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nh hng pht trin cng ngh mi trng Vit Nam

Cng nghip mi trng (Environmental Industries) l mt thc th kinh t c t rt sm ti nhiu nc. y l ngnh cng nghip to ra cc gi tr gia tng t chnh vic gii quyt cc vn mi trng, v ang c nhng ng gp thit thc v hiu qu cho pht trin theo hng bn vng, chim v th quan trng trong c cu cng nghip. 1. Tng quan v cng ngh mi trng: Cng nghip mi trng (Environmental Industries) l mt thc th kinh t c t rt sm ti nhiu nc. y l ngnh cng nghip to ra cc gi tr gia tng t chnh vic gii quyt cc vn mi trng, v ang c nhng ng gp thit thc v hiu qu cho pht trin theo hng bn vng, chim v th quan trng trong c cu cng nghip. Mt s t chc v cc nc trn th gii a ra khi nim v cng nghip mi trng (CNMT) nh sau: Theo T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t - OECD: CNMT bao gm cc hot ng sn xut hng ha v dch v nhm o lng, ngn chn, hn ch ti thiu ha hay hiu chnh tc hi mi trng ti nc; khng kh v t cng nh cc vn lin quan n cht thi v h sinh thi. Vn phng thng k Cng ng Chu u cho rng: CNMT bao gm cc dch v sn xut hng ha v dch v m chng c kh nng o lng, ngn chn, hn ch hay hiu chnh cc tc hi mi trng nh nhim nc, khng kh, t cng nh cht thi v cc vn lin quan n ting n. Chng cng bao gm cng ngh sch nhm hn ch nhim v s dng nguyn liu th. Mng li thng tin v quan st Chu u: CNMT bao gm cc hot ng thc y cng ngh sch hn, x l nc v x l nc thi; qu trnh ti ch; qu trnh cng ngh sinh

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hc, cht xc tc, mng ngn; gim ting n v cc hot ng sn xut cc sn phm khc nhm mc ch bo v mi trng. Hoa K: CNMT bao gm ton b cc hot ng to ra gi tr lin quan ti thc hin cc quy nh mi trng; nh gi phn tch v bo v mi trng; kim sot nhim khng kh, qun l cht thi, lm gim nhim; cung cp v phn phi ti nguyn mi trng: nc, nguyn liu ti to, nng lng sch v cng ngh v cc hot ng gp vo vic tng hiu qu s dng nng lng v nguyn liu, sn phm cht lng cao v phn phi ti nguyn mi trng: nc, nguyn liu ti to, nng lng sch v cng ngh v cc hot ng ng gp vo vic tng hiu qu s dng nng lng v nguyn liu, sn phm cht lng cao v pht trin kinh t bn vng. Kinh t-x hi ngy cng pht trin t ra nhng yu cu v mi trng ngy cng ln, lin tc v khng ngng to ra cc nhu cu mi kch thch pht trin. CNMT th gii chnh v th nhng nm gn y pht trin bng n vi nhiu nng lc v sn phm mi, khng ch p ng nhu cu ni ti ca mi quc gia m cn to ng gp tng trng trao i xut nhp khu ton cu. Th trng ngnh CNMT th gii ngy cng pht trin v ln mnh. Nm 1992, th trng ngnh CNMT c khong 300 t USD, nm 1996 t 453 t USD, nm 2004 tng ln 628,5 t USD v d bo n nm 2010 quy m th trng ngnh CNMT th gii t khong 688 t USD. Cc nc cng nghip hng u nh Hoa K, Nht Bn v mt s nc Ty u chim hu ht th phn ngnh CNMT th gii (chim ti 85%), trong Hoa K l quc gia ng u th gii, chim 38% th phn ca ton th gii. Vit Nam, khi nim ngnh CNMT vn cn rt mi, doanh nghip mi trng c bit n ch vi ngha n gin l cc cng ty mi trng th, mt s doanh nghip t vn, cung cp cc dch v bo v mi trng quy m nh. Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc ngy 22/4/2005, nguyn Th tng Chnh ph Phan Vn Khi ch o "nhanh chng xy dng ngnh cng nghip mi trng" ph hp vi iu kin ca mt nc ang pht trin v c nhiu hn ch v ngun lc ti chnh nh nc ta". Lut Bo v mi trng, c Quc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005, cng th ch ho ch trng ni trn, giao "B Cng nghip ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh lin quan v UBND cp tnh ch o pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng". Nhng nm gn y, bc tranh v doanh nghip mi trng cng c nhng thay i quan trng vi s tham gia ca nhiu doanh nghip thuc nhiu thnh phn, trong nc, ngoi nc, t nhn v nhiu hnh thc lin kt vi quy m ngy cng ln. CNMT ngy nay khng mang tnh cng ch thun tu m ngy cng th hin r tnh kinh t trong cc hot ng ca n, c bit khi chuyn t cch tip cn "x l cui ng ng", x l cht thi sang cch tip cn ngn nga nhim ti ngun, ng thi coi cht thi nh ti nguyn ti s dng to ra cc gi tr mi. Cng nghip mi trng ca Vit Nam bao hm cc hot ng v doanh nghip c th, chuyn sn xut hng ha v cung ng dch v p ng nhu cu bo v v phng nga cc tc ng xu ti mi trng. iu nay ang to ng lc pht trin v m rng cc lnh vc mi v gia tng s lng cc doanh nghip mi trng. Kinh doanh mi trng ngy cng c xem l ngnh "siu li nhun" v nhng li ch kp m n mang li. Tham kho quc t, gn lin vi iu kin Vit Nam, ngnh CNMT c hiu nh sau: "Cng nghip mi trng l mt ngnh kinh t cung cp cc sn phm v dch v mi trng p ng nhu cu phng nga nhim v bo v mi trng ca nn kinh t".

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Ti mt s nc, hot ng ca ngnh CNMT c chia ra cc phn ngnh "Dch v mi trng", "Thit b mi trng" v "Ti nguyn mi trng". Mi phn ngnh c lnh vc hot ng khc nhau: - Dch v mi trng bao gm cc hot ng c doanh thu t vic thu ph cc dch v mi trng nh: phn tch v th nghim mi trng, qun l v x l cht thi, cht thi nguy hi, phc hi mi trng, t vn v dch v k thut mi trng. - Thit b mi trng bao gm cc hot ng c doanh thu t vic bn hoc cho thu thit b mi trng nh: Thit b x l cht thi, thit b o v h thng thng tin, thit b kim sot nhim, thit b qun l cht thi, cng ngh x l v ngn nga nhim. - Ti nguyn mi trng bao gm cc hot ng c doanh thu t vic bn ti nguyn (v d nc hoc nng lng) hoc ti ch cht thi (v d thp hoc giy). Nhn chung, pht trin ngnh CNMT, nhiu nc p dng cc bin php: - Xy dng v cng ch thc thi cc o lut v bo v mi trng: xy dng cc o lut v bo v mi trng v cng ch thc thi mnh m cc o lut l chnh sch ph bin nht thc y s pht trin ca ngnh CNMT. Khi cc quy nh tr nn ngt ngho hn, cc doanh nghip buc phi tm kim cc gii php cng ngh, sn phm v dch v mi p ng. V d nh Hoa K, ngnh CNMT bt u pht trin t khi o lut v khng kh sch ban hnh nm 1963 vi ni dung hn ch pht thi i vi cc hot ng lin quan n qu trnh t chy nhin liu ha thch. Tng t nh vy, Nht Bn ban hnh Lut C bn v kim sot nhim nm 1967 v gim pht thi l c s cho vic pht trin ngnh CNMT nc ny. - Xy dng cc chnh sch khuyn khch s dng sn phm dch v ngnh CNMT: Ngoi cc vn bn lut v vn cng ch, nhm to th trng cho ngnh CNMT, Chnh ph cc nc cng khuyn khch doanh nghip xy dng/ lp t cc h thng kim sot nhim thng qua ban hnh hng lot cc bin php gim thu, khu hao u i v h thng gii thng i vi cc doanh nghip s dng sn phm dch v ca ngnh. - T chc cc hi tho, trin lm, hi tr quc t qung b sn phm, dch v CNMT: Cc nc tin tin thng t chc cc hi tho, hi tr, trin lm v cc cng ngh, sn phm, t vn mi trng. in hnh l Hoa K, hng nm c hng chc hi tho quc t, hi ch, trin lm khc nhau lin quan n ngnh ny c t chc bi cc hip hi chuyn ngnh nh Hip hi x l nc thi, Hip hi nh gi tc ng mi trng v.v Cc hot ng ny khng ch gip qung b i vi cc nc khc thng qua vic to iu kin/ t chc cho cc on doanh nghip nc ngoi tham d cc trin lm trong nc, cng nh gip t chc cc trin lm nc ngoi. - H tr ngnh CNMT m rng th trng thng qua chnh sch ODA: Thng qua cc h tr v ODA i vi cc nc ang pht trin, cc nc pht trin cng c chnh sch h tr i vi ngnh CNMT trong nc bng cch c chnh sch u tin i vi vic cc d n ODA s dng cng ngh, sn phm v t vn t nc ti tr. V d in hnh ca bin php ny l Nht Bn. Nc ny s dng h thng h tr ODA ca mnh cc nc ang pht trin tng th phn ngnh CNMT ca mnh ti y. - H tr cc d n nghin cu v CNMT t ngn sch quc gai: Cc nc trong khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng v cc khu vc khc cng c cc hot ng thc y ngnh CNMT bng cch xy dng cc d n nghin cu s dng kinh ph h tr ca nh nc. - H tr pht trin CNMT thng qua chnh sch chuyn giao cng ngh: hu ht cc nc ang pht trin khng t xy dng cng ngh, sn phm mi m thng tp trung vo hot

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ng tm kim chuyn giao cng ngh t cc nc pht trin. iu ny cng gip thc y mnh m th trng cho ngnh CNMT. T nhng kinh nghim pht trin ngnh CNMT ca cc nc i trc v iu kin c th ca nc ta, c th rt ra mt s bi hc cho s pht trin ca ngnh CNMT ca Vit Nam nh sau: - Cn xy dng mt cch c h thng v ng b cc o lut v bo v mi trng, i i vi vic nng cao nng lc thc thi, cng ch, kim tra v gim st vic tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trng. Khi cc quy nh tr nn ngt ngho hn, cng tc kim tra, gim st v cng ch thc thi c thc hin nghim tc th cc doanh nghip buc phi tm kim cc gii php cng ngh, sn phm v dch v p ng, lm thc y s pht trin ca ngnh CNMT. - Cn c bit coi trng v thng xuyn quan tm, thc hin tt vic nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi trng, nhn thc v s tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trng cho mi i tng ngi dn trong x hi, t nhng ngi c hc thc cao, ngi qun l, ch doanh nghip n nhng ngi lao ng, hc sinh, sinh vin thc bo v mi trng c nng cao s to ra cc lung d lun v sc p ca cng ng trong x hi i hi cc t chc, cc nhn gy nhim phi u t x l mi trng. - Nh nc cn c c ch, chnh sch v quan tm ng mc ti vic thc y pht trin th trng v t vn, dch v, cng ngh, thit b cho ngnh CNMT. - Ngoi vic t u t ca cc doanh nghip, trong giai on u pht trin, nh nc cn c s u t thch ng cho vic xy dng v trin khai cc chng trnh u tin ca Chnh ph v nghin cu trin khai, nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng, ng thi, ban hnh cc c ch, chnh sch ph hp khuyn khch, thc y, h tr cho ngnh CNMT pht trin. - Nh nc c s h tr thch ng i vi hot ng nghin cu v trin khai lin quan n ngnh CNMT thng qua cc c ch h tr ti chnh, t chc cc hi ch trin lm lin quan n ngnh. - Cn tn dng tt ngun vn h tr ODA chuyn giao cng ngh cho ngnh CNMT trong nc. 2. Thc trng ngnh CNMT Vit Nam: Ngnh CNMT Vit Nam mc d cha chnh thc hnh thnh v vn cn nh b nhng xut hin trn cc trang thng tin v thng k quc t vi xut pht im l cc cng ty v sinh (nay l cng ty mi trng th - URENCO). y l h thng cc doanh nghip Nh nc, c t rt sm hot ng trong lnh vc dch v cng chuyn thu gom, vn chuyn x l cht thi v v sinh th. n nay h thng cc cng ty mi trng th pht trin hu ht cc tnh/thnh vi doanh thu hng nm ln n nhiu ngn t ng. Theo kt qu iu tra ca D n "iu tra hin trng ngnh CNMT, xut gii php nhm pht trin ngnh CNMT Vit Nam" tin hnh trong cc nm 2006-2007 trn phm vi 20 tnh, thng k c khong trn 2000 doanh nghip ang hot ng trong lnh vc mi trng. Trong , ngoi cc cng ty URENCO ca cc tnh/thnh ph cn c cc doanh nghip t nhn c trong nc v nc ngoi, cc hnh thc lin doanh, lin kt. Quy m ca cc cng ty c doanh s ln n 1000 t VN/nm. Cc lnh vc hot ng cng khng ngng c m rng khng ch mi trng th, m cn pht trin rt nhanh sang khu vc doanh nghip, khu cng nghip, kim sot nhim, ti ch v qun l ti nguyn, sn xut thit b, cng ngh. Hot ng mi trng ca Vit Nam ang dn tr nn chuyn mn ha su, mang tnh cng nghip vi cc doanh nghip vi cc doanh nghip chuyn

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sn xut v cung ng dch v trn tt c 3 lnh vc dch v, sn xut thit b cng ngh v qun l ti nguyn. Thc t ngnh CNMT Vit Nam ang c nhng ng gp ban u khng ch cho bo v mi trng m cn nh mt ngnh kinh t vi cc doanh nghip v sn phm c th. y cng l ngnh c rt nhiu tim nng pht trin trong bi cnh t nc ang thc hin cng nghip ha, hin i ha v pht trin bn vng. Cng nh nhiu nc trn th gii, ngnh Cng nghip mi trng ca Vit Nam c th c chia thnh 3 lnh vc hot ng chnh: - Dch v mi trng; - Pht trin cng ngh v sn xut thit b; - Pht trin v phc hi ti nguyn thin nhin. a. Dch v mi trng - Phn tch v quan trc mi trng hin nay Vit Nam ch yu do cc n v cng lp (trung tm quan trc v phng th nghim) thc hin, theo n gi Nh nc quy nh. Sn phm ch yu l dch v quan trc, ly mu, phn tch, cc c s d liu thng tin lin quan. Tuy nhin, lnh vc ny ngy cng c x hi ha, cho php nhiu thnh phn tham gia. - Qun l, kim sot nhim, bao gm cc hot ng dch v: + Qun l, x l nc thi, cht thi rn, kh thi. + Qun l nhim khc bao gm nhim ting n, nh sng, nhit, phng x v s c mi trng (trn du, ha cht). Trong lnh vc qun l ny c cc sn phm dch v, cung cp/ch to thit b v xy lp cng trnh. Trn thc t, cn c rt nhiu dch v mang tnh chuyn ngnh khc. + Qunl cht thi nguy hi c cc hot ng nh kim sot, phn loi, thu gom, vn chuyn v x l. Trong x l c c thit b v xy lp cng trnh. H thng phn loi cc cht thi nguy hi hin nay rt phc tp, lin quan n POPs c 12 nhm ha cht b cm; nhng ho cht thuc cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam lm nc thnh vin - Dch v t vn qun l mi trng c hot ng rt a dng. Lnh vc t vn ph bin hin nay bao gm: + nh gi tc ng mi trng; + Phn tch th nghim; + o to ngun nhn lc; + Cng nhn chng nhn (ISO 14000, EMS,); + Thit k mi trng; b. Pht trin cng ngh v sn xut thit b Gm c cc hot ng/phn ngnh sau: + Nghin cu R&D v chuyn giao cng ngh; + Sn xut thit b v vt liu x l mi trng; + Pht trin cng ngh thng tin chuyn ngnh mi trng; + Sn xut thit b o lng v kim sot nhim mi trng;

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+ Cng ngh ngn nga nhim. - Cng ngh, thit b v vt liu x l mi trng rt a dng. Sn phm l cc cng ngh, thit b v vt liu, ha cht v chng vi sinh s dng trong cng ngh x l cht thi, lm sch mi trng. - Cng ngh thng tin chuyn ngnh gm cc phm mm d bo phn tch nh gi mi trng, cc phn mm t ng ha trong cng ngh quan trc, cp nht thng tin t ng c s d liu, bn s ho - Thit b o lng v kim sot nhim gm cc thit b o, kit th nhanh dng pht hin cc cht nguy hi c trong mi trng, thit b t ng o v quan trc cc ch s mi trng - Cng ngh hn ch nhim, gm cc sn phm cng ngh tit kim nng lng, tit kim nguyn liu v cng ngh s dng nguyn liu mi khng c cht thi. l sn phm cng ngh v sn phm thn thin mi trng (khng to ra cht thi hoc t cht thi). c. Pht trin v khi phc ti nguyn - Cung cp nc sch, theo cc phn loi quc t thuc hot ng ca ngnh CNMT. - Phc hi ti nguyn, bao gm cc hot ng khi phc cc vng t, vng nc b nhim, cc m khong sn sau khai thc, cc thm thc vt, pht trin cc vng sinh thi, a dng sinh hc (khu sinh thi, du lch sinh thi, th sinh thi). - Pht trin cc dng nng lng mi, nh nng lng gi, mt tri a nhit, hydro, cc dng nng lng thay th t cht thi (ethanol, Bio-diesel). - Ti ch cht thi, nh ti ch giy, thu hi kim loi nng, in t 3. nh hng pht trin cng nghip mi trng Vit Nam: Thc t ch ra mt s tr ngi chnh i vi s pht trin CNMT Vit Nam: Mt l: Nhn thc ca doanh nghip v bo v mi trng cha cao, nhiu doanh nghip khng tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trng, do cha to thnh ng lc quan trng cng nghip, dch v mi trng c pht trin. H qu l, cha c nhiu nh u t sn xut thit b, cng ngh x l nhim mi trng. Hai l: H thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut (QPPL) v bo v mi trng (BVMT) cha y , cha ng b; cc ch ti x pht cha mnh m bt buc mi ngi dn, t chc phi tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trng, lm cho th trng v dch v mi trng cha pht trin tng xng vi yu cu v cng tc bo v mi trng v pht trin ngnh CNMT. Cc c ch, chnh sch khuyn khch cha r rng, cha hp dn thu ht u t vo pht trin CNMT. Nh nc cha c nh hng c th pht trin lnh vc cng nghip ny. Ba l: Uy tn ca cc nh cung cp cng ngh, thit b v dch v trong nc cha thuyt phc. i ng cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng cn yu v thiu, c bit l chuyn gia c trnh cao, nhiu kinh nghim. Da trn quan im: "Pht trin ngnh CNMT Vit Nam phi ph hp iu kin thc t ca Vit Nam v xu th pht trin ca th gii nhm p ng cc yu cu thc t t ra t qu trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi, gp phn pht trin bn vng t nc", nhm t c mc tiu pht trin ngnh CNMT thnh mt ngnh kinh t quant trng, c kh nng cung

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cp cc dch v, cng ngh, thit b mi trng, c bn p ng nhu cu bo v mi trng trong nc; to bc chuyn bin c bn, vng chc v ton din trong cng tc bo v mi trng ch ng hn ch mc gia tng nhim, kim sot v ci thin cht lng mi trng; gii quyt tnh trng suy thoi mi trng, cn thc hin mt s nhim v sau: - Hon thin th ch, tng cng cng ch tun th quy nh BVMT. + Hon thin t chc cc c quan u mi qun l mi trng t Trung ng n a phng v doanh nghip, bao gm cc ni dung: r sot, nh gi v hon thin mng li t chc v chc nng nhim v; u t c s vt cht, o to nng cao nng lc thc thi nhim v qun l; + R sot, xy dng chnh sch h tr pht trin ngnh CNMT, theo hng: + Khuyn khch, h tr nghin cu KHCN, chuyn giao cng ngh BVMT, ch to thit b mi trng, pht trin th trng v dch v BVMT, qun l v s dng ti nguyn. + y mnh x hi ha hot ng BVMT, bao gm t nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh, ch to thit b n cung cp cc dch v BVMT, qun l v s dng ti nguyn. + Trin khai cc chng trnh, ti v d n KHCN trng im phc v bo v mi trng, bao gm: cng ngh x l nc thi (nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip, nc thi bnh vin, nc thi cc bi chn lp); cng ngh x l kh thi, c bit l kh thi cha NOx, SOx, CO, H2S, HF, dung mi hu c, dioxin, furan,; cng ngh x l cht thi rn (cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi); cng ngh ch to cc thit b x l mi trng v cc dng c phc v ly mu, bo qun, vn chuyn, phn tch mi trng; quy trnh ly mu, bo qun, vn chuyn, phn tch mi trng. + Tng cng nng lc thit k, ch to thit b mi trng: u t cc phn mm thit k chuyn dng, o to nng cao nng lc cho cc cn b lm cng tc thit k, ch to thit b, u t c s nh xng, thit b phc v ch to. + Tng cng hot ng nhp khu, lm ch v nhn rng cc loi thit b bo v mi trng, c bit l cc thit b c hm lng cng ngh cao nh thit b DeSOx, DeNOx, thit b x l cht thi y t, cht thi cng nghip nguy hi v.v + y mnh hp tc quc t trong hot ng nghin cu KH&CN phc v bo v mi trng. + Hnh thnh v pht trin mng li cc t chc t vn, dch v, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng, bao gm: dch v phn tch, th nghim v mi trng; dch v t vn, nh gi, thm nh, qun l d n; dch v quan trc mi trng, nh gi tc ng mi trng, kim ton mi trng, t vn p dng sn xut sch hn, thu gom, vn chuyn, x l, ti ch cht thi; dch v thit k, ch to, xy dng h thng x l mi trng; dch v tp hun, o to nng cao nng lc qun l ti nguyn, mi trng, vn hnh thit b, p dng SXSH - y mnh hot ng qun l v s dng tit kim nng lng. Nng cao hiu lc v hiu qu s dng ti nguyn, bao gm: x l v cung cp nc sch, thu gom, ti ch cc sn phm ph, cc sn phm qua s dng, x l, phc hi ti nguyn, cc khu vc b nhim, hon th phc v hi mi trng cc bi thi; cung cp cc loi dch thit b nng lng mi, nng lng ti to; trm in/pin mt tri, trm in sc gi, thu in nh, a nhit; cung cp cc sn phm cng ngh v dch v thn mi trng.

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- Tng cng cng tc thng tin tin tuyn truyn, nng cao nhn thc v o to ngun nhn lc bo v mi trng. + Xy dng v trin khai cc chng trnh truyn thng nng cao nhn thc v BVMT v qun l mi trng trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng nh i ting ni Vit Nam, Truyn hnh Vit Nam, + T chc tp hun, o to nng cao nhn thc v mi trng cho cn b chuyn trch v mi trng cng ng dn c v doanh nghip. - Thnh lp Hip hi cng nghip mi trng Vit Nam nhm thc y hp tc gia cc thnh vin Hip hi trong vic xy dng ngnh CNMT Vit Nam pht trin, tham gia vi cc c quan Nh nc trong vic xy dng quy hoch, nh hng pht trin, cc chnh sch pht trin, cc tiu chun mi trng Thng tin chin lc, Chnh sch cng nghip, s 5/2010, tr.2