.3.1. Biu ng sut php.

88

Theo cng thc (5-2), biu ng xut php trn mt ct ngang l mt mt phng (thng gi l mt phng ng sut), hnh 5.10a. Giao tuyn ca mt phng ng sut vi mt ct ngang l ng trung ha. a b mi ) ) x
Mx
n

k ma x

ng trung ho
y

n ma x

b ma
x

y Hnh 5.10: Biu ng sut php

Theo cng thc (5-2), ta thy nhng im cng nm trn mt ng thng song song vi ng trung ha (tc c cng khong cch y) th c cng tr s ng sut php. Do , ta ch cn biu din s bin thin ca ng sut php z theo chiu cao ca mt ct ngang (hnh 5.10b). Nh vy, ng sut php nhng im nm trn ng thng AB song song vi ng trung ha c biu din bng on thng ab trn biu phng (hnh 5.10a, b). Trn biu phng (hnh 5.10b), du (+) ch ng sut php ko, du (-) ch ng sut php nn. 5.3.2. ng sut php ln nht. T biu ng sut php, ta thy nhng im cch xa ng trung ha nht th ng sut php z c gi tr ln nht. K hiu: |ykmax| l khong cch t im chu ko cch xa ng trung ha nht, |ynma x| l khong cch t im chu nn cch xa ng trung ha nht. Thay cc tr s ny vo (5-3), ta c cc ng sut php cc tr nh sau: | Mx | | Mx | k max = + J | y max |= W k x x = | M x | | y n |= | M x | max min Jx Wxn J J Wxk = kx ; Wxn = nx | y max | | y max |
b

(5-4)

Trong , ta t:

n Nhng i lng W k , W x c gi l m men chng x un ca mt ct ngang; th nguyn ca n l (chiu di)3, n v m3, cm3 v.v... M men chng un l mt i lng hnh hc, ngha ca n th hin trong cng thc (5-4); tc Wx cng ln th dm c th chu Mx cng ln. Nh vy, m men chng un c trng cho nh hng ca hnh dng v kch thc ca mt ct

89

Hnh 5.11: Xc nh m men chng un ca hnh ch

ngang i vi bn ca dm khi ng sut php cha vt qu gii hn t l. Di y, ta tnh m men chng un ca mt vi mt ct ngang c dng hnh hc n gin. - Mt ct ngang hnh ch nht (hnh 5.11). M men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi ng trung ha Ox: bh 3 Jx = 12 h y |y k | = | y n | = max max 2 Vy, m men chng un ca mt ct ngang hnh ch nht l: bh 2 k n Wx = Wx = Wx = (5-5) 6 - Mt ct ngang hnh trn (hnh 5.12). M men qun tnh ca mt ngang hnh trn i vi ng trung ha Ox: R 4 D 4 = Jx = 4 64 D y |y k | = | y n | = R = max max 2 Vy, m men chng un ca mt ct ngang hnh trn: R 3 D 3 = (5-6) W k = Wxn = Wx = x 4 32 hay: W k = Wxn = Wx = 0,1D 3 (5-7) x - Mt ct ngang hnh vnh khn (hnh 5.12b) . Nu gi l t s gia ng knh trong d v ng knh ngoi D, th m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang vnh khn l: R 4 D 4 4 Jx = (1 ) = (1 4 ) D 4 64 d r a) vi = = R D R D n y: y k max = | y max | = R = 2 b) Vy, m men chng un ca mt ct ngang hnh vnh khn l: W k = Wxn = Wx x
R D

Hnh 5.12: Xc nh m men chng ca hnh vnh khn 5.4. IU KIN BN CA DM CHU UN THUN TY PHNG. 90

R 3 = (1 4 ) 4 D 3 = (1 4 ) 32 hay : W k = Wxn = Wx 0,1D3 (1-4) x

(5-8) (5-9)

Mun dm lm vic c bn th ng sut ln nht khi ko v nn mt ct ngang nguy him (ni chung mt ct nguy him c max |Mx| khng vt qu ng sut php cho php ca vt liu), l iu kin bn. i vi vt liu do, ng sut php cho php khi ko bng khi nn, nhng i vi vt liu gin th ng sut php cho php khi ko khc khi nn, nn ta phi vit iu kin bn cho c hai trng hp: - Dm bng vt liu do. V ng sut php cho php khi ko v khi nn bng nhau: []k = []n = [] Nn trong hai gi tr max, min ta s chn ng sut php c gi tr tuyt i ln nht so snh vi ng sut php cho php. iu kin bn la: max || [] (5-10) Trong [] - ng sut php cho php ca vt liu do. - Dm bng vt liu gin: V ng sut php cho php khi ko v khi nn khc nhau, nn ta phi c hai iu kin bn: max [ ]k ; |min| [ ]n (5-11) Trong []k v []n - ng sut php cho php khi ko v khi nn. * V d 1: Mt dm bng vt liu gin c ng sut php cho php khi ko ||k = 3,5KN/cm2 v khi nn []n = 11KN/cm2 chu lc nh hnh v (hnh 5.13). Kim tra bn ca dm : Bi gii :Trc ht ta phi tm trng tm v m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang (xem chng c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang phng): Jx = 362,6667cm4 Biu ni lc c biu din trn hnh 5.13b. V m men un l mt hng nn bt k mt mt ct ngang: Mx = 4,5 KNm
4,5KN

y
A 3,31KN/c m2

a )
10 0
4,5KNm 4,5KNm Mx

26 7 73 3
B

2 0

b )

1 0

14 0

c)

1 0

9,1KN/c m2 d

Hnh 5.13: Kim tra bn ca dm

Qua biu m men ta thy pha trn b ko v pha di chu nn. Tc l nhng im pha trn trc x chu ko (im A chu ko ln nht), cc im pha di trc x chu nn (im B chu nn ln nht). ng sut php ko ln nht trn mt ct ngang bng: Mx 4,5 10 2 max k = A = = 2,67 3,31KN / cm 2 k Wx 362,6667 ng sut php nn ln nht trn mt ct ngang bng:
91

Mx 4,5 10 2 = 7,33 9,11KN / cm 2 n Wx 362,6667 Dm bn v max k < []k v max| n| < []n * V d 2: Xc nh ng knh on trc bnh xe ha nm gia hai bnh, chu lc nh trn hnh 5.14a. Cho P = 63KN; a = 22,8 cm. Vt liu c gii hn bn bng 26KN/cm2. Ly h s an ton n = 6,3. Bi gii : M men un mt ct ngang trong on nm gia hai bnh xe bng: Mx = Pa = 6322,8 = 1.436 KNcm M men chng un ca mt ct ngang hnh trn : a P Wx 0,1 d3cm3 P a V trc lm bng vt liu do, a) nn theo iu kin bn : M x 1436,4 26 = [] = 3 Wx 6,3 0,1d P Rt ra: b) 1436,4 6,3 (Qy) d3 15,2cm 0,1 26 P |max n | = B =
P P
(Mx)

5.5. KHI NIM V HNH DNG Hnh 5.14: Kim tra bn HP L CA MT CT NGANG Hnh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang l hnh dng sao cho kh nng chu lc ca dm l ln nht nhng ng thi tn t vt liu nht. a) Dm bng vt liu gin: Mt ct ca dm s hp l nht khi ng sut cc tr tha mn cc iu kin: max = []k ; min = []n

Trong []k l ng sut cho php khi ko v []n l ng sut cho php khi nn. Thay cc tr s max v min c tnh theo cng thc (5-7) vo cc ng thc trn, | Mx | k | Mx | n ta s c: | y max | = [] k ; | y max | = [] n Jx Jx Chia cc v ca ng thc trn cho nhau, ta c: | y k | [ ] k max = (5-12) | y n | [ ] n max V i vi vt liu gin []k< []n nn: | yk | max < 1 hay | y k | < | y n | max max n | y max | Vy, i vi dm bng vt liu x gin, hnh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang l dng mt ct khng i xng qua trc trung ha Ox v phi

ynma
O

Mx

ykma

y 92 Hnh 5.15: Xc nh hnh

n b tr sao cho t s gia | y k | va | y max | tha mn (5-12). max V d mt ct hnh ch T (hnh 5.15). b) Dm bng vt liu do: n V vi vt liu do []k = []n nn: | y k | = | y max | max Tc l mt ct ngang c dng i xng qua ng trung ha Ox, v d nh mt ct ngang hnh ch nht, ch I, trn... Ngoi ra, qua biu ng sut php nh trn (hnh 5.10), ta nhn thy nhng im cng gn trc trung ha th tr s ng sut php cng nh, ngha l nhng ni vt liu lm vic t hn nhng im xa ng trung ha. V vy, tn lng kh nng lm vic ca vt liu, nn ngi ta c khuynh hng b tr vt liu ra xa trc trung ha, v d mt ct ngang dng ch T, I, . Vic b tr mt ct cng c mt ngha rt ln. chnh l nh hng ca mt ct ngang i vi mt phng ti trng. V d mt ct ngang hnh ch I c b tr hp l nht l lm sao cho trc trung ha trng vi trc m i vi trc Jx = Jmax.

B. DM CHU UN NGANG PHNG Mt dm chu un ngang phng l mt dm chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c hai thnh phn ni lc l lc ct v m men un. Cc thnh phn ni lc ny nm trong mt phng i xng ca dm. V d : Dm c mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht chu lc nh trn hnh v (hnh 5.16). Xt mt mt ct 1-1 no ca dm, th trn mt ct c hai thnh phn ni lc l lc ct Qy v m men un Mx. Hai thnh phn ni lc ny u nm trong mt phng i xng ca dm l Oyz (hnh 5.17). 5.6. NG SUT PHP TRN MT NGANG CA DM CHU UN NGANG PHNG .
b
1 1

d z

x
P

2 l 2

y
P
Mx

Qy

x z
Pl

Hnh 5.17: Ni lc trn Hnh 5.16: Dm chu mt ct ngang ca dm lc c mt ct ngang chu un ngang phng hnh ch nht Cng thc tnh ng sut php z (5-2) c suy ra cho trng hp Mx = const. Nu m men un Mx l mt hm s theo z th trn mt ct ngang s c lc ct: dM x Qy = dz 93

Trong trng hp ny, trn mt ct ngang, ngoi ng sut php do m men un Mx gy ra, cn c ng sut tip do lc ct Qy gy ra. i vi trng hp ny, sau khi b bin dng mt ct ngang khng cn phng na. Mt ct ngang khng nhng b xoay nh trong dm chu un thun ty phng m cn b vnh i mt t do tc dng ca ng sut tip, cho nn qu trnh chng minh mc 5-2 khng cn ph hp. Nhng "L thuyt n hi" chng minh rng, cng thc (5-2) c th dng c trong trng hp un ngang phng m sai s mc phi khng ln. V vy, chng ta tha nhn cng thc (5-2) tnh ng sut php trn mt ct ngang trong trng hp un ngang phng: M z = x y (5-13) Jx 5.7. NG SUT TIP TRN MT CT NGANG CA DM CHU UN NGANG PHNG. n gin bi ton, ta gi thit dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch nht. Ni chung, ng sut tip z mt im bt k trn mt ct ngang c th khng cng phng vi lc ct Qy. Phn tch ng sut tip z ra thnh hai thnh phn zy v zx (hnh 5.18): z =
2 2 zy + zx

Trong :zy l thnh phn ng sut tip song song vi lc ct Qy (tc l song song vi Oy); zx l thnh phn ng sut Qy tip vung gc vi lc ct Qy (tc l song song vi Ox). O xy Cch xc nh ng sut tip z mt im bt k trn mt zx ct ngang l vn kh khn. V li nu mt ct c dng hnh ch nht hp th thnh phn ng sut tip zx rt b so vi zy. Nn trong thc t, ngi ta thng ch xc nh thnh phn ng sut Hnh tip song song vi lc ct zy. 5.18: ng lp cng thc tnh thnh phn ng sut tip song song sut trn vi lc ct, ta tha nhn gi thuyt sau: mt ct Thnh phn ng sut tip song song v cng chiu vi lc ngang ca ct mt im bt k K trn mt ct ngang l phn t u theo on dm chu thng i qua im K v vung gc vi lc ct. Tng tng tch ra khi dm mt on v cng b dz bng hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 (xem hnh 5.19 v hnh 5.20). Sau , ct on dm dz bi mt ct th ba i qua im ang xt K v vung gc vi lc ct Qy. Mt ct ny ct on dm lm hai phn, ta xt s cn bng ca phn di ABCDEFGH (hnh 5.20). Vit iu kin cn bng ca phn t ny di dng phng trnh hnh chiu ca cc lc ln phng ca trc dm (trc Oz). - Trn mt ABCD: K hiu ng sut php trn mt ny l z(1) (hnh 5.20), ta c:

94

z(1) =

Mx y Jx

b
c

d z

Mx Qy
1

2 Qy

z
Mx+dMx
E O B H C

z( 2)
F G

d z

Hnh 5.19: Phn t VCB

z( 1) D

y Hnh 5.20: Xc nh ng sut tip

Vy hnh chiu ca lc tc dng ln mt ABCD ln phng Oz bng: M M N1= z (1) dF = x ydF = x S c x J x Fc Jx Fc

(a)

Trong : Fc - Din tch ca mt ABCD m ta gi l din tch ct; S c - M men x tnh ca phn din tch b ct i vi trc trung ha Ox - Trn mt EFGH: ng sut php trn mt 2-2 ny l z(2): M + dM x z(2) = x y Jx Vy hnh chiu ca lc tc dng ln mt AFGH ln phng OZ bng: M + dM x M x +dM x c N2 = z ( 2) dF = x (b) ydF = J x S x Jx Fc Fc - Trn mt ABEF: Theo gi thuyt v cc th dc, trn mt ny ch c ng sut tip. Da vo nh lut i ng, thnh phn ng sut tip yz song song vi trc OZ bng: yz = zy V chng ta tha nhn ng sut tip zy phn b u trn on AB (hnh 5.20) nn thnh phn ng sut tip yz cng phn b trn ton mt ABEF. Do , hnh chiu ca ni lc tc dng ln mt ABEF ln phng OZ bng: T = yz din tch (ABEF) = zybcdz c Trong b l b rng ca mt ct (tc chiu di on AB) i qua im ang xt K v vung gc vi lc ct Qy. Vy, iu kin cn bng di dng phng trnh tng qut hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng ln phn t ABCDEFGH ln phng OZ: z = 0; N1 - N2 + T = 0 M x c M x + dM x c hay Sx S x + zy b c dz = 0 Jx Jx

95

rt ra: V nn

zy =

dM x S c x dz J x b c

dM x = Qy dz Q y .S c x zy = c Jxb

(5-14)

Trong : S c - M men tnh ca phn in tch b ct i vi trc trung ha; bc x B rng ca mt ct i qua im ang xt v vung gc vi lc ct. Cng thc (5-14) c gi l cng thc Durpski. Di y, ta ln lt tnh ng sut tip i vi mt s mt ct ngang n gin. a) Mt ct ngang hnh ch nht (hnh 5.21). xc nh s phn b ca thnh phn ng sut tip zy trn ton b mt ct, trc ht ta tnh thnh phn ng sut b tip zy im K (hnh 5.21). B rng mt ct i qua im K bng : Qy bc = b. max M men tnh ca phn in tch b ct O (phn di) i vi trc trung ha Ox x K bng: 2 y2 h h 1 bh 1 4 2 S c = b y + y = x 8 h c 2 2 y M men qun tnh ca mt ct i vi bh3 Hnh 5.2: Xc nh ng trc trung ha Ox: Jx = sut tip 12 Khi thay cc gi tr trn vo (514) ta c: 3 Qy y2 1 4 2 zy = 2 bh h Nh vy, quy lut phn b ca zy l mt ng Parabol bc hai. Nhng im trn trc trung ha Ox l nhng im c ng sut tip zy ln nht (y=0): 3 Qy (5-15) max = 2 bh b) Mt ct ngang hnh ch I (hnh 5.22). y, ta ch xt s phn b ca ng sut tip zy trong lng ch I Tnh ng sut tip zy im K nm trong lng ch I. b B rng ca mt ct i qua im K bng: c b = d ; 2 y y S c = S x ( yd) = S x d x Qy 2 2 Thay chng vo (5-14), ta c: x
y
O

96 y

max

 y2 Q y Sx d 2 zy = Jxd Vy, lut phn b ca zy dc theo chiu cao ca mt ct ngang ch I l mt ng Parabol bc hai. ng sut tip zy t ti gi tr ln nht trn trc trung ha (y=0) : max = Q y .S x Jxd Trong Sx l m men tnh ca na hnh ch I ly i vi trc trung ho Ox, i lng ny c cho trong cc s tay k thut. c) Mt ct ngang hnh trn (hnh 5.23) R 4 i vi trng hp ny : bc = 2 R 2 y 2 ; Jx = 4 3 R R 2 S c = b( ) d( ) = 2 R y 2 d = (R 2 y 2 ) 2 x y y 3 Thay chng vo (5-14) v ch din tch mt ct hnh trn F l .R2 : 4 Qy y2 zy = 1 2 3 F R

Hnh 5.23: Xc nh ng sut tip 5.8. IU KIN BN CA DM CHU UN NGANG PHNG Nh trn ni, trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng ngoi ng sut php z do m men un Mx gy ra, cn c ng sut tip zy do lc ct Qy gy ra. Trn hnh 5.24 biu din biu ng sut php z v ng sut tip zy dc theo
b
Qy A B

Cng thc ny chng t zy bin thin dc theo ng knh ca mt ct ngang hnh trn l ng cong bc hai. ng sut tip zy t ti gi tr ln nht nhng im nm trn ng trung ha (y=0): 4 Qy max = (5-17) 3 F

b( ) bc

min

Mx
a

O C

ma 97

d( )

Qy O K

max

O C

chiu cao mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng. Da vo biu ny, chng ta thy rng trng thi ng sut ca cc phn t trn mt ct ngang s khc nhau. Ni chung, chng ta c ba trng hp sau : a) Trng thi ng sut n:V ng sut tip nhng im mp trn cng v di cng bng khng, nn trng thi ng sut ca cc phn t nhng im ny l trng thi ng sut n (ti im Av D trn hnh 5.24). iu kin bn ca cc phn t : - i vi dm bng vt liu do: max|| || (5-18) - i vi dm bng vt liu gin: max []k ; min []n (5-19) b) Trng thi trt thun ty:V ng sut php nhng im trn trc trung ha bng khng, nn trng thi ng sut ca cc phn t nhng im ny l trng thi trt thun ty, v d im O trn hnh 5.24. ng sut chnh ca phn t c tr s: 1= -3= max ; 2 = 0 (xem chng 3: Trng thi ng sut trt). - Nu dm bng vt liu do, ta c iu kin bn ca phn t: [ ] (5-20) max 2 [ ] - Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng: max (5-21) 3 Nu dm bng vt liu gin, ta c th dng thuyt bn Mohr kim tra. c) Trng thi ng sut phng c bit : V ng sut php v ng sut tip nm trong khong gia trc trung ha v mp trn cng hay mp di cng u khc khng, nn trng thi ng sut ca cc phn t nhng im ny l trng thi ng sut phng c bit. V d im B, C trn hnh 5.24. ng sut chnh ca phn t ny l (xem chng 3: Trng thi ng sut):
1 = + + 2 2 2

3 = + 2 ; 2 = 0 2 2 Nu dm bng vt liu do, iu kin bn ca phn t trn l : - Theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht: 2 + 4 2 [] - Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng: 2 + 3 2 [] - i vi dm bng vt liu gin, c th dng thuyt bn Mohr kim tra bn. * Ch : Khng phi kim tra bn cho c ba loi phn t trn cng mt mt ct ngang. i vi phn t trng thi ng sut n, ta phi chn mt ct ngang c m men un ln nht. i vi phn t trng thi trt thun ty, phi chn mt ct ngang c lc ct ln nht. i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit, phi chn mt ct c m men un v lc ct cng ln (thng ch kim tra im tip gip gia v lng ca mt ct ngang hnh ch I) , cng c kh ba mt ct trng nhau tr thnh 2 hay 1 v tr. * V d 3: Kim tra bn dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch I s hiu 36 chu lc nh hnh v (hnh 5.25a). Chiu di ca dm l l=2m, cng ti trng phn b u l
98

q=104N/m , lc tp trung P=20104N, t cch gi ta mt khong cch a= 0,2m. ng sut cho php l []=150MN/m2.
a P q P a

a )

d )

C l
20,8.1 04N

B
21.10 4 N

x
bd 4

b ) c )
4,18.104

b
4

21.10 N

4,5.104

Hnh 5.25: Kim tra bn Bi gii :Biu lc ct Qy v m men un Mx c biu din trn hnh 5.25b, c. Chng ta nhn thy: - Mt ct ngang gia dm c m men un ln nht: Mmax = 4,5.104Nm - Mt ct ngang A v B c lc ct ln nht: Qmax = 21.104N - Mt ct ngang C, D c m men un Mx v lc ct Qy u ln: Qy = 20,8.104N; Mx = 4,2.104Nm S liu v kch thc ca mt ct ngang ch I s 36 (cho theo bng) nh sau: Jx = 13380cm4; Wx = 743cm3; Sx = 423cm3, d = 0,75cm; h = 36cm a) Kim tra bn i vi phn t trng thi ng sut n: Phn t ny c chn trn mt ct ngang c m men un ln nht v bin trn hay bin di ca mt ct ngang ny. ng sut php ln nht bng: M 4,5.10 4 = 60,57 MN / m 2 < 150MN / m 2 = [ ] max = max = 6 Wy 743.10 So snh vi ng sut cho php, ta thy nh hn. Vy iu kin bn i vi phn t ny c tha mn. b) Kim tra bn i vi phn t trng thi trt thun ty: Phn t ny c chn trn mt ct ngang c lc ct ln nht v ngay trn trc trung ha ca mt ct ngang ny. ng sut tip ln nht bng: Q .S 21.10 4.423.10 6 = 88,5 MN / m 2 max = max x = Jxd 13380.10 8.0,75.10 2 Tr s ng sut tip cho php c th tnh theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh [ ] 150 = 86,6MN / m 2 dng : [] = 1,732 3 So snh max vi [], ta thy max ln hn mt t khong 2%. iu c th cho php. 99

c) Kim tra bn i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit: Phn t ny c chn im tip gip gia v lng ca ch I trn mt ct ngang c mmen un v lc ct cng ln st mp tri C hay st mp phi D. Gi K l im tip gia lng v ca ch I. Mx 4,2.10 4 yk = (0,18 0,0123) = 52,6MN / m 2 k = 8 Jx 13380.10
20,8.10 4 317,5.10 6 = 65,8 MN / m 2 Jxd 13380.10 8 0,75.10 2 y 16,77 Trong : S c = S x y x d k = 423 16,77 0,75 = 317,5cm 3 x 2 2 S dng thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng ln nht, ta xc inh ng sut tng ng l:

k =

Q ySc x

td = 2 + 3 2 = 52,62 + 3(65,8) 2 = 125 MN / m 2 < 150MN / m 2 = [ ] k k ng sut nh hn ng sut cho php, vy dm bn .

5.9. CC DNG BI TON C BN. Phn trn ta trnh by bi ton kim tra bn. Ta s trnh by tip cc dng bi ton c bn khc trong un ngang phng: - Chn kch thc ca mt ct. - Xc nh ti trng cho php. i vi bi ton chn kch thc ca mt ct (hay xc nh kch thc ca mt ct) ,v nh hng ca ng sut php ln hn nhiu so vi nh hng ca ng sut tip, nn n gin ta gii quyt bi ton nh sau: Trc tin ta b qua lc ct v s b chn kch thc mt ct nh lm i vi dm chu un thun ty. Ni mt cch khc, ta da vo trng thi ng sut n (phn t A hoc D hnh 5.24) s b chn kch thc mt ct. Sau , phi tin hnh kim tra bn cc phn t khc nh ni trn. Nu iu kin bn i vi cc phn t chu trng thi ng sut khc khng tha mn, th ta phi thay i kch thc mt ct (thng tng kch thc ln hoc chn s hiu thp nh hnh ln hn). i vi bi ton xc nh ti trng cho php cng tin hnh tng t nh vy. * V d 4: Dm c mt ct ngang vi hnh dng ch I chu lc nh trn hnh v (hnh 5.26a). Lc tc dng P = 2,6.104N, l = 6m v ng sut cho php []=160MN/m2 Xc nh s liu ca mt ct . Bi gii: Biu m men un Mx, lc ct c biu din nh trn hnh v (hnh 5.26b, c). V lc ct mi mt ct c tr s P tuyt i nh nhau, nn mt ct nguy him l mt ct c m men un ln nht. Ta hy ly a) mt ct v pha bn tri ca lc P. Trn mt l/2 l ct ta c: / P 2 Qy = = 13000 N P/2 2 b) Pl 4 P/ = 3,9.10 Nm Mx = 4 2 100
Pl/4

c)

Tr s ng sut php ln nht trn mt ct : max = 4 M x 3,9.10 = 160.106 N / m 2 Wx Wx Trong iu kin tit kim nht ta ly ma x bng ng sut cho php v nh vy ta s b tnh c tr s m men chng un : 3,9.10 4 2,44.10 4 m 3 Wx = 160.10 6 Cn c vo tr s , ta s b chn kch thc ca mt ct. Tra bng, ta chn mt ct ch I s hiu 22a vi Wx = 251cm3; Jx = 2760cm4; Sx = 141cm3; d = 0,53cm; t = 0,88cm; h = 22cm . Ta phi kim tra bn cho ton dm vi gi thit dm c mt ct ngang vi s hiu l 22a. - Kim tra bn i vi phn t trt thun ty: Tr s ng sut tip trn phn t: 13000141.106 . max = = 12,5MN / m 2 8 276010 .0,53.10 2 . - Nu kim tra dm theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng ln nht th ng [ ] 160 = 92,3MN / m 2 sut tip cho php l: [] = 3 1,732 So snh ta thy max < [], vy phn t trt thun ty tha mn iu kin bn. - Kim tra bn i vi phn t tip gip gia lng v : ng sut php ti l: Mx 3,9.104.10,12.102 k = yk = = 143 MN / m 2 8 Jx 276010 . h Trong : yk = t = 10,12cm 2 c Qy .Sx 130011386.106 . , V ng sut tip: k = = = 10,1MN / m 2 8 2 Jx d 276010 .0,53.10 . y Trong : S c = Sx y x d k = 11383cm3 , x 2 Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng ln nht, ta c ng sut tng ng:

td = 2 + 3 2 = 1432 + 3(10,11) 2 = 144MN / m 2 k k ng sut ny nh hn ng sut cho php, vy iu kin bn ca phn t c tha mn. S hiu mt ct ngang phi chn l ch P I s hiu 22a. V d 5: Dm c mt ct ngang hnh A B C a ch I s hiu 22a, chu ti trng nh trn hnh l l ) v (hnh 5.27). ng sut cho php l [] = / 160MN/m2, nhp dm c di l=6m. Xc P 3 nh gi tr ca lc P cho php t ln dm. b Bi gii: Biu m men un Mx v lc P/3 ) ct Qy c biu din nh trn hnh v (hnh
Pl/ 3

c) Hnh 5.27:Biu ni

101

5.27). Mt ct ngang nguy him nht l mt ct pha bn phi ca gi ta B. Tr s ni lc trn mt ct: Pl Qy = P ; Mx = 1 3 - S hiu kch thc ca mt ct nh cho v d 4. iu kin bn ca cc im mp di cng ca mt ct: M P.6 max= x = 160MN / m 2 6 Wx 3.251.10 T suy ra tr s ca lc P cho php: [P] =
160.106.3.251.106 = 20080 N 6

Kim tra cc iu kin khc: - i vi phn t trt thun tu (trn trc trung ho) mt ct B c Q=P: Q ySx 20080 141 10 6 max = = = 19,35 MN m 2 8 2 Jxd 2760 10 0,53 10 [ ] 160 = = 92,3MN / m 2 ng sut ny rt nh so vi [], v [] = 3 3 - i vi phn t tip gip gia lng v . Phn t cch trc trung ha mt h khong cch: yk = t = 10,12cm 2 ng sut ti c gi tr: M 200806 . k = x y k = .10,12.10 2 = 147,2MN / m 2 8 Jx 3.276010 .
2008011386.106 . , = 15,62MN / m 2 8 2 Jx d 276010 .0,53.10 . Xt iu kin bn theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng ln nht:

k =

Qy .Sc x

td = 2 + 3 2 = 147,22 + 3(15,62) 2 = 149,6MN / m 2 k k ng sut ny nh hn ng sut cho php. Vy, lc cho php trn dm l [P] = 20080N.
5.10. KHI NIM V DM CHNG UN U. trn ta mi ch xt hinh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang. Trn thc t ni lc thng thay i theo chiu di ca dm nn hp l nht l kch thc mt ct ngang cng cn thay i theo chiu di ca dm. Nn ngoi mt ct ngang hp l ta cn phi xt hnh dng hp l ca c dm. Trong trng hp dm c mt ct ngang khng i, ta chn kch thc ca dm theo mt ct c m men un ln nht. Cch s dng vt liu nh vy cha hp l v khi ng sut ti nhng im nguy him trn mt ct c m men un ln nht t ti tr s ng sut cho php th ng sut ti nhng im nguy him trn cc mt ct khc cn nh hn rt nhiu so vi ng sut cho php. Nh vy, ta cha s dng ht kh nng chu lc ca vt liu cc mt ct khc. tit kim c vt liu, ta phi tm hnh dng hp l ca dm sao cho ng sut ti 102

nhng im nguy him trn mi mt ct ngang u cng t n gi tr ng sut cho php. Dm c hnh dng nh vy gi l dm chng un u. Ta xt v d c th sau: Gi s c mt dm chu lc nh trn hnh 5.28. Biu thc m men un v lc ct trn mt ct 1-1 no l: P P Mx = z ; Qy = 2 2 Ta gi thit mt ct ngang l hnh trn. Nh vy ng sut php ln nht trn mt M Pz ct c tnh vi cng thc: ma x = x = Wx 2 0,1 d 3 Theo iu kin ng sut php ln nht trn mi mt ct ngang u t n ng sut cho php, ta rt ra: p.z P d = 3. z 0,2[] Nh vy, hnh dng ca A B dm phi c dng ng nt t a) nh trn hnh 5.29, nhng hai l/ l/ u mt ca dm, lc ct l ln Y =P/2 YB=P/ nht. Nh vy, kch thc ca A 2 mt ct ngang hai u mt P/2 Qy dm phi tha mn iu kin bn v lc ct, tc l phi xc b) nh ng knh theo iu kin P/2 bn: 4 Qy 8 P c) max = = [ ] 3 F 3 d 2 Mx T rt ra: 8 P . d1 = Pl/4 3 [ ] l hinh dng hp l Hnh 5.28: Biu ni lc ca dm, nhng v kh gia cng nn trong thc t ngta ch to cc trc c mt ct ngang thay i tng bc (gi l trc bc) gn st vi dng hp l (ng lin trn hnh 5.29). Cc nhp xe cng l nhng dng dm chng un u. Hnh 5.29: Hnh dng hp l
5.11. QU O NG SUT CHNH KHI UN Ni chung mt phn t bt k no trong lng ca thanh chu un ngang phng u trng thi ng sut phng. y, ta hy xc nh phng cc ng sut chnh ca cc phn t khc nhau trn mt mt ct ngang no ca dm chu un ngang phng (hnh 5.30a).

103

i vi cc phn t A v E, v l nhng phn t chu trng thi ng sut n, nn ta xc nh c phng chnh ca cc phn t l cc phng song song v vung gc vi trc thanh. i vi phn t C, v phn t nm trn ng trung ha, nn trng thi ng sut ca phn t l trng thi trt thun ty. Cc phng chnh c nghing vi trc thanh 1 gc 450. i vi cc phn t B v D, cc phng P chnh ty thuc tr s cc ng a b O sut. xc nh phng ) ) B chnh ca cc phn t , ta A v cc vng trn Mohr ng Q B sut nh trn hnh v (hnh y 5.30b). Bng phng php Mx Mx C tng t, ta c th xc nh D c phng chnh ca ng Q sut chnh nhiu im trn P O E y D dm. Ta v ng cong c tip tuyn l phng ca ng sut chnh. Cc qu o ny hp thnh hai h ng cong Hnh 5.30: Phn tch trng thi ng vung gc vi nhau, mt h t l qu o ng sut ko v mt h l qu o ng sut nn. Trn hnh (5.31a) biu din cc qu o ng sut chnh ca mt dm t trn hai gi ta, chu ti trng phn b u, qu o ng sut ko l ng nt t, qu o ng sut nn l ng nt lin.

b) a) Ngi ta thng dng cc phng php thc nghim xc nh qu o ng Hnh 5.31: n o cc ng sut gin. S sut chnh nh phng php quang Quhi, phng php dng snchnh d ta cn bit qu o ng sut chnh v n cho php ta bit cch sp xp vt liu ng ch, lm tng kh nng chu lc ca dm. V d i vi btng l loi vt liu chu nn tt, chu ko km. tng kh nng chu un ca dm lm bng btng th ta t ct thp vo dm theo phng qu o ng sut chnh chu ko nh trn hnh v (hnh 5.31b). 5.12. TH NNG BIN DNG N HI CA DM CHU UN NGANG THNG. tnh th nng bin dng n hi ca dm chu un ngang phng, ta dng cng thc tnh th nng ring bin dng n hi ca mt phn t trong trng thi ng sut phc 1 2 tp : u= 12 + 2 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 2E

104

Trong trng hp dm chu un ngang phng, trng thi ng sut ca phn t l trng thi ng sut phng, do cng thc trn s c dng: 1 2 2 u= 1 + 3 21 3 (a) 2E 2 (b) Nhng: 1 = + ( / 2) 2 + 2 , 3 = ( 2) + 2 2 2 2 2 2(1 + ) u= Cho nn + 2E 2 E 2(1 + ) 1 = Nu k n: E G

Th: phng.

(c) 2E 2G Cng thc (c) cho ta th nng ring bin dng n hi trong dm chu un ngang

u=

Thay biu thc ca ng sut php v ng sut tip ca dm chu un ngang

2

Q y . Sx M2 2 2 u= y + phng vo y, ta c: 2 2EJ 2 2G J 2 b 2 x x Th nng bin dng n hi trong mt on thanh dz: d U = u dz dF

F

( ) ( )
c 2

Thay tr s ca u vo v ch dz l hng s i vi biu thc tch phn, ta c: 2 M2 Q 2 Sc y x 2 x dF U = dz y + 2 c 2EJ 2 2Q J x (b ) x F

( )

Nu t: V ch rng

F J2 x
F

(S ) (b )
2

c 2 x c 2

dF =

dF = J x

Th th nng bin dng n hi trong mt on dz ca thanh: Q 2 dz M 2 dz y x + dU = 2EJ x 2GF Vy, th nng bin dng n hi trong c thanh vi chiu di l: 2 Q 2 dz 1 M dz 1 y x + U= 0 2EJ 0 2GF x Nu dm c cng hay m men un v lc ct thay i trong tng on th: n n Q 2 dz M 2 dz y U = x + li 2 EJ li 2GF i =1 1 =1 x Trong li l chiu di ca on th i v n l s on. i vi mi dng mt ct ngang, ta c h s khc nhau. H s ny c gi l h s iu chnh s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip. Mt ct ngang hnh ch nht : = 1,20
105

 = 1,11 F Mt ct ngang hnh I: = F1 Trong : F - din tch ca ch I ; F1 - din tch ca lng ch I. Mt ct ngang hnh trn:
C. CHUYN V CA DM CHU UN. 5.13. KHI NIM NG N HI. Khi dm b un, trc ca dm b un cong. ng cong ca trc dm sau khi b un gi l ng n hi, (hnh 5.32). Xt mt im K no trn trc dm trc khi bin dng. Sau khi dm b bin dng, im K s di chuyn n v tr mi K'. Khong cch KK' c gi l chuyn v di ca im K. Ta s phn tch chuyn v ny lm hai thnh phn: - Thnh phn v vung gc vi trc dm (song song vi trc y). - Thnh phn u song song vi trc dm (song song vi trc z). Trong iu kin bin dng ca dm l b, ta c th b qua thnh phn chuyn z v u v xem KK' l bng v, ngha l v tr O K ca K sau bin dng l nm trn ng P K vung gc vi trc thanh (hnh 5.32). ng n u Chuyn v v c gi l vng ti K ca t hi z dm v n l hm s i vi honh z ca mt ct ngang. Vy phng trnh ca y ng n hi c th vit : y(z) Hnh 5.32:ng n hi ca = v(z) (a) Trong k thut, khi tnh dm chu un, ngi ta thng khng ch khng cho vng ln nht ca dm vt qu mt gii hn nht nh, iu kin c gi l iu kin cng. Nu gi f l vng ln nht ca dm: f = vmax (b) Th iu kin cng thng chn l: 1 1 f (c) l = 100 1000 Trong : l- l chiu di ca nhp dm; ty loi cng trnh m ngi ta quy nh c th tr s f l . Sau khi trc dm b bin dng, mt ct ngang K b xoay i mt gc , ta gi gc xoay ny l chuyn v gc ca mt ct ngang im K (cn gi l gc xoay). D dng thy rng gc xoay chnh bng gc gia ng tip tuyn im K ca ng n hi v trc dm khi cha bin dng (trc z). dy Do : tg = dz Vy: o hm ca ng n hi l gc xoay ca mt ct khi dm b bin dng. 5.14. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CA NG N HI. Trong chng 5 ny ta thnh lp c lin h gia cong ca trc dm sau khi bin dng v mmen un nh sau [xem cng thc (5-1)]: 106
v = y

Mx (a) EJ x Mc khc, v ng n hi c biu din bng hm s y(z), nn cong ca ng n hi c tnh theo cng thc: 1 y (b) = 3 2 2 1+ y T (a) v (b), ta c c buu thc (c): M y = x (c) 3 2 EJ x 2 (1 + y' ) 1 =

l phng trnh vi phn tng qut ca ng n hi. Ta phi chn du sao cho hai v ca ng thc trn u tha mn. Cc mu s EJx v (1 + y'1)3/2 u l nhng s dng, nn s lin h v du gia v phi v v tri ca phng trnh (c) ph thuc vo s lin h v du gia Mx v y". xt s lin h v du, ta kho st mt on dm b un cong trong hai trng hp nh trn hnh 5.33.
a )
A Mx Mx>0 y< 0 Mx Mx Mx Mx< 0 y> 0

b )

Hnh thy gia M v y" du ca ng cho hi T hnh v, ta5.33: Xc x nh lun lun ngc du, dn nn phng trnh vi phn ca ng n hi s c dng: M y (d) = x 3 EJ x 2 2 1 + y Trong thc t , khng cho php cc cng trnh hay chi tit my c chuyn v ln, nn gc xoay cng b v ta c th b qua y2 so vi 1. Phng trnh vi phn c dng gn ng nh sau: M y = x (5-24) EJ x Trong , tch EJx l cng ca dm khi un. 5.15. THIT LP PHNG TRNH N HI BNG TCH PHN BT NH. c c phng trnh ca gc xoay v ng n hi ta phi tch phn phng trnh vi phn (5.24). V phi ca phng trnh (5.24) ch l mt hm s ca bin s z, nn phng trnh vi phn l mt phng trnh vi phn thng. Ly tch phn ln th nht phng trnh (5.24) ta c phng trnh gc xoay: M = y' = x dz + C (5-25) E Jx Trong C l hng s tch phn.

107

Ly tch phn ln th hai phng trnh (5-25) ta c phng trnh ca ng M (5n hi: y = x dz + C dx + D EJ x 26) Trong D l hng s tch phn. Nh vy c v y ta phi lp c biu thc ca m men un Mx v ca cng EJx. Cc hng s tch phn C v D c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin. V d 6: Vit phng trnh gc xoay v vng ca mt dm b ngm v chu lc tp trung u t do. Dm c cng khng i.
q
P
A B B C

l / 2

l / 2

Hnh 5.34:Tnh vng Hnh 5.35 Tnh vng v Bi gii: Phng trnh m men un ti mt ct ngangc honh z l:

Mx = - P (l-z) (a) Thay biu thc vo (5-24), ta c phng trnh vi phn ca ng n hi nh sau: P y = (l z ) E Jx V EJx l hng, nn ly tch phn ln th nht ta c phng trnh ca gc xoay: Plz P z2 = y = +C (b) E Jx E Jx 2 Tch phn ln th hai ta c phng trnh ca ng n hi: Pl P y= z2 z 3 + Cz + D (c) 2E J x 6EJ x Vi dm nh cho, cc iu kin bin ca dm c xc nh nh sau: Khi z=0, th vng v gc xoay bng khng y =0; y= 0. Vi iu kin bin , ta tm c C=0 v D=0. Nh vy phng trnh gc xoay v vng c dng: Plz 2 z Pl z Pz 2 = y = ; y= 3 EJ x 2EJ x 6EJ l Nhn trn hnh (hnh 5.34), ta thy ngay vng v gc xoay c gi tr ln nht l Pl 3 Pl 2 f= u t do ca dm (ti z=1): ; max = 3EJ x 2EJ x

108

Cc gi tr ny u dng, iu chng t rng vng hng theo chiu dng ca trc y (hng xung di) v mt ct ngang ti c gc xoay thun chiu kim ng h. V d 7: Mt dm chu lc nh hnh 5-35.Bit cng chng un EJ khng i. Tm vng fc ti C v gc xoay ti A, B ?. Gii: Phng trnh m men un ti mt ct ngang c honh z l: q M x = lz z 2 (a) 2 Thay biu thc vo (5-24), ta c phng trnh ca ng n hi nh sau: q y = z 2 lz 2EJ x V EJx l hng s, nn ly tch phn ln th nht ta c phng trnh ca gc q z 3 lz 2 +C (b) xoay: = y = 2EJ x 3 2 Tch phn ln th 2 ta c phng trnh ca ng n hi: q z 4 lz 3 + Cz + D (c) y= 2EJ x 12 6 Vi dm nh cho, cc iu kin bin ca dm c xc nh nh sau: Khi z = 0, y = 0 (*) ; z=l , y = 0 (**) ql 3 Thay ln lt (*) v (**) vo (b) v (c), ta c: D=0 ; C = 24EJ x Nh vy, phng trnh gc xoay v vng c dng: q z 3 lz 2 ql 3 + = y' = 2EJ x 3 2 24EJ x

y=

f c = y 1
2

z 4 lz 3 ql 3 + 12 6 24EJ z x 4 3 ql 5 ql ql 3 = > 0 ; A = > 0; B = <0 24EJ x 384 EJ x 24EJ x q 2EJ x

(d)

Ch : fc >0 chng t vng i xung theo chiu dng ca y; A>0 chng t y gc xoay theo chiu thun kim ng h; B< 0 chng t theo >0 > 0 chiu ngc kim ng h. S d nh vy l h trc ozy chn z z O O khc vi h trc to ton hc m ta thng gp , hnh 5.36. y 5.16. XC NH VNG Hnh 5.36: Thay i h to V GC XOAY BNG PHNG PHP TI TRNG GI TO (PHNG PHP TON). trn ta thit lp s lin h vi phn gia ni lc v ngoi l: 109

dQ dM = q; =Q dz dz d2M Rt ra : =q (a) dz 2 Cn i vi ng n hi ta c phng trnh vi phn: d2y M = (b) EJ dz 2 i chiu hai phng trnh (a) v (b), chng ta thy c s tng t nhau: y M dy dM = y' =Q dz dz d2y d d2M d M = ( y' ) = = ( Q) = q dz EJ dz 2 dz dz 2 Chng ta nhn thy mun tnh gc xoay y' v vng y th phi ly tch phn M lin tip 1 ln v 2 ln hm s , cng nh mun c lc ct Q v m men un M th EJ phi ly tch phn lin tip 1 ln v 2 ln hm s ti trng q (tc l v biu ). M Vy nu t q gt = (5-27) EJ th chng ta c s tng ng : d2y M = = q gt 2 EJ dz y ' = Q gt
y = M gt

Trong : qgt - Ti trng gi to. Qgt - Lc ct gi to. Mgt - M men un gi to. Tm li, chng ta thy rng mun tnh gc xoay y' v vng y th ch cn v biu lc ct gi to Qgt v m men un gi to Mgt do ti trng phn b gi to qgt tc dng trn mt dm gi to no gy ra. iu kin: y' = Qgt ; y = Mgt phi c tha mn mi im trong c hai dm thc cho v dm gi to hay ni cch khc, biu vng v gc xoay trong dm thc phi hon ton trng vi biu m men un gi to v lc ct gi to trong dm gi to. Tc l: - mt mt ct ngang no trong dm thc, gc xoay v vng (do tc dng ca ti trng cho) phi bng lc ct gi to v m men un gi to mt ct ngang tng ng ca dm gi to (do tc dng ca ti trng phn b gi to). Mun cc iu kin trn c tha mn th bt buc phi c s tng ng gia dm thc v dm gi to v iu kin bin. lm sng t vn chn dm gi to, chng ta xt mt v d sau.

110

Trn hnh 5.36 biu din mt dm thc AB, u mt A c t do v u mt B b ngm. i vi dm thc ny, vng v gc xoay u mt A u khc khng, nhng u mt B u bng khng (v b ngm). Do , m men un gi to Mgt dm v lc ct gi to Qgt u mt A y=0 y0 thc tng ng ca dm gi to phi khc A B khng v u mt B phi bng khng. y=0 y 0 Tc l dm gi to phi l mt dm b a ngm u mt A v t do u mt ) B. Mgt=0 Mgt0 Mi dm thc s c mt dm A B gi to tng ng. Trong bng 5.1 biu Qgt= Qgt0 din cc dm thc v dm gi to tng 0 P ng. Hnh 5.36: Dm thc v * Nhn xt: Theo (5.27) th qgt dm gi to lun lun ngc du vi mmen un M, nh vy nu tung ca biu mmen un nm pha di ng chun th ti trng phn b gi to qgt phi hng xung di, v ngc li. Hay ni cch khc, ti trng phn b gi to lun lun hng v pha cc th cng ca dm thc (hay hng theo tung ca biu mmen un M). Dm thc v dm gi to tng ng Bng 5.1 Dm thc Dm gi to

y=0 y0

y=0 y0

Mgt= 0 Qgt 0 Mgt= 0 gt= Q 0 Mgt 0 gt Q 0

y = 0 y= 0
y 0 0

Mgt= 0 Q

y0 y0

y= 0 y0

y= 0 y0

Mgt 0 gt Q 0 Mgt 0 gt Q 0 Mgt= Q 0 gt= 0

Mgt= 0 Qgt 0 Mgt= 0 Q 0

gt

Mgt= 0 Qgt 0 Mgt= 0 Q 0

gt

y 0 y0 y= 0 y0 y = Bng 5.2 0= y Hnh 0 y= 0 y 0

Mgt 0 gt Q 0 Mgt= Q 0 gt= 0

y = 0 y= 0

Din tch

Zc

f
z
c

ng cong bc 2
l

111
ng cong

2 fl 3 2 fl 3

1 2 3 l 8

fl n +1

1 n+2

Khi xc nh lc ct gi to v m men un gi to, chng ta cn bit din tch v trng tm ca mt s biu dng ng cong bc hai v bc cao. Trn bng 5.2 c ghi din tch v trng tm ca mt s biu . V d 8: Tnh vng v gc xoay u mt t do ca dm chu lc nh trn hnh 5.37. Bi gii: A Trn hnh 5.37b biu din biu a) m men un M trong dm thc. l Theo (5-27) v bng 5.1, ti trng gi to v dm gi to c biu din nh P Pl trn hnh 5.37c. Biu M b) tnh gc xoay v vng u mt t do A ca dm thc, chng ta s tnh Pl lc ct gi to Qgt v m men un gi to EJ c) Mgt ngm A trong dm gi to:
Hnh 5.37: Xc nh 1 Pl Pl 2 A = Q gt ( A ) = l = vng v gc xoay bng 2 EJ 2EJ phng php ton 1 Pl 2 Pl 3 y A = M gt ( A ) = l .l = 2 EJ 3 3EJ V d 9: Xc nh vng v gc xoay u mt t do A ca mt trc chu lc nh hnh 5.38. Bi gii: Biu m men un M trong dm thc c biu din trn hnh 5.38b. Da (5-27) v bng 5.1 chng ta s tnh ti trng phn b gi to v chn dm gi to nh hnh 5.38c. tnh lc ct gi to v m men un gi to A, chng ta s chia dm gi to thnh ba on nh trn hnh 5.38d. Phn lc B v C ca dm gi to gia bng: Vgt(B)=Vgt(C) Pa Pa 2 1 3Pa = 2 a + a = 2EJ EJ 2 4EJ 112

Gc xoay v vng A trong dm thc l lc ct gi to v m men un gi to A trn dm gi to: Pa2 Pa2 Pa2 1 Pa = A = Qgt(A) = Vgt(B) a = EJ 2EJ 2EJ 2 EJ 3 1 pa 2 Pa3 Pa3 2Pa + = y(A) = Mgt(A) = -Vgt(B).a + . .a. a = 3EJ 2 EJ 3 EJ 3EJ
P A
E B C E

M0=2P a

3 EJ 4

M0=2P P a
D

a
P
P a

a a

a a ) b )

a
P a P a
Pa EJ

Pa EJ

pa 2 EJ

3Pa 4 EJ
Pa EJ

Vgt B B

c )

3 pa 4 EJ
Vgt C C C D
Pa EJ

Pa 2 EJ

d) chiu kim ng h v vng A mang du tr, tc l vng ln trn. Hnh 5.38: Xc nh vng v 5.17. PHNG PHP THNG S BAN phng php ton gc xoay bng U. Phng php tch phn khng nh hn tm vng t phng trnh vi phn (524) s tr nn cng knh, kh khn khi phi lp biu thc mmen un cho nhiu on. Bi ton s c gii quyt d dng hn nu ta dng phng php thng s ban u, mt phng php c s dng rng ri trong c hc cng trnh.Trong iu kin xut hin cc php tnh, thng qua s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, th phng php ny rt thun li. Xt dm nm ngang c n on, gi tn cc on bt u t 1 theo chiu trc z t tri sang phi. Xt on th nht c gc ta nm mt bn tri (hnh 5.39). Trong trng hp tng qut, mt ny c: - vng y0. 113

Vgt 3Pa Vgt 3Pa C B EJ Kt qu gc xoay mang du cng, ngha l mt ct 4ngang A xoay thun theo 4 EJ

- Gc xoay 0 = y'0 . - M men tp trung M0 vi chiu dng thun chiu kim ng h. - Lc tp trung P0 vi chiu dng hng ln trn. - Lc ngang phn b cng q0 vi chiu dng hng ln trn, cc o hm P ca cng lc phn b l q0', q0"... 0 Du dng ca cc lc ph hp vi q du quy c du trong cc quan h vi phn v M0 bc nhy bit: d 2 M dQ = =q dz dz 2 0=y M = M 0
y z Q = P0 Khai trin Mc-Laurin i vi hm vng y1 ti z = 0: Hnh 5.39: Xc nh vng = y(0) + y'(0)z + y1 v gc xoay bng phng php y"(0) thng s ban u 2 3 4 5 z z z z + y' " (0) + y IV (0) + y V (0) + ... 2! 3! 4! 5! (5-28) q' Q q M Thay th : yV = y = ; y" ' = ; y IV = ; EJ EJ EJ EJ P0 M Q(0) M (0) Ta c: y (0 ) = = 0 ; y = = EJ EJ EJ EJ q0 q(0) y IV (0) = = EJ EJ q' q ' (0) y V (0) = = 0 EJ EJ Nu ti trng phn b l hm bc nht th q"= 0 v ta dng li s hng yV(0) va vit. Thay cc gi tr ny vo (5-28) ta c : 1 M 0 2 P0 3 q 0 4 q' 0 5 (5-29) y1 = y 0 + 0 z 2! z + 3! z + 4! z + 5! z + ... EJ Biu thc ny cho php tnh vng ti ta z ca on th nht qua cc thng s ban u y0, 0, M0, P0. Mt phn cc thng s ny l bit trc v mt phn s c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin cn li ca dm. Sau khi c biu thc vng trong on th nht, ta xt cc on tip sau. lp c cc biu thc tng qut, ta kho st hai on dm lin tip th i v th i+1 ti tit din phn cch ta z = a c cc ngoi lc Ma, Pa v lc phn b vi cc gin on: (qa)ph - (qa)tr; q'a = (q'a)ph - (q'a)tr (5-30) (qa)ph , (qa)tr, (q'a)ph , (q'a)tr tng ng l cng v o hm cng ti trng bn phi v bn tri tit din z = a. Khi bit ti trng tc ng trn dm, nhng i lng ny l xc nh. Du dng ca cc i lng ny quy c ch nh trn hnh 5.40.
0

114

yi (z)

P0
) qi (a)
qi+1(a

Ma

yi(z) a

i+1(a )

Hnh 5.40 : Nhng thng s ti mt ct gia hai on i v i

yi (a)

yi

i(a)

K hiu yi v yi+1 l biu thc vng ca on th i v i+1; yi ng vi z a, v yi+1 ng vi z a. Nu ko di yi vi z a th s mc sai s: yi(z) = yi+1(z) - yi(z). vng trong on yi+1 s bit nu bit vng ca on bn tri yi v gia s yi: yi+1(z) = yi(z) + yi(z) (5-31) Khai trin Mc-Laurin hm s yi(z) ti im z = a , ta c: yi(z) = yi(a)

yi (a)

+ y'i(a)[z-a] + y"i(a)

[ z a] + 2!
2

[ z a ]3 [z a ] 4 [ z a ]5 IV V + y"'i(a) + y i (a ) + y i (a ) + ...., 5! 3! 4! Vi ngha : yi(a) = yi+1(a) - yi(a) = ya . y'i(a) = y'i+1(a) - y'i(a) = y'a = a . Ma M (a ) M i (a ) M a y''i(a) = y''i+1(a) - y''i(a) = i +1 = EJ = EJ . EJ EJ Pa Q (a ) Q i (a ) Q a y'''i(a) = y'''i+1(a) - y'''i(a) = i +1 = EJ = EJ EJ EJ q a q (a ) q i (a ) yIVi(a) = yIVi+1(a) - yIVi(a) = i +1 = EJ EJ EJ q' a q ' (a ) q ' i (a ) yVi(a) = yVi+1(a) - yVi(a) = i +1 = EJ EJ EJ

a )

+1(a)

b )
a0

ya 0

Khi vit cc biu thc trn, ta s dng lin h vi phn v lin h bc nhy Hnh 5.41: Cc lin gia ng lc v cc ti trng ngang trn thanh. Cc bc nhy ca vng v gc xoay kt bit ya, a s bng khng trong trng hp dm cu to lin tc v khng c nhng lin kt c bit ti ta z=a. Trong trng hp dm c nhng lin kt c bit th hai i lng ny c th khc khng, chng hn ti z=a dm c khp ni th i lng y'a 0 (hnh 5.41b). M, Pa l ti trng tp trung ti z=a; qa, q'a l bc nhy ca cng v o hm cng ti trng phn b ti tit din z=a. Thay th cc i lng vo (5-31) ta nhn c:
115

yi+1 = yi + ya + a[z-a] Q a q q' a 1 M A = [z a ]5 + ... [ z a ]3 + a [ z a ] 4 + [z a ]2 + 5! 4! 3! EJ 2! Khi ti trng phn b l hm bc nht theo z th ta dng biu thc s hng q'. Khi ti trng phn b l hm bc cao hn th phi ly thm cc o hm tip theo. Cc i lng cn li ya, a, Ma = Ma, Qa = Pa hoc bit, hoc c xc nh theo iu kin lin kt ca dm. Bit y1(z) theo biu thc (5-29), ta s xc nh c y2(z) v ln lt xc nh c vng ca tt c cc on. Khi cng chng un ca tit din EJ khng phi l hng s trong tng on, th vi cch lp lun tng t, ta cng c th lp c biu thc tnh vng ca dm cho tng on. Bn c c th t tm hiu v t xy dng nh trn. S dng phng php thng s ban u, ta c th gii trc tip c mt s bi tan siu tnh ca dm chu un. Cc v d sau s minh ha cho vic s dng phng php ny. * V d 10: Tm vng ti khp B ca dm cho trn hnh 5.42 c cng chng un EI bng hng s. q Bi gii: Chn trc z nm ngang, hng sang phi v c gc mt tri A. z C B Dm c chia thnh hai on AB v A BC. im phn cch c ta z = l. Biu RA l 3 thc vng s l y1 v y2. l Tch dm AB ra v d dng xc y ql Hnh 5.42: Xc nh inh R A = , ta lp bng thng s ban vng v gc xoay bng 2 phng php ban u u, trong ghi r cc gi tr y, , M, q, q'...ti im ranh gii ca cc on . ql Ti z = 0, ta c: y = y0 = 0; = 0 0; M = 0; Q = R = 2 q = (-q) - 0= -q; q' = 0 Ti z = 1, ta c: y = y1 = 0; = 1 0; M = Q = q = q' = 0 Kt qu c ghi li trong bng 5.3 : Bng 5.3 z y y' M Q q q' 0 0 0 ql/2 -q 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Theo phng trnh (5-29) ; (5-32) ,ta vit c: ql 2 1 3 q 4 y1 = oz z z , vi (0 z l) EI 12 24 y2 = y1 + 1(z-l) , vi (l z 4l) Cc thng s cha bit 0 v 1 xc nh theo iu kin lin kt:
116

Ti z = 4l (thuc y2) 1 ql / 2 q 3 4 12 (4l) 24 (4l) + 1.3l = 0 EJ 1 ql q 2 3 y' = 0 0 4 (4l) 6 (4l) + 1 = 0 EJ y = 0 04l T gii ra: 44 ql 3 64 ql 3 ; 1 = 3 EJ 3 EJ Thay cc gi tr tm c ca 0 v 1, biu thc ca vng s l: 3 4 ql 4 z z z i (0 z l) y= 352 + 24EJ l l l 0 =
3 4 ql 4 z z z z y= 352 + 512 1 vi (l z 4l) 24EJ l l l l

44 ql 4 3 EJ * V d 11: V biu m men un trong dm siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.43a . Bi gii: Gi phn lc gi ta tri l R. Dm c mt on vi cc iu kin ti u tri (z=0) : q y = y0 = 0 = 0 0 M=0 Q = R; l q = q0 = 0; q q' = q'0= ql l 10 1 R 3 (q / l) 5 z z y = 0.z l 2 EJ 3! 5! ql 5 5 vi (0 z l) ql 2 iu kin bin mt phi: 15 z = l: y = y'=0, cho ta h ql 2 M max = phng trnh tm 0 v R: 15 5 0 l Hnh 5.43 Xc nh vng v l R 3 ( q / l) 5 gc xoay bng phng php ban 6 l 120 l = 0 u EJ 0 2 3 l Rl ql =0 EJ 2 24 ql 3 ql ; R= Nghim ca phng trnh: 0 = 120EJ 10 vng ti khp B (khi z = l) : yB =
117

T ta c :

3 5 ql 4 z z z y= 2 + 120EJ l l l 2 4 3 ql z z y' = 1 6 + 5 120EJ l l

ql 2 z z M = -EJy" = 12 20 120 l l
Khi z = 0 ; M = 0 ql 2 Khi z = l; M = 15 1 ql 2 Khi z = (Q = 0) M = Mmax = (cc tr) 5 15 5 Biu m men un v trn hnh 5.43b

CU HI T HC
5.1. Th no l mt phng ti trng, ng ti trng? nh ngha un phng ? 5.2. Ni lc khi un thun ty ? 5.3. Cc gi thuyt khi thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut trong un thun ty ? 5.4. Vit v gii thch cch s dng ca cc cng thc tnh ng sut php v ng sut tip trong un ? 5.5. Trnh by cc loi trng thi ng sut khi thanh chu un ngang phng ? 5.6. Cch kim tra bn trong un thun ty v un ngang phng ? 5.7. Dng hp l ca mt ct ngang khi chu un ? 5.8. Cho bit cch xc nh phng chnh ti mt im ca dm chu un ngang phng. V dng qu o ng sut chnh ca dm chu un ngang phng. 5.9. Tnh vng bng phng php tch phn bt nh ?
-----

118

Chng 6

XON NHNG THANH THNG C MT CT NGANG TRN

6.1. KHI NIM CHUNG. nh ngha: Mt thanh chu xon thun tu l thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca thanh ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l m men xon MZ. V d: Trc ca ng c, my ct, l xo, v.v... Ngoi lc khin thanh b M1 M2 M3 m xon c th l nhng m men tp trung M1, M2, M3 hoc nhng m a) men phn b tc dng trong nhng mt ct vung gc trc thanh. Nhng m men ny gi l m M1 M2 M3 m men xon ngoi lc. Khi tnh ton, ta biu din thanh chu lc b) bng s nh trn hnh (6.1b). 6.2. M MEN XON V BIU M MEN XON Mun xc nh m men xon ni lc trn cc mt ct ngang ca thanh ta dng phng php mt ct. M2 M3 M4 I V d tnh Mz ti mt ct 1-1 ca thanh, ta M1 tng tng dng mt phng qua 1-1 thng gc vi trc thanh, ct thanh ra lm hai phn, xt s cn bng I ca mt trong hai phn . V d phn bn tri (xem M1 M2 M3 hnh 6.2).Ta c: I MZ m z = 0 M1 M 2 M 3 + M z = 0 M z = M 2 + M 3 M1 I Nh vy m men xon ni lc ti mt mt ct Hnh 6.2. Cch tnh m men xo n no bng tng i s cc m men xon ngoi lc tc dng ln phn ang xt. Ta quy c du ca Mz nh sau: Nu nhn vo mt ct ta thy Mz quay cng chiu vi chiu kim ng h th Mz > 0, ngc li MZ < 0 (xem hnh 6.3). bit s thay i ca Mz dc theo trc thanh ta v biu ni lc Mz dc theo
Mz>0 Mz< 0

Hnh 6.1: a- M t thanh ch u xo n; b- S bi u di n

z y thanh. x

z y x ng; b- chi u m

Hnh 6.3: Chi u c a m men xo n. a-chi u d

V d 1:V biu ni lc Mz ca thanh chu lc nh hnh v 6.4a, bit: 122

M1 = 500Nm ; M2 = 400Nm ; M3 = 200Nm ; m = 500 Nm m m b)

A Mz1 M1 M2 D E M3

a)

60cm 50cm 40cm 40cm 300Nm

m c)
A B

Mz2 O

200Nm

f)
(Mz )

60cm

200Nm

Mz4

M3

Mz3

M2 D

M3 E

d)

O z

e)

40cm

Hnh 6.4: Ph

ng php v bi u

m men xo n

Dng phng php mt ct tnh Mz trn tng on. Trn AB : Mz1 - mz = 0 0 z 0,6m (hnh 4.6b) Mz1 = mz = 500z Trn BC : Mz2 = m.0,6 = 500.0,6 = 300 Nm (hnh 4.6c) Trn ED : Mz4 = 200 Nm. (hnh 4.6d) (hnh 4.6e) Trn DC : Mz3 = 200 - 400 = - 200 Nm. Biu (Mz) nh hnh v 4.6f. * Ch : Khi xt s cn bng ca mt phn no ta nn chn phn c t ngoi lc tc dng. Nhn xt: Ti mt ct m men xon ngoi lc tp trung tc dng, biu c bc nhy, gi tr bc nhy ny bng gi tr ca m men tp trung tng ng. 6.3. LIN H GIA M MEN XON NGOI LC VI CNG SUT V S VNG QUAY CA TRC TRUYN. Khi bit cng sut ca ng c chuyn n trc truyn, ta c th xc nh m men xon ngoi lc tc dng ln trc . Cng A do M (hoc ngu lc) thc hin khi trc quay mt gc trong thi gian t l: A = M

Vy cng sut W s l:
W=

A = M = M t t

123

Hnh 6.5: s tnh m men xo n

W (6-1) Trong : M- M men xon ngoi lc tnh ra Nm W- Cng sut tnh ra W (watt) - Vn tc gc tnh ra rad/s 2n n = = rad / s (6.2) 60 30 vi n : s vng/pht V d 2: Trn trc truyn c ba puli b ng (1, 2, 4) v mt puli ch ng (3). Puli (3) truyn cho trc truyn mt cng sut W3 = 110KW. Puli (1) nhn c mt cng sut l W1 = 40KW. Puli (2) nhn c mt cng sut l W2 = 20KW. Puli (4) nhn c mt cng sut l W4 = 50KW. Cc puli ny truyn cng sut nhn c n nhng ngun tiu th. Trc truyn quay u vi vn tc n = 100 vng/pht. V biu m men xon Mz. Bi gii: Ta c: W1 W2 W3 W4 n 3,14 .100 = = = 10,46 rad / s 30 30 a) M men tc ng ln cc puli: W Mi = i M=
M1 M2 M3 M4

b)
4,780

c)
3,822 5,735

Mz(KNm)

Hnh 6.6:Tnh m men xo n qua cng su t

W1 40 = = 3,822(KNm) 10,46 W 20 M2 = 2 = = 1,911(KNm) 10,46 W 50 = 4,78(KNm) M4 = 4 = 10,46 W 110 M3 = 3 = = 10,515(KNm) 10,46 M1 =

V trc quay u nn ta c th xem trc c cn bng di tc dng ca cc m men M1, M2, M3, M4. Biu (Mz) trn hnh 6.6.
6.4. NG SUT TRN MT CT NGANG CA THANH TRN CHU XON. 6.4.1. Quan st bin dng: Trc khi xon ta k ln b mt ca thanh nhng ng thng song song vi trc thanh biu din cc th dc v nhng ng trn vung gc vi trc thanh biu din cc mt ct ngang (hnh 6.7a). Tc dng m men xon vo u thanh, sau khi thanh b bin dng ta thy cc ng thng song song vi trc tr thnh nhng ng xon c, cc ng trn vn trn v vung gc trc thanh (hnh 6.7b). Mng li ch nht gn nh mng li hnh bnh hnh.

124

Mz

z x y a) b) Hnh 6.7:Bi n d ng khi xo n x y

6.4.2. Cc gi thuyt. T nhng iu quan st trn, ta a ra cc gi thuyt sau lm c s tnh ton cho mt thanh trn chu xon: a) Gi thuyt 1 (v mt ct ngang). Trc v sau bin dng cc mc ct ngang vn phng, vung gc vi trc thanh v khong cch gia chng khng thay i. b) Gi thuyt 2 (v cc bn knh). Trc v sau bin dng cc bn knh vn thng v c chiu di khng i. c) Gi thuyt 3 (v cc th dc). Trong qu trnh bin dng cc th dc khng p ln nhau hoc y nhau. Ngoi cc gi thuyt trn ta lun lun xem rng vt liu tun theo nh lut HoooKe, ngha l tng quan gia ng sut v bin dng l bc nht. 6.4.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut. Tng tng tch mt phn t ABCDEFGH trn thanh trn chu xon thun tu gii hn bi: * Hai mt ct 1-1, 2-2 cch nhau dz. * Hai mt tr ng trc c bn knh v + d. * Hai mt phng cha trc thanh v hp vi nhau mt gc d. - Theo gi thuyt a), c) x = y = z = 0. - Theo b) Khng c thnh phn ng sut tip dc theo phng bn knh. - Vy ch c mt thnh phn ng sut tip theo phng tip tuyn . Ngha l phn t trn trng thi trt thun tu. Sau khi thanh b bin dng, mt ct ngang 1-1 s b xoay i mt gc v mt ct 2-2 u mt phi c honh z+dz s b xoay i mt gc +d so vi u c nh bn tri.Ta c th gi thuyt 1-1 ng yn, cn 2-2 xoay mt gc d; A, B, C, D ln lt trt n A, B, C, D (trn hnh 6.8 ). Gc to gia hai mt phng ADHE v ADHE l , l gc trt tng i gia hai mt ct 1-1, 2-2 do gy ra. AA' d tg = = Theo hnh v c: EA dz d (a) V bin dng b, nn tg , suy ra = dz 1 (b) Theo nh lut HooKe v trt: = G

125

Trong : G - m dun n hi trt, hng s i vi tng loi vt liu; - ng sut tip trn phn t cch trc thanh mt on . T (a) v (b) , 1 2 d suy ra = G A dz d d E A Trong : - hng s i D d dz H B D 1 vi tng mt ct. F B 2 Th nguyn ca G l: C lc/ (chiu di )2. G Do phn b bc nht C dz theo . By gi xc nh cng thc tnh ng sut tip ta cn phi Hnh 6.8: Bi n d ng c a phn t xem mi quan h ca n vi m men xon ni lc Mz ti im A ta s c tc dng. phn b trn din tch dF quanh im A (cch tm mt on ) hnh 6.9. Hp lc v dF, gy ra mt m men xon i vi trc z: Mz dMz = dF Hp lc cc m men vi phn dMz, chnh l m men dF A xon ni lc Mz. d M Z = dM z = dF = .G d F F F F dz d d 2 =G F dF = G dz J P dz d M z Hnh 6.9: Xc nh G = dz Jp ng su t ti p Cui cng ta c cng thc tnh ng sut tip ti mt im cch bng: M = z Jp Trong : - ng sut tip ti im ang xt; - Khong cch t im tnh ng sut tip n tm O ca mt ct ngang; Mz- M men xon ni lc ca mt ct ngang ang xt; Jp - M men qun tnh c cc ca mt ct ngang ang xt. Trong cng thc trn v Jp u dng, nn chiu ca cng chiu quay ca Mz trn mt ct ngang .
6.5. BIU NG SUT TIP TRN MT CT NGANG. - Qui lut phn b ca ng sut tip c theo bn knh ca mt ct l bt 1. - Nhng im nm trn cng mt ng trn th c cng ng sut tip. - Khi = 0, ti tm mt ct ngang: = 0. M Mz R = max=R ; th = max = z max = Jp Jp
d

126

Trong R: bn knh mt ct ngang trn. M M max = z = z (6-4) C th vit li: Jp Wp R Jp Jp = gi l m men chng xon ca mt ct ngang. Trong w p = max R Th nguyn [WP]=[(chiu di)3] * i vi mt ct trn c: Jp D 3 wp = = 0,2D 3 (6-5) D2 16 Trong : D - ng knh. * i vi mt ct vnh khn. Jp J wp = = P max D2 Mz Mz ma x p max p 3 D = (1 4 ) 16 O O 3 4 0,2D (1 ) vi d D = a) b) d = 2r: ng knh nh Hnh 6.10: Bi u ng su t ti p D = 2R: ng knh ln. th phn b ca theo bn knh ca mt ct ngang c biu din nh hnh v 6.10a,b.
V d 3 :Trn mt ct ngang ca mt thanh trn c chu Mz = 2.104 Nm. Tnh ng sut tip ti im A ng vi = 0,03m v max ? Cho D = 0,1m.
Mz D=0,1m A O

Mz ma J p = 0,1D 4 = 10 5 m 4 Jp 2.10 4 . 0,03 = 6.10 7 N / m 2 10 5 2.10 4 = . 0,05 = 10 8 N / m 2 5 10

Hnh 6.11: Tnh ng su t ti p

max

6.6.BIN DNG CA THANH TRN CHU XON. Khi thanh trn chu xon, bin dng xon ca thanh c th hin bng s xoay tng i gia cc mt ct ngang quanh trc ca n. Gc xoay gia hai mt ct c gi l gc xon ca on thanh gii hn bi cc mt ct . Ta hy thit lp cng thc tnh gc xon ca mt on thanh no c chiu di l l.

127

 c :

Mz Mz d = d = dz dz GJ p GJ p

=
- Trn sut chiu di l, nu - Nu sao cho: -Tng hp :

GJ
0

Mz
p

dz

(6-6) (6-7)

Mz M l = const = z GJ p GJ p

M zi thay i dc theo chiu di thanh th ta chia thanh ra nhiu on li GJ pi

M zi = const = GJ pi

G
i =1

M zi l i i J pi

(6-8) (6-9)

G
i =1 0

n li

M zi dz i J pi

( c n v Radian ). d * T s gi l gc xon trn mt n v chiu di v c gi l gc xon dz t i. K hi: n v ca l: =

Mz d = dz G J p

(6-10)

Rad Rad 1 1 ; ; ; m cm m cm * Tch s GJp c gi l cng chng xon, ngha vt l ca n l: Khi cng GJp tng th gc xon t i gim v ngc li. V d 4: Mt trc bc chu tc dng ca m 0,4m 0,2m 0,4m 0,2m men phn b c cng d m = 2 KNm/m v m m men tp trung M = 2,5KNm. E D C B A Tnh :1. Gc xon tuyt i ti A (AE). 2. Gc xon ca on BD (BD). Bit D1 = 2cm, D2 = 3cm, G = 8.103 KN 2 /cm . 0,4KNm Bi gii: Trc ht v biu Mz (xem hnh 6.12). 1) A = AE 20 M z2 l 2 1,8KNm mz AE = + dz + G 1 J pl G 1 J p1 0 Hnh 6.12:Bi u m men xo n M z3 M z2l3 + + G 2 J p2 G 2 J p2

20

A = AE

( 1,8) 10 2 40 0,4 10 2 40 0,4 10 2 20 2z + + dz + 8,10 3 0,1 2 4 8 10 3 0,1 2 4 8 10 3 0,1 3 4 8 10 3 0,1 3 4 = 0,057 (Rad )
128

D2

D1

2) BD =

M z2 l 2 G 1 J p1

M z3 l 3 G 2 J p2

0,4 10 2 40 0,4 10 2 20 + = 0,137 (Rad ) 8 10 3 0,1 2 4 8 10 3 0,1.3 4 Qua v d trn, ta nhn thy cn ch n du ca Mz v J m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang trong on cn tnh.

BD =

6.7. TNH THANH CHU XON. Mt thanh chu xon thng phi bo m hai iu kin: bn v cng. 6.7.1. iu kin bn. max M z Mun bn th: (6-11) max = [ ] Wp
n i vi vt liu do 0=ch ; i vi vt liu gin 0=b. T iu kin bn, ta suy ra 3 bi ton c bn: kim tra bn, xc nh ti trng cho php v chn kch thc mt ct ngang. 6.7.2.iu kin cng. Mun cho mt thanh chu xon khng b bin dng ln th: max M z max = [] GJ p

Trong : [] =

[] c cho trong cc s tay k thut [] = (0,15 2)0/m. T iu kin cng ta cng suy ra c ba bi ton c bn: Kim tra cng, xc nh ti trng cho php v xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang. * Ch : Nu n v ca [] (0/m) th khi tnh cc bi ton theo iu kin cng phi i ra: rad/m hoc rad/cm V d 5: Chn knh thc ca mt ct ngang thanh trn chu xon nh hnh v 6.13 trong hai trng hp: M2 M1 - Khi thanh l trn c . d = 0,7 . - Khi thanh l trn rng = C B A D Cho bit : 0 M1 [] = 4,5.10 7 N / m 2 ; [] = 1 m ; 4 G = 8.10 4 MN / m 2 ; M 1 = 256 Nm; (Mz) 2M1 M2 = 3M1. Bi gii: Biu Mz nh trn hnh v Hnh 6.13:Bi u m men xo n 6.13. Nhng mt ct trn BC: max |Mz| = 2M1 = 2256 = 512 (Nm) * Trng hp thanh trn c. max | M z | - iu kin bn: max = [ ] GJp

129

=> wp 0,2D3 - iu kin cng : 512 4,5 10 7

| M z |max 512 = [ ] 4,5.107

=> D 3,84 . 10-2 m (a)

| M z | max 1 rad 10 max = []; [] = / m = . GJ p 4 4 180 m | M z | max 512 4 180 => D 4 G[ ] 8 1010 3,14 0,1 => D 6,189.10-2m (b) T (a) v (b) , chn [D] = 6,2 cm (kch thc ln hn tha mn c 2 iu kin). * Trng hp thanh trn rng: Jp = 0,1D4 (1-4); Wp = 0,2D3 (1-4) . 512 - T iu kin bn: D 3 (c) 4,21 10 2 (m) 7 4 0,2 4,5 10 (1 0,7) => Jp = 0,1D4 - T iu kin cng: D
4

512.150.4 6,63 10 2 (m) 9 4 0,1 8 10 3,14(1 0,7 )

(d)

T (c) v (d) chn: [D] = 6,63cm v [d] = 6,630,7= 4,64 cm

6.8. XON THUN TY THANH C MT CT NGANG KHNG TRN. Th nghim xon cc thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn cho thy gi thuyt mt ct ngang phng khng cn ng na. Sc bn vt liu khng gii quyt cc bi ton ny. Sau y ta cng nhn mt s kt qu chng minh trong l thuyt n hi. 2 Mz * Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht: Trn mt ct ngang ca thanh b xon thun ty ch c ng sut tip. Hnh 6.14 biu din lut phn b ca dc theo cc trc i xng, cc ng cho v cc cnh ca mt ct ngang max pht sinh ti im y gia ca cc cnh di v tnh theo cng thc: Mz 1 = max= (6-13) ab2 a: Cnh di, b: Cnh ngn . a : H s tra bng ph thuc 1=max b b Mz Vit li 1 = max = , vi Wxon = x W xo n 2 ab . Hnh 6.14: Lu t phn b d c ng sut tip ti im gia cc cnh ngn theo tr c i x ng c gi tr ln th 2 v c tnh: 2= 1 (6-14) a

130

Trong : - h s , tra bng ph thuc

a . b Trong cc tnh ton sau ny ca Sc Bn Vt Liu thng ch cn bit 1, 2. Gc xon t i c tnh theo cng thc: Mz a ; : h s tra bng ph thuc . (6-15) = 3 b G..a.b Mz vi Jxon= ab3 Vit li: = G.Jxon

Bng 6.1: Bng h s , , a/b 1 1,5 1,75 2 2,5 3 4 6 8 10 0,208 0,239 0,239 0,246 0,258 0,267 0,282 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333 0,141 0,196 0,214 0,229 0,249 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333 1 0,859 0,820 0,795 0,766 0,753 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,742 1 a T bng trn ta thy khi 10 (tc hnh ch nht hp), th ta ly = = . b 3 * V d 6: Cho mt thanh bng thp di 1m, mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht c chiu rng a=0,22m, chiu cao b = 0,1m, m men xon tc dng ln thanh l M=2,5.106Nm. Xc nh ng sut cc im gia ca cc cnh v gc xon ca thanh ; cho bit G = 8.1010N/m2. a 0,22 a a Gii : = = 2,2 ; dng phng php ni suy gia = 2 v = 2,5 . b b b 0,1 a Trong bng tm gi tr ,, v ng vi = 2,2 ca bi ton: b 6 Mz 2,5 10 => 1 = max= = 4,53 10 7 N / m 2 = 2 2 ab 0,251 0,22(0,1) 2= 1 = 0,7834,53107 = 3,55107N/m2 Mzl 2,5 10 6 1 = l = = = 0,59Rad G a b 3 8 10 6 0,237 0,22(0,1) 3 6.9. NGUYN TC CHUNG GII BI TON SIU TNH Ngoi cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp ta cn phi lp thm phng trnh bin dng na mi gii c. M * V d 7: Hy v biu Mz ca thanh chu xon nh hnh ve 6.15. Cho A C B bit a, b, M. a b Gii: B ngm ti A,B v thay vo m men phn lc MA, MB. Phng trnh M MA MB cn bng tnh hc c lp :mz = 0, suy ra (1) MA + M B = M B A C h mi tng ng vi h c ta a b c phng trnh bin dng: AB = 0
MA M-MB MB

131

Hnh 6.15:Gi i siu

cho nn :

M B b ( M M B )a + = 0 (2) GJ p GJ p T (1) v (2) , ta c: a b MB = M ; MA = M a+b a+b Khi c cc gi tr phn lc MA, MB v ti trng M th ta d dng v biu m men xon (nh hnh 6.15). Sau th cc bi ton v xon ta c th d dng gii quyt nh lm vi cc bi ton tnh nh trn.

6.10. TNH L XO XON C HNH TR C BC NGN L xo l mt chi tit thng gp v c s dng rng ri trong k thut nh trong cc b phn gim chn ng, trong cc m cc toa tu la... C nhiu dng l xo, nhng y ch yu ta nghin cu loi l xo hnh tr c bc ngn. Trn hnh 6.16 biu din l xo vi cc thng s sau: D l ng knh trung bnh ca

l xo; h l bc ca l xo; l gc nghing ca vng l xo i vi mt thng gc vi trc l xo (gc ny thng rt b), v vy bc l xo rt ngn; n l s vng l xo. 6.10.1. ng sut trn mt ct l xo:
a)
P

b)
P

c)
A Q B

M Q D

M A B M

Hnh 6.16: Tnh ton l xo

Ta ct l xo bng mt ct cha trc vung gc vi dy l xo (v l xo bc ngn) nn mt ct xem nh trn (hnh 6.16b). Chia l xo ra 2 phn, ta xt s cn bng ca phn trn chng hn. cn bng vi lc ko P th trn mt ct dy phi c lc ct Q v D m men M xon. D dng xc nh: Q = P v M = P . 2 Lc ct Q s sinh ra mt ng sut tip trn ng knh xem nh hng s v c xc P 4P (6-16) nh : Q= = F D 2 M men xon M s sinh ra ng sut tip v cc i chu vi, c xc nh nh trong bi ton xon thanh trn:

132

M P.D 8.P.D = = (6-17) 3 WP d .d 3 2. 16 Nhn vo mt ct hnh 6.16c trn ng knh AB ta thy mp B, th ng sut tip do Q v M u cng chiu. Vy ti mp trong ca l xo ng sut tip s l: 4P 8PD 8PD d max = Q + M = (6-18) + 3 = 1+ 2 3 D d d 2D d b hn 1 rt nhiu v c th b qua lng trong cng thc Thng th t s 2D 8PD (6-18), cho nn ta c: max= (6-19) d 3 Nh vy ta b qua ng sut tip do lc ct Q sinh ra. chnh xc hn ngi ta a vo 1 h s iu chnh K, h s ny ph thuc vo D bc l xo, gi tr ng sut tip gy ra do lc ct Q thng qua t s . Vy cng thc d thng c s dng l: 8PD ma x = K 3 (6-20) d Bng 6.2: Bng h s iu chnh K D/d 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K 1,58 1,40 1,31 1,25 1,23 1,18 1,16 1,14 6.10.2. cng ca l xo: Di tc dng ca lc P, l xo c th b gin ra mt lng (nu l lc P ko) v b co mt lng l (nu lc p l nn). Lc P s sinh ra mt cng: 1 A = P 2 V tr s, cng bng th nng bin dng n hi tch ly trong l xo; nu ch n m men m b qua nh hng lc ct Q th: 1 M 2l U= 2 GJ p M = PD d4 ; Jp = v l = D n Thay M= 2 32 2 PD .D.n 4 P 2 D3 n 2 = ta s c: U= d 4 G d4 2G 32 Theo nh lut bo tn nng lng th: A = U 1 4 P 2 D3 n Hay P = 2 G d4 8 P D3 n Suy ra = G d4

(6-21)

133

P P = 4 C Gd 3 8D n G d4 (6-22) Trong : C= 8 D3n C c gi l cng ca l xo c th tnh bng N/cm, MN/m, cng cng ln th cng nh. * V d 8: Cho mt l xo hnh tr c ng knh trung bnh l D = 20cm, ng knh dy l xo d = 2cm, s vng l xo l n=18, chu lc ko trn trc l xo l P = 3103N. Hy kim tra bn ca l xo v tnh dn ca n, cho bit [] = 2,5.108N/m2 , G = 81010N/m2. Bi gii : ng sut tip ln nht trong l xo c tnh bng cng thc (6-20): K 8 P D ma x = d 3 D 20 = = 10 , th K = 1,14 Tra bng 6-2 ta c ng vi d 2 8 3 10 3 0,2 = 2,18 10 8 N / m 2 Vy max = 1,14 3 (0,02) So snh vi [], ta thy max < [] Vy l xo bn. gin ca l xo c tnh bng cng thc (6-21): 8 P D 3 .n 8 3 10 3 (0,2) 3 18 = = 0,27m = G d4 8 1010 (0,02) 4 * V d 9: Tm cng ca h gm 2 l xo c cng ring bit C1, C2 khi ni lin tip (mc ni tip) nh trn hnh 6.17a v khi t lng vo nhau (mc song song) nh trn hnh v 6.17b, cng chu tc dng lc P. Bi gii : 1) Mc ni tip. Lc tc dng ln cc l xo nh nhau v bng P v gin di ca c 2 l xo s l tng gin di ( ln) ca 2 l xo cng li, tc l: C1 + C 2 1 P P 1 = 1 + 2 = + = P + C C = P C C C1 C 2 2 1 2 1 So snh vi cng thc (6-22) l: P P a) b) C 1C2 P = v l cng . Vy C = C1 C C1 + C2 C1 ca ton h. 2- Mc song song, th r rng ln ca P P C2 = 2 l xo nh nhau v: = 1 = 2 = C2 C1 C2 Nhng lc ny lc nn P ca ton h c P phn ra cho l xo 1 v l xo 2 nh sau: P = P1 +P2 = C1 + C2
Cng thc ny c th vit: =
P

134

Hnh 6.17:Tnh xo

ln c a l

= (C1+ C2) P Suy ra: = C1 + C 2 So snh vi (6-22) th C = C1 + C2 cng ca h bng tng cng ca cc l xo mc song song.
6.11. S PH HU CA THANH TRN CHU XON. nghin cu dng ph hy ca thanh trn chu xon chng ta hy phn tch trng thi ng sut trn b mt ca thanh. Chng ta hy tch quanh im K trn b mt hnh tr mt phn t gii hn bi 2 mt ct a) b) vung gc vi trc cch nhau mt on dz, mt mt cha trc ca thanh v to vi nhau mt gc d, K K cng vi mt trc cch mt ngoi min mt lng d, phn t ny c max min ch hnh 6.18a v phng i max hnh 6.18b. T trng thi ng sut min hnh 6.18b, ta v vng Mohr ng max sut nh hnh 6.18c. V tr s c) tuyt i th: M |ma x| = |min| = |max| = z min max Wp

Phng ca max, min to Hnh 6.18:Tr ng thi ng su t khi xo n vi phng trc thanh mt gc 0 45 . T y chng ta c th gii thch dng ph hy khi xon i vi thanh trn lm bng vt liu khc nhau. 1) i vi vt liu do: Gii hn bn ct thp hn gii hn bn ko v nn (v d thp CT3 c b = 24.500N/cm2, kb = nb =42.000N/cm2). Cho nn thanh lm bng vt liu do b pht hng do ng sut tip max, nn thanh b ct ngang vung gc trc thanh (xem hnh 6.19a) 2) i vi vt liu gin: C gii hn bn khi ko kb nh hn nhiu so vi gii a) b)
M M M

M 450

Hnh 6.19: S ph hu khi xo n

135

hn nb v gii hn chu ct b (v d gang xm th b =23.350N/cm2, kb = 20.050N/cm2 v nb =79.000N/cm2), nn thanh b ph hy do ng sut ko max v mt ph hy vung gc vi max , tc l to vi trc thanh mt gc 450 nh trn hnh 6.19b. 3) Vt liu d hng (nh tre, g...) th gii hn dp do d dc trc km hn gii hn ct c thng gc vi trc, gii hn ny n cng nh hn gii hn bn khi ko kb v gii hn bn khi nn nb. Nn thanh s b ph hy do ng sut tip d dc trc. Tht vy khi ta xon thanh tre chng hn th tre s dp theo dc trc.

CU HI T HC:
6.1. Nu cch xc nh m men xon ni lc. Biu m men xon? 6.2. Gii thch cch s dng cng thc v s lin h gia m men xon v cng sut ca trc truyn. 6.3. Vit cng thc tnh ng sut tip khi xon? Cch xc nh cc i lng trong cng thc . 6.4. Vit cng thc tnh xon tng i, t i khi thanh trn chu xon. Gii thch cc i lng trong cng thc . 6.5. iu kin bn v cng, v sao phi c hai iu kin khi tnh xon. Cc bi ton suy ra t hai iu kin . 6.6. ng sut trong l xo trn tr bc ngn khi chu ko (nn ).Cng thc tnh gin l xo. 6.7.Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton siu tnh khi xon ? --- ---

136

Chng 7

THANH CHU LC PHC TP

Trong cc chng trn, chng ta ch mi xt cc trng hp thanh chu lc n gin nh: ko nn ng tm, xon thun ty v un phng.Trong chng ny ta s xt s chu lc ca thanh m trn mt ct ngang ca thanh xut hin nhiu thnh phn ni lc. l s kt hp gia cc trng hp thanh chu lc n gin. gii cc bi ton ny ta dng "nguyn l c lp tc dng". Pht biu nguyn l "c lp tc dng": Nu trn mt thanh ng thi chu tc dng ca nhiu lc th ng sut hay bin dng bng tng ng sut hay tng bin dng do tc dng ca ring tng lc gy ra trn thanh . iu kin p dng nguyn l: - Vt liu lm vic trong gii hn n hi. - Bin dng b. Ni chung nh hng ca lc ct n bn ca thanh khng ng k so vi cc ni lc khc, nn trong mi trng hp chng ta u khng xt n lc ct.
A- THANH CHU UN XIN:

nh ngha: Mt thanh chu un xin l mt thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ca n ch c hai thnh phn ni lc l m men un Mx, My nm trong cc mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm. r r Ta c th biu din Mx, My bi cc vct M y v M x . Hp cc vect ny s c r vect tng hp M u ngha l nu hp cc m men un Mx v My ta s c m men un tng hp nm trn mt phng (v) cha trc z nhng khng trng vi mt mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm no ca mt ct ngang. Mt phng (v) c gi l mt phng ti trng. Giao tuyn ca mt phng ti trng v mt ct ngang gi l ng ti trng. T ta c mt nh ngha khc v un xin: Mt thanh chu un xin l mt thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n ch c mt thnh phn m men un M nm trong mt phng cha trc z nhng khng trng vi mt mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm no ca mt ct ngang.
7.1. NG SUT PHP TRN MT CT NGANG:

7.1. ng sut php : Gi l gc to bi trc x v ng ti trng. Nu biu din cc m men un bng cc vect Mx v My nh trn hnh 7.1, ta c: M x = M sin (a) M y = M cos >0 khi chiu quay t trc x n ng ti trng thun chiu kim ng h (v trc y hng xung di) M Ta c h s gc ng ti trng: tg = x (7-1) My 138

Du ca Mx, My c qui c ging nh trong un phng. Theo nguyn l c lp tc dng, ng sut ti im c ta (x, y) thuc mt ct ngang

Mx

Mx

z
A
My

Mx My My

z
Mu

x y a )

x
Mu

v x

y Mt phng ti b c trng ) ) Hnh 7.1:Ti trng trong un xin

ng trng

ti

s l:

My Mx y+ x Jx Jy

(7-2)

Trong s hng 1 do ring Mx gy ra, s hng 2 do ring My gy ra. Cng thc ny cn phi n du ca Mx, My v du ca to x,y ca im xt ng sut, tc l c 4 du khc nhau. thun tin ngi ta thng dng cc cng thc k thut: | My | | Mx | = |y| |x| (7-3) Jx Jy Trong , du + hay - trc mi s hng l ty thuc vo Mx, My gy ra ng sut ko hay nn trn im ang xt. V d ng sut ti A ca hnh 7.1 a: | My | | Mx | = | yA | | xA | Jx Jy
7.1.2. ng trung ha v biu ng sut: Nu ng sut ti mi im c biu din bng mt vect, th (7-2) biu din mt phng qu tch ca nhng u mt ca cc vect ng sut. Mt phng gi l mt phng ng sut. Giao tuyn ca mt phng ng sut v mt ct ngang l qi tch nhng im c = 0. Giao tuyn chnh l ng trung ha, phng trnh ca n l:

My My Jx Mx y+ x = 0 => y = x Jx Jy Mx Jy Vy h s gc ca ng trung ha l: My Jx tg = Mx Jy

(7-4)

139

hay

tg =

1 Jx tg J y
ng trung ho

(7-5)

ng trung ho ng trung ho
O x O x

x A

z y a )

z ng ti y trng

b c ) ) Hnh 7.2: Xc nh ng trung ho

T (7-5) c nhn xt: a) tg v tg lun lun tri du nhau, v Jx > 0, Jy > 0. Do , ng trung ha v ng ti trng khng bao gi cng nm trong mt gc phn t ca h trc Oxy (hnh7.2b). b) T (7-5) suy ra: tg tg = * Nu Jx Jy

Jx 1 th ng trung ha khng vung gc vi ng ti trng. Jy

l trng hp un xin. J * Nu x = 1 (tc Jx=Jy), th ng trung ha vung gc vi ng ti trng Jy v ng thi bt k trc no i qua trng tm ca mt ct ngang cng l trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ( trnh by chng 4). (Tht vy J uv = Jx Jy 2 sin 2 + J xy cos 2 = 0 . Vy Ouv l h trc qun tnh

chnh trung tm). Nh vy, mt phng ti trng cng l mt phng qun tnh trung tm, s un ca thanh khng cn l un xin m un thun ty phng. l trng hp cc mt ct ngang ca thanh hnh trn, a gic u. Vi cc thanh th khng bao gi chu un xin. Qua hnh v biu din mt phng ng sut ta nhn thy:

140

a) Nhng im nm trn mt ng thng song song vi ng trung ha th c ng sut php nh nhau. b) Tr s ti mt im t l vi khong cch t im n ng trung ha. Da vo tnh cht ta biu din s phn b ng sut php trn mt ct ngang bng biu ng sut trong mt phng. Biu c v nh trn hnh 7.2c Ko di ng trung ha ra khi mt ct v v ng thng gc vi ng trung ha lm ng chun. ng sut php ti nhng im AB // ng trung ha c biu din bng mt on thng ab c gc trn ng chun v phng nm trn ng thng song song . Biu ng sut l mt ng thng, min c ng sut ko mang du +, min c ng sut nn mang du -. * V d 1: Mt dm bng g di l = 2m, mt ct ngang hnh ch nht 13 20cm. Dm b ngm mt u. u t do chu lc tp trung P = 2400N. Lc P t thng gc trc dm v hp vi trc y mt gc = 300, hnh 7.3. Xc nh v tr ng trung ha v tr s ng sut ti cc im gc A, B, C v D mt ct ngang nguy him nht. 1 Gii: Phn P ra Px , Py: Px = P sin = 2400 = 120 N 2

Py l

Px l

P
x

x
P

l=2 m

x
(Mx ) (My ) D
0 C =53 48

Trc trung ho

Hnh 7.3: Xc nh ng sut khi un xin

3 = 20784 N , 2 Mx= -Pyz ; My = Pxz Mt ct ngang ti ngm c cc m men ln nht nn ti l mt ct ngang nguy him nht. V tr ng trung ha xc nh bi:
Py = P cos = 2.400 tg = => M y J x Px J x = = 1,366 M x J y Py J y

= 53048'

141

A = + A = +
Trong : Wx = Wy =

| My | | Mx | | yA | | xA | Jx Jy

| Mx | | My | = 0,53 MN / m 2 Wx Wy

bh 2 13 20 2 = = 867cm 3 = 0,867 10 3 m 3 6 6 hb 2 20 13 2 = = 563 cm 3 = 0,563 10 3 m 3 6 6

Tng t : B = 9,05 MN/m2; C = -0,53 MN/m2; D = -9,05 MN/m2 Vy ng sut nguy him s l ti B v ti D 2 gc xa trc trung ha nht.
7.2. IU KIN BN CA DM CHU UN XIN. thit lp iu kin bn ca dm chu un xin, trc ht ta phi tm mt ct nguy him, ri trn mt ct ngang nguy him ta xc nh v tr cc im nguy him v tnh ng sut ti cc im . Da vo biu Mx v My chng ta s tm c mt ct ngang nguy him, l mt ct c Mx v My cng ln nht. Nu Mx v My khng cng ln nht ti mt mt ct ngang, trong trng hp ny chng ta xc nh ng sut cc tr (max, min) trn mi mt ct ngang v v biu ng sut php cc tr dc theo trc dm. Mt ct ngang nguy him chnh l mt ct ngang c ng sut php cc tr ln nht. Nhng im c ng sut php cc tr l nhng im cch xa trc trung ha nht.

max =

| My | k | Mx | k | y max | + | x max | Jx Jy | My | Jy | xn | max

(7-6)

min =

| Mx | n | y max | Jx

Trng thi ng sut nhng im ny l trng thi ng sut n. * Vt liu gin: max []k ; |min| []n * Vt liu do: max (max = |min|) [] * c bit, nu c hai trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang u l trc i xng (hnh 7.4a, b, c ), th c:
n xk max = x max
n yk max = y max

ma x = |min| Cc iu kin bn: a) Vt liu gin: | Mx | | My | + []k Wx Wy (7-7a)

142

b) Vt liu do:

| Mx | | My | + [] Wx Wy

(7-7b)

T iu kin bn, ta c ba bi ton c bn: Kim tra bn, xc nh ti trng cho php, chn kch thc mt ct ngang. Ring bi ton chn kch thc mt ct ngang phc tp hn v trong cc bt phng trnh trn ta gp hai n l Wx, Wy.

y a )

b c ) ) Hnh 7.4: Cc mt ct i xng

Cch gii bi ton ny l theo phng php ng dn. Ta chn trc mt n s, t xc nh n s th hai, xong kim tra li iu kin bn, lm nh th cho n lc xc nh c kch thc hp l nht. gii bi ton nhanh chng ta vit li iu kin bn Wx 1 di dng: | M y | [ ] (7-8) | M x | + Wx Wy
Xc nh Wx theo hnh ch nht, t s
Wx W ri chn t s x . Vic chn ny n gin hn. i vi Wy Wy

Wx h = . i vi mt ct Wy b

, t s thng chn vi tr s ban u

khong t 57. Mt ct ch I: 810 (da vo bng s liu v kch thc ca cc thp nh W hnh, t s x ch bin thin trong khong nht nh ). Wy * V d 2: Mt dm thp mt ct ngang ch I chu lc nh hnh v 7.5a. Chn s hiu thp ch I ca mt ct ngang, bit: [] = 16 kN/cm2, P = 11kN, P nghing vi trc y mt gc = 200. Bi gii: Phn P thnh hai thnh phn Px v Py. Mx v My u c gi tr ln nht ti ngm, ta c: Mx = - pyl = -11cos 200 1,2 = -12,4 KNm. My = pxl = 11sin 200 1,2 = 4,51 KNm. Trong cos 200 = 0,94 v sin 200 = 0,6. Chn Wx = 10, khi : Wy
143

Wx =

Wx 1 1 [12,4 + 10 4,51] 10 2 | M y | = | M x | + 16 [ ] Wy

Wx = 360 cm3 Da vo kt qu ny ta tra bng chn thp I s 27: Wx = 371 cm3, Wy = 41,5cm3 Th li iu kin bn: max =
12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2 + = 14,2KN / cm 2 < [] 371 41,5

Nhn thy max cn nh hn nhiu []. Chn li thp I s 24a: Wx = 317 cm3, Wy = 41,6 cm3

P
x

P
x

P P

l=2 m a )

=20
0

P
y

y b )

Hnh 7.5: Chn s hiu thp ch I

Khi

max =

12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2 + = 14,7 KN / cm 2 < [ ] 317 41,6

Chn li thp I s 24: Wx = 289 cm3, Khi max =

Wy = 34,5 cm3

12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2 + = 17,36KN / cm 2 > [ ] khng bn. 289 34,5

* Kt lun: Vy thch hp nht ta chn thp I s 24a.

7.3 VNG CA DM CHU UN XIN.

Gi fx, fy l vng theo phng ca cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm x, y do My v Mx gy ra. vng ton phn f c tnh bng cg thc: f=
f x2 + f y2

* V d 3: Tnh vng ton phn u t do ca dm chu lc nh hnh 7.6a. vng theo phng y u t do dm l do lc Py gy ra. Tr s ca vng Py l 3 P cos .l 3 M x l 3 o bng : (a) fy = = = 3EJ x 3EJ x 3EJ x (Gi tr ny c xc nh trong chng un phng)
144

3 Px l 3 M y l fx = = 3EJ y 3EJ y

(b)

Qua , ta ch n mt nhn xt quan trng sau y: Nu gi l gc lm bi phng ca f v trc x (hnh 7.6), t (a) v (b), ta c:
a )
13c m 20cm Px
O Py

b )

x 230

l=2 m

Phng vng

ng trung ho

y Hnh 7.6: vng trong un xin

tg =

fy fx

Mx Jy My Jx

(7-10)

em nhn (7-4) v(7-10) v vi v, ta c: tg tg = -1 (7-11) Vy, phng ca vng ton phn lun lun vung gc vi ng trung ha (xem hnh 7.6b). Nh vy, phng ca vng ton phn khng th trng vi ng ti trng. Mt phng cha phng ca vng ton phn c gi l mt phng un. Biu thc (7-10) cn c th vit di dng: tg = tg
Jy Jx

(7-12)

Nu Jx> Jy th tr s tuyt i ca tg nh hn tg, ni cch khc mt phng un gn trc qun tnh chnh cc i ox hn l mt phng ti trng. Ch cn tng ln mt lng b th gc s gim i mt lng ln, lm cho mt phng un cng tin st ti trc ox. iu lm cho ng sut cc i trong thanh tng ln v cng nguy him khi Jx cng ln so vi Jy. * V d 4: Mt dm bng thp c mt ct ngang hnh ch t ln hai v ko c nhp l = 5m chu ti trng phn b u q= 6000N/m. Mi nghing so vi mt nm ngang mt gc = 300 (hnh 7.7a,b). Chn s hiu ca thp, bit rng ng sut cho php [] =160MN/m2 (xem dm t trn cc v ko nh t ln cc gi ta).

145

Tnh vng gia nhp ca dm. Cho E = 2.105MN/m2.

q
q=6000N/ m

l=5 m

=30
0

a b ) ) Hnh 7.7: Chn mt ct trong i Bi gii: Phn cng q ca ti trng phn b u lm hai thnh phn:

qx = qsin = 6000 0,5 =3000 N/m qy = qcos = 6000 0,866 = 5196 N/m Trong trng hp ny ta thy mt ct ngang nguy him l mt ct gia nhp ca dm. Tr s ca cc m men un trong cc mt phng qun tnh chnh ti l:
Mx = q yl2 8 = 5196.5 2 = 16237 Nm 8

q x l 2 3000 5 2 = = 9375 Nm 8 8 Ta c th s dng cng thc kim tra bn nh sau: My = max = 1 Wx Wx | M y | [ ] | M x | + Wy Wx =5. Vi t s ta c: Wy

s b chn s hiu thp ta ly Wx =

1 [16237 + 5 9375] = 394,4 10 6 m 3 6 160.10 Cn c vo tr s , ta c th s b chn loi thp ch s hiu 30. Vi loi thp ch ny, bng s liu cho ta cc tr s nh sau: (OCT 8240 - 56): Wx= 387cm3, Wy = 426 cm3 Ta phi kim tra li iu kin bn ca dm: 1 387 9375 = 262MN / m 2 16237 + max = 6 42,6 387.10 Tr s qu ln so vi ng sut cho php, v vy ta phi chn li. Ta chn loi thp s hiu 40, vi loi thp ny, ta c: Wx= 761 cm3, Wy = 73,4 cm3 Kim tra li iu kin bn ca dm, ta c:

146

1 761 9375 = 149MN / m 2 16237 + 6 73,4 761.10 So vi ng sut cho php, ta thy tr s ng sut nh hn 6,9%. Nu ta chn loi thp s hiu b hn th khng bo m iu kin bn, nn ta chn loi thp s hiu 40. vng theo phng cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm x, y: 5 q. sin 4 fx = 1 384 EJ y max =
5 q. cos 4 1 384 EJ x vng ton phn gia nhp ca dm: fy =
5 ql 4 cos sin 3 = f +f = f= f J + J = 34.10 m 384 E x y
2 x 2 y 2 2

B. THANH CHU UN NG THI VI KO (HAY NN) NG TM.

Mt thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm l mt thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c cc thnh phn ni lc l: Cc m men un Mx, My v lc dc Nz (khng xt n lc ct). V nh ng khi va chu un do tc dng ca gi, va chu nn do trng lng bn thn, hoc ct chng cu treo khi chu sc cng ca dy treo khng thng gc trc thanh, thnh phn thng gc trc thanh gy ra un, thnh phn theo phng trc thanh gy ra nn...
7.4. NG SUT PHP TRN MT CT NGANG.

Gi s trn mt ct ngang no ca thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm c cc thnh phn ni lc: Mx, My v Nz. Theo nguyn l c lp tc dng, ng sut php ti mt im bt k (x, y) thuc My N M (7-13) mt ct ngang l : x+ z = x y+ Jy F Jx Du ca Mx, My nh qui c trong un xin. tranh nhm ln, ta dng cng thc: | My | |N | | Mx | |x| z = |y| Jy F Jx

(7-14)

Vic chn du trc mi s hng ty theo cc thnh phn ni lc tng ng gy nn ng sut ko hay nn ti im (x, y). + * V d 5: Tnh ng sut php ti cc im gc A, B, C, D trn mt ct ngang ch nht chu lc nh hnh 7.8. A Mx B Vi Mx = 2,4 kNm, My = 1,5 kNm, Nz = 60 kN. x O Kch thc mt ct ngang hnh ch nht 1220 (cm2). My Nz Bi gii:
147 z
D C

+ +

Hnh 7.8: Tnh ng sut

Ta c: 12 20 3 = 8.000cm 3 12 20 (12) 3 Jy = = 2880cm 3 12 (Lc dc NZ gy ra ng sut ko trn ton mt ct) 2,4 10 2 1,5 10 2 6 60 A = 10 + + 8000 2880 12 20 2 = 0,2625 KN / cm Jx = 2,4 10 2 1,5 10 2 6 60 10 + 8000 2880 12 20 2 = 0,3625 KN / cm C = 0,3 - 0,3125 + 0,25 = 0,2375 KN/cm2 D = 0,3 + 0,3125 + 0,25 = 0,6825 KN/cm2 Ti im D ba thnh phn ni lc u gy ra ko nn y c gi tr ln nht. B =
7.5. THANH CHU KO (HAY NN) LCH TM . 1.nh ngha: Mt thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm l mt thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c mt thnh phn lc song song vi trc thanh nhng im t lc nm ngoi trng tm ca mt ct . V nh trng hp chu lc ca mt cn cu c nh. Cc lc t ln cn cu l nhng lc song song vi trc gi cn cu, hp lc ca chng phi l mt lc no song song trc gi (hnh 7.9a) hoc l bulng lch tm (hnh 7.9b). Ta thy rng thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm l trng hp c bit ca thanh
P e

ce y C c

z a b ) Hnh 7.9: V d v ) lch tm

y Hnh 7.10:S bi ton lch tm chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm. Tht vy v nh trn hnh 7.10, ti im C lch tm c mt lc N song song vi trc z tc dng. Nu chuyn N v trng tm O ca mt ct ngang ta s c: - Lc dc ng tm NZ = N - M men un M = Ne 148

Nh vy, chng ta a bi ton thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm v bi ton chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm. Mt phng tc dng ca m men un M ct ngang theo ng OC. Ging nh trong un xin OC l ng ti trng. Chng ta phn tch M ra 2 thnh phn: M men un quay quanh trc x v quay quanh trc y: M Mx = M sin = Ne sin = Nyc = Mx My = M cos = Ne cos = Nyc = My 2.iu kin bn: Ni chung, i vi thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm, hay thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm, iu kin bn l: * i vi thanh bng vt liu gin: * i vi thanh bng vt liu do: max Z [ ] * Nu mt ct ngang ca thanh c dng i xng c hai trc nh mt ct ch nht, ch I hay hai ch I ghp li: , I, II, th: My M Nz (7-15a) max = x + Wx Wy F (7-15b) Wx Wy F Trong s hng th ba ly du (+) ,khi NZ l lc ko v du (-) khi, NZ l lc

max [ ]K ; min [ ]n

min =

Mx

My

Nz

nn.

* V d 6: Kim tra sc chu lc ca t di mng my, bit rng p sut ln nht m t c th chu c l 20 N/cm2. Trng lng P ca my = 80kN v c t im C(0.2,0.1) . Trng lng ring ca mng my = 25 KN/m3 (xem hnh 7.11). Bi gii: i vi bi ton ny, z P chng ta thy ngoi P cn c R trng lng ca ton mng my, nn ta gii nh thanh chu un ng thi v nn ng tm. R Xt mt ct ngang y mng tip xc nn t. Ni lc trn mt ct ngang ny l: 2m Nz = -(P+R) y = -80-2521,22 B = -200kN (a) y C Lc -P gy ta un: c x O x A (x=4, Mx = -PyC = -80 0,1= -8kNm c 17) 2m (lm cng cc th v pha m ca trc y, Mx<0) ng trung ho My = Pxc= -80 0,2 = -16 kNm (y= lm cng pha m ca trc x, My < 0. 3) Hnh 7.11: V d v nn lch tm 149
1,2 m 2m

ta c:

Khi xc nh c Mx, My ,Nz th cn c vo biu thc xc nh ng trung ho = My Nz Mx 200 8 16 y x = 0 + y+ x = 2 1,2 0,288 0,8 Jy F Jx

Trong , ta tnh: J x =

2 1,2 3 1,2 2 3 = 0,288m 4 ; J y = = 0,8m 4 12 12 T y ta xc nh c ng trung ho nh trong hnh 7.11. By gi ta tnh ng sut ti gc A v B:

A = max =

Mx Wx

My Wy

Nz F

800 16 200 + = 46,6KN / m 2 2 2 1,2 2 2 1,2 1,2 2 6 6

= -4, 66 N/cm2 B = min = - B = min = Mx Wx My Wy Nz F = 12 N / cm 2

|A| < |B| < 20 N/cm2. Vy t di y mng chu c p lc do P v R tc dng.

7.6. KHI NIM V LI CA MT CT NGANG 7.6.1. ng trung ha trong ko (nn) lch tm: Nhng im trn ng trung ha d nhin c gi tr ng sut bng khng (theo nh ngha), cho nn t biu thc (7-13) chng ta cho v phi bng 0 th s tm c My N Mx y+ x + z = 0 (a) ng trung ha: Jy F Jx

Trong trng hp ring (ko hoc nn lch tm) th (a) s l: N.y c N.x c N y + x + = 0 Jx Jy F Chia tt c cho (b)

Ta bit T (c)

y y xc x N ta c: 1 + c + =0 Jy Jx F F F Jy Jx = rx2 ; = ry2 F F => 1 +

a=

(c)

yc y x c x + 2 =0 rx2 ry
; b= rx2 yc

(d)

Nu t

ry2 xc

(7-16)

150

x y + =1 (7-17) a b Gi tr a v b l honh v tung trn trc honh v trc tung m ng trung ha i qua n. ng trung ha trong ko (nn) lch tm c nhng tnh cht sau: 1- ng trung ha khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca lc, m ch ph thuc ta ca im t lc, ng trung ha v im t lc lun lun nm trong cc gc phn t i nh qua gc ta (v a, b bao gi cng ngc du vi xc v yc , hnh 17.12a).
Cui cng ng trung ha c dng:

2- Nu im t lc nm trn trc x th yc=0, do b = ; c ngha l ng trung ha nm song song vi trc y v ngc li. 3- Khi im t lc di chuyn trn mt ng thng khng qua gc ta , th ng trung ha s xoay quanh mt im trn mt phng ca mt ct ngang.
z ng trung ho b a
O x K

ng trung ho Pdo P2
P
1

x
O C

y
c

x
C

P
2

O C

C
1

2 ng trung ho y do P1

y a)

c) b) Hnh 7.12: Xc nh cc tnh cht ca iu ny c chng minh trn hnh 7.12b, trong ta gi s im t lc C di chuyn trn ng thng v r rng lc P c th phn thnh hai thnh phn theo h lc song song P1 v P2 m cc im t lc ca n nm trn trc x l C1 v trc y l C2. ng trung ho tng ng vi lc P1 s song song vi trc y v v tr ng trung ho ny xc n. Hai ng trung ho ny giao nhau ti im K. Chng ta ch mt im ti im K, th ng sut do P gy ra cng bng khng (v theo nguyn l cng tc dng th ng sut ti K do P gy ra cng l bng tng ng sut gy ra ti do P1 v P2 sinh ra bng 0. Vy im K cng l im i qua ng trung ho ng vi lc P tc dng. n y ta c th ni cc ng trung ho u xoay quanh im K khi im t lc chy trn ng thng , xem hnh 7.12b. 4-Nu im t lc di chuyn trn mt ng thng i qua gc to (hnh 7.12c), th ng trung ho s dch chuyn song song vi chnh n. Nu im t lc C tin gn v gc to O, th ng trung ho s li ra xa v ngc li nu im C li xa th ng trung ho s tin gn v gc to O.Ta chng minh iu ny:

151

im t lc C di chuyn trn ng thng qua gc to , th theo ton hc ta c :

yc = const .By gi chng ta xt v ng trung ho. xc

Cn c vo (7-16), ta lp t s:

rx2 b rx2 x c = = const v 2 = const a ry2 y c ry

h/

iu ny chng t cc ng trung ho s song song vi nhau. Mt khc cng t (7-16) ta thy rng: nu gi tr tuyt i xx, yc cng nh (im C gn gc O) th b v a cng ln, tc l ng trung ho xa gc O v ngc li. Cng t tnh cht ny ta tm mt v tr no ca im t lc C* c ng trung ho tip xc vi chu vi mt ct, khi im t lc nm trong on OC* th ng trung ho s nm chu vi mt ct ngang. Nhng tnh cht trn rt quan trng trong thc t nh vic xc nh li ca mt ct m ta s trnh by sau. 7.6.2. Li ca mt ct ngang: * Trong cc cng trnh xy dng, thy li, c kh ... chng ta thng gp nhng vt liu ch yu ch chu c lc nn, chu ko rt km nh nn t ni tip gip gia mng v nn. V vy trong khi thit k cc cng trnh chu nn lch tm, ta phi xc nh v tr ca im t lc sao cho trn mt ct ngang ch chu ng sut nn, ngha l ng trung ha do ti trng sinh ra khng ct qua mt ct ngang (trn mt ct ngang ch chu mt loi ng sut nn). Nh phn trn ta bit, v tr ca ng trung ha ph thuc vo im t lc, cho nn tha mn iu kin ni th im t lc C phi trong vng nn bao quanh trng tm ca mt ct ngang. Min din tch y c gi l li ca mt ct ngang. * Li ca mt ct ngang c xc nh nh sau: b b - V mt s ng trung ha tip xc vi /2 /2 chu vi mt ct ngang. V tr cc ng trung ha A B ny c xc nh bi cc ta gc ai, bi tng ng. Vi mi mt ng, ta xc nh c ta ng im t lc (xci, yci) tng ng theo (7-16): trung 1 ho ry 2 2 r x x ci = ; y ci = x (7-18) ai bi
h/
2

- Ni cc im t lc Ci ta c chu vi ca li. - Ch : ng trung ha ch c tip xc vi chu vi ch khng c ct mt ct ngang, cho nn d mt ct ngang c l a gic li hay lm th li cng l mt a gic li. * Li ca mt s mt ct thng gp: 1- Li ca hnh ch nht (hnh 7.13)

y Hnh 7.13: Xc nh li

Cho ng trung ha tip xc vi cnh AB ta c: a1 = ; b1 =

h 2

152

Ta ca im t lc C1 (im 1) tng ng l: xc1 =

ry2 a1 = 0 ; yc1 = ry2 b1 =+

h 6

Tng t ta cho ng trung ha trng vi AD th: b va b 2 = a2= 2 Vy ta im C2 s l: r2 b2 b ; yc2 = x = 0 = b2 a 2 12b 6 2 Do tnh cht i xng nn cc im 1' v 2' d dng xc nh. Cui cng ta ni 122'1' ta c li ca n. 2- Li mt ct hnh vnh khn: Li s l hnh trn c bn knh (hnh 7.14a):
x c2 = = ry2

r R

ng trung ho

ng trung ho

b) a ) Hnh 7.14: Li ca mt ct trn

R r (r: bn knh trong; R: bn knh ngoi) (1 + 2 ) ; Vi = R 4 Nu l hnh trn c ta cho r= 0, th r rng li cng l 1 hnh trn c bn knh r = r'= R (xem hnh 7.14b). 4 3- Li mt ct ch I, xem hnh 7.15.

153

Cng tng t nh cch xc nh cc li ca nhng hnh trn, ta c cc ng trung ha trng vi AB, BC, CD v DA ta s xc nh 4 im gii hn ca li v ni li l nhng a gic li. C- THANH CHU UN NG THI VI XON.
A B A B

a)

Hnh 7.15: Li ca mt ct ch I v nh ngha: Mt thanh chu un ng thi vi xon l mt thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c cc thnh phn ni lc l m men un Mx, My v m men xon Mz. V d: Mt trc truyn lc khng nhng ch chu tc dng ca m men xon m cn chu un do trng lng bn thn, trng lng cc puli v do lc cng ca cc dy ai. Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt cc thanh c mt ct ngang l hnh trn v hnh ch nht.
7.7. THANH C MT CT NGANG TRN.

b )

Nu hp cc Mx, MY ta c m men un ton phn MU: Mu = M2 + M2 x y Mt phng tc dng v ca n cng l mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang. Nh vy thanh ch chu un thun ty (b qua lc ct) ng thi vi xon. ng trung ha u thng gc mt phng ti trng v. ng sut ti nhng im cch xa ng trung ha nht (thuc chu vi vng ngoi):

max = min =

Mu Wu

(7-20)

Trong Wu l m men chng un ca mt ct ngang i vi ng trung bnh u, v i vi mt ct ngang hnh trn: Jy J J = u Wx = WY = WU = x = R R R

154

 max = min =

Mu Wx

(7-21)

Nhng im trn chu vi ca mt ct ngang l nhng im c ng sut tip ln M Mz = max = z = (7-22) nht do m men xon gy ra: Wp 2Wx Nh vy cc im A, B, ngoi cc ng sut php ln nht do un gy ra, hai im A, B (chnh l giao im ca chu vi mt ct ngang v ng ti trng) l hai im nguy him nht. Trng thi ng sut ca phn t im ny l trng thi ng sut phng, (xem hnh 7.17). iu kin bn: * Theo thuyt bn III: td = 2 + 4 2 [] Th (7 - 21), (7-22) vo biu din t ta c: 1 td = M 2 + M 2 + M 2 [] x y z Wx * Theo thuyt bn IV: td = 2 + 3 2 []
1 Wx

td =

M 2 + M 2 + 0,75M 2 [ ] x Y z

ng trung ng ti ho trng
A Mx

Mz My

v x

Mu B

y a ) b ) Hnh 7.17: Un cng xon

* Theo thuyt bn (V): td =

td

1 1+ + 2 + 4 2 [ ]k 2 2 1+ 1 1 = M2 + M2 + M 2 + M 2 + M 2 [ ]K x y x y z 2 Wx 2 =
k 0 n 0

Vi

cho gn ta vit li iu kin bn:

155

 td =

M td [ ] ; Mt - M men tng ng Wx

Theo thuyt bn III: M td = M 2 + M 2 + M 2 x y z Theo thuyt bn IV: Theo thuyt bn V: M td = M 2 + M 2 + 0,75M 2 x y z M td = 1 2 M2 + M2 + x y 1+ 2 M2 + M2 + M2 x y z

V d: Mt trc truyn bng thp CT4 ([] = 12 KN/cm2) chu lc nh hnh v 7.18, trng lng Puli G = 3kN, cng sut v s vng quay mt W = 50KW, n=500 vng/ pht. Kim tra bn theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng. Bi gii: Ta s ha bi ton nh trn hnh v 7.19a. W 50 = = 0,955KNm M men xon tc dng vo trc: M = 52,4

Trong :
50 0 50 0

n
30

3,14 500 = 52,4 rad / s 30

T=2 t1

D=80 0

6 0
B

t
1 Hnh 7.18: S tnh un cng xon

Lc cng ca dy ai xc nh theo iu kin cn bng m men xon: D D D M = T1 t 1 = t 1 2 2 2 2M 2 95,5 = = 2,38kN => t1 = D 80 Vi cc tr s ti trng bit v c cc biu m men xon Mz, cc m men un Mx, My nh hnh v 7.19b Theo l thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng (IV):
M td = 75 2 + (1 78,5) + 0,75 (95,5)
2 2

td = td =

M td 210,54 = = 9,74kN / cm 2 Wx 0,1 6 3

td = 9,74KN/cm2 < [] = 12kN/cm2 Vy trc bn.

156

M=95,5kNc m
B P=t1+T1=7,1 4kN 50c m

a )

A 50c m

x G

95,5 kNcm

(Mz ) (Mx )

b )
178,5 kNcm

75 kNcm

(My ) Hnh 7.19: Biu ni lc

7.8. THANH C MT CT NGANG CH NHT.

Gi s trn mt ct ngang nguy him ca mt thanh chu un ng thi vi xon c cc thnh phn ni lc Mx, My, Mz biu din trn b hnh (7.20). i vi mt ct ch nht ng ti trng khng D vung gc vi ng trung ha nn khng th hp Mx Mx Mz A v My nh i vi mt ct trn. E x i vi mt ct ngang hnh ch nht, c gi tr ln nht cc im gc. Trong trng hp ang xt, My z C cc im B v D l cc im c cc tr:
h
I

B = max = D = min 23)

| Mx | | My | + Wx Wy | M x | | M y | = Wx Wy

(7-

Hnh 7.20: Un cng xon mt ct ch nht

Ngoi ng sut php, trn mt ct ngang cn c ng sut tip do xon gy ra. T kt qu xon i vi mt ct ch nht: | Mz | Gi s b < h => E= max = (7-24) Wxoan Vi Wxon = hb2 , v ti B c B = 0 (im gc); ti I c I = 1 Trong ba im B, I, E chng ta cha bit c im no nguy him nht. Vy phi tnh ng sut tng ng cho c ba phn t ly ba im ny. Sau so snh xem phn t no c ng sut tng ng ln nht th phn t im s l nguy him nht. a) i vi phn t im B (im gc). V trng thi ng sut ca phn t im B l trng thi ng sut n, nn:
157

td(B) = b) i vi phn t im E: - Theo thuyt bn III: td(A) =

| Mx | | My | + Wx Wy My 2 + 4 2 = W y My + 3 = W y
2 2

+ 4 M z W xon
2

- Theo thuyt bn IV: td(A) =

+ 3 M z W xon
2

My 1 | M y | 1+ + 4 M z - Theo thuyt bn V: td(A) = + = W W 2 Wy 2 xon y c) i vi phn t im I: - Theo thuyt bn III: td(C) =

M + 4 = x W x
2 2

- Theo thuyt bn IV:

td(C) =

M z + 4 W xon .M z + 3 W xon
2 2

- Theo thuyt bn V:

M + 3 = x W x
2 2

.M z 1 | Mx | 1 Mx + td(C) = W + 4 W 2 Wx 2 x xon Trong cc im B, I, E im no c td ln nht th im nguy him nht.

D. THANH CHU LC TNG QUT.

7.9. THANH C MT CT NGANG TRN.

* nh ngha: Mt thanh chu lc tng qut l thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c y 6 thnh phn ni lc. V nh hng ca cc lc ct b so vi nh hng ca cc thnh phn ni lc khc, nn ta khng xt n lc ct. Vy cn li bn thnh phn ni lc: : Cc m men un Mx, My : M men xon Mz : Lc dc trc Nz

Nz nn cng nh i vi thanh mt F ct ngang trn chu un ng thi vi xon, cc im nguy him nht vn l A, B (h 7.20)

V ng sut php do Nz gy ra l u v z =

158

Mx

A MZ Mz

My

v x z

N
z

a b ) Hnh 7.20: Chu lc tng ) qut ca mt ct trn

| Mu | | Nz | (7-25) Wx F | M u | | Nz | min = (7-26) Ti A Wx F Ti nhng im thuc chu vi mt ct: |Mz | |Mz | (7-27) max = = Wp 2Wx Ty theo thuyt bn s dng m chng ta vit iu kin bn cho cc phn t Nz na thi). im A, B (tng t nh un + xon v c thm = F Nu Nz >0 th im B s c: + Mu Nz max = + v Wu F M max = z tc dng, y A > B nn im B nguy him hn. WP Nu Nz<0 th B > A v im A nguy him hn.

Ti B

ma x =

Tng t nh trn cc im cn xt vn l A, B,C, D, hnh 7.21. Nh trong bi ton un ng thi vi xon trn, nhng ch khi tnh ng sut php th phi N n ng sut php do lc dc gy ra l z (du + khi b F lc ko, du - khi lc nn). ng thi nu lc dc ko th D trong trng hp ny ng sut php ti B s c gi tr tuyt Mx i ln hn im D. V 3 ni lc u to B cc ng sut Mz A ko. Cn 2 im E v I th ng sut s l: Nz E x Mx Nz + B = + v My z Wx F
h

7.10. THANH C MT CT NGANG CH NHT.

N I = + + z. Wy F

My

159

Hnh 7.21: Chu lc tng qut ca mt ct ch nht

Mz Mz ; I = 2 hb 2 hb Sau cc bc tnh td D, E, I tng t nh trn, theo tng thuyt bn. * V d 8: Cho mt thanh gy khc chu lc nh trn hnh v 7.22. Cho bit P = 50KN, a= 50cm, cc kch thc mt ct ngang biu din nh hnh v. Hy xc nh ng sut trong cc on

E = max =

d=20c m 3 a 6 cm 8 cm

x z y
B

P
A

2 P

y z Hnh 7.22: Xc nh ng sut khi chu lc Bi gii: 1) V biu ni lc: i vi khng gian th ta nn gn cho mi on mt h trc vi quy c trc song song vi thanh l trc z, hai trc cn li l trc x v y nh trnh by hnh 7.22. ng thi khi tnh m men i vi mt trc no , th ch l nu lc song song hoc ct trc n s khng gy ra m men vi n, ch c nhng lc c phng cho nhau vi trc mi gy ra m men cho trc . Mt khc cc ng tung th hin m men quay quanh trc x th k // vi trc y v ngc li. 2) Vi cc ch trn ta ln lt tnh ni lc cho tng on. i vi on AB th rt d, nn chng ti ch hng dn cch xc nh ni lc on BC. Ti im B trn cnh BC th trc x trng vi cnh AB v lc P, 2P u ct trc x nn Mx= 0. Khi ta dch chuyn trc x n cui on ti C th trc x lc ny cng nm trong mt mt phng vi 2P v v vy n ct trc x, ch c lc P to nn m men quanh trc x v gi tr l Mx=P3a, m men ny lm cng pha trn, cui cng ta c biu m men Mx nh trn hnh 7-23a. Tng t ta xt My trong on BC, ti B trc y // P v ch 2P sinh ra My= 2P a. Ti C th cng ch c lc 2P sinh ra My = 2P a. My lm cng pha trong ca khung (xem hnh 7.23b). Trong BC th lc P sinh ra Mz = P a v hng s sut BC (xem hnh 7.23c). Cui cng Nz l lc dc trong on BC cng l hng s do lc 2P sinh ra v to nn lc ko trong n (xem hnh 7.23d). 3 b a P ) 2)
M

Pa

c )

Pa

d )

2 P
N
z

Hnh 7.23: Ni lc ca khung 160

3- Tnh ng sut: a) Trn thanh AB: Mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht (theo bi), im B chu tc dng bi Mxv My ln nht v ti thanh chu un xin (xem hnh v 7.24a). |Mx | |My | im I (hnh 7.24a): z = + = 143KN / cm2 Wx Wy im II: (xem hnh 7.24a): z = |Mx | |My | = 143KN / cm2 Wx Wy

Trong : Mx = Pa = 2500 KN/cm; My = 2Pa = 5000 KN/cm Wx =

a ) I
Mx

6 82 8 62 = 64 cm 3 ; Wy = = 48 cm 3 6 6
b ) x
My N
z

I
My Mu Mx

Mz

ng ti I trng z z y b) Trn thanh BC:Thanh ny c mt ct ngang l trn v ti Cy chu tc dng Mx = P 3 a ; My = 2Pa ; Mz = Pa v Nz = +2P, thanh chu lc tng qut. Nh trn ni thanh Hnh 7.24: Xc nh ng sut trn ny hon ton i xng nn cho php hp 2 thnh phn Mx v My thnh Mu (xem hnh v 7.24b), v l ng vung gc vi vect Mu cng chnh l ng ti trng v giao tuyn ca n vi chu vi hnh trn l cc im ng ch (im I, II). Do lc dc l ko nn ti im I c ng sut dng ln nht: I

z =

M u Nz + Wu F

v ng sut tip =

Mz Wp

Trong : Mu = Vy:
z = =

Wu = 0,1 d3 ; Wp = 0,2 d3
M2 + M2 = x y

(50 3 50)2 + (100 50)2

= 902 KNcm

902 50.2 + = 1,54KN / cm2 3 0,1.20 .102 50.50 = 3,25 KN / cm2 0,2.d 3

vy ti im I c: td =

2 + 4 2 = 1,542 + 4.3,252 = 6,7 KN/cm2

(Tnh theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht).

CU HI T HC:
7.1. Nu mt s v d v cc dng chu lc phc tp

161

7.2 .Khi no th gi l un xin, cho v d. Thanh c mt ct trn c b un xin hay khng? V sao ? 7.3.Cng thc xc nh ng sut khi un xin. iu kin bn? 7.4.Cng thc tnh ng sut khi thanh chu un, ng thi vi ko (nn). iu kin bn ? 7.5.Nhng tnh cht c bn ca ng trung ha khi un xin, un ng thi vi ko (nn) ? 7.6. Khi nim v li ca mt ct ngang. Cch xc nh n? 7.7. ng sut khi thanh chu un ng thi vi xon. iu kin bn i vi mt ct ngang hnh ch nht v hnh trn ? 7.8. ng sut trong thanh chu lc tng qut. iu kin bn ? 7.9. Cch v biu ni lc trong trng hp chu lc phc tp v chu lc trong khng gian?

---

---

TI LIU THAM KHO

1)

Bi Trng Lc, Nguyn Y T... Sc bn Vt liu (T.1, 2). Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1964. Nguyn Y T (Ch bin) .... Sc bn vt liu. Nh xut bn i hc v TNCN, H Ni 1973. L Quang Minh, Nguyn Vn Vng Sc bn Vt liu (T.1, 2, 3) Nh xut bn i hc v Gio dc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1989. Nguyn Y T Sc bn Vt liu Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni 1966 L Vit Ging, Phan K Phng Sc bn Vt liu (T.1) Nh xut bn Gio dc 1997 L Ngc Hng Sc bn Vt liu Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut ,H Ni 2000
162

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

Phan K Phng, ng Vit Cng L thuyt do v T bin Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997

163

MC LC

Trang s Li ni u............................................................................................................... 1 01. 02. 03. 04. Chng m u : NHNG KHI NIM C BN Khi qut ................................................................................................................ 2 Cc nguyn nhn ngoi tc dng ln vt th ........................................................... 4 Cc gi thuyt c bn .............................................................................................. 5 Lch s pht trin mn hc ...................................................................................... 5 Cu hi t hc ........................................................................................................ 8 Chng 1: L THUYT V NI LC Ni lc - phng php mt ct ................................................................................ 9 Cc thnh phn ni lc .......................................................................................... 10 Bi tan phng, biu ni lc............................................................................. 11 Lin h vi phn gia ti trng phn b vi lc ct v mmen un trong thanh thng ............................................................................................................................... 20 Lin h gia ti trng tp trung vi ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct, biu mmen un trong thanh thng ..................................................... 21 p dng ................................................................................................................. 21 Cu hi t hc ....................................................................................................... 26 Chng 2: KO, NN NG TM Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 27 ng sut trn mt ct ngang.................................................................................. 28 Bin dng, h s poisson ....................................................................................... 30 ng sut trn mt ct nghing............................................................................... 32 c trng c hc ca vt liu ................................................................................ 34 ng sut cho php - H s an ton - Ba bi ton c bn....................................... 37 Bi ton siu tnh ................................................................................................... 40 Th nng bin dng n hi................................................................................... 41 Cu hi t hc ....................................................................................................... 42 Chng 3: TRNG THI NG SUT Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 43 Trng thi ng sut phng ..................................................................................... 44 Trng thi trt thun ty...................................................................................... 51 Lin h gia ng sut v bin dng - nh lut Hooke tng qut......................... 52 Cc thuyt bn ....................................................................................................... 57 Cu hi t hc ....................................................................................................... 61

1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8.

3.1. 3.2. 3.3 3.4. 3.5.

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5.

Chng 4: C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT NGANG PHNG Khi nim chung.................................................................................................... 65 M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh ................................................................. 65 M men qun tnh ca mt s hnh n gin ........................................................ 69 Cng thc chuyn trc ca m men qun tnh ...................................................... 70 H trc qun tnh chnh - cng thc xoay trc ca mmen qun tnh................... 72
164

4.6. Vng trn Mohr qun tnh..................................................................................... 70 4.7. Bn knh qun tnh................................................................................................. 73 Cu hi t hc ....................................................................................................... 75 Chng 5: UN NGANG PHNG NHNG THANH THNG 5.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 79 A. Dm chu un thun ty phng.............................................................................. 80 5.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ......................................................................... 80 5.3. Biu ng sut php - ng sut php ln nht .................................................. 81 5.4. iu kin bn ca un thun ty phng ................................................................ 84 5.5. Khi nim v hnh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang ............................................... 88 B. Dm un ngang phng........................................................................................... 89 5.6. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ca dm un ngang phng .............................. 90 5.7. ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng ........................ 90 5.8. iu kin bn ca dm chu un ngang phng...................................................... 91 5.9. Cc dng bi ton c bn....................................................................................... 94 5.10. Khi nim v dm chng un u ......................................................................... 97 5.11. Qu o ng sut chnh khi un............................................................................ 98 5.12. Th nng bin dng dn hi ca dm chu un ngang phng................................ 99 C. Chuyn v ca dm chu un ............................................................................ 101 5.13. Khi nim ng n hi .................................................................................... 101 5.14. Thit lp phng trnh n hi bng tch phn bt nh...................................... 103 5.15. Xc nh vng v gc xoay bng phng php ti trng gi to .................. 105 5.16. Phng php thng s ban u............................................................................ 109 Cu hi t hc ..................................................................................................... 113 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. 6.8. 6.9. 6.10. 6.11.
Chng 6: XON NHNG THANH THNG C MT CT NGANG TRN Khi nim chung.................................................................................................. 115 Mmen xon v biu mmen xon ................................................................ 115 Lin h gia mmen xon ngoi lc vi cng sut v s vng quay ca trc truyn .......................................................................... 116 ng sut trn mt ct ngang ca thanh trn chu xon ....................................... 118 Biu ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang ............................................................ 120 Bin dng ca thanh trn chu xon .................................................................... 121 Tnh thanh trn chu xon.................................................................................... 123 Xon thun ty thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn............................................ 124 Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton siu tnh........................................................ 126 Tnh l xo xon c hnh tr c bc ngn........................................................... 126 S ph hy ca thanh trn chu xon .................................................................. 130 Cu hi t hc ..................................................................................................... 134 Chng 7: THANH CHU LC PHC TP Thanh chu un xin ............................................................................................ 132 ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ....................................................................... 133 iu kin bn ca dm chu un xin ................................................................. 136 vng ca dm chu un xin .......................................................................... 139 165

A. 7.1. 7.2. 7.3.

B. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. C. 7.7. 7.8. D. 7.9. 7.10.

Thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm ...................................... 142 ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ....................................................................... 142 Thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm ..................................................................... 143 Khi nim v li ca mt ct ngang .................................................................... 145 Thanh chu un ng thi vi xon..................................................................... 148 Thanh c mt ct ngang trn ............................................................................... 149 Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht........................................................................ 152 Thanh chu lc tng qut ..................................................................................... 153 Thanh c mt ct ngang trn ............................................................................... 154 Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht........................................................................ 154 Cu hi t hc ..................................................................................................... 156 THP DT NH HNH ..................................................................................................... TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 158 MC LC ..................................................................................................................... 173

166

Chng 8

KHI NIM CHUNG V T BIN

8.1. M U. Trong gio trnh sc bn vt liu, l thuyt n hi cng nh l thuyt do khi xc nh ng sut v bin dng ngi ta cha n yu t thi gian. iu y c ngha l cc biu thc ca ng sut v bin dng khng cha thi gian t, nh vy, ngi ta quan nim rng nu ti trng bn ngoi tc ng ln vt th khng thay i th ng sut v bin dng trong vt th cng khng thay i theo thi gian. Nhng trong thc t ng sut v bin dng xut hin trong vt th thay i theo thi gian ngay c lc ti trng l khng i v hin tng ngi ta gi l hin tng t bin ca vt liu. C th xt hin tng theo hai kha cnh khc nhau: 1-Khi ng sut khng i nhng bin dng thay i theo thi gian th gi l hin tng b hoc l sau tc dng. 2-Khi bin dng l hng s nhng ng sut thay i theo thi gian (thng l gim theo thi gian) th gi l hin tng do ng sut. Hin tng t bin khng nhng xut hin trong vt rn m cn xy ra i vi cht kh v cht lng na. Hin tng t bin c nghin cu trong nhng iu kin khc nhau v mi trng lm vic v ti trng tc dng ln vt th. i vi mt s kim loi hin tng t bin xy ra r rt khi chng lm vic nhit cao nh thp, hp kim thp...Nhng cng c mt s kim loi hin tng t bin xut hin ngay nhit bnh thng nh nhm, ch, ma-nh...Nhng cn ch rng trong nhng iu kin nhit , hin tng t bin ch xy ra khi ng sut t mt gi tr ti thiu no i vi mi vt liu. Hin tng t bin mi c nghin cu cha lu, nhng vic nghin cu hin tng pht trin rt nhanh. Bi v ngy nay, trong cc my mc k thut ni chung i hi c nhiu chi tit lm vic vi tc ln nn t n sn sinh mt lng nhit ln. Mi trng lm cho s thay i ca ng sut v bin dng theo thi gian l ln. ng thi hin nay xut hin nhiu vt liu mi nh cht do, cc cht tng hp hu c...l nhng cht m hin tng t bin xy ra ngay nhit bnh thng v tc bin dng ca n kh ln. Vic tnh ton cc chi tit my c k n nh hng ca hin tng t bin, hin nay n ng mt vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc tnh ton ng lc hc v bn ca my cng nh vic tnh ton bn ca cc cng trnh k thut khc. Bi v hin tng t bin cng l nguyn nhn gy ra s ph hng v gy cc chi tit. V nh s pht trin ca bin dng theo thi gian qut cnh tuc bin s nh hng n khe h ca chng vi v tuc bin. V vy s dn n ch tuc bin s khng lm vic c bnh thng, thm ch c khi cn gy cnh tuc bin. Th d v hin tng do c th gp mt s trng hp ni bng bu lng, mi u mi ni cn cht ch nhng sau mt thi gian lm vic gi tr ng sut trong bu lng gim i theo thi gian (mc d bin dng di ca bu lng l khng i, v khong cch t -cu n u bu lng l khng i) cho nn mi ni b lng ra. Cn nhn mnh rng bin dng do t bin c th l bin dng n hi hoc l bin dng do. 8.2. NHNG NG CONG T BIN. tnh ton v t bin, ngi ta s dng nhng kt qu ca s nghin cu bng thc nghim ca vt liu nhit cho sn no . Dng th nghim c bn trong iu

164

kin t bin vn l ko ng tm tin hnh mt nhit nht nh. Hin tng b c xt khi ng sut trong mu c gi khng i trong sut thi gian b. Da kt qu ca th nghim chng ta c th dng biu v quan h gia bin dng t i v thi gian t trong h trc to ct. Nhng ng cong ny gi l ng cong t bin hay gi l ng cong sau tc dng. Trn hnh 8.1 biu din dng ng cong sau tc dng. Ga tr bin dng ban u c biu din bi D on OA. Khi ti trng tc dng ln mu t gi tr 0 n mt gi tr no th gi tr bin dng trong mu C cng s tng t 0 n mt gi tr 0 nht nh. Bin dng 0 ny c th l bin dng n hi hoc l bin B dng do, gi tr ny ph thuc vo ng sut xut A 0 hin trong mu. O t Sau ti trng khng tng cng c ngha l ng sut trong thanh khng thay i, nhng bin Hnh 8.1:ng cong t dng ca mu vn tng vi ng cong ABCD. bin ng cong t bin c th chia lm 3 giai on: 1. Giai on 1: cn gi l giai on b khng n nh. Trong giai on ny bin dng tng cng vi thi gian nhng tc bin dng khng u nhau v xu hng ngy cng gim. V vy AB l mt ng cong. Tc bin dng d/dt l i lng c xc nh bi tg (gc nghing lm vi tip tuyn ng cong vi trc honh). 2. Giai on 2: cn gi l giai on t bin n nh, biu din vi on BC. Giai on ny di hn nhiu so vi giai on mt. Quan h gia bin dng v thi gian l hm s bc nht, giai on ny tc bin dng l hng s v c gi tr nh nht d . Tc bin dng ny cng ph thuc vo gi tr ng sut ban u v nhit min = dt th nghim. i vi mi vt liu khi nhit th nghim xc nh th tc bin dng trong giai on t bin n nh ny ph thuc vo ng sut. Ngi ta c th chn v biu din quan h gia tc bin dng trong giai on ny nh sau: & min = Q( ) = a n (8-1)

(8-2) b Trong : K, n, a v b l nhng h s ph thuc vo vt liu, nhit th nghim. Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy rng mi quan h hm s (8-2) tng i ph hp vi th nghim nhng vic tnh ton c phn phc tp nn sau cng ngi ta thng dng biu thc (8-1) biu din mi lin h gia tc bin dng trong giai on t bin n nh vi gi tr ng sut khng i trong thanh. 3. Giai on 3: thi k ny tc bin dng ngy mt tng ln. Trong giai on ny mu cng c th xut hin ch tht li hoc khng c. En--ry bng thc nghim ch r rng: Nu th nghim ko di m bo m ng sut trong mu l hng s sut qu trnh th nghim th giai on 3 ny khng xy ra. iu c ngha l bng cch no ta gi c gi tr ng sut trong thanh khng thay i trong th nghim b th mu th nghim ch tri qua hai giai on u. Tuy vy vic to ra th nghim cho ng sut l hng s sut qu trnh th nghim l rt kh, thng trong qu trnh th nghim ta gi cho ti trng tc dng vo mu l hng s, v vy giai on ba ny thng c th nghim v t bin.
165

Hay l:

& min = Q( ) = K exp

Nh ta ni trn hin tng t bin ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit lm vic ca chi tit my v gi tr ng sut trong chi tit . V vy dng ca ng cong t bin i vi mi vt liu ph thuc vo nhit , ng sut trong mu th nghim. Trn hnh 8.2 biu din cc dng ng cong t bin khi gi tr ng sut trong thanh =const nhng cc nhit Tn th nghim khc nhau. Nhng ng cong cho ta hnh dung c nh hng ca nhit , ng sut n qu trnh t bin. 8.3. PHN TCH QU TRNH T BIN CA VT LIU. Trn c s nhng s liu v th nghim, nhiu nh nghin cu v t bin a ra nhng biu thc ton hc m t qu trnh t bin ca vt liu nhng cc biu thc c khng hon ton ph hp vi thc nghim. Cho n nay ngi ta mi nghin cu c hon ho i vi giai on t bin n nh (giai on 2). Ngi ta cho rng tc d & bin dng t bin trong giai on hai P = P l mt hm s n iu i vi ng sut dt : P = f ( ) Nh nu trn, ngi ta thng s dng (8-1) v n va n gin va kh ph hp vi thc nghim P = a n .
T1 T2 T3 T4 t 1 2 3 4 t

Hnh 8.2:Nhng ng cong Hnh 8.3:Nhng ng cong t bin khi ng sut l t bin khi nhit T hng s v nhit T =const thay i 1>2>3>4 T1>T2>T3>T4 d kho st chng ta biu din phng trnh ny trn h to logarit: lg P = lg a + n lg (8-3) R rng trong h trc logarit th quan h gia tc bin dng t bin v ng sut l tuyn tnh. iu tng i ph hp vi nhng s liu th nghim. Hnh 8.4 biu din nhng th quan h gia ng sut v tc bin dng ca t bin dP/dt trong h to logarit theo (8-3) v nhng im thu c t thc nghim bi v cc im th nghim khng cch xa qu so vi nhng ng thng theo phng trnh (8-3) theo l thuyt v thc nghim ca quan h tc bin dng vi ng sut i vi thp Crm2 Molipden. lg KG/cm R rng l kt qu th nghim (biu din bi nhng * tng i ph hp vi 1000 ng biu din l thuyt). Phng trnh (8-1) hoc (8-3) ch xc 750 nh hon ton khi cc h s a v n c xc 500 nh. 250
100 -7 -6 510-8 10 510-7 10 Hnh 8.4: Quan h t bin lg 510-6

trong h to logarit

166

lg P min 2 = lg a + n lg 2 T hai phng trnh ny ta c th xc nh hng s a v n theo cc gi tr 1, 2, lgPmin1, lgPmin2 c trong bng 8.1 gii thiu gi tr ca cc h s i vi mt s thp. Trn y chng ta cn bn trnh by s phn tch giai on t bin n nh. Vic nghin cu t bin giai on u (t bin khng n nh) gp rt nhiu kh khn v s din bin kh phc tp, nhng s liu ng tin cy xc nh giai on ny cha . Mt phn v giai on ny thng xuyn din ra qu ngn so vi giai on 2. K Nn trn thc t c khi c b qua hoc thay i AB (trn hnh 8.1) bng on thng ko B P E di ca on BC ct trc tung E s dng A trong vic tnh ton sau ny (xem hnh 8.6). 0 Sau mt thi gian lm vic ca chi tit my O tk th bin dng ton phn ca n l: t Bng 8.1 Hnh 8.6:ng cong t bin Loi thp Thnh phm TC Ga tr n a ho hc % ng sut CM 2 n gi 1 KG

Di y chng ta trnh by phng php xc nh cc h s . Da vo mt lot ng cong t bin cng mt nhit xc nh vi gi tr ng sut khc nhau (nh kiu cc ng cong biu din nh hnh (8-3) ca mt vt liu). Trn c s nhng ng cong ny chng ta tm c nhng ng cong tc bin dng cc d P i vi cc gi tr ng sut tng ng. tiu dt Nh vy ta xc nh c nhng im trong h to logarit lgmin, lg (xem hnh 8.5). Vic cui cng c tin hnh l v mt ng lg thng sao cho cc im th nghim nm ln cn ng thng v t nht c hai im thc nghim trn ng thng ny. Ga s im 1 v 2 trn hnh 8.5. 2 Cch xc nh cc h s: Vi im 1 v 2 trong h trc logarit chng ta 1 c cc to ca chng l lg1, lgPmin1 v lg2 , lgP lgpmin2. Hnh 8.5: Nh vy theo cng thc (8-3), chng ta c : Cch xc nh cc h s lg P min 1 = lg a + n lg 1

167

Thp cc bon

Thp Molipden Thp Crom-Molipden

Thp Crom -Niken

0,43C 0,68Mn 0,20Si 0,13C 0,49Mn 0,25Si 0,52Mo 0,48C 0,49Mn 0,62Si 0,52Mo 1,20Cr 0,06C 0,50Mn 0,61Si 17,75Cr 9,25Ni

427 538 427 538 427 538 538 693

1000-1690 210-630 910-1410 560-1606 1410-2110 320-1000 880-1340 560-1000

6 3,9 5,4 4,6 6,35 3,35 4,4 4,3

0,2010-23 0,1410-15 1,2010-23 0,6010-19 0,14510-28 0,17510-15 0,2110-19 0,1710-18

(8-4) m t hin tng t bin c tnh n giai on t bin khng n nh nhiu nh nghin cu v t bin a ra nhng biu thc gii tch. Di y l mt biu thc biu din mi lin h gia P,, thi gian t v nhit . P = Q1 + Qt (8-5) Trong : Q1 v Q l hm s ng sut v nhit . l hm s n iu gim ca thi gian. Vi thi gian lm vic nh th thnh phn th hai c th b v thnh phn th nht cn li thng ng vi thi k t bin khng n nh. Thi gian lm vic kh ln th c th b qua thnh phn th nht v qu trnh t bin th hin qua thnh phn th hai. V ta thy rng mi lin h gia bin dng do v thi gian trong giai on hai l tuyn tnh. Hm s Q chnh l tc cc tiu ca bin dng do trong giai on ny. Dng cc hm s Q, Q1 v c gii thiu trong cng trnh ca Malinhin. Tuy vy cng thc (8-5) cng kh phc tp v cng khng thun li cho vic tnh ton. V vy ngi ta thng s dng biu thc sau y tnh ton bin dng t bin: P = Q( ) (t ) (t) l hm s thi gian v bng khng khi t=0. Nh ni trn, mt khc ca hin tng t bin l hin tng do tc l bin dng khng i trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca chi tit, nhng ng sut trong chi tit th gim theo thi gian. Di tc dng ca lc dc trong thanh xut hin bin dng n hi do v bng cch ta gi cho bin dng khng i th ng sut trong thanh s gim theo thi gian. Nh vy bin dng ton phn l khng i: (8-6) = y + P = (o ) = const

= 0 + tk P

168

Trong : y-Bin dng n hi;P-Bin dng do. Trn hnh 8.7 trnh by ng cong thay i ng sut theo thi gian ca hin tng do. ng cong ny c tnh c trng cho hin tng do ni chung, nhng tu th nghim c th ta nhn c nhng ng cong khc nhau cho tng vt liu. Rt nhiu chi tit my quan trng lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao vi mt gi tr ng sut tng i O t ln, xut hin bin dng t bin. Nhng bin dng ny khng c vt qu mt gii hn xc nh i vi mi Hnh 8.7:ng cong chi tit. Bi v bin dng ln s dn n s ph hu chi ca hin tng do tit hoc nh hng n iu kin k thut ca chi tit. Cho nn khi tnh ton v t bin ca mt chi tit lm vic mt iu kin no th ngi ta cho bit sau mt thi gian nht nh bin dng ca chi tit khng c vt qu mt gii hn nht nh. Ga tr ng sut sao cho bin dng ca chi tit lm vic nhit cho khng c vt qu mt gii hn xc nh th gi l gii hn t bin theo bin dng cho php. Gii hn t bin i vi mi vt liu ph thuc vo nhit v i lng bin dng cho php trong khong thi gian lm vic ca chi tit. Trong bng 8.2 trnh by mt vi s liu v gi tr bin dng cho php [] i vi mt s chi tit. THI GIAN LM [] VIC 1000 GI Cnh tuc bin 100 0,0001 Cnh tuc bin hi nc 100 0,0003 Xi lanh tuc bin hi nc 100 0,001 Trong trng hp chi tit my lm vic trong trng thi ng sut n th phng trnh tnh ton trong trng hp ny c dng: = 0 + t k P [ ] Nu chng ta xt giai on t bin khng n nh mt cch gn ng:
ET ET- M un n hi, y- Bin dng n hi c tnh bng biu thc (8-1) v phng trnh trn vit di dng ng sut cho php (gii hn t bin) ta c dng phng trnh: (8-7) k = [ ] ET Nu b qua bin dng n hi th cng thc tnh ton vi iu kin t bin l: [ ] n [ ] = (8-8) at k Trong trng hp bin dng n hi v bin dng trong giai on t bin n nh th chng ta c th tnh ton t bin t iu kin tc bin dng phi khng c vt
169
1

Bng 8.2. CHI TIT

0 y =

[ ] + a[ ]n t

qu mt gi tr no . Gi tr ng sut ln nht c th t c trong chi tit my cho bin dng ca chi tit my lm vic nhit cho sn bng gi tr tc bin dng cho php ca t bin n nh. i vi mi vt liu th gi tr ng sut ph thuc vo nhit v gi tr tc bin dng cho php ca t bin n nh [P]. Mt vi s liu v gi tr tc bin dng cho php t bin n nh i vi mt s chi tit c gii thiu trong bng 8.3. Bng 8.3. CHI TIT []/1gi Cc tuc bin 10-9 Cc bu lng, xi lanh Tuc bin hi nc 10-8 -6 Cc vng dn kh 10 -10-10 Chung quy vic tnh ton theo cc gii hn t bin u dn n vic tnh ton bn ca vt liu chu ti trng mt nhit nht nh ph thuc vo thi gian lu di m chi tit cn lm vic. c trng cho n ngi ta a ra khi nim bn lu ca vt liu. Gii hn bn lu ca vt liu l gi tr ng sut [] m chi tit b ph hng sau mt thi gian lm vic nh sn c nhit lm vic tng ng. Gii hn ny ph thuc vo nhit v khong thi gian cn thit lm vic ca mi chi lg tit. Nu thi gian lm vic ko di v nhit tng ln th gii hn bn lu ca chi tit gim xung. Thng quan h gia gii hn bn lu ca chi tit v thi gian ph hu nhit 2 tng ng c biu din trong h to Logarit: lg v lgt. 1 Trn hnh 8.8 biu din quan h gia gii O lgt hn bn lu v thi gian. Quan h c th l Hnh 8.8: ng thng (ng 1) hoc ng gy khc. Gii hn bn lu ng biu din 1 hoc 2 ph thuc vo cu to, dng ph hng (gin, do, hoc l va gin va do) ca vt liu. Vn ny qa phc tp ta khng xt y.
8.4. PHNG PHP M HNH HO TRONG T BIN. Tnh cht c l ca vt liu rt phc tp trong qu trnh chu lc, mi trng nhit ln cng nh thi gian chu ti ko di. Bi v trong nhng iu kin cn to tnh th ca vt liu thay i c v hnh dng v cch sp xp. S thay i s dn n s thay i bn cht vt l v c hc ca vt liu. Quan h gia ng sut, bin dng, tc bin dng v thi gian bin P dng ca vt liu tr nn kh phc tp. Ni chung l mi vt liu c th c nhng tnh cht c bn l n hi, do v chy nht, nhng tnh cht ny ph thuc vo ti trng v nhit m chi tit ang lm vic. m t tnh cht n hi ca vt liu, ngi ta biu din bng mt l xo (hnh 8.9) gi l vt th ca Hooke.

P
170 Hnh 8.9: Vt th Hooke (Vt th n hi)

Nu xem l xo c tnh n hi tuyt i th ti trng v dch chuyn ca l xo t l vi nhau. Khi ti trng khng cn na th dch chuyn cng ht. Tnh cht chy nht ca vt liu c din t bi vt th ca Newton (hnh 8.10). Tc dch chyn ca piston t l vi lc tc dng nhng t l nghch vi nht ca nc trong xylanh. Tnh cht chy do ca vt liu c biu din bi vt th Xanh -v- nng (hnh 8.11). Vt th ny c th hin bi mt vt rn trt trn mt mt phng khi lc ko
P

Lc ma st P
Hnh 8.10: Vt th Newton Hnh 8.11: Vt th Xanh -v- nng

thng c lc ma st th vt th chuyn ng v khi b ti th vt th khng t chy v v tr c c, tng t nh khi nim bin dng do ca vt liu ngi ta cn gi l vt th ma st kh. Vi nhng vt th c hc ny trong phng php m hnh ho ngi ta c th tin hnh ghp song song, ni tip hoc hn hp cc vt th ny m t tnh cht c hc ca vt liu, biu din quan h gia ti trng, bin dng, tc bin dng v thi gian khi chi tit lm vic mt nhit nht nh ng vi cc trng thi ng sut khc nhau. Di y chng ta hy xt mt vi m hnh n gin nht hin nay. 8.5. NHNG M HNH C BN. 8.5.1. M hnh Mc-Xon. m t tnh cht vt liu v quan h gia cc i lng bin dng, ng sut, tc bin dng v thi gian trong trng thi ng sut n, Mc Xon a ra mt m hnh n gin bng cch mc ni tip hai vt th n hi v chy nht (hnh 8.12). Nh ni trn vt th n hi m t i lng dch P chuyn cc im t lc t l vi gi tr lc tng ng: y = KP (8-9)
Trong : y l dch chuyn vt th n hi; P l lc tc dng vo vt th n hi. i vi vt th chy nht th tc dch chuyn ca im t lc t l vi lc t v t l d y P = (8-10) nghch vi nht: dt d y - Tc dch chuyn ca im t lc ti vt th dt chy nht (Vt th Newton); P- Lc tc dng vo vt th; H s nht trong xi lanh. Vi cch mc ca Mc-Xon th do dch chuyn khong cch cc im t lc, s l tng cng cc dch
171

P
Hnh 8.12: M hnh Mc-Xon

chuyn l xo v piston trong hai vt th n hi v chy nht ni trn. (8-11) = y + b Chng ta tin hnh vi phn phng trnh (8-11) theo thi gian t, ta s c: d d y d b = + (8-12) dt dt dt Thay (8-9) v (8-10) vo (8-12) chng ta s c : d KdP P = + (8-13) dt Edt Chng ta chuyn t chuyn v sang bin dng, t lc sang ng sut v thay K=1/E (E l m un n hi) th (8-13) c dng: d 1 d = + (8-14) dt E dt Biu thc (8-14) l phng trnh trng thi theo m hnh Mc -Xon. Chng ta hy xt mt vi tnh cht ca m hnh Mc-Xon. T phng trnh (814) chng ta thy nu ng sut l hng s th bin dng s tng vi tc bin dng l khng i v vt liu s chy tng t nh cht lng nht. Tht vy nu ng sut khng d i th d=0 v t (8-14) chng ta c: = dt (8-15) l khng i cho mi vt liu. d Vy: = const dt Khi gi tr bin dng l khng i t phng trnh (8-14), chng ta c : 1 dP + =0 (8-16) E dt Nu ta s dng iu kin ban u th t=0, =(0), chng ta c: t (8-17) = (0 ) exp t 0 (8-18) E t0 chnh l gi tr thi gian m sau thi gian ng sut trong chi tit s gim i mt lng e=2,718 ln so vi gi tr ng sut ban u. V gi tr ny gi l thi gian do ng sut thay i tnh bng biu thc (8-17) theo thi gian s tin n gii hn s khng. 8.5.2. M hnh Fi-t: m t tnh cht vt liu v quan h gia cc i lng bin dng ng sut, tc bin dng vi thi gian, Fi- t a ra mt m hnh bin dng bng cch ni song song hai vt th n hi v chy nht vi nhau (hnh 8.13). Khc vi m hnh ca Mc-Xon ch, theo cch ny th dch chuyn ca hai im t lc khng phi bng tng chuyn dch ca hai vt th n hi v chy nht m gi tr lc tc dng vo im t chnh bng tng lc tc dng ln hai vt th : P = Py + PB S dng cc biu thc (8-9) v (8-11), ta c: t0 =

172

d b (8-19) K1 dt Biu thc tng t i vi ng sut v bin dng t P= + i s l:

(8-20) d dt Phng trnh ny chnh l phng trnh trng thi vt liu theo m hnh Fi-t. Gii phng trnh vi phn (8-20) vi iu kin gi tr P ng sut l hng s v thi im ban u t0=0 th bin dng Hnh 8.13: cng bng khng, =0. Chng ta c: M hnh Fi -t E = 1 exp t (8-21) E 2 T biu thc (8-21) chng ta thy bin dng s tng theo quy lut hm s m (hnh 8.14). ng cong biu din trn hnh (8.14) gi l ng cong b (sau tc dng). Theo lm ng tim cn E Nhn vo biu thc (8-21) chng ta thy rng khi bin dng l hng s =const th gi tr ca ng sut cng l mt hng s khng i. Nh vy biu thc ny khng m t c hin tng do v iu c ngha l m hmh ca Fi -t khng p dng cho hin tng do. Nhng nh nghin cu v t bin ch r rng: Nhng m hnh ca Mc-Xon, Fi -t t ph hp vi E m hnh th nghim. Nhng m hnh ny c tnh cht t m t, tng trng cho qu trnh c hc ca mt loi vt liu. V vy m t qu trnh c hc ca vt liu Hnh 8.14: ng cong bin hin nay, ngi ta c xu hng ghp nhiu cc vt dng theo m hnh Fi-t th vi nhau cng c th ghp ni tip hay song song vi m hnh Mc-Xon v Fi -t. Xem cc hnh 8.15 v hnh 8.16 Trn c s cu to m hnh v tnh cht ca cc vt th n gin bit, chng ta thit lp nhng phng trnh ban u i vi mi m hnh mi thit lp. T ta tin hnh gii cc phng trnh tm cc quy lut c hc tng ng. Th nhng trn thc t vic gii cc phng trnh gp nhiu kh khn v mt ton hc. V vy y mi ch l phng hng pht trin ca lnh vc m hnh ho ni chung v lnh vc t bin ni ring. Cn ni thm rng mc d gp nhiu kh khn v mt ton hc, nhng c nhng m hnh phc tp c th m t tnh cht vt liu tng i ng nn y vn l phng hng ang c nghin cu ngy cng nhiu cng vi s pht trin ca ton hc. Fi -t ng cong ny nhn ng nm ngang: =

= E +

173

P P

P
Hnh 8.15: Mt loi m hnh t hp

P
Hnh 8.16: Mt loi m hnh t hp

CU HI T HC
8.1. Th no l hin tng t bin, hin tng b v hin tng do ? 8.2. Ni v quan h bin dng, ng sut vi thi gian trong hin tng t bin. 8.3. Cch xc nh cc hng s thc nghim ? 8.4. Ni v cc phn t c bn ca Hooke, Newton v Xanh -v -nng. 8.5. Cch m hnh ho v cc phng trnh rt ra t chng.

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Chng 9

NHNG L THUYT C BN V T BIN

9.1. KHI NIM CHUNG.

174

 thit lp mi quan h gia bin dng, ng sut, tc bin dng v s thay i ca chng theo thi gian trong nhng trng hp ko (nn) n ngi ta a ra nhng l thuyt nhm chn mt trong nhng thng s v a ra mi quan h ton hc gia chng. Nhng ngh trn c gi l nhng l thuyt v t bin. R rng l c th c nhiu phng n chn mt s thng s trong cc thng s v cng c th a ra nhiu biu thc gii tch khc nhau th hin mi lin h ca cc thng s chn, cho nn hin nay tn ti nhiu l thuyt t bin. Cng c th ni rng ngi ta cn c vo nhng s liu th nghim v t bin i vi trng thi ng sut n (ko hoc nn ng tm) a ra mi quan h gia cc ng sut, bin dng, tc bin dng v thi gian. Mi lin h thng gi l phng trnh trng thi ca vt th t bin. y l mt bi ton kh bi v hin tng t bin l phc tp v cha c nghin cu y . Khi thit lp quan h gia ng sut, bin dng, tc bin dng v thi gian vn trc tin cn c gii quyt l nhng thng s no c chn v chng c lin h nh th no trong biu thc gia chng. Trong thi i hin nay, tn ti nhiu l thuyt t bin, nhng tiu chun nh gi s ng n nhng l thuyt chnh l l s ph hp vi cc s liu th nghim. S kim tra thc nghim c th tin hnh bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Hoc l th nghim v t bin hay v do khi ng sut thay i hoc khi bin dng thay i vi nhng s liu l thuyt trn c s nhng l thuyt t bin a ra. Th nhng ngi ta thy rng phng php n gin v chnh xc hn ht l kim tra bn bng cch tin hnh th nghim v do ng sut l chun nh gi bt k l thuyt t bin no. Cn ni rng, cho n nay cha c l thuyt no hon ton ph hp vi s liu thc nghim. Di y chng ta a ra mt s l thuyt t bin thng dng.
9.2. L THUYT HO GI. Theo l thuyt ny ngi ta ngh a ra mi lin h gia bin dng, ng sut v thi gian. L thuyt cho rng mt nhit nht nh gia cc i lng ni trn trong qu trnh t bin tn ti mt mi quan h hm s nht nh. Theo l thuyt ny bin dng t bin c th biu din bi biu thc ton hc: P = f ( , t ) (9-1) Khi k n thnh phn bin dng n hi chung ta c:

+ f ( , t ) (9-2) E Hin nay c nhiu biu thc gii tch biu din mi lin h gia bin dng do, ng sut v thi gian. Mt trong cc biu thc l: P = Q( ) (t ) (9-3) Trong : Q( ) - Hm ng sut; (t ) - Hm thi gian. Vic chn hm s Q( ) dng hm s m l c s dng rng ri hn c: P = n (t ) (9-4)

E Trong thc t hin nay cn c nhiu cch biu din hm s ng sut. Quan h (9-1) cn c th vit di dng: P = Q1 ( )(t ) + Q( )t

Vy:

+ n (t )

(9-5) (9-6)

175

Trong Q1 ( ) cng l hm s ng sut, n c dng ging Q(t) l hm s thi gian. Mt trong nhng phng n ca l thuyt ho gi do H.M Beleev ra. Mi lin h i vi bin dng do khi t bin do ng a ra l: P = (9-7) i vi l hm s c biu din bng biu thc: = a n 1dt
0 t

(9-8)

Trong a, n l nhng hng s ca vt liu ph thuc vo nhit v nh vy:

P = a n 1dt
0

(9-9)

(9-10) Vi ngh =const, chng ta c: P = a n t Nh vy trong trng hp sau tc dng n 2 gin th bin dng l quan h bc nht ca yu t thi gian v tc bin dng l hng s. Trn hnh 1 9.1 biu din quan h gia bin dng v thi gian trong trng hp t bin. ng 1 l ng cong thc t khi t bin v ng 2 biu din l thuyt t theo (9-1). Hnh 9.1: Quan h gia Chng ta thy gia l thuyt v thc nghim bin dng vi thi sai khc nhau rt nhiu. gian t bin khc phc mt phn sai lch ni trn, H. H.Malinhine ngh thay biu thc (9-8) i vi hm s c dng: = B(t ) n 1 dt
0 t

(9-11)

Trong B(t) l hm s gim dn v thi gian. Chng ta a biu thc (9-11) vo biu thc (9-7) th nhn c mi lin h gia bin dng do ph thuc vo ng sut v thi gian:

P = B(t ) n 1 dt
0

(9-12)

Nu n i lng bin dng n hi th ta phi cng thm gi tr bin dng theo nh lut Hooke na. Phng trnh (9-12) l phng trnh tng qut ca phng trnh (9-9). i vi trng hp sau tc dng n gin ( =const) th nhng ng cong ng vi cc gi tr ng sut khc nhau c xc nh bi phng trnh sau: P = n (t ) (9-13) Trong :
(t ) = B(t ) dt
0 t

(9-14)

Nhng ng cong theo (9-13) l ng dng theo lp lun ca H.H. Malinhine gii mt lot nhng bi ton t bin dng mt ct ngang c chu vi khp kn. Y.N.Rabotnov a ra mt trong nhng phng n l thuyt ho gi. Mi lin h gia ng sut, bin dng v thi gian c biu th di dng: = f ( t ) (9-15)

176

Cch gii ca Y.N.Rabotnov c th trnh by tm tt nh sau: Da vo nhng ng cong t bin khi ng sut khng i (xem hnh 9.2a) chng ta xy dng nhng ng cong i vi t0, t1, ...tn trong h to , . Lm nh vy chng ta s nhn c mt lot ng cong = ( ) c biu din trn hnh 9.2b. t0=0 t1 t2 t3 t
Hnh 9.2b: ng cong quan h v t

t t1 t2 t3
Hnh 9.2a: ng cong quan h v t

Nhng ng cong ny c s dng trong vic gii nhng bi ton v t bin cng nh nhng bi ton do. Y.N.Rabotnov cho hay rng nhng ng cong trong h trc , cng nh l nhng ng cong ng dng. V vy cn xy dng mt ng v nhn tung ca n vi gi tr hm s thi gian, chng ta s c nhng ng cong tng ng. iu ny lm cho khi lng ca vic xy dng cc ng cong gim i rt nhiu. Nh vy mi lin h (9-15) c th biu din dng tch ca hai hm s bin dng v thi gian. = ( ) (t ) Trong : ( ) -l hm s bin dng; (t ) -l hm s thi gian. Khi t=0 th ng cong , chnh l biu khi ko hoc nn n gin. Nh ni trn, vic ng n ca l thuyt t bin c xc nh bi nhng s liu th nghim. Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht kim tra l so snh s liu th nghim v l thuyt trong trng hp do ng sut. Theo l thuyt ho gi, cn c vo (9-4) th nhng ng cong ca s do ng sut c xc nh t phng trnh c dng: (0) (t ) n + = (9-16) E E (0) Trong : = (0) do ban u c xem l c nh trong qu trnh do ng E sut. T biu thc (9-16), chng ta c: E n 1 (0)(t ) = 1

(0)
n

(0) T chng ta thy rng ng sut ngy cng tin ti 0. Bi v l phng trnh ng bin ca thi gian. Tng t nh vy chng ta c th nhn c quy lut do ng sut bng cch s dng phng trnh (9-12).

177

ng cong do ng sut c th c c d dng nu nh c nhng ng cong t bin , t ng vi nhng gi tr ng sut khc nhau, lc ta v mt ng song song vi trc honh cch mt on (0). Nhng giao im ca ng thng vi cc ng cong cho ta to ca cc ng cong trong h trc , t.
9.3. L THUYT CHY DO. Nhng ngi xy dng l thuyt ny a ra mi lin h gia tc bin dng do, ng sut v thi gian i vi qu trnh t bin mt nhit xc nh: & P = f ( , t ) (9-17) Mt trong nhng biu thc gii tch c s dng rng ri theo l thuyt ny l dng hm s ng sut: & P = B(t ) n (9-18) Trong n l h s ph thuc vo nhit i vi mi loi vt liu v: d B(t ) = (t ) dt Sau giai on u ca t bin th c th xem tc t bin c dng: & P = a n Biu thc (9-18) c dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh ca LM.Katrnov L thuyt chy do theo biu thc cn c gi l l thuyt chy do ca L.M.Katranov. Nu ta c tnh n bin dng n hi na th tc bin dng ton phn s l: 1 d & (9-19) P = + B(t ) n E dt Quy lut v do ng sut theo l thuyt ny s l: d & =0 = dt Bi v bin dng ton phn = const (bin dng khng i, ng sut gim dn), 1 d nn trn c s ca (9-19) chng ta c: + B(t ) n = 0 E dt Sau khi s dng l thuyt ny L.M.Katranov pht trin cc phng php bin phn v cc phng php gn ng gii mt lot cc bi ton v t bin n nh v khng n nh. 9.4. L THUYT CNG C. L thuyt cng c lp quan h hm s gia ng sut, bin dng do v tc bin dng do. Mt trong nhng biu thc gii tch ca l thuyt cng c l : V & P = (9-20) P Trong : , , v l nhng hng s ph thuc vo nhit i vi mi vt liu. Biu thc (9-20) l do Devier a ra. Cng c khi cc mi quan h s c a & c = b ln P P (9-21) ra di dng: a

178

Trong : a, b, c cc h s ny ph thuc vo nhit ng sut vi mi vt liu; c & s bng 0 khi P P = a . Tch phn (9-21) khi = const, chng ta c biu thc ca ng cong t bin:

d P = b dt
c P

(9-22)
m b

Sau khi tch phn (9-22) vi iu kin =0 khi t=0, chng ta c c:

P =
Trong : m =

a m

tm

(9-23)

1 1+ c Phng trnh (9-23) biu din nhng ng cong sau bin dng n gin v nhng ng cong ny ng dng v hnh hc. c quy lut do ng sut chng ta thay P t cng thc (9-23): (t ) 0 = + P E E V da vo cng thc (9-22). Sau tin hnh tch phn vi iu kin ban u = (0) khi t=0. Nhng phng trnh ca l thuyt cng c phc tp v vic s dng n vo nhng bi ton t bin gp phi nhng kh khn ln v mt ton hc.
9.5. L THUYT DI TRUYN. Y.N.Rabotrov a ra biu thc lin h gia ng sut, bin dng v thi gian c

dng:

( ) = (t ) + k (t ) ( )d
0

(9-24)

Trong : () l hm s bin dng c trng bng biu ko ng tm vt liu; (t) l hm s ng sut ph thuc vo thi gian; K(t-) l nhn (hoc li) ca phng trnh tch phn; l bin s thi gian thay i t 0 n t. i vi (t) th phng trnh (9-24) l phng trinhg tch phn VonTer loi hai. Biu thc lin h gia ng sut, bin dng v thi gian trong cng thc (9-23) cho php m t hon ton qu trnh t bin. Nu thi gian t nh th bin dng sau tc dng = ( ) cng nh v lc : Phng trnh (9-24) din t qu trnh sau tc dng, n cho ta dng ng cong tng t, dng ng cong ( ) = . Vit li phng trnh (9-24) vi (t):

(t ) = ( ) F(t ) ( )d
0

(9-25)

Trong F(t-) l gii thc ca k(t-). Nhn k(t-) c th tm c theo phng trnh thc nghim ca hin tng sau tc dng. i vi hin tng sau tc dng (=const), t phng trnh (9-24) chng ta c: ( ) = [1 + G (t )] (9-26)

179

Trong dng k hiu:

G (t ) = K (t )d
0

Bng cch kim tra t thc nghim, ngi ta thy phng trnh thi gian G(t) trong (9-27) biu thc (9-26) c dng di y l ph hp hn c: G (t ) = at Trong : a, l nhng h s ph thuc vo nhit . Nh vy chng ta thy o hm theo thi gian ca G(t) th s bng K(t): G (t ) = K (t ) Khi chng ta tha nhn dng ca phng trnh G(t) theo (9-27) th nhn (li) ca phng trnh tch phn trn K(t-) c dng sau: 1 K (t ) = a (t ) (9-28) Trong trng hp do n gin khi =const=(0). T phng trnh (9-25), chng ta c: (t ) = [1 R (t )] [ (0)] Trong dng k hiu : R (t ) = F(t )d Nu ng sut ko ban u (0 ) = [ (0 )] th phng trnh ca ng cong do ng (t ) sut c th vit di dng sau: = t R (t ) (0 ) L thuyt ca Y.N Rabotnov c dng rng ri hn c. N th hin nhiu mt ca hin tng t bin v tng i ph hp vi s liu th nghim. Nhc im ca l thuyt ny l i hi kin thc ton hc kh nhiu v vic tnh ton kh phc tp.
9.6. S DO NG SUT TRONG CC BU LNG.(ko- nn ng tm) Nh ta thng thy l cn phi sit cc bu lng nhng mi ni trong cc ni hi cho hi khi thot ra v sau mt thi gian nht nh, lc ko n hi lc ban u khng gim xung qua mt thi hn no cho trc. Chng ta s dng nhng mt bch tuyt i cng (xem bin dng rt nh khng ng k) lc bin dng cc bu lng do ng sut ban u xut hin trong n gy ra v gi tr bin dng ny l khng i. Ngi ta cho rng bin dng n hi khi t bin dn dn chuyn sang do hu qu ca n l ng sut trong bu lng s gim i. Tht vy chng (0 ) ta c: y + P = + P = = const E E Ly vi phn ca phng trnh ny theo thi gian, chng ta nhn c: 1 d d P + =0 E dt dt B qua giai on t bin khng n nh v biu din tc bin dng t bin trong giai on hai theo biu thc (9-1) P = a n , chng ta tm thy: 1 d + a n = 0 E dt d = Eadt Hoc l: n
0 t

Sau khi tch phn, chng ta c:

180

1 = Eat + C (9-29) (n 1) n 1 Hng s tch phn C c tm t iu kin =(0) khi t=0. 1 C= (n 1) [0]n 1 Thay gi tr C vo biu thc (9-29) chng ta tm c gi tr ca ph thuc vo (0) thi gian t: (9-30) = 1 n 1 ( n 1) 1 + (n 1) Ea [0] t Khi bit cc i lng a, E i vi mi vt liu nhit nht nh, chng ta c th s dng cng thc (9-30). Gi tr ng sut trong bu lng sau mt thi gian no v cn c vo s gim ng sut thi gian tin hnh sit cht thm bu lng cho gi tr ng sut trong bu lng khng t hn gi tr ng sut cn thit phi c. Bi v chng ta quan nim cc mt bch l khng bin i v khi tnh ton chng ta b qua giai on t bin khng n nh ca bu lng nn li gii ch c tnh cht gn ng.

9.7. XON THANH TRN. Trong phn ny chng ta nghin cu hin tng t bin n nh i vi mt thanh trn chu xon bi mt m men M. Bi ton ny c xt trong cc cng trnh ca N.M. Beleeb, L.M.Katranov, N.N. Malinhine. Chng ta cho rng gi thit v mt ct phng trong bi y ton xon min n hi vn cn ng vi bi ton xon r thanh trn trong iu kin t bin. Trong trng hp ny bin dng gc (xem hnh 6.8, x r chng 6) trn khong cch r k t tm s bng = r R (xem hnh 9.3), l gc xoay t i. d d Lc ny tc bin dng gc l: & = =r dt dt Hnh 9.3: Xc B qua giai on t bin khng n nh chng ta cho rng tc bin dng trong giai on t bin n nh s l: nh n & = a r (9-31) Ch nhng gi tr ca cc h s a, n khc vi nhng gi tr trong cc biu thc P = a n (trong ko nn ng tm). d T cc biu thc ca chng ta c c: a n = r dt

Vy :

1 d n n = r a dt
1 1

& 1 d n = Chng ta k hiu: a dt Biu thc tnh gi tri ng sut tip c tnh:

(9-32)

181

& = rn iu kin cn bng ni lc v ngoi lc vi bi ton xon l:

M = 2 r 2dr
0 R

(9-33) (9-34)

Chng ta a gi tr theo biu thc (9-33) vo (9-34), chng ta c:

M = 2 r
0 R 2+ 1 n

dr
(3 n +1)
n

(9-35)
= Jn

Chng ta k hiu:

2 r
0

2+

1 n

2n dr = R 3n + 1

M (9-36) Jn a i lng ny vo cng thc (9-33), chng ta c: 1 M = rn (9-37) Jn Nh thy t cng thc (9-37) s phn b ng sut tip trn mt ct ca trc trn trong iu kin t bin l khng tuyn tnh nh trong bi ton n hi. Hu qu ca hin tng t bin l lm cho s phn b ng sut trn mt ct ngang c u n hn (hnh 9.4). Da theo cng thc (9-32) v (9-36) c th xc r nh tc bin dng gc xon tng i ca trc l: Trn c s (9-35), chng ta c: =
1 d n M a dt = J n
& d = a M = J dt n Sau khi tch phn theo t chng ta nhn c biu thc tnh ton i vi gc xon tng i:
n

n hi t bin

M = a t + C J n M , khi t=0 Hng s C c tm t iu kin: =n hi= GJ P M M + a t = J GJ P n Nh vy gc xon tng i ca trc tng dn theo thi gian. xt hin tng t bin khng n nh ca thanh trn xon bi m men xon khng i cn phi thay biu thc (9-31) i vi tc bin dng bng biu thc tng 1 d ng (9-9), lc chng ta c: + B(t ) n = r Q dt
n

Hnh 9.4: Phn b ng sut theo bn knh

182

Trong l mt hm s thi gian cha bit. B sung vo phng trnh iu kin (9-34), chng ta s nhn c nhng phng trnh cn thit xc nh v khi t bin khng n nh. Bi ton ny c th gii bng s. y 9.8. BI TON UN. Chng ta hy xt hin tng t bin n nh i vi nhng dm chu un m mt ct ngang ca chng c hai b(y trc i xng. M men un tc dng trong mt phng yz ) x z (xem hnh 9.5). Trong nhng dm m chiu di ca n ln hn cc chiu di khc ca mt ct ngang rt nhiu th ng sut tip xut hin trong dm rt nh c th b qua c so vi gi tr ng sut php do m men un gy nn. iu Hnh 9.5: Mt ct ny cng ging nh trong cc bi ton un trong lnh vc ngang khi un n hi. Khi tnh ton giai on t bin n nh, ngi ta tha nhn rng qua mt giai on no sau khi chu ti, tc bin dng v ng sut khng thay i. Chng ta k hiu chiu rng ca mt ct ngang b(y), chiu cao ti a l 2h. Chng ta hy xt trng hp un thun tu. Gi thit v mt ct phng vn c s dng trong bi ton t bin (iu ny c kim nghim bi nhng s liu v thc nghim). Trn c s ca gi thit ny, bin dng t i ca th dc cch lp trung ho mt y = on l y c tnh bi: l bn knh cong ca trc dm. Khi quy lut t bin trong thi k n nh, chng ta s dng dng sau y: P = a n B qua phn bin dng n hi, chng ta c: d 1 a n = y dt T y: 1 d 1 n = a dt
1 1

1 d 1 n = Chng ta k hiu: a dt Biu thc i vi ng sut chng ta vit di dng: = y T iu kin cn bng m men ni lc v ngoi lc chng ta c:
M = 2 b( y)ydy = 2 b( y) y
0 0 h h 1+ 1 n 1 n

dy

Chng ta k hiu:

J n = 2 b( y)y
0

1+

1 n

dy

183

2h

(9-38)

(9-39) (9-40)

M (9-41) Jn Biu thc (9-39) by gi c vit di dng mi nh (9-41): 1 M n = y (9-42) Jn T (9-42) chng ta thy s phn b ng sut php theo chiu cao ca mt ct theo quy lut phi tuyn (xem hnh 9.6). i vi mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht c b rng l b v chiu cao l 2h: 1 h 1+ 2nb 2n + 1 J n = 2b y n dy = h 2n + 1 n 0 y Trn c s (9-42), chng ta c: Cui cng c: =
1

2n + 1 y n (9-43) = 2 n +1 2nb h n ng sut php cc i khi t bin i vi trng hp trc un ca dm c mt ct hnh ch nht l:

dh th

2n + 1 M 2 n + 1 6M 2 = (9-44) 2 2n bh 3n b(2h ) Hnh 9.6: S phn b Bi v n>1 nn ng sut cc i nh hn ng sut php theo 6M/b(2h)2 l gi tr ng sut trong trng hp n hi chiu cao ca mt ct vi cc iu kin tng t. theo quy lut phi tuyn By gi chng ta tin hnh xc nh vng ca 1 d2y dm. i vi vng ca dm chng ta s dng biu thc gn ng: = 2 dz Ly vi phn theo thi gian, chng ta vit: d 1 d 2 dy = (9-45) dt dz 2 dt T phng trinh (9-38) v (9-41), chng ta c:

M d 1 = a J dt n a biu thc ny vo (9-45), chng ta c:

M d 2 dy (9-46) = a 2 J dz dt n Phng trnh (9-46) cho php xc nh tc pht trin vng v t c th tnh c vng khi t bin n nh cng nh gi tr ca n sau khong thi gian t no . c vng ton b cn phi b sung vo i lng vng n hi. Khi un thun tu th M=const cho nn tch phn (9-46) theo z chng ta c: M z2 dy = d + C1 z + C 2 J 2 dt n
184
n

(9-47)

Trong C1v C2 l nhng hng s tch phn. Nhng iu kin bin ca chng l: dy khi z=0 =0 dt d dy d dy l khi z = = =0 2 dt dt dz dt Trong : l-l chiu di ca dm. C1 v C2 theo nhng iu kin trn s c nhng gi tr sau: al M C1 = ; C2=0 2 Jn Tch phn biu thc (9-47) v thay cc hng s vo, chng ta s xc nh c vng theo thi gian t. vng ln nht khi: l2 M (9-48) y max = a t + C 3 8 Jn Hng s C3 th hin gi tr vng n hi khi t=0. Do vng ln nht sau Ml 2 l 2 M y max = a t (9-49) thi gian t s l: 8EJ 8 J n i vi nhng dm chu un bi lc thng gc vi trc thanh th m men M l hm s ca l. a gi tr m men vo phng trnh (9-46) tch phn xc nh cc hng s tch phn t nhng iu kin bin v lc c th nhn c cc biu thc tnh vng ca dm trong nhng trng hp khc nhau. V nh i vi dm t trn hai gi ta t do v P chu ti trng l lc tp trung P t ti gia dm ( M = z ), th vng cc i sau thi 2 3 n+2 Pl al Pn y max = n t gian t l: 48EJ (n + 2)2 2( n +1) J n Tng t nh vy chng ta c th nhn c nhng gi tr vng i vi cc dm c nhng lin kt khc nhau v chu ti khc nhau.
9.9. T BIN CA CNH TUC BIN. Chng ta xt hin tng t bin ca cnh tuc bin c mt ct thay i chu lc li tm (xem hnh 9.7). Bi ton ny c V.I. Pozenly nghin cu. T bin cnh tuc bin c k n s un c N.N. Malinhine nghin cu. P t trng cho quy lut t bin, ngi ta s & dng biu thc (9-18): = B(t ) n dz K hiu V l dch chuyn ca mt phn t ca b cnh tuc bin theo phng z, lc c th vit: z dV n & (9-50) = P = B(t ) dz a V t ta c : Tm z quay (9-51) V = B(t ) n (z )d Hnh 9.7:u cnh tuc 0 bin y l bin s tch phn. 185
n n n

Ta tch phn (9-51) theo thi gian, chng ta c biu thc i vi dch chuyn l:
V = (t ) n (z )d
0 z

(9-52)

Phng trnh cn bng ca phn t cnh dz c dng: d(P ) = F 2 (a + z )dz (9-53) g Trong : F=F(z) l din tch ca mt ct thay i; a-l khong cch ca mp trong cnh tuc bin n trc quay (xem hnh 9.7); z- l khong cch mt ang tnh n mp trong; -l tc gc; /g- l khi lng ca vt th. Trn c s cng thc (9-53) chng ta tnh ng sut gn im t lc ly tm P: l P 2 (9-54) = + F( )(a + )d F g F o Thay biu thc (9-54) vo (9-52) chng ta c biu thc i vi chuyn v. Chuyn v ca cnh tuc bin s l:

2 J( ) l P + g d V(l ) = (t ) F 0
J ( ) = F( )(a + )d
z l

(9-55)

Trong k hiu:

i vi trng hp cnh tuc bin c mt ct i xng th cng thc (9-55) s rt n gin.

CU HI T HC
9.1. Gii thiu tm tt cc thuyt c bn v t bin. 9.2. S khc nhau ca cc thuyt t bin bit ? 9.3. Bi ton ko (nn) ng tm. 9.4. Bi ton xon. 9.5. Bi ton un. 9.6. Bi ton i vi cnh tuc bin. 9.7. S khc nhau v phn b ng sut trong n hi v t bin. Nhn xt ?

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Bi Trng Lu, Nguyn Y T Sc bn vt liu (tp 1, 2) Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip H ni,1964. 2. L Quang Minh, Nguyn Vn Vung Sc bn vt liu (tp 1, 2, 3). Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997. 3. L Ngc Hng Sc bn vt liu. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H ni, 2000. 4. Phan k Phng, ng Vit Cng L thuyt do v t bin. Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1997. 5.L.M KacHarop (Ngi dch: L Minh Khanh v Ng Thnh Phong) C s l thuyt do Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghipH ni, 1987. 6. V nh C Vt l cht rn Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H ni, 1997. 7. Nguyn Vn Vng. L thuyt n hi ng dng. Nh xut bn Gio dc,1999. 8. Nguyn Xun Lu L thuyt n hi. Nh xut bn giao thng vn ti, 2002. 9. L Cng Trung n hi ng dng. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H ni, 1999. 10.X.P.Timosenko, X.Voinopski-Krige. Cc Ngi dch: Phm Hng Giang, V Thnh Hi, Nghuyn Khi, on Hu Quang Tm v v. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H ni, 1971. 11.N.I. Beukhop (Ngi dch: Phan Ngc Chu) C s l thuyt n hi L thuyt t bin Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip H ni, 1978. 12. o Huy Bch L thuyt qu trnh n do. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H n, 1999. -----

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