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Monitor: Mo gi khi chy phn gii 800600

Hin tng my b co v mo gi nh sau :

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny nh sau : - n dn ngang v sa mo khng hot ng . - Mt ng thi c lnh dn ngang v xung mnh a ti n dn ngang sa mo gi . - n dn ngang b thay bi n khng tng ng . bn hiu d hn mch dn ngang, sau y chng ti s trnh by mt s nguyn l mch nh sau: Nguyn l mch dn ngang: - Mch dn ngang v sa mo chnh l mch pha sau li tia qut dng thot xung mass, t chn C s dng i ra li tia qua dy , chn quay v dy xanh l i qua mch dn ngang t ng v sa mo hnh ch S sau i qua tip mch chnh dn ngang bng tay, y l mch dn ngang do ngi s dng iu chnh ng thi chng kim lun nhim v sa mo gi, khi ngi s dng chnh cc nt dn ngang v sa mo => tc ng vo vi x l => cho ra lnh tc ng vo mch dn ngang . Sau y l mch chi tit : - Q2, Q3, Q4 l cc n lm nhim v iu chnh dn ngang t ng. - Q5, Q6 l cc n lm nhim v iu chnh dn ngang bng tay . - H.size l lnh iu chnh dn theo chiu ngang xut pht t vi x l tc ng lm thay i dn ca cc n Q5, Q6 . - Xung mnh c sa thnh dng Parabol , lnh chnh mo gi tc ng lm thay i bin xung mnh dng Parabol i vo cc n dn ngang, nu xung Parabol cng mnh mn hnh cng n ra, nu xung cng yu mn hnh cng vng vo, xung va phi th mn hnh thng mp.

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Hnh thc t xc nh v tr :
- n dn ngang thng gn trn to nhit chung vi s dng, hoc trn mt to nhit nh gn khu vc cao p, chn C n ni tip vi cun dy (nh nh chp)

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Phng php kim tra : - Vi hin tng my b co v mo gi, p dng nh mch trn th bn hy kim tra cc linh kin xung quanh n dn ngang (v d nh s trn th bn cn kim tra : n Q5, Q6, lnh H.size, lnh V Pull, t C1, cun L2 v i t Nht.

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Ngun ATX: Li thng gp mch ngun chnh

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1 - Mch iu khin tt m v bo v
Mch iu khin tt m Thit k ca mch. - T chn PS ON (P.ON) khng iu khin trc tip vo IC dao ng m ngi ta thit k cho lnh P.ON chy qua mch bo v, trong trng hp ngun c s c nh in p ra tng cao hoc ph ti b chp, khi mch bo v s ngt lnh P.ON a n IC bo v cc n cng sut trn ngun cng nh bo v Mainboard. Phn tch nguyn l iu khin lnh PS ON - trn s di y: Khi chn lnh PS ON c mc in p cao (khong 3 n 5V), in p ny lm cho n Q13 dn, chn E ca n Q13 c mc in p cao, in p ny s i qua i t D26 vo chn (4) ca IC dao ng, khi chn (4) ca IC c in p cao th bin dao ng ra s bng 0 => cc n cng sut khng hot ng. - Khi c lnh m ngun - chn lnh PS ON gim v 0V, n Q13 tt, in p chn E n Q13 gim thp v vy khng c in p i qua i t D26 sang chn (4) ca IC dao ng, ng thi in p bo v Trang 5

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 U_Protect cng khng c nn n Q11 tt => n Q9 tt => khng c in p i qua i t D27 sang chn (4) ca IC dao ng. Khi khng c in p i vo chn (4), in p chn (4) s gim dn v 0V, t C28 c tc dng lm cho in p chn (4) gim t t, y l mch khi ng mm - khi in p chn (4) gim dn th bin dao ng ra tng dn cho n khi in p u ra t n mc bnh thng.

Phn tch nguyn l ca mch bo v qu p. - Cc in p 3,3V v 5V a v t th cp ca ngun chnh s tham gia bo v qu p trong trng hp in p ra tng. - i t Zener ZD2 (6,2V) c mc t in p 5V v chn B n Q11 * Nu ng in p 5V tng > 6,2V th s c dng in chy qua ZD2 v lm cho n Q11 dn - i t Zener ZD3 (5,3V) c mc t in p 3,3V v chn B n Q11 * Nu ng in p 3,3V tng > 5,3V th cng s c dng in chy qua ZD3 v lm cho n Q11 dn Khi n Q11 dn => ko theo n Q9 dn => dng in i qua Q9 => i qua i t D27 vo lm cho chn (4) IC dao ng tng ln => bin dao ng ra gim xung bng 0 => cc n cng xut ngng hot ng. Trang 6

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 Phn tch nguyn l ca mch bo v qu dng. Khi ngun c hin tng chp u ra (qu dng) khi cc ng in p ra s gim thp, cc n cng sut lm vic trong tnh trng qu ti v s b hng nu khng c bo v. - Nu cc ng in p m gim (tc l bt m) th khi s c mt dng in i qua D30 vo chn n Q11 lm Q11 dn => ko theo n Q9 dn => dng in i qua Q9 => i qua i t D27 vo lm cho chn (4) IC dao ng tng ln => bin dao ng ra gim xung bng 0 => cc n cng xut ngng hot ng. - Nu in p 5V gim => s lm mt in p P.G (y l in p bo s c cho Mainboard bit Mainboard kho cc mch trn Main khng cho chng hot ng - xem li l thut v Mainboard)

2 - Mch hi tip n nh in p ra.

o

S nguyn l & khu vc mch hi tip.

Nguyn l hot ng ca mch hi tip n nh in p ra. -Ngi ta s dng mch khuch i thut ton chn 1 v 2 ca IC dao ng khuch i in p hi tip, chn s 2 c gim vi in p chun 5V (in p ny ly qua cu phn p R47 v R49), chn s 1 cni vi in p hi tip. - Gi s in p u vo tng ln hoc dng tiu th gim xung, khi in p 12V v 5V c xu hng tng => in p hi tip a v chn s 1 ca IC dao ng tng ln => cc mch khuch i thut ton s so snh in p hi tip vi in p chun v a ra dao ng c bin gim Trang 7

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 xung => cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh hot ng yu i v in p ra gim xung tr v gi tr ban u. - Khi in p vo gim hoc dng tiu thu tng ln th in p ra c xu hng gim => in p hi tip a v chn s 1 ca IC dao ng gim => cc mch khuch i thut ton s so snh in p hi tip vi in p chun v a ra dao ng c bin tng ln => cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh hot ng mnh hn v in p ra tng ln tr v gi tr ban u.

Mch hi tip n nh in p ra a v chn s 1 ca IC dao ng - TL494

3 - Hot ng ca mch dao ng v cng sut

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Hot ng ca IC dao ng v mch cng sut. Khi IC dao ng c cc iu kin: - C Vcc 12V cung cp cho chn 12 - C in p chun 5V a ra chn 14 - Chn s 4 c in p bng 0V => Khi IC s hot ng v cho cc tn hiu dao ng ra chn 8 v chn 11, cc tn hiu dao ng s c cc n Q7 v Q8 khuch i ri a qua bin p o pha T2 sang iu khin cc n cng sut. - Hai n cng sut s hot ng ngt m theo tn hiu dao ng to ra in p xung im gia, in p ny c a qua bin p chnh, thot qua t gm C3 ri tr v im gia ca hai t lc ngun. - Th cp ca bin p chnh s ly ra cc in p 12V, 5V v 3,3V cc in p ny s c chnh lu thnh cc in p mt chiu cung cp cho Mainboard. Dng in chy qua cc n cng sut: IC dao ng cho ra hai xung in iu khin hai n cng sut: - Khi chn 8 c dao ng ra th n Q7 hot ng, thng qua bin p o pha iu khin cho n cng sut Q1 hot ng, khi c dng in chy t ngun 300V => qua n Q1 qua cun dy (5-1) ca bin p o pha ly hi tip dng => sau cho qua cun s cp (2-1) ca bin p chnh ri tr v in p 150V im gia ca 2 t lc ngun. Trang 9

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 - Khi chn 11 c dao ng ra th n Q8 hot ng, thng qua bin p o pha sang iu khin cho n cng sut Q2 hot ng, khi c dng in chy t ngun 150V (im gia ca hai t lc) => chy qua cun s cp (2-1) ca bin p chnh => chy qua cun (1-5) ca bin p o pha => chy qua n Q2 ri tr v cc m ca ngun in. Hai n cng sut hot ng cn bng. Hai t C1, C2 v hai in tr R2, R3 to ra in p cn bng im gia, in p ri trn mi t l 150V - s trn ta thy, n Q1 c in p cung cp t t C1 - n Q2 c in p cung cp t t C2 Thc ra hai n hot ng c lp v ch chung nhau cun s cp ca bin p chnh - Khi in p ri trn hai t cn bng th hai n c cng sut hot ng ngang nhau, v d in p trn mi t l 150V th mi n c cng sut hot ng l 150W. - Trong trng hp in p trn hai t b lch th cng sut hot ng ca hai n cng b lch theo, v d in p trn t C1 l 200V v trn t C2 l 100V th khi n Q1 s hot ng cng sut 200W v n Q2 hot ng 100W, vi trng hp nh vy th n cng sut Q1 s b hng sau mt thi gian hot ng do b qu ti. - Trong trng hp mt n b hng (b chp) th s ko theo n kia b chp do chng phi gnh c in p 300V
Cc trng hp in p im gia hai t b lch.

Nu in tr R3 b t th in p im gia hai t s b lch, khi hai u t C1 c in p khong 100V v t C2 phi ghnh in p khong 200V

Nu in tr R2 b t th in p im gia hai t s b lch, khi hai u t C1 c in p khong 200V v t C2 ghnh in p khong 100V Trang 10

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Trng hp hng mt trong hai t lc cng gy ra lch in p, t no b hng th in p trn t s gim v tng in p trn hai t cng b gim theo Lu : in p im gia hai t lc ngun b lch l mt nguyn nhn lm hng cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh

4 - H hng thng gp ca b ngun.

1. H hng 1 - Ngun b mt dao ng, cc n cng sut khng hot ng. Biu hin: - Khi chp chn PS ON xung mass nhng qut ngun khng quay, mc d o in p 5V STB vn tt, kim tra n cng sut khng b hng. Nguyn nhn mt dao ng. - Mt in p 12V cp cho IC - Lnh PS ON khng a n c chn IC dao ng. - Hng IC dao ng

2. H hng 2 - Ngun b chp cc n cng sut, n cu ch, hng cc i t chnh lu.

Biu hin: - Quan st thy cu ch b t, thay cu ch khc vo li n tip, o cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh thy b chp.
Nguyn nhn chp cc n cng sut. - Do in p ti im gia cc t lc b lch

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- Do chp cc i t chnh lu in p ra gy ra chp ph ti - Do khi hot ng n b qu nhit hoc b qu cng sut thit k

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3. H hng 3 - Mch bo v hot ng v ngt dao ng.

Biu hin: - Khi chp chn PS ON xung mass, qut ngun quay 1 - 2 vng ri tt. Nguyn nhn - Do chp i t chnh lu u ra. - Do in p ra b tng cao ln mch bo v hot ng v ngt.

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Sa cha mch ngun ATX

Tip theo bi Phn tch mch ngun ATX (DTK PTP-2038) ti xin gi mt s im gip cc bn nh hng sa cha dng ngun ny. Click vo xem hnh ln hn 1. Mch Chnh lu: - Li thng gp l t cu ch F1, cht Varistors Z1 v Z2, cht cc cu Diod D21..D24. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do gt cng tc 115/220V sang 115V ri cm v in 220V. Hoc c chm ti ng ra. Nn ta phi kim tra cc ng ra trc khi cp in cho mch. Nh bi phn tch, cui mch ny c in p 300V l OK. - Mt s trng hp cp t lc ngun C5, C6 (hai t to ng d thy nht ) b kh hoc ph s lm cho ngun khng chy hoc chy chm chn, tut p. 2. Mch ngun cp trc: - Khi mt b ngun khng chy, vic u tin trc khi ta m v hp ngun l kim tra xem dy mu tm c 5V STB hay khng? Nu khng l mch ngun cp trc h. - Thng th cht Q12 C3457, zener ZD2, Diod D28 t hoc chm, cht IC 78L05. - Mch ny OK th khi ta cm in l n lun lun c chy. - Tuy nhin dng mch cp trc ny t thng dng bng lai c OPTO v IC h 431 (S cp bi vit khc). 3. Mch cng tc (Cn gi Power ON) - Sau khi kim tra dy tm c 5V STB th vic th hai cn lm l kim tra xem dy cng tc xanh l cy c mc CAO (khong 2,5V ~ 5 V) hay khng? Lu l dy xanh l ch cn c mc CAO (tc 2,5V ~ 5V) m khng cn thit phi l 5V. Mt s bn kim tra thy cha 5V th lo i sa li ch ny v loay hoay mi. - Mch ny chy vi in p v dng thp nn rt t h hng. Vic mt p ny rt t xy ra (V n ly t ngun 5V STB ca dy tm m). Li thng gp l c mc CAO nhng kick ngun khng chy. Li ny do cc mch pha sau nh Ngun chnh khng chy, c chm ti b mch Bo v ngn khng cho chy. - Ni tm li mch ny gn nh khng h. Nu kim tra mi th u bnh thng m kch ngun khng chy th thay th IC iu xung TL494. V chn s 4 ca IC s quyt nh vic chy hay khng chy m b li th kick n sng IC cng khng chy. 4. Mch ngun chnh: - Nguyn nhn h hng ch yu vn l khu vc ny. Li thng gp: cht cp cng sut ngun Q1, Q2 2SC4242. Transistor ny c dng chu ng 7A, chu p 400V, cng sut 400W. C th thay tng ng bng E13005, E13007 c bn trn th trng. Chm cc diod xung nng in ng ra (thng l diod i hnh dng 3 chn nh Transistor cng sut) D18, D28, D83-004 o y l Diod xung nn ch thay bng diod xung (tho ra t cc ngun khc) hoc thay ng Diod xung khng Trang 13

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 thay bng cc diod nng ngun thng thng c. Cht IC iu xung TL494 t nhng vn thng xy ra. Thng thy cc t lc ng ra b kh hay ph c th gy chp chn khng n nh hoc st p. * Lu : Cc Transistor cng sut v diod xung nng in mch ny b chm s gy t cu ch v lm cht cc diod nng in mch chnh lu. 5. Mch n p, Power Good, bo v qu p: - Mch n p ch lm nhim v ly mu p ng ra v a v cho IC iu xung TL494 x l. Cn mch Power Good v bo v qu p cng ly mu ri cn o ong m thng qua IC2 LM393 quyt nh c cho IC iu xung TL494 hat ng hay khng. Cc mch ny chy sai a phn do mt hoc c 2 IC b li. Li kt: - a s cc ngun ATX trn th trng u tng t mch ny, vi IC iu xung TL494 (KA7500) ngai ra cn dng chy vi IC iu xung h KA3842 vi cng sut l mt MOSFET v mt t lc ngun ng vo (khc vi dng ny l 2 Transistor v hai t lc ngun ng vo). NGun cp trc th dng chy vi OPTO v IC 431 th nhiu hn. Ti s tm li s mch ngun ATX ca lai va nu v c bi phn tch. Ring cc ngun my hiu nh DELL, Compaq s c bi vit ring v n hi khc cht xu.

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Monitor: Nguyn nhn ngt ngun khi dng IC KA3842

S nguyn l khi ngun s dng IC KA3842 hoc UC3842

S mch ngun s dng IC dao ng KA3842

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IC UC3842 hay KA3842 l mt

IC KA3842 c 8 chn v nhim v ca cc chn nh sau: - Chn 1 ( COMP ) - y l chn nhn in p so snh, in p chn s 1 t l thun vi in p ra, thng thng trong mch ngun, chn 1 khng nhn p hi tip m ch u qua mt R sang chn s 2. - Chn 2 ( VFB ) y l chn nhn in p hi tip, c th hi tip so quang hoc hi tip trc tip t cun hi tip sau khi i qua cu phn p, in p hi tip v chn 2 t l nghch vi in p ra, nu mt l do no lm in p a v chn 2 tng ln th in p ra s gim thp hoc b ngt. - Chn 3 (CURRENT SENSE) chn cm bin dng, chn ny theo di in p chn S ca n Mosfet, nu dng qua Mosfet tng => in p chn S s tng => in p chn 3 s tng, nu p chn 3 tng n ngng khong 0,6V th dao ng ra s b ngt, in tr chn S xung mass khong 0,22 ohm , nu in tr ny tng tr s hoc b thay tr s ln hn th khi chy c ti l ngun b ngt. - Chn 4 (Rt / Ct) chn ni vi R-C to dao ng , tn s dao ng ph thuc vo tr s R v C chn 4, ngi ta thng a xung dng hi tip v chn 4 ng pha gia tn s dng vi tn s dao ng ngun, iu m bo khi s dng hot ng tiu th ngun th Mosfet ngun cng m kp thi cung cp, iu lm cho in p ra khng b st p khi cao p chy . - Chn 5 l Mass - Chn 6 : l chn dao ng ra, dao ng ra l dng xung vung c rng c th thay i iu chnh thi gian ngt m ca Mosfet, thi gian ngt m ca Mosfet thay i th in p ra thay i . - Chn 7 l chn Vcc, in p cung cp cho chn 7 t 12V n 14V, nu in p gim < 12V th dao ng c th b ngt , in p chn 7 c cp qua tr mi, khi ngun chy in p ny c b xung t cun hi tip sau khi chng c chnh lu v lc . - Chn 8 (Vref) y l chn t IC a ra in p chun 5V, in p ny thng dng cung cp cho chn dao ng s 4, ngi ta thng thit k mch bo v bm vo chn 8 khi ngun c s c s lm mt ngun chn 8 => mch ngt dao ng.

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Cc trng hp ngun b ngt: - Trong mch ngun, ngoi nhng linh kin chnh nh s trn th ngi ta thng thit k cc mch bo v nhm ngt ngun khi cn thit nh khi : => Ngun b qu ti, b chp ti hoc dng tiu th tng bt thng . => C tn hiu bo s c t vi x l a v qua IC so quang => Cao p b chp lm cho xung dng hi tip v gim hoc mt. - Cc mch bo v thng c thit k dng: => Lm mt ngun 5V chn s 8 => Hoc lm mt ngun 12V chn s 7 => Hoc lm mt in p chn s 1 => Hoc lm cho chn 2 in p tng cao . - Bn hy v mch v t tm ra cc mch bo v nh trn, rt tic chng ti khng c s c th ch cho bn, nu bn xc nh ng mch bo v, bn hy v hiu ho n bng cch tho
o chng ra khi mch.

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Ngun ATX: Mch ngun chnh

1 - V tr ca mch ngun chnh.
Ngun chnh nm u? - Nu loi tr mch lc nhiu, mch chnh lu v ngun cp trc (Stanby) ra th ngun chnh l ton b phn cn li ca b ngun ATX

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Ngun chnh c cc mch c bn nh: - Mch to dao ng. (s dng IC to dao ng) - Bin p o pha a cc tn hiu dao ng n iu khin cc n cng sut. - Cc n khuch i cng sut. - Bin p chnh (ly ra in p th cp) - Cc i t chnh lu u ra - Mch lc in p ra - Mch bo v

Cc in p ra ca ngun chnh: - in p + 12V (a ra qua cc dy mu vng) - in p + 5V (a ra qua cc dy mu ) - in p + 3,3V (a ra qua cc dy mu cam) - in p - 12V (a ra dy mu xanh l) - in p - 5V (a ra mu xanh tng) S nguyn l chung ca ngun chnh

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Nguyn l: Khi cm in AC 220V, in mch chnh lu s cung cp in p 300V DC cho ngun cp trc v mch cng sut ca ngun chnh. Ngun cp trc (Stanby) hot ng v cung cp in p 12V cho IC dao ng, ng thi cung cp in p 5V STB cho mch khi ng trn Mainboard. Khi c lnh P.ON ( mc thp) a ti iu khin cho IC dao ng hot ng, IC dao ng to ra hai tn hiu dao ng ngc pha, cho khuch i qua hai n o pha ri a qua bin p o pha sang iu khin cc n cng sut. Khi cc n cng sut hot ng s to ra in p xung im gia, in p ny c a qua bin p chnh ri thot qua t gm v im gia ca hai t lc ngun. Cc in p th cp c ly ra t bin p chnh c chnh lu v lc thnh in p DC bng phng cung cp cho Mainboard. Lnh iu khin ngun chnh: (Chn P.ON a qua dy mu xanh l cy t Mainboard ln) - Lnh P.ON t Mainboard a ln theo dy mu xanh l cy l lnh iu khin ngun chnh hot ng. - Khi chn lnh P.ON = 0V l ngun chnh chy, khi chn P.ON = 3 n 5V l ngun chnh tt Tn hiu bo v Mainboard (Chn P.G i qua dy mu xm xung Mainboard) - T ngun chnh lun lun c mt chn bo xung Mainboard cho bit tnh trng ngun c hot ng bnh thng khng, l chn P.G (Power Good), khi chn ny c in p t 3 n 5V l ngun chnh bnh thng, nu chn P.G c in p = 0V l ngun chnh ang c s c.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 in p cung cp cho ngun chnh hot ng. - in p cung cp cho mch cng sut l in p 300V DC t bn s cp. - in p cp cho mch dao ng v mch bo v l in p 12V DC ly t th cp ca ngun Stanby. Nhn bit cc linh kin trn v ngun: - i t chnh lu in p u ra l i t kp c 3 chn trng ging n cng sut. - Cc cun dy hnh xuyn gm cc dy ng qun trn li ferit c tc dng lc nhiu cao tn. - Cc t lc u ra thng ng cnh bi dy ngun. - IC to dao ng - Thng c s l: AZ750 hoc TL494 - IC bo v ngun - thng dng IC c s l LM339

- Bin p chnh lun lun l bin p to nht mch ngun - Bin p o pha l bin p nh v lun lun ng gia ba bin p - Hai n cng sut ca ngun chnh thng ng v pha cc n cng sut

2 - Nguyn l hot ng ca ngun chnh.

Khi cm in - Khi bn cm in AC 220V cho b ngun, mch chnh lu s cung cp in p 300V DC cho mch cng sut ca ngun chnh, ng thi ngun Stanby hot ng s cung cp 12V cho IC

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 dao ng ca ngun chnh, tuy nhin ngun chnh cha hot ng v ang trng thi ch, ngun chnh ch hot ng khi c lnh P.ON Khi bm cng tc ca my tnh (hoc chp chn P.ON xung mass) - Khi chn P.ON c u mass, lnh m ngun chnh c bt, lnh P.ON i qua mch bo v ri a vo iu khin IC dao ng hot ng. - IC dao ng hot ng v to ra hai xung in ngc pha, cho khuch i qua hai n bn dn ri a qua bin p o pha sang iu khin cc n cng sut. - Hai n cng sut hot ng ngt m theo nguyn tc y ko, to ra in p xung ti im gia, sau ngi ta s dng in p ny a qua bin p chnh, u kia ca bin p c thot qua t gm v im gia ca t ho lc ngun chnh.

Khi chp chn s 4 ca IC dao ng (494) xung mass, IC s hot ng v cho ra hai xung in ti cc chn 8 v 11, sau c hai n o pha khuch i ri chuyn qua bin p o pha sang iu khin cc n cng sut, cc n cng sut hot ng ngt m lun phin to ra in p xung im gia

3 - Cc IC thng gp trn b ngun ATX

1. IC to dao ng h 494 (tng ng vi IC h 7500) V d TL494, UTC51494

IC TL 494 c 16 chn, chn s 1 c du chm, m ngc chiu kim ng h

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S khi bn trong IC - TL 494

2. Chn 1 v chn 2 - Nhn in p hi tip v t ng iu khin in p ra. 3. Chn 3 u ra ca mch so snh, c th ly ra tn hiu bo s c P.G t chn ny 4. Chn 4 - Chn lnh iu khin cho IC hot ng hay khng, khi chn 4 bng 0V th IC hot ng, khi chn 4 >0 V th IC b kho. 5. Chn 5 v 6 - l hai chn ca mch to dao ng 6. Chn 7 - ni mass 7. Chn 8 - Chn dao ng ra 8. Chn 9 - Ni mass 9. Chn 10 - Ni mass 10. Chn 11 - Chn dao ng ra 11. Chn 12 - Ngun Vcc 12V

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12. Chn 13 - c ni vi p chun 5V 13. Chn 14 - T IC i ra in p chun 5V

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14. Chn 15 v 16 nhn in p hi tip

S chn ca IC TL 494

15. IC to dao ng h 7500 (tng ng vi IC h 494 )

Hnh dng ca hai loi IC to dao n0g h 7500

S khi IC - AZ 7500 S khi ca IC dao ng h 7500 hon ton tng t vi IC dao ng h 494 Hai IC ny AZ7500 (h 7500) v TL 494 (h 494) ta c th thay th c cho nhau

Chn 1 v chn 2 - Nhn in p hi tip v t ng iu khin in p ra. Chn 3 u ra ca mch so snh, c th ly ra tn hiu bo s c P.G t chn ny Chn 4 - Chn lnh iu khin cho IC hot ng hay khng, khi chn 4 bng 0V th IC hot ng, khi chn 4 >0 V th IC b kho.

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Chn 5 v 6 - l hai chn ca mch to dao ng Chn 7 - ni mass Chn 8 - Chn dao ng ra Chn 9 - Ni mass Chn 10 - Ni mass Chn 11 - Chn dao ng ra Chn 12 - Ngun Vcc 12V Chn 13 - c ni vi p chun 5V Chn 14 - T IC i ra in p chun 5V Chn 15 v 16 nhn in p hi tip S chn IC - AZ 7500 tng t IC - TL494 16.IC khuch i thut ton LM339 trong mch bo v.

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IC LM339 c s dng trong mch bo v ca ngun ATX

Mch so snh s dng phn t khuch i thut ton (trong IC - LM339)

Khi cho mt in p chun (Vref) gim c nh mt u vo dng(+) ca IC thut ton, nu ta cho in p cn so snh vo u m (-) th in p u ra thu c s nghch o vi tn hiu u vo. - Nu Vin tng th Vout s gim - Nu Vin gim th Vout s tng
o

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o Nu gim u vo m (-) ca IC thut ton v cho tn hiu thay i vo u dng th ta thu c in p ra t l thun vi tn hiu vo. - Nu Vin tng th Vout cng tng - Nu Vin gim th Vout cng gim

4 - Gii p cu hi thng gp Cu hi 1 - Da vo c im g phn bit ngun chnh vi ngun cp trc. Tr li: - Trong b ngun ATX thng c 3 bin p trong c mt bin p ln v hai bin p nh, ngun chnh c mt bin p ln v mt bin p nh ng gia, cn bin p nh ng bn cnh l ca ngun cp trc. - n cng sut th ngun chnh lun lun c hai n cng sut, hai n ny thng ging ht nhau v cng chng loi, cng sut ca ngun chnh ch s dng loi n B-C-E, v tr hai n ny ng v pha bin p ln. - Ngun cp trc ch c mt n cng sut, n c th l n B-C-E cng c th l n D-S-G (Mosfet) - Cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh v ngun cp trc lun lun ng v pha cc t lc ngun chnh, cc i t chnh lu in p ra ca ngun chnh cng c 3 chn nhng ng v pha th cp v c k hiu hnh i t trn thn. Cu hi 2 - Thi im hot ng ca hai mch ngun c khc nhau khng ? Tr li: - Khi ta cm in cho b ngun l ngun cp trc hot ng ngay, trong khi ngun chnh cha hot ng. - Ngun chnh ch hot ng khi chn lnh P.ON gim xung 0V (hoc ta chp chn P.ON mu xanh vo mass - tc chp vo dy en) Cu hi 3 - Ngun cp trc c khi no s dng IC dao ng khng ? Tr li: - C rt t ngun s dng IC dao ng cho ngun cp trc, bi v ngun cp trc c cng sut tiu th nh nn ngi ta thng thit k chng rt n gin, tuy nhin vn c loi ngun s dng cp IC dao ng v n Mosfet nh s di y:

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Cu hi 4 - Ngun chnh thng s dng nhng IC dao ng loi g ? Tr li: - Ngun chnh thng s dng hai loi IC dao ng l IC h 494 v d TL 494, KA494, TDA494 v v v IC h 7500 v d AZ7500, K7500. Hai loi IC trn c th thay th c cho nhau (v d ngun ca bn chy IC - AZ 7500 bn c th thay bng IC- TL494 - Ngoi ra ngun chnh cn s dng mt s dng IC khc nh SG6105 , ML4824 v v Cu hi 5 - Trong b ngun thng thy c IC so quang, n thuc ca ngun chnh hay ngun cp trc. Tr li: - Cc ngun chnh thng thng (c hai n cng sut) chng khng dng IC so quang - Trn cc ngun chnh ca my ng b nh ngun my IBM hay Dell th c s dng IC so quang, trn cc b ngun ngi ta s dng cp IC - KA3842 hoc KA-3843 kt hp vi mt n cng sut l Mosfet. - Trn b ngun thng thng th IC so quang ca ca mch ngun cp trc. Cu hi 6 - Cc cun dy hnh xuyn u ra ca ngun chnh sau cc i t chnh lu c tc dng g? Tr li:

Tn s hot ng ca b ngun rt cao, sau khi chnh lu loi b pha m nhng thnh phn xung nhn ca in p vn cn, ngi ta s dng cc cun dy lm by chn li cc xung in ny khng chng a xung Mainboard c th lm hng linh kin hoc lm sai d liu. Cu hi 7 - Trn cc u dy ra ca ngun ATX, thy c rt nhiu si dy c chung mu v chung in p, thm ch chng cn c hn ra t mt im, vy ti sao ngi ta khng lm mt si cho gn? Tr li: - Trn cc ngun mi hin nay c ti 4 si dy mu cam, 5 si dy mu v 2 si dy mu Trang 27

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:41 a7/p77/24/2012 vng cng a n rc 24 chn. - Cc dy mu cam u ly chung mt ngun 3,3V - Cc dy mu u ly chung mt ngun 5V - Cc dy mu vng u ly chung mt ngun 12V * S d ngi ta thit k nhiu si dy l tng dng in v tng din tch tip xc, nu c mt rc no tip xc chp chn th my vn c th hot ng c, gim thiu cc Pan bnh do li tip xc gy ra, ngoi ra n cn c tc dng trit tiu t trng do dng in DC chy qua mt dy dn sinh ra (v d mt si dy c dng in mt chiu tng i ln chy qua th chng bin thnh mt si nam chm v b cc vt bng st ht) Lm th no th kim tra c b ngun ATX c chy hay khng khi cha tho v ra? Tr li: Bn c th tin hnh kim tra s b xem ngun ca bn c cn hot ng hay khng bng cc bc sau: - Cp in AC 220V cho b ngun

Cp in cho b ngun

- Dng mt si dy in chp chn mu xanh l cy vo chn mu en - Sau quan st xem qut trong b ngun c quay khng ? => Nu qut quay tt l ngun chy. => Nu qut khng quay hoc quay ri ngt l ngun hng

Chp chn P.ON (mu xanh l cy) xung Mass

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Ngun ATX: Mch chnh lu

Mch lc nhiu v chnh lu in p AC 220V thnh DC 300V

1 - Mach lc nhiu v chnh lu in p AC 220V thnh DC 300V

o Mch lc nhiu v chnh lu in p 220V AC thnh 300V DC

Ch thch s trn: - T CX, cun dy L v cc t CY c chc nng lc nhiu cao tn bm theo ng in AC 220V - Cng tc tt m in p chnh trn b ngun (S1.1 v S1.2) - F1 l cu ch bo v trong trng hp b chp ti 300V DC hoc chp cc i t chnh lu - TR1 l in tr hn dng, hn ch bt dng in np vo t khi mi cm in - T C46, cun dy L1 v t C27A c chc nng lc nhiu cao tn bm theo ng dy in AC220V, y l mch lc th hai nhm lc trit nhiu khng cho lt vo trong b ngun. - Cu i t chnh lu D1 c chc nng i in AC thnh DC, tuy nhin nu cha c t lc th in DC c dng nhp nh. - T C3 v C4 mc ni tip lc cho in p DC bng phng, ng thi ngi ta s dng hai t ho mc ni tip c th nhn i in p DC khi u vo s dng in p 110V DC, nhn i in p DC ngi ta ch cn u chp mt u in p AC vo im gia ca hai t lc ( trn ngi ta dng cng tc 115/230V) - Hai in tr R3 v R4 u c tr s l 330K c tc dng gi cho in p ri trn hai t ho c cn bng, mi t c in p l 150V.

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Cc linh kin ca mch lc nhiu v mch chnh lu AC - DC trn s nguyn l v trn v my

2- Gii p nhng cu hi lin quan n mch lc nhiu v mch chnh lu.

Cu hi 1 - Mch lc nhiu c quan trng khng, v sao mt s ngun chng b u tt? Tr li: - Mch lc nhiu l mch lc b can nhiu bm theo ng in AC, t lm tng cht lng ca b ngun, nhng mch lc nhiu khng tham gia vo hot ng ca ngun, trn cc b ngun cht lng thp th mch lc nhiu thng b u tt. - Trn cc b ngun cht lng cao thng c mch lc nhiu, tuy nhin bn c th b i v u tt m ngun vn hot ng c. - Mch lc nhiu cn c tc dng chng xung in do st nh vo ng in li, khng chng lt vo trong lm hng linh kin.

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Cu hi 2 - Cu ch AC c tc dng g. ti sao ngun ca ti t cu ch th thng bn trong ngun c linh kin b hng, b chp, vy n bo v ci g ?

Tr li:

- Cu ch n t khi c hin tng qu dng ch khng phi qu p, v d cu ch ghi l F5A-250V ngha l n ch chu c dng ti a l 5A. - Hin tng cu ch b t hay n l do dng in i qua n ln hn dng in cc i m n chu c, trng hp ny thng do chp cc ph ti pha sau. - Cu ch ch c tc dng bo v cc linh kin khc v mch khng b chp chy dy truyn khi trn mch ang c mt linh kin b chp, n khng c tc dng bo v cho b ngun khng b hng, v vy khi thy cu ch t ng ngha vi vic l trn b ngun ang c linh kin b chp. - Khi t cu ch, nu bn thay bng mt si dy ng to n s mt tc dng bo v ngun khi c sy ra chm chp, gi s bn u tt cu ch bng mt si dy ng to, khi nu ngun bnh thng th Trang 32

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 khng sao nhng nu sy ra chp ph ti 300V (v d trng hp chp cc n cng sut) th cc linh kin nh i t chnh lu, cc cun dy lc nhiu v mch in s b chy thnh than. Cu hi 3 - in tr hn dng gn cc i t chnh lu c tc dng g, khi n hng c th u tt c khng, c th thay bng mt in tr khc c khng ? Tr li:

in tr hn dng (TR1) l mt bin tr nhit, n c tc dng hn ch bt dng in np vo cc t lc, ngoi ra n cn c tc dng nh mt cu ch th 2 Bn khng nn u tt in tr hn dng khi chng b t, v nu bn u tt in tr ny th cu ch s t lin tc bi dng np vo t qu ti. Bn c th thay bng mt in tr s c cng sut khong 10W/2,2 , tuy nhin tt nht l bn kim c mt in tr v tr tng ng ly t mt bngun khc. Cu hi 4 - Cc i t mch chnh lu cu c hay b hng khng, khi hng chng gy ra hin tng g, nguyn nhn no lm cho cc i t ny b hng ? Tr li - Cc i t trong mch chnh lu cu t nhin t khi chng b hng, chng ch hng khi in p 300V DC b chp, khi dng qua i t tng cao lm cho i t b chp hoc t.

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- in p AC 220V u vo c hai cc, mt cc tip t c gi tr 0V, cc kia c hai pha m v dng o chiu lin tc. - Khi cc trn c pha dng, dng in s i t +220V qua i t D2 => qua R ti => qua D4 ri tr v 0V - Khi cc trn c pha m, dng in i t 0V i qua i t D3 => qua R ti => qua D1 ri tr v in p -220V => Trong mi pha in ch c hai i t mc i xng hot ng, hai i t kia tm thi tt. - Nu mt i t bt k b t hoc c hai i t i din b t th in p u ra c dng nhp nh tha cch qung, lc ny ngun vn hot ng nhng khi cp in cho Mainboard th n lm cho my tnh khi ng li lin tc do cht lng ca in DC khng c lc bng phng.

- Nu c hai i t lin tip ng cnh nhau b t th in p ra sau cu chnh lu s bng 0V v ngun ATX s khng hot ng - Ch cn mt i t b chp l s gy ra chp ngun u vo v s n cu ch hoc t R hn dng ngay Gi s i t D3 b chp, chu k dng, dng in i t +220V => i qua D2 nhng khng i qua R ti m i thng qua D3 ang chp v 0V, y l dng chp mch v n s gy n cu ch . * Nguyn nhn hng i t thng do dng i qua i t qu ln nh trong cc trng hp ngun b chp cc n cng sut Cu hi 5 - V sao ngun ATX phi s dng hai t lc mc ni tip, khi hng cc t lc ny th sinh ra hin tng g v khi thay th th cn lu iu g? Tr li

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* Ngi ta s dng hai t lc mc ni tip lc in p DC 300V u ra vi hai mc ch. - C th s dng mch lm mch chnh lu nhn i khi ta chp mt u AC vo im gia ca hai t lc, khi ta cm in p u vo 110V AC nhng u ra sau cu i t ta vn thu c 300V DC - To ra in p cn bng 150V im gia ca hai t lc, in p ny s c u vo mt u ca bin p chnh ca b ngun. * Khi hng t th sinh ra hin tng g ? - Nu b hng mt t (t b kh hoc phng lng), khi in dung b gim v kt qu l st p trn t s gim. Gi s t C1 s trn b hng, khi st p trn t C1 s gim < 150V, lm cho in p im gia ca hai t lc b lch. - Nu hng c hai t th in p trn c hai t u b gim < 150V v kt qu l in p ra s gim < 300V DC, v in p ny b nhim xoay chiu, hin tng ny c th gy ra ngun c ting rt nh, khi c ti th ngun t ngt do khng dng cung cp cho Mainboard. * Lu : Trong cc trng hp lm cho in p im gia ca hai t lc b lch, khi ngun c th b hng cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh. * Khi thay th t lc - khi thay th cc t lc ca ngun chnh, bn cn lu cc im sau: - Phi thay t c in p bng hoc cao hn 200V , khng c thay t c in p < 200V - V in dung th cng phi thay bng hoc cao hn t c - Hai t phi lun lun c in dung v in p bng nhau - Tuyt i khng c hn ngc chiu m dng ca t lc, khi t s b n rt nguy him. Cu hi 6 - Hai in tr u song song vi hai t lc c tc dng g, khi hng s gy hin tng g, khi thay th cn lu iu g ? Tr li

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- Hai in tr song song vi hai t lc c tc dng gi cho in p im gia hai t c cn bng, hai in tr ny phi c tr s bng nhau. - Nu mt trong hai in tr ny b t, in p im gia ca hai t lc s b lch, khi s rt nguy him cho cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh. - Nu in tr no b t th in p ri trn t lc song song vi in tr s tng ln v in p ri trn t kia s gim xung.

Nu mt in tr b t th in p im gia hai t s b lch, iu ny s gy nguy him cho hai n cng sut ca ngun chnh Lu : cng tc 110V/220V khi ng s nhn i in p u ra, v vy nu bn cm vo 220V AC nhng li ng cng tc th in p ra sau cu i t s l 600V DC, cng tc ny ch ng khi u vo cm in 110V AC

3 - Sa cha mch chnh lu in AC 220V thnh DC 300V

Chc nng ca mch chnh lu l to ra in p 300V DC bng phng v cho in p im gia ca hai t lc c cn bng (= 150V)

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- Ph ti ca mch chnh lu l n cng sut ca ngun cp trc v hai n cng sut ca ngun chnh. - Khi n cng sut ca ngun cp trc hoc hai n cng sut ca ngun chnh b chp th s chp ph ti 300V DC. => Khi chp ti 300V DC ngun s b n cu ch v c th gy hng cc i t chnh lu.

Cc ph ti ca mch chnh lu

Trc khi sa mch chnh lu, bn cn kim tra v loi tr trng hp chp cc n cng sut (cc n Q1, Q2 v Q3) hoc tm thi tho cc n cng sut ny ra ngoi (nu chp) Bnh 1 - Mt in p DC 300V Nguyn nhn: - Do chp mt trong cc n cng sut - Do t cu ch - Do t in tr hn dng - Do t cc i t chnh lu

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Kim tra: - Bn cn kim tra cc n cng sut trc, nu chp th tm thi tho ra ngoi x l sau. - Kim tra cu i t nu thy i t t th cn thay th ngay, bn cn thay i t dng hoc kch thc tng ng.

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Xem li bi hc v i t Kt qu o nh trn l i t bnh thng o i t - ng h thang X1 , o vo hai u i t phi c mt chiu ln kim, mt chiu khng ln kim. - Nu c hai chiu o thy khng ln kim l i t t - Nu c hai chiu o thy ln ht thang o (tc R = 0 l i t chp) - Kim tra v thay cu ch (nu thy t) - Kim tra v thay in tr hn dng (nu thy t) * Sau khi sa xong, cp in cho b ngun v bn kim tra in p mt chiu trn cc t lc ngun chnh, nu c 150V trn mi t l mch hot ng tt. Bnh 2 - in p im gia ca hai t b lch. (hay in p trn cc t lc > 150V hoc < 150V) Nguyn nhn - Do t mt trong cc in tr u song song vi t lc - Do hng mt trong hai t lc

Kim tra - Bn cn kim tra k cc in tr u song song vi cc t ho lc ngun chnh xem chng c b t

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khng ? - Bn cn kim tra cc t ha xem c b phng lng hoc b gim in dung khng ( o cht lng ca t, bn hy o s phng np so vi mt t tt c cng in dung, t m phng np mnh l t tt) H qu - Nu ngun ca bn b lch in p im gia ca hai t lc, sau mt thi gian hot ng n s lm hng cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh hoc lm cho ngun khng p ng dng in cho Mainboard, kt qu l lm cho Mainboard khi ng li lin tc.

Khi hng R2, R3 hoc C1 hoc C2 khi in p

im gia b lch, iu ny c th lm cho cc n cng sut ca ngun chnh b hng (thng l b chp) Bnh 3 - in p DC 300V b gim.Nguyn nhn - Nguyn nhn lm cho in p u ra b gim l do b hng mt hoc hng c hai t lc ngun chnh

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Kim tra - Bn hy tho cc t lc ngun chnh ra ngoi, thang x 1 v o s phng np ca t ri so snh vi mt t cn tt c cng in dung, nu t cn kim tra m phng np yu hn l chng b hng. Xem li bi hc v t in H qu khi hng cc t lc - Khi hng cc t lc, in p DC 300V s gim thp ng thi c gn xoay chiu, dn n hin tng ngun c ting ku nh v khng hot ng c khi c ph ti, khi th ngoi (khng gn vo Mainboard) th qut ngun vn quay nhng khi cp in cho Mainboard th ngun hot ng ri ngt sau khi bt cng tc hoc lm cho Mainboard khi ng li lin tc.

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Hng dn sa cha b ngun ATX

1. Nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ATX .

S khi ca b ngun ATX B ngun c 3 mch chnh l: - Mch chnh lu c nhim v i in p AC 220V u vo thnh DC 300V cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun chnh . - Ngun cp trc c nhim v cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC Chipset qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V nui IC to dao ng cho ngun chnh hot ng (Ngun cp trc hot ng lin tc khi ta cm in) - Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc in p cho Mainboard, cc a cng, a mm, a CD Rom .. ngun chnh ch hot ng kh c lnh PS_ON iu khin t Mainboard .

1.1 Mch chnh lu:

- Nhim v ca mch chnh lu l i in p AC thnh in p DC cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun xung hot ng . - S mch nh sau:

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Ngun ATX s dng mch chnh lu c 2 t lc mc ni tip to ra in p cn bng in gia. - Cng tc SW1 l cng tc chuyn in 110V/220V b tr ngoi khi ta gt sang nc 110V l khi cng tc ng => khi in p DC s c nhn 2, tc l ta vn thu c 300V DC - Trong trng hp ta cm 220V m ta gt sang nc 110V th ngun s nhn 2 in p 220V AC v kt qu l ta thu c 600V DC => khi cc t lc ngun s b n v cht cc n cng sut. - Nhim v ca ngun cp trc l cung cp in p 5V STB cho IC qun l ngun trn Mainboard v cung cp 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh . - S mch nh sau:

1.2 Ngun cp trc:

- R1 l in tr mi to dao ng - R2 v C3 l in tr v t hi tip duy tr dao ng - D5, C4 v Dz l mch hi tip n nh in p ra - Q1 l n cng sut

1.3 Ngun chnh:

- Nhim v : Ngun chnh c nhim v cung cp cc mc in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng - S mch ca ngun chnh nh sau:

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- Q1 v Q2 l hai n cng sut, hai n ny uc mc y ko, trong mt thi im ch c mt n dn n kia tt do s iu khin ca xung dao ng . - OSC l IC to dao ng, ngun Vcc cho IC ny l 12V do ngun cp trc cung cp, IC ny hot ng khi c lnh P.ON = 0V , khi IC hot ng s to ra dao ng dng xung hai chn 1, 2 v c khuch i qua hai n Q3 v Q4 sau ghp qua bin p o pha sang iu khin hai n cng sut hot ng . - Bin p chnh : Cun s cp c u t im gia hai n cng sut v im gia hai t lc ngun chnh => in p th cp c chnh lu thnh cc mc in p +12V, +5V, +3,3V, -12V, -5V => cung cp cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng . - Chn PG l in p bo v Mainboard , khi ngun bnh thng th in p PG > 3V, khi ngun ra sai => in p PG c th b mt, => Mainboard s cn c vo in p PG iu khin cho php Mainboard hot ng hay khng, nu in p PG < 3V th Mainboard s khng hot ng mc d cc in p khc vn c .

2. Cc Pan thng gp ca b ngun ATX:

2.1: B ngun khng hot ng: - Kch ngun khng chy (Qut ngun khng quay). * Nguyn nhn h hng trn c th do: - Chp mt trong cc n cng sut => dn n n cu ch , mt ngun 300V u vo . - in p 300V u vo vn cn nhng ngun cp trc khng hot ng, khng c in p 5V STB - in p 300V c, ngun cp trc vn hot ng nhng ngun chnh khng hot ng. * Kim tra: - Cp in cho b ngun v kim tra in p 5V STB ( trn dy mu tm) xem c khng ? ( o gi dy tm v dy en) => Nu c 5V STB (trn dy mu tm) => th sa cha nh Trng hp 1 di - Nu o dy tm khng c in p 5V, bn cn tho v ngun ra ngoi kim tra . - o cc n cng sut xem c b chp khng ? o bng thang X1 => Nu cc n cng sut khng chp => th sa nh Trng hp 2 di . Trang 44

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 => Nu c mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp => th sa nh Trng hp 3 di

* Sa cha:
- Trng hp 1: C in p 5V STB nhng khi u dy PS_ON xung Mass qut khng quay . Phn tch : C in p 5V STB ngha l c in p 300V DC v thng thng cc n cng sut trn ngun chnh khng hng, v vy h hng y l do mt dao ng ca ngun chnh, bn cn kim tra nh sau:

- o in p Vcc 12V cho IC dao ng ca ngun chnh - o kim tra cc n Q3 v Q4 khuch i o pha. - Nu vn c Vcc th thay th IC dao ng - Trng hp 2: Cp in cho ngun v o khng c in p 5V STB trn dy mu tm, kim tra bn s cp cc n cng sut khng hng, cp ngun v o vn c 300V u vo. - Phn tch: Trng hp ny l do ngun cp trc khng hot ng, mc d c ngun 300V u vo, bn cn kim tra k cc linh kin sau ca ngun cp trc:

- Kim tra in tr mi R1 - Kim tra R, C hi tip: R2, C3 - Kim tra Dz - Trng hp 3: Khng c in p 5V STB, khi tho v mch ra kim tra thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 - Phn tch: Nu pht hin thy mt hoc nhiu n cng sut b chp th ta cn phi tm hiu v t tr li c cu hi: V sao n cng sut b chp? bi v n cng sut t khi b hng m khng c l do. - Mt trong cc nguyn nhn lm n cng sut b chp l 1. Khch hng gt nhm sang in p 110V 2. Khch hng dng qu nhiu a => gy qu ti cho b ngun. 3. Mt trong hai t lc ngun b hng => lm cho in p im gia hai n cng sut b lch. - Bn cn phi kim tra lm r mt trong cc nguyn nhn trn trc khi thay cc n cng sut. - Khi sa cha thay th, ta sa ngun cp trc chy trc => sau ta mi sa ngun chnh. - Cn ch cc t lc ngun chnh, nu mt trong hai t b hng s lm cho ngun cht cng sut, nu mt t hng th o in p trn hai t s b lch ( bnh thng st p trn mi t l 150V) - Cn ch cng tc 110V- 220V nu gt nhm sang 110V th in p DC s l 600V v cc n cng sut s hng ngay lp tc. 2.2 : Mi khi bt cng tc ngun ca my tnh th qut quay vi vng ri thi * Phn tch nguyn nhn: - Khi bt cng tc ngun => qut quay c vi vng chng t => Ngun cp trc chy => Ngun chnh chy => Vy th nguyn nhn dn n hin tng trn l g ??? * Hin tng trn l do mt trong cc nguyn nhn sau: - Kh mt trong cc t lc u ra ca ngun chnh => lm in p ra b sai => dn n mch bo v ct dao ng sau khi chy c vi giy. - Kh mt hoc c hai t lc ngun chnh lc in p 300V u vo => lm cho ngun b st p khi c ti => mch bo v ct dao ng * Kim tra v sa cha: - o in p u vo sau cu i t nu < 300V l b kh cc t lc ngun. - o in p trn 2 t lc ngun nu lch nhau l b kh mt trong hai t lc ngun, hoc t cc in tr u song song vi hai t. - Cc t u ra (nm cnh bi dy) ta hy thay th t khc, v cc t ny b kh ta rt kh pht hin bng phng php o c. Bn c th tm c bi vit ny trong b ti liu Phn cng ton tp chng 2 phn Case v ngun.

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Mainboard: Hot ng ca CPU v qu trnh np BIOS

1 - Qu trnh hot ng ca CPU
1. iu kin CPU hot ng

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2.

iu kin cho CPU hot ng: - C in p VCORE cp cho CPU (1) - C xung Clock (2) - C tn hiu CPU_RST# (tn hiu khi ng CPU t Chipset bc) (3) - C tn hiu PWR_OK (tn hiu bo cc mch n p v ngun ATX tt) (4) Bn iu kin trn trng vi cc iu kin c tn hiu Reset h thng, v vy khi Mainboard c tn hiu Reset h thng th cc iu kin trn cng c. - Socket kt ni CPU vi Mainboard tip xc tt (5) - CPU c tc BUS c Mainboard h tr (6) - CPU np c chng trnh BIOS (7) Sau khi Mainboard c tn hiu Reset h thng th cn c thm ba iu kin (5), (6), (7) nh trn CPU c th hot ng. Qu trnh np BIOS v hot ng ca CPU Phn tch qu trnh khi ng trn: - Khi bt cng tc m ngun Power ON => Ngun chnh ca ngun ATX hot ng cung cp cc in p xung Mainboard, ng thi bo tn hiu P.G (Power Good) xung mch Logic ca Mainboard. - Mch n p VRM (mch cp ngun cho CPU) hot ng cung cp in p VCORE cho CPU v bo tn hiu VRM_GD (tn hiu bo mch n p VRM tt) xung mch Logic. - Mch Logic (tch hp trong SIO hoc Chipset nam hoc trn IC-Logic) s kim tra cc tn hiu bo s c trn (cc Mainboard i mi, mch Logic kim tra c tn hiu bo v t mch n p cho Chipset v RAM), khi ngun ATX v cc mch n p hot ng tt, mch Logic s cho ra tn hiu PWRGD_ICH (bo cho Chipset nam tnh trng cc mc ngun tt) - Chipset nam cho ra tn hiu Reset h thng khi c cc iu kin cn thit. - Tn hiu Reset h thng (PCI_RST#) s khi ng Chipset bc v cc thnh phn khc trn Mainboard - Chipset bc hot ng v cho ra tn hiu CPU_RST# khi ng CPU Trang 48

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 - CPU hot ng v pht tn hiu truy cp BIOS - Np c chng trnh BIOS, CPU s duy tr s hot ng, ng thi n s dng chng trnh BIOS tip tc khi ng v kim tra cc thnh phn ca my

Qu trnh np BIOS tht bi hoc li BIOS

Phn tch qu trnh khi ng trn: - Qu trnh khi ng tng t nh trn nhng n khi CPU pht tn hiu np BIOS th tht bi do hng ROM hoc li chng trnh BIOS, v vy CPU ngng hot ng sau vi giy. - Mi khi ta bm phm Reset trc my chnh l lp li tn hiu Reset h thng.

2 - Kim tra s hot ng ca CPU

- Lm sao bit CPU c hot ng hay khng v n hot ng khi no l iu m chng ta cn bit khi sa chaMainboard - Mt iu bn bit (khi tm hiu cc chng trc) l CPU ch hot ng khi c xung Clock v c tn hiu Reset h thng, v Reset h thng khi ng Chipset bc v khi Chipset bc hot ng mi to tn hiu khi ng CPU.

Phng php kim tra s hot ng ca CPU

kim tra s hot ng ca CPU, bn thc hin qua cc bc sau y: - Gn CPU vo Mainboard, gn tm to nhit cho CPU, lu - BUS ca CPU phi c Main h tr. - Cp ngun cho Mainboard, gn c rc 20 pin v rc 4 pin cp ngun cho mch n p VRM - Gn Card Test Main vo khe PCIBt cng tc v quan st: - Trc tin n CLK phi sng => cho bit xung Clock tt - Sau n RST phi sng ri tt => cho bit tn hiu Reset h thng tt - Tip theo bn quan st n OSC v BIOS, nu hai n ny sng => cho ta bit CPU hot ng v np c chng trnh BIOS (hai n OSC v BIOS thng cng sng hoc cng tt) Minh ho s kim tra di y cho thy CPU hot ng tt v np c chng trnh BIOS Minh ho s kim tra di y cho thy CPU khng hot ng hoc khng np c chng trnh BIOS Nguyn nhn CPU khng hot ng. (Khi c tn hiu Reset h thng) Khi Mainboard c tn hiu Reset h thng m CPU vn khng hot ng (kim tra thy n OSC v BIOS tt) l do nhng nguyn nhn sau y. - CPU c BUS khng c Mainboard h tr - Socket kt ni CPU b hng (c chn khng tip xc) - Chn IC - ROM BIOS tip xc khng tt - Li chng trnh BIOS - Chipset bc hng hoc bong chn 3 - Cc bc sa cha bnh CPU khng hot ng (khi c tn hiu Reset h thng)

S dng CPU c tc BUS c Mainboard h tr

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 Kim tra Socket kt ni CPU vi Mainboard xem c chn b x lch hay b bp khng?

Kim tra k cc chn ca Socket 775 -Tho IC-ROM ra khi cm, v sinh chn ROM sch s cho tip xc tt

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Mainboard: Bt cng tc qut khng quay

Do hng mch khi ng ngun trn Mainboard
- Do hng n khuch i o lnh P.ON - Do hng hoc bong chn IC- SIO - Do hng thch anh 32,768KHz - Do hng hoc bong chn Chipset nam Mch khi ng ngun trn Mainboard c 3 dng nh sau

>

C ba dng mch trn, mch khi ng u i qua hai linh kin l Chipset nam v IC- SIO, dng 1 lnh P.ON c khuch i o trc khi chng c a ra chn P.ON, dng 2 v dng 3 th lnh P.ON i ra trc tip t IC-SIO
Xem li bi: Mch qun l ngun trn mainboard

2 - Phn tch nguyn l mch

Khi ta cm in, ngun cp trc trn b ngun ATX chy ngay v cung cp xung Mainboard in p 5V STB (in p cp trc), in p ny s cung cp cho mch khi ng ngun trong Chipset nam v IC- SIO.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:42 a7/p77/24/2012 Khi ta bt cng tc, chn PWR c chp xung Mass v i trng thi t mc Logic 1 sang mc Logic 0 tc ng vo Chipset, Chipset nam a ra lnh P.ON cho i qua IC- SIO thc hin cc chc nng bo v khi Mainboard c s c, sau lnh P.ON c a ra chn s 14 ca rc cp ngun ATX, lnh ny a ln ngun ATX iu khin cho ngun chnh hot ng. Nu lnh P.ON ra t IC- SIO mc cao (mc logic 1) l m ngun chnh th ngi ta phi thit k thm mch o (nh dng 1), mch khuch i o s dng mt n Mosfet nh. Tt c cc ngun ATX hin nay u thit k lnh P.ON mc thp (mc logic 0 hay c 0V) l m ngun chnh, lnh P.ON mc cao (mc logic 1 hay c in p khong 3 n 5V) l tt ngun chnh. Thch anh 32,768KHz dao ng cho ng h thi gian thc v c nui bi Pin CMOS, ng thi thch anh ny cng to xung nhp cho mch khi ng ngun, nu thch anh ny hng th mch khi ng s khng hot ng.

3 - Cc bc kim tra & sa cha Bc 2 - Kim tra trng hp IC b chp:

Cm b ngun ATX vo Mainboard - Cp in cho b ngun - Sau khong 30 giy, ly ta chm vo IC - SIO v Chipset nam xem c nng khng, nu mt trong hai IC ny m pht nhit > 40oC (thy nng) l IC b hng. => Vi trng hp trn bn cn thay IC - SIO hoc Chipset (thay IC b nng)

Nu mi cm in m Chipset nam hoc IC- SIO nng ln l IC b chp, cn phi thay IC Bc 3 - Kim tra n khuch i o? - Chnh ng h thang X1 , o t chn chn P.ON ca rc ngun ATX n chn IC - SIO xem c thng mch khng ? (chn P.ON l chn 14 ca rc 20 chn hoc chn 18 ca rc 24 chn hoc tnh theo chn i ra si dy mu xanh l cy)

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Nu o t chn P.ON n mt chn no ca IC-SIO m c tr khng bng 0 th Main ca bn khng c n khuch i o lnh P.ON.

Nu o t chn P.ON n tt c cc chn IC-SIO u c tr khng > 0 th Main c n khuch i o

- n khuch i o c hnh dng nh trn, tm ra n khuch i o bn cn o t chn P.ON n chn D cc n nh trn Main, nu o n n no cho tr khng bng 0 th l n khuch i o lnh P.ON - Kim tra n khuch i o ny cng tng t nh cc n Mosfet khc trn Main, chng c to chn nh hnh trn.
Xem li bi o kim tra Chipset

Bc 4 - Hn vo chn hoc thay thch anh 32,768KHz (thch anh 32,768KHz ng gn Chipset nam)

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Thch anh 32,768KHz dao ng cho ng h thi gian thc, ng thi n cung cp xung nhp cho mch khi ng, nu hng thch anh ny, Mainboard s khng khi ng c, bm phm m ngun s khng tc dng. - Nhiu thch anh hng, khi hn vo chn n li hi li v chy c vi ting ng h, nu chn thch anh b en hay b g th bn nn thay thch anh khc.

Bc 5 - Kh li IC - SIO nu kh li khng c th bn cn thay th IC - SIO

(Nhn bit IC - SIO => L IC 4 hng chn, kch thc khong 4cm2 bn cnh khng c thch anh) (Ghi ch: Bnh ny c nguyn nhn hng do IC-SIO chim khong 70%)

Kh li chn IC - SIO, nu khng c bn cn thay th IC ny

Bc 6 - Hn li Chipset nam hoc thay Chipset nam

Sau khi thc hin qua 5 bc trn nhng khng c kt qu bn mi thc hin n bc 6 ny

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Mainboard: Mch ngun cho RAM v AGP

I. IN P CP CHO RAM
Loi RAM in p s dng SDRAM DDR DDR2 DDR3 3,3V 2,5V 1,8V 1,5V S chn Mch n p 168 184 240 240 khng c c c c

- Thanh SDRAM s dng in p 3.3V, y l in p trn Mainboard c sn v vy thanh SDRAM khng c mch n p. - Cc thanh DDR, DDR2 v DDR3 cn c mch n p h t in p 3,3V hoc 5V xung in p cn thit ri cp cho RAM

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II. CC CHN IN P CA KHE DDR:

Cc chn cp ngun ca khe DDR - in p s dng l 2,5V - Khe DDR c 184 chn, in p cp cho khe DDR l 2,5V v i vo rt nhiu chn, trn l s cc chn ngun cp cho khe DDR ( gm cc chn 7, 15, 22, 30, 38, 46, 54, 62, 70, 77, 85, 96, 104, 108, 112, 120, 128, 136, 143, 148, 156, 164, 168, 172, 180, 184) - Lu : Cch tnh chn ca khe DDR nh hnh trn, thanh RAM chia lm hai mi, bn khe DDR c mi di bn tri, mi ngn bn phi, m chn t tri sang phi hng di trc theo th t t 1, 2, 3. n 92 sau m t tri sang phi hng trn t 93, 94, 95. n 184. - Bn tho ca lqv77: chn 143 v chn 54 c v tr rt d nh. Cch v tr ngm chng cm ngc gia c 1 chn. Cch ny rt d xc nh chn ngun RAM cho cc lai RAM khc nh SDRAM hay DDR2 Cc chn in p ca khe DDR 2

Cc chn cp ngun ca khe DDR2 - in p s dng l 1,8 V - Khe DDR2 c 240 chn, in p cp cho khe DDR2 l 1,8V v i vo nhiu chn, trn l cc chn cp ngun cho khe DDR2 - Lu : Cch tnh chn ca khe DDR2 nh hnh trn, thanh RAM chia lm hai mi, bn khe DDR2 c mi di bn tri, mi ngn bn phi, m chn t tri sang phi hng di trc theo th t t 1, 2, 3. n 120 sau m t tri sang phi hng trn t 121, 122, 123. n 240. - Bn tho ca lqv77: chn 182, 186 v chn 66 c v tr rt d nh. Cch v tr ngm chng cm ngc gia c 1 chn. Cch ny rt d xc nh chn ngun RAM cho cc lai RAM khc nh SDRAM hay DDR1 Cc chn in p ca khe DDR 3 <!--[if !vml]-->

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Cc chn cp ngun ca khe DDR3 - in p s dng l 1,5 V - Khe DDR2 c 240 chn, in p cp cho khe DDR3 l 1,5V v i vo nhiu chn, trn l cc chn cp ngun cho khe DDR3 - Lu : Cch tnh chn ca khe DDR3 nh hnh trn, thanh RAM chia lm hai mi, bn khe DDR3 c mi ngn bn tri, mi di bn phi, m chn t tri sang phi hng di trc theo th t t 1, 2, 3. n 120 sau m t tri sang phi hng trn t 121, 122, 123. n 240. - Bn tho ca lqv77: chn 170 v 51 c v tr rt d nh. Cch v tr ngm chng cm ngc gia c 1 or 2 chn. Cch ny rt d xc nh chn ngun RAM cho cc lai RAM khc nh SDRAM hay DDR1, DDR2 (lqv77 ti dng cch xc nh ny) V tr ca mch n p ngun cp cho RAM <!--[endif]--> - Mch n p ngun cp cho RAM thng nm gn khe RAM, mch do mt n Mosfet v IC n p iu khin, nguyn l hot ng ca mch hon ton tng t nh mch n p cho Chipset

S khi ca mch n p ngun cho RAM<!--[if !vml]-->

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S nguyn l ca mch n p ngun cho thanh DDR

n Mosfet n p ngun cho RAM Mch n p ngun cho RAM trn Mainboard Gigabyte 8I845PE

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Mch iu khin ngun cho RAM s dng IC - W83310 v n Mosfet cc linh kin ng xung quanh khe RAM

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S nguyn l ca mch n p cho RAM trn Mainboard GIGABYTE 8I845PE s dng IC - W-83310 iu khin c 3 cng, mch n p cho RAM s dng mt cng ra 2,5V

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Chn 20 ca IC - W-83310 iu khin n Mosfet (Q1) m ra in p 2,5V cp cho thanh DDR Phng php xc nh n Mosfet n p cho RAM- Khi ta thy c nhiu n Mosfet ng gn khe RAM th vic xc nh chnh xc u l n n p cho RAM tr ln kh khn hn. - Cch n gin nht l bn hy o t mt chn VDD ca khe RAM n chn S ca cc n xung quanh, o n n no m c tr khng bng 0 th chnh l n n p cho RAM

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Chnh ng h thang x 1 o t mt chn cp ngun cho thanh RAM n chn S ca cc n Mosfet xung quanh, nu c tr khng bng 0 th chnh l n n p cho RAM<!--[if !vml]->

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Chnh ng h thang x 1 o t mt chn cp ngun cho thanh RAM n chn S ca cc n Mosfet xung quanh, nu c tr khng > 0 th khng phi l n n p cho RAM Tr li cu hi thng gp v mch n p cho RAM Cu 1 - Khi b mt ngun cp cho thanh RAM th my c biu hin g ? Tr li: - Khi mt ngun cp cho RAM th lc khi ng - my s bo li RAM bng cc ting bp di pht ra lin tc, my khng ln mn hnh, ta thay th mt thanh RAM tt nhng hin tng vn nh vy. Cu 2 - Lm th no xc nh nhanh u l n n p cho RAM ? Tr li: - xc nh nhanh cc n n p cho RAM bn da vo cc chn cp ngun cho RAM (chn VDD).

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T: in in lnh in t a7/p77/24/2012 * Cc chn cp ngun cho khe DDR.

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* Cc chn cp ngun cho khe DDR2 * Cc chn cp ngun cho khe DDR3 - Bn hy ng h thang x 1 o t mt trong nhng chn cp ngun (VDD) ca khe RAM n chn S ca cc n Mosfet quanh khe RAM, nu o n chn S ca n no c tr khng bng 0 th l n n p cho RAM Cu 3 - Lm th no xc nh c IC iu khin n Mosfet n p cho RAM? Tr li: - Bn hy thang x 1 o t chn G v chn S ca n Mosfet n chn cc IC gn , nu c mt chn cho tr khng bng 0 th chnh l IC iu khin Mosfet. V d mch di y th c chn G v chn S u thng n chn ca IC iu khin

Cu 4 - Nu mt ngun cp cho RAM th my c khi ng c khng v c biu hin g? Trang 64

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:43 a7/p77/24/2012 Tr li: - Hu ht cc trng hp mt in p cp cho RAM my vn khi ng c v a ra thng bo li bng ting bp loa trong. - Tuy nhin c mt s trng hp my khng khi ng c do mt s Mainboard kim tra c trng thi ca mch n p cho RAM, nu mch n p cho RAM tt mi to ra tn hiu PWR_OK, c tn hiu PWR_OK th Chipset nam mi to ra tn hiu Reset h thng.

Mch n p cho RAM trn s dng IC-ISL6225 v mt cp Mosfet, chn 15 ca IC c mt tn hiu PG_VDDR bo v mch iu khin Logic, nu mt ngun cp cho RAM th s mt tn hiu G_VDDR bo v v mch Logic s khng to ra tn hiu PWR_OK (cc mc ngun tt) do Chipset nam se khng a ra tn hiu Reset h thng.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:43 a7/p77/24/2012 Trn mt s Mainboard c mch iu khin Logic kim tra cc tn hiu PWROK_VRM - Mch n p ngun cp cho CPU tt PWROK_ATX - Ngun ATX hot ng tt PG_VDDR - Mch n p cho RAM tt PG_V1V5 - Mch n p cp cho Chipset tt Khi c y 4 tn hiu trn th mch iu khin Logic mi a ra thng bo PGOOD (ngun tt) bo v mchto xung Clock, cc thng bo PWRGD bo v Chipset nam Chipset nam to ra tn hiu Reset h thng

2 - Mch n p ngun cho Card Video AGP 4X, 8X - Card PCI Express
in p cung cp cho cc Card Video AGP - Cc Card Video AGP 1X, 2X c in p s dng chnh l 3,3V v vy khng cn c mch n p m n s dng trc tip in p 3,3V trn Mainboard. - Cc Card Video AGP 4X v 8X s dng in p cung cp chnh l 1,5V v vy chng cn c mch n p gim p t 5V hoc 3,3V xung 1,5V cp cho Card AGP S chn cp ngun 1,5V cho khe AGP 4X v 8X

S chn cp ngun 1,5V vo cho Card Video AGP 4X, 8X

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Mch iu khin ngun 1,5V cp cho Card Video AGP 4X, 8X s dng mch ngun xung h p

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Mch s dng IC khuch i thut ton v n Mosfet iu khin ngun cp cho Card Video (nguyn l hot ng tng t nh mch n p cho Chipset)

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Hng dn sa Mainboard
* Chun b ngh: - Card test main (khng th thiu) nu c iu kin th trang b mt card test main lai support port 80h v 84h, c lun cng LPT cng tt (hoc loi dng c cho desktop ln Laptop). Xem thm bi Card Testmainboard ton tp.

Dng P2 Ch c khe PCI h tr Port 80H v 84H - CPU cc loi: thng dng nht l Sokket 478, v soket 775. - RAM cc lai: thng dng nht l SD-RAM, DDR, DDR2. - B ngun lai tt. - My kh nhit, m hn, ng h o VOM, my cp ngun. - Cc thit b khc c tin hn nn trang b khi bn l ca hng ln: my np chip BIOS ROM (khang 500-1000$), my hin sng, my ng chip (khong 2000$), lm chn chip (khong 150$), li lm chn chip cc lai (khang 15$/ci). - Linh kin thay th cc lai: Mosfet, Ic ngun, chipset, chip SIO, chip LAN, chip Sound, chip Bios ROM, t lc ngun cc lai

1. Li chn thng vt l:
- Mt k thut IT kinh nghim khi cm mt mainboard nghi ng hng s quan st tht k xem c b chn thng vt l hay khng ??? Mt vt try xc, c th gy ra ngn mch hoc t mch. Cc slot ram, khe m rng PCI, AGP, PCIx c b chp mch hay khng. Nhiu bn my ang chy, tho ra th 1 thanh RAM th l my i lun li cho RAM git main. Nhng s tht do bt cn thao tc khng ng cch lm cc slot tip xc chp nhau dn n cht main.

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- Li chy, n hay ph t th rt d pht hin bng mt thng v ti cp n trong bi vit Mainboard v cc pan cn bn - Cc vt bn do cn trng xm nhp li nh dn, chut s gy chp chn khng n nh thm ch chm chp v dn n cht mainboard. - Vic v sinh mainboard tht sch v quan st tht k ban u rt c ch cho cng vic sa cha mainboard.

2. Li kch ngun khng c:

- Cc nguyn nhn chnh: Cht Mosfet o ni ng PS-On vi chip SIO. Hng thch anh 32k cho chipset Nam. H chn hoc li chipset Nam. H chn hoc li chip SIO. - Mch kch ngun thng dng c 3 dng chnh:

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- Trc tin, cn kim tra mc ngun 5V (hoc trn 2.5V) ti chn cng tc (PWR nh trong hnh). Nu mt th d xem mc ngun ny do chip SIO hay chip NAM cp. Kh li hoc thay chip, kt thc bc ny phi c mc ngun 5V chn cng tc. - Kim tra xem mch kch ngun thuc dng no: D t chn mu xanh l n chip SIO (nh hnh minh ha). Nu c 1 ng o c =0 th s nm dng 2 hoc dng 3.

- Cn nu tt c cc ng u > 0 th s nm dng 1. Khi c gn tm 1 mosfet nh b li (thng l chp s gy ra cm ngun chy ngay, hoc t) khu vc gia dy xanh l v chip SIO.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:43 a7/p77/24/2012 - Nu nm dng 3 th phi kh li chip SIO hoc thay chip SIO. Nn nh phi thay ng tr s trn IC. Thng l Wxxxx hoc ITxxxx.

- Nu nm dng 2 th hi mt, v c 2 chip Nam v chip SIO phi OK ht th mi kch ngun c. - Ngoi ra nhiu trng hp thch anh ca chipset Nam b li cng l cho chip Nam khng hot ng. Nn thay th thch anh ny trc khi x l chipset Nam.

3. Kim tra cc ng cp Ngun cho RAM: (Cha cn cm CPU)

- Gn cn thn Card test main vo khe PCI. Kch PS ON, quan st cc led trn Card TEST Main. - Cc led bo ngun chun +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V, 3.3V. - Lu ng 3.3V i vi main s dng SDRAM s s dng trc tip ngun ny nu mt, hy kim tra cc pin VDD (6, 18, 26, 40, 41, 49, 59, 73, 84) ca slot RAM (Tham kho bi vit Cc pinout cc giao tip my tinh) bit v tr ca cc pin. Hoc kim tra cc pin 3.3V ca khe cm PCI. - Ring DDRAM ch s dng ngun 2.5V nn trn mch s c mch n p 2.5V t ngun 3.3V hoc ngun 5V (Kim tra cc con FET xung quanh khe cm RAM v cc chn VDD tng tng (7, 15, 22, 30, 38, 46, 54, 62, 70, 77, 85, 96, 104, 108, 112, 120, 128, 136, 143, 148, 156, 164, 168, 172, 180).

- Cc chn ngun cho DDR2:

- Cc chn ngun cho DDR3:

- Nu mt th tip tc kim tra cc con FET xung quanh chn RAM, hoc IC dao ng ngun cp cho cc con FET ny. Thay IC hoc thay FET. - T lc ngun cho RAM ph hay kh n n main chp chn lc chy lc khng v thng bo li RAM v c. Trang 73

T: in in lnh in t a7/p77/24/2012 - Dng cho RAM:

14:38:43

4. Mch cp ngun cho RAM, chip cu Nam, chip cu Bc, khe AGP, PCIx:

- Dng cho chipset:

- Dng 1:

Dng 2:

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Dng 3:

Dng 4:

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- Dng 5:

- Dng 6:

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- Dng 7:

- Dng 8:

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5. Kim tra ng ngun cp cho chip Nam v AGP hoc PCIx:

- Tng t nh RAM, xung quanh chip Nam c 1 hoc vi con FET cp ngun cho chip Nam. - Tng t vi AGP v PCIx. Mt s trng hp AGP dng chung ngun vi chip Nam. - i vi a s mainboard, ta ch cn cm ngun m khng cn cm CPU l c th kch ngun kim tra. Khi ta s o ngun cp cho RAM. Nu ngun cp cho RAM cha OK th phi sa phn ny trc n khi OK mi lm bc tip theo.

6. Kim tra ngun cp cho CPU:

- Ngun RAM OK, th ta s cm CPU vo v kch ngun. - Lu , khi cha lp CPU vo th ngun cp cho CPU s bng 0v. - Kim tra cc ng cp ngun cho CPU. (Cc con FET to xung quanh socket gn CPU, o ti chn cc cuc dy ng to qun quanh 1 li hnh vng s c mc ngun tng ng vi ngun cp cho CPU).

- Hin tng ngn mch dn n mt ngun cp cho CPU rt thng xy ra. 70-80% main cht u do bnh ny. Nu con FET no b ngn mch khi bt my r tay s rt nng. - K l cc IC dao ng ngun - rt thng xy ra, IC driver cp cho chn G cc con FET. - Mt s trng hp ngun c nhng khng n nh s dn n kn CPU do ngun khng cp ra c ng ngun nui CPU lm CPU khng chy. Li ny a phn do cc t lc ngun CPU b ph hoc kh, thay ht l tt nht.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:43 a7/p77/24/2012 - Xem thm bi Mch cp ngun cho CPU trn mainboard ti phn tch k hn v mch ny. - Xem thm bi Kinh nghim thay Mosfet tng ng dnh cho mainboard.

7. Kim tra tn hiu xung RESET:

- Sau khi tt c cc ng ngun u tt: Ngun RAM, ngun CPU, ngun Chipset, ngun AGP ta lu n tn hiu xung reset (lu n led RESET trn card test mainboard). - Sau khi kim tra cc led bo ngun OK, led RESET s sng ln 0.5s ri tt l xung Reset tt. Mt xung reset l n reset khng sng hoc sng hoi. - Khi mt xung reset cn lu cc nguyn nhn: Jumper CLEAR CMOS khng cm vo Main Mt ngun 1,8V cp cho Chipset
o o o o o o

Hng mch Clock Gen (cha c xung Clock) Mt ngun 1,5V cp cho Chipset Mt tn hiu P.G t ngun ATX cp xung Main qua dy mu xm Mch VRM c s c (khng c tn hiu VRM_GD) Cha gn CPU vo Mainboard - mch VRM khng hot ng Hng mch n p cho RAM hoc cho Card AGP

- Lu thm: nu cc php kim tra trn u cho kt qu Tt th chip Nam c th h chn hoc b li. Kh li hoc thay chip Nam.

8. Kim tra xung clock chnh cp cho mainboard v CPU:

- n led Clk trn card test sng cho thy mch dao ng chnh cho mainboard tt. - Sau khi ngun cho CPU ok th kim tra ic dao ng (nm gn thch anh). Bc ny cn phi c my hin sng nu khng th thay th thch anh, kh li hoc thay ic dao ng.

- V tr ca chp xung clock chnh cho mainboard v CPU:

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9. Chip BIOS ROM b li:

sau cc bc kim tra trc: xung Clock, ngun CPU, ngun RAM, ngun chipset, xung Reset OK m mainboard vn cha chy th hi gy go. V cc li sau y a s l do kinh nghim c t kt: CPU khng tng thch (mainboard khng support ti) CPU tip xc khng tt (tho ra gn li, v sinh mt tip xc i vi socket 775) H socket gn CPU (do hat ng lu ngy v nhit cao) Li chip BIOS ROM (tho chp BIOS ROM ra v sinh, nu khng th np li th). H chp cu Bc (phi hp chip hoc ng li chip, ci ny phi c my ng chip mi lm c) . Nu mainboard chy nhng li treo ngay mn hnh CMOS th a phn l do h chip cu NAM.

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10. Tra thng s bo trn card test main: - Nu cc bc trn u OK nht nh card test main s hin th qu trnh POST v hin th cc m lnh POST. Bng tra y nht ti y: 11. Cc kh khn trong khi sa main: - Linh kin thay th nh cc IC dao ng, chip IO, chipset rt kh mua hoc l phi mua s lng ln v mua t Trung Quc. Nu mua li VN th rt c tin. Tt nht l t su tm cc main h ly dt. - Thit b chuyn dng rt c tin (nh nu phn u) - Trn y cng ch l mt vi kinh nghim thc t ca lqv77 ti trong qu trnh lm vic. Bi vit c tham kho ti liu v s dng mt s hnh nh ca hocnghe.com.vn

Mainboard: Mch qun l ngun

Cc mch n p trn Mainboard.

3.1 - Cc in p cp trc tip n linh kin (khng qua n p)

Trn Mainboard c mt s linh kin s dng trc tip ngun in t ngun ATX ti m khng qua mch n p, l cc linh kin: - IC Clock gen (to xung Clock) s dng trc tip ngun 3,3V - Chipset nam s dng trc tip cc in p 3,3V , 5V v 5V STB - IC-SIO s dng trc tip ngun 3,3V v 5V STB

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:44 a7/p77/24/2012 (Cc linh kin s dng trc tip ngun in t ngun ATX hay b s c khi ta s dng ngun ATX km cht lng)

3.2 - Cc mch n p:
- Cc linh kin nh CPU, RAM, Card Video v Chipset bc chng thng chy cc mc in p thp v vy chng thng c cc mch n p ring h p t cc ngun 3.3V, 5V hoc 12V xung cc mc in p thp t 1,3V n 2,5V. a) Mch VRM (Vol Regu Module - Modun n p): - VRM l mch n p ngun cho CPU, mch ny c chc nng bin i in p 12V xung khong 1,5V v tng dng in t khong 2A ln n 10A cung cp cho CPU - Trn cc Mainboard Pen3 th mch VRM bin i in p t 5V xung khong 1,7V cp cho CPU b) Mch Regu_Chipset (mch n p cho chipset) - L mch n p ngun cp cho cc Chipset, cc Chipset nam v bc ca Intel thng s dng in p chnh l 1,5V cc Chepset VIA thng s dng in p khong 3V c) Mch Regu_RAM (mch n p cho RAM) - Vi thanh SDRAM trn h thng Pentium 3 s dng 3,3V th khng cn n p - Thanh DDR s dng in p 2,5V; thanh DDR2 s dng 1,8V v thanh DDR3 s dng 1,5V v vy chng cn c mch n p gim p xung in p thch hp.

S ca mch cp ngun trn Mainboard 3.3 - Phn tch s mch cp ngun trn Mainboard - Khi cm in, phn ngun STANBY trn ngun ATX hot ng => cung cp 5V STB xung Mainboard qua si dy mu tm ca rc ngun. - Khi bm cng tc => mch khi ng trn Mainboard a ra lnh P.ON = 0V iu khin cho ngun chnh hot ng, ngun chnh chy => cung cp xung Mainboard cc in p: 3,3V 5V v 12V, v mt s ngun ph nh -5V v -12V - Ngun 3,3V cp trc tip cho IC to xung Clock, Chipset nam, BIOS v IC-SIO - ng thi i qua mch n p h xung 1,5V cp cho cc Chipset (Intel) hoc h xng 3V cp cho cc chipset VIA. - Ngun 12V i qua mch n p VRM h xung in p khong 1,5V cp cho CPU - Ngun 5V i cp cho Chipset v cc Card m rng trn khe PCI, gim p xung 2,5V qua mch n p cp ngun cho RAM Trang 82

T: in in lnh in t a7/p77/24/2012 Hot ng m ngun trn Mainboard Qu trnh iu khin ngun trn Mainboard

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Ch thch qu trnh iu khin ngun: - Khi cm in, ngun STANBY hot ng trc cung cp in p 5V STB cho mch khi ng trn Chipset nam v IC- SIO - Khi bt cng tc, t Chipset nam a ra lnh m ngun P.ON, lnh ny a qua IC-SIO ri a n chn P.ON ca rc cp ngun cho Mainboard (qua dy mu xanh l) ln iu khin cho ngun chnh Main Power hot ng. - Ngun chnh hat ng cho ra cc in p chnh l: + 3,3V - Cp trc tip cho cc IC nh Chipset nam, SIO v Clock gen ng thi i qua mch n p Regu cp ngun chnh 1,5V cho hai Chipset, 5V cp trc tip n Chipset nam, v cp cho cc Card m rng PCI, 12V cp cho mch n p VRM gim p xung khong 1,5V cp ngun cho CPU. - Nu mch VRM hot ng tt (khng c s c) n s cho ra ngun VCORE (1,5V) cp cho CPU ng thi cho tn hiu VRM_GD (VRM_Good) bo v Chipset nam, y l tn hiu bo v, nu c tn hiu ny bo v, Chipset nam hiu l CPU sn sng hot ng v Chipset s cho ra tn hiu RESET khi ng my. Ch thch cc thnh phn trn s Bn kch chut vo linh kin trn s xem mch thc t Bn tho ca lqv77:
o Bi ny ring lqv77 ti c 1 bi cng ch vi tn Mch cp ngun cho CPU trn mainboard trc khi su tm c t hocnghe.com.vn - mi ngi nn tham kho thm c mt cch tip nhn khc.

Nhiu ngi cho rng vit BLOG l khng nn copy. Quan im ca ti cho rng vic su tm mt s bi vit hay tp hp li theo ch , chia s cho mi ngi mt cch khng v li v c trch dn ngun gc th cng nn.
o

Ty mi ngi ngh sao th ngh, ring ti ban u nh ca ti ch l su tm cc ti liu hay tham kho. Ch mi ln c phi ng k, ang nhp v li tn tin v khng th download v th thit thi cho mi ngi qu.

Mainboard: S khi
I. CHC NNG CA MAINBOARD: Trong mt h thng my tnh c khong 10 thit b khc nhau nh:

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T: in in lnh in t a7/p77/24/2012 - CPU - RAM - Card Video - Card Sound - Card LAN - HDD - CDROM - FDD - Keyboard - Mouse

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* Cc thit b ny c tc chy rt khc nhau: - V d: Tc ra vo qua chn CPU l 800MHz nhng tc qua chn RAM l 400MHz v tc qua Card Sound ch c 66MHz - Ngoi ra s ng mch (s BUS) cng khc nhau, v vy cm cc thit b trn khng th kt ni trc tip vi nhau c. - Mainboard chnh l thit b ng vai tr trung gian kt ni tt c cc thit b trn h thng my tnh lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt b my thng nht, v vy Mainboard c nhng chc nng sau:

* Cc chc nng ca Mainboard:

Gn kt cc thnh phn trn mt h thng my tnh li vi nhau iu khin thay i t BUS cho ph hp vi cc thnh phn khc nhau Qun l ngun cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main Cung cp xung nhp ch (xung Clock) ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng Chnh v nhng chc nng quan trng trn m khi Main c s c th my tnh khng th hot ng c.

H thng my tnh vi cc thit b gn trn n, Mainboard c cc thnh phn chnh l North Bridge (Chipset bc), Sourth Bridge (Chipset nam), IC SIO (IC iu khin cc cng). Ba thnh phn chnh ca Mainboard ng vai tr trung gian gn kt cc thit b ca h thng my tnh li thnh mt b my thng nht. II. S KHI CA MAINBOARD: 2.1 Cc thnh phn chnh ca Mainboard:

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Soket ( cm CPU) C nhiu loi cm cho CPU tu theo chng loi Mainboard - Socket 370 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 3 - Socket 478 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 4 - Socket 478 trn cc Mainboard Pentium 4 Cc chn Socket do Chipset bc iu khin. North Bridge (Chipset bc) - Chipset bc c nhim v iu khin cc thnh phn c tc cao nh CPU, RAM v Card Video - Chipset iu khin v tc BUS v iu khin chuyn mch d liu, m bo cho d liu qua li gia cc thnh phn c thng sut v lin tc, khai thc ht c tc ca CPU v b nh RAM - C th v Chipset ging nh mt nt giao thng mt ng t, iu khin chuyn mch nh cc n xanh n cho php tng lung d liu i qua trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, cn iu khin tc BUS l mi hng ca ng t khc nhau th cc phng tin phi chy theo mt tc quy nh. Sourth Bridge (Chipset nam) - Chc nng ca chipset nam tng t nh chipset bc, nhng chipset nam iu khin cc thnh phn c tc chm nh: Card Sound, Card Net, cng, CD ROM, cc cng USB, IC SIO v BIOS v v ROM BIOS (Read Olly Memory - Basic In Out System) - ROM l IC nh ch c, BIOS l chng trnh np trong ROM do nh sn xut Mainboard np vo, chng trnh BIOS c cc chc nng chnh sau y: - Khi ng my tnh, duy tr s hot ng ca CPU - Kim tra li ca b nh RAM v Card Video - Qun l trnh iu khin cho chipset bc, chipset nam, IC-SIO v card video onboard - Cung cp bn ci t CMOS SETUP mc nh my c th hot ng ta cha thit lp CMOS Trang 85

T: in in lnh in t 14:38:44 a7/p77/24/2012 IC SIO (Super In Out) - IC iu khin cc cng vo ra d liu - SIO iu khin cc thit b trn cng Parallel nh my In, my Scaner, iu khin mm, cc cng Serial nh cng COM, cng PS/2 - Ngoi ra SIO cn thc hin gim st cc b phn khc trn Main hot ng cung cp tn hiu bo s c - Tch hp mch iu khin tt m ngun, to tn hiu Reset h thng. Clockgen (Clocking) - Mch to xung Clock - Mch to xung Clock c vai tr quan trng trn Main, chng to xung nhp cung cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main hot ng ng thi ng b s hot ng ca ton h thng my tnh, nu mch Clock b hng th cc thnh phn trn Main khng th hot ng c, mch Clocking hot ng u tin sau khi Main c ngun chnh cung cp. VRM (Vol Regu Module) - Modul n p. - y l mch iu khin ngun VCORE cp cho CPU, mch c nhim v bin i in p 12V/2A thnh in p khong 1,5V v cho dng ln ti 10A cp cho CPU, mch bao gm cc linh kin nh n Mosfet, IC dao ng, cc mch lc L,C Khe AGP hoc PCI Express .- Khe AGP v PCI Express dng gn Card video, khe AGP hoc PCI Express do Chipset bc iu khin. Khe RAM - Khe RAM do Chipset bc iu khin dng gn b nh RAM, y l b nh trung gian khng th thiu c trong mt h thng my tnh. Khe PCI - Khe PCI do Chipset nam iu khin dng gn cc Card m rng nh Card sound, Card Net Cng IDE - Cng IDE do Chipset nam iu khin, cng IDE dng gn cc a nh HDD, CDROM, DVD c thnh phn trn Mainboard v trn s khi ca Mainboard 2.2 - S khi ca Mainboard S khi ca Mainboard III - POST (POWER ON SELF TEST) QU TRNH KHI NG V KIM TRA CA MY TNH Qu trnh khi ng v kim tra ca my tnh din ra ngay sau khi bn bm cng tc m ngun, khi m mn hnh cha c g c l lc mt lot qu trnh c thc hin bi chng trnh POST my do BIOS thc hin. Hu ht cc h hng ca Mainboard u biu hin lc khi ng, v vy nu bn nm chc c qu trnh khi ng ca my th bn c th d dng xc nh c nguyn nhn ca mi s c. Cc bc trong qu trnh khi ng my tnh (sau khi bt cng tc) 1. Bt cng tc, ngun chnh hot ng cung cp cho Mainboard cc in p chnh 12V, 5V v 3.3V 2. Mch VRM cp ngun VCORE cho CPU ng thi bo tn hiu VRM_GD (VRM_Good) n Chipset nam 3. Mch to xung Clock (Clocking) hot ng, cung cp cho cc thnh phn trn Main xung Clock hot ng 4. Khi c Vcc, c xung Clock IC-SIO hot ng.

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T: in in lnh in t a7/p77/24/2012 5. IC-SIO to tn hiu Reset khi ng Chipset nam 6. Chipset nam hot ng

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7. Nu c tn hiu VRM_GD th Chipset nam to tn hiu Reset h thng. 8. Chipset bc hot ng 9. Chipset bc to ra tn hiu Reset CPU 10. CPU hot ng 11. CPU pht tn hiu truy cp ROM np chng trnh BIOS 12. Chng trnh BIOS kim tra b nh RAM 13. Chng trnh BIOS kim tra Card Video 14. BIOS cho np bn lu cu hnh my trong RAM CMOS 15. Kim tra cc cng v cc a theo thit lp trong CMOS 16. Khi ng cng v np h iu hnh t cng ln RAM Qu trnh khi ng my tnh sau khi bt cng tc Mainboard: Nhng li c bn thng gp
o o o

Hng dn s dng card test main. Hng dn sa mainboard. Mainboard ton tp

Mainboard l thnh phn chnh yu trong my vi tnh. H hng do mainboard gy ra s lm cho ton b h thng Ngng th, khng hnh, khng ting hoc chp chn khng n nh hay treo my Ni chung l rt kh chu. i vi dn phn cng th khng lo my, nhng i vi nhiu ngi th vic mainboard b li l cc k khng khip.

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Pan 1: Khng nhn Card m rng, AGP, Sound, khng nhn RAM Li dng ny a s l do cc mi tip xc gia main vi cc Card m rng, RAM b hoen, r dn n khng tip xc tt. X l: V sinh sch th li hoc chuyn sang khe cm khc, th li. Pan 2: Cht BIOS Li ny trc y do mt loi virus chuyn n tht Chip BIOS. Ngoi ra li a s l do ngi s dng mun th chc nng nng cp BIOS m ra. Li ny nu do qu trnh nng cp BIOS khng thnh cng th d xc nh. Cn li, phi dng card test main th mi bit c. (Ci chiu ny ti cha gii thiu trong phn hng dn s dng Card Test Mainboard v do li ny cng t xa) y ti ch cp ti trng hp bn b die do nng cp BIOS khng thnh cng. X l: Ghi nhn li hng sn xut mainboard, model, Fix cng nhiu chi tit cng tt. Ln Internet Search tm file BIN ca BIOS Download v mang n nhng ni c chp ROM nh h chp vo dm. TP.HCM bn c th n khu vc ch Nht To. Loi my chp ROM ny ch c nhng ni bo hnh main ln mi c. Pan 3: Ph t. (Rt thng xy ra - do ngun khng n nh) Hin tng my hay treo gia chng (mn hnh ng cng khng lm g c, thm ch nt RESET cng khng tc dng, ch c rt in ngun mi OK) a phn cc pan khng n nh, chp chn. Quan st cc t ha (nu cha bit th i bi vit v t s gii thiu) trn main. Trong trng hp ny cc t s bung ln theo hng c gch cho. X l: Thay cc t ny, mua loi 3300uF/16V (loi kch thc nh nht - v T zin trn main rt nh nu kch thc ln s khng thay c) loi ny nu mua l chng 1500 -> 2000 ci. (Ti thng mua nguyn bch 100 ci xi)

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Hnh dng t b ph, chy, n.

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T: in in lnh in t 14:38:44 a7/p77/24/2012 Cn nhiu pan khc nhng ti gii thiu cc bn nhng pan thng dng nht.

Mainboard: Mch to xung Clock Gen

c phin bn mi ca bi vit ny - by lqv77: Ti y.

Cam n theo di! -o0o-

hongtuongtumuathu@yahoo.com

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