Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Trang LI M U....................................................................................................3 Tranh chp trong vn ti ng bin c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. V mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ph bin l vn v kh nng i bin ca tu. y l mt vn khng h n gin. Rt nhiu v n lin quan n kh nng i bin khng c gii quyt mt cch tha ng khin nguyn n hoc b n phi khng co ln ta n cp cao hn......................................................................3 cng chnh l l do nhm chn ti Nhng iu cn bit v kh nng i bin ca tu. Vi bi tiu lun ny, nhm hy vng s gip cc bn ca hp ng c nhng kin thc c bn nht hn ch ti a nhng tranh chp c th xy ra lin quan n kh nng i bin ca tu.....................................................................3 Do s hn ch v kin thc v ti liu, bi vit cn nhiu thiu st. Nhm rt mong nhn c s nhn xt, ng gp t c gio v cc bn bi vit hon thin v c cht lng hn. Nhm xin chn thnh cm n!.................................................3 NI DUNG........................................................................................................4
I/ Khi nim kh nng i bin ca tu...........................................................................................4 1. Nhm cc iu kin v trang thit b ca con tu...................................................................4 2. Nhm cc iu kin v thuyn b ca tu ...............................................................................5 3. Nhm cc iu kin i vi hng ha, hnh l........................................................................5 4. Nhm cc iu kin v cung ng thch hp ca tu.................................................................5 5. Nhm cc iu kin v hnh khch..........................................................................................6 II/ Nhng quy nh php lut lin quan n kh nng i bin ca tu............................................6 1. B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005..............................................................................................6 2. Quy tc Hague Visby 1968....................................................................................................7 3. B lut qun l an ton quc t ISM........................................................................................8 III/ Giy chng nhn kh nng i bin ti Vit Nam.......................................................................9 IV/ Mt s cch quy nh lin quan n kh nng i bin trong mt s mu hp ng...............11 1. Mu hp ng GENCON.......................................................................................................11 2. Mu hp ng NUVOY..........................................................................................................12 3. Mu hp ng Cementvoy 2006 ca BIMCO........................................................................12 V/ Mt s n l v kh nng i bin ca tu...................................................................................13 1. n l 1: Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha...............................................13
2. n l 2: Riverstone Meat Co. v. Lancashire Shipping Co.....................................................17 3. n l 3: United States Army Corps of Engineers v Arkansas River Co................................18
KT LUN......................................................................................................22 .....................................................................................................................22 TRCH DN TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................23 8. Cementvoy 2006 http://editor.bimco.org/~/media/Chartering/Document_Samples/Voyage_Charter_P arties/Sample_Copy_CEMENTVOY_2006.ashx ...........................................24
LI M U
Khi k kt mt hp ng thu tu hay k nhn vn n, hai bn u mong ch nhng ch li s nhn c v khng ai mun xy ra mu thun, tranh chp. Tuy nhin, ch cn c mt cht bt cn trong qu trnh thc hin ngha v khin i phng b tn tht, tranh chp s xy ra. Tranh chp trong vn ti ng bin c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. V mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ph bin l vn v kh nng i bin ca tu. y l mt vn khng h n gin. Rt nhiu v n lin quan n kh nng i bin khng c gii quyt mt cch tha ng khin nguyn n hoc b n phi khng co ln ta n cp cao hn. cng chnh l l do nhm chn ti Nhng iu cn bit v kh nng i bin ca tu. Vi bi tiu lun ny, nhm hy vng s gip cc bn ca hp ng c nhng kin thc c bn nht hn ch ti a nhng tranh chp c th xy ra lin quan n kh nng i bin ca tu. Do s hn ch v kin thc v ti liu, bi vit cn nhiu thiu st. Nhm rt mong nhn c s nhn xt, ng gp t c gio v cc bn bi vit hon thin v c cht lng hn. Nhm xin chn thnh cm n!
NI DUNG
I/ Khi nim kh nng i bin ca tu
Kh nng i bin ca tu bin (seaworthiness), c hiu mt cch n gin nht l kh nng c th i bin c, kh nng c th chu c sng gi ca tu bin. Mt con tu c kh nng i bin l mt con tu khi bt u chuyn i phi kh nng thch hp vt qua c nhng tai bin, sng gi thng thng trn bin c m nhng con tu khc cng c, cng loi, ch cng loi hng tng t c th gp phi v vt qua c. Vn t ra y l, c kh nng i bin, tu bin cn tha mn nhng iu kin g? Hay ni cch khc, ch tu phi trang b nhng g tu bin c kh nng i bin? T thc tin ca ngnh Vn ti bin (bao gm c vn chuyn hng ha, hnh khch v hnh l bng ng bin), chng ta nhn thy rng, mt tu bin c kh nng i bin th con tu phi tha mn cng lc nhiu iu kin khc nhau. l 5 nhm iu kin sau: 1. Nhm cc iu kin v trang thit b ca con tu T quan st pha bn ngoi cng nh tnh trng bn trong ca tn v tu, con tu phi bo m kn nc, khng b li lm bt thng (do tc ng ca ngoi lc). Con tu phi c lp t y trang thit b my mc, phng tin k thut theo quy nh ca php lut, c bit trang thit b v cu ha, cu sinh, cu thng, phng nga nhim mi trng. Tnh trng k thut ca ton b h thng my mc, trang thit b trn tu lun trng thi hot ng tt, c c quan c thm quyn ca Nh nc kim tra, gim nh, chng nhn v cp giy chng nhn an ton trang thit b tng ng, cc giy chng nhn ny ang cn hiu lc s dng. Cc giy t, h s v ti liu theo quy nh ca php lut phi lun lun c gi gn, bo qun cn thn trn tu phc v cho cng tc kim
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tra ca cc c quan chc nng. Tu bin Vit Nam ch hot ng tuyn ni a phi tun theo cc quy nh hin hnh ca Quy phm v phn cp v ng tu bin v thp ca Vit Nam. Tu bin Vit Nam hot ng tuyn quc t cn phi tun theo cc quy nh ca iu c quc t c lin quan m nc ta l thnh vin, nh: Cng c SOLAS 74/88, MARPOL 73/78, LOADLINE 66, TONNAGE 69, COREG 72, ISM Code, ISPS Code, 2. Nhm cc iu kin v thuyn b ca tu Tu bin phi c nh bin y theo quy nh ca php lut v nh bin an ton ti thiu, m bo s thuyn vin m nhim cc ca trc lin quan n vic vn hnh, khai thc tu bin. Thuyn vin phi p ng tiu chun v sc khe lm vic trn bin, c cc loi chng ch chuyn mn ph hp vi chc danh m nhim trn tu, ph hp vi loi tu theo quy nh ca php lut. Thuyn vin phi c b tr trc ca ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut v thi gian lm vic, thi gian ngh ngi. Thuyn vin, trc khi c b tr lm vic chnh thc trn tu bin, phi c hun luyn lm quen vi cc trang thit b my mc, phng tin k thut, quen vi cng vic trn tu (iu ny l tun theo cc quy nh ca B lut Lao ng, ca Cng c STCW 78/95 m Vit Nam l thnh vin). 3. Nhm cc iu kin i vi hng ha, hnh l Hng ha, hnh l phi c sp xp, chn lt, chng buc, bo qun cn thn v thch hp khng b hoc hn ch ti mc thp nht h hng, mt mt hng ha, hnh l. 4. Nhm cc iu kin v cung ng thch hp ca tu Tu bin, trc khi bt u chuyn i, phi c cung ng y v thch hp cho chuyn i, ty thuc vo chuyn i di, ngn ngy, iu kin thi tit, kh tng thy vn bin. l vic cung ng v nhin liu du, nht, nc ngt cho h
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thng my mc hot ng bnh thng v d tr; cung ng v nc sinh hot, lng thc, thc phm, thuc y t v tin mt phc v cho chi tiu t xut ca thuyn b. 5. Nhm cc iu kin v hnh khch Hnh khch ca cc tu ch khch chuyn dng hoc tu khng phi l tu khch phi c hun luyn hoc thng bo v ch dn v ni quy, quy nh an ton trn tu bin. Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn phi mua bo him cho hnh khch theo quy nh ca php lut (B lut Hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh hnh khch bao gm c nhng ngi c vn chuyn bng tu khch chuyn dng hoc nhng ngi c ngi vn chuyn/ch tu cho i theo tu, ngi p ti hng ha theo tu)..
hng hng ho do vic tu bin khng kh nng i bin, nu thc hin y cc ngha v quy nh ti khon 1 iu 75 ca B lut ny. Trong trng hp ny, ngi vn chuyn c ngha v chng minh thc hin nhim v mt cch mn cn. Trong Chng VI Hp ng vn chuyn hng khch v hnh l bng ng, khon 1 iu 126 quy nh: Ngi vn chuyn c ngha v mn cn hp l bo m cho tu bin kh nng i bin, bao gm c nh bin thuyn b, trang b, cung ng cn thit k t lc bt u vic vn chuyn, trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn cho n cng tr khch. Trong Chng VII Hp ng thu tu, khon 1 iu 153 quy nh v trng hp thu tu trn: Ch tu phi mn cn trong vic thc hin ngha v ca mnh giao tu kh nng i bin v cc giy t ca tu cho ngi thu tu trn ti a im v thi gian c tho thun trong hp ng thu tu. 2. Quy tc Hague Visby 1968 Ti khon 1 iu 3, quy tc Hague-Visby c quy nh nh sau: Trc v lc bt u chuyn i ngi vn chuyn phi thc hin s mn cn thch ng : - Lm cho con tu c kh nng i bin. - Bin ch, trang b v cung ng cho tu mt cch thch ng, y . - Chun b tt v thch hp cc hm, phng lnh v tt c nhng b phn khc ca con tu dng vo vic cha hng, tip nhn, chuyn ch v bo qun hng ho mt cch an ton. Ti khon 1 iu IV, quy tc ny quy nh: C ngi chuyn ch ln tu u khng phi chu trch nhim i vi nhng mt mt hoc thit hi pht sinh l h qu ca vic tu khng c kh nng i bin tr khi tnh trng ny l do ngi
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chuyn ch thiu s cn mn thch ng trong vic lm cho tu c kh nng i bin v m bo cho tu c bin ch, trang b v cung ng thch hp v lm cho cc hm tu, phng lnh v pht lnh v tt c cc b phn khc ca tu dng ch hng thch hp v an ton cho vic tip nhn, chuyn ch v bo qun hng ho ph hp vi nhng qui nh ca khon 1 iu III. Khi c mt mt hoc h hng hng ho do tu khng kh nng i bin, ngi chuyn ch hoc bt k ngi no khc mun c min trch nhim theo quy nh ti iu ny c ngha v chng minh rng thc hin s cn mn thch ng. 3. B lut qun l an ton quc t ISM B lut qun l an ton quc t (B lut ISM) l mt chun mc quc t v cng tc qun l tu nhm m bo an ton v ngn nga nhim, c hiu lc bt buc theo Chng IX ca Cng c SOLAS 1974 t ngy 1/7/1998. i vi cc cng ty tu bin v tu bin Vit Nam hot ng trn tuyn quc t, B lut ISM c p dng t 1/7/1998 bng Quyt nh s 2922 Q/PC ngy 2 thng 11 nm 1996 ca B trng B Giao thng vn ti. tun th, Cng ty phi xy dng v trin khai h thng qun l an ton trn cng ty v di tu trc khi yu cu Cc ng kim Vit Nam nh gi v chng nhn cho cng ty v tu theo B lut ISM. Gn y khng t chuyn gia hng hi th gii cho rng mt khi B lut qun l an ton quc t ISM c hiu lc y th khi nim kh nng i bin ca tu chc chn s khng cn nh chng ta vn hiu xa nay. Theo tinh thn khon 2 iu IV ca quy tc Hague-Visby, nu mt tai nn m va xy ra do li iu khin tu ca s quan i ca gy ra th ch tu s c min trch. Cng tng t, nu chy xy ra trn tu khng do li thuyn vin th ch hng t c kh nng i c ch tu bi thng. c hng cc min tr ny, tt nhin, khon 1 iu III ca quy tc
Hague-Visby c quy nh r ch tu phi chng minh rng trc v lc bt u hnh trnh mnh hnh ng mn cn thch ng nh php lut quy nh. Ngc li, mt khi b lut ISM c hiu lc th tnh hnh s thay i: khi c tai nn s c xy ra, ch hng s tm mi cch xem ch tu c lm ng yu cu m b lut ra hay khng, c quy trnh, quy phm g xung quanh vic xy ra, ch trch nhim gia nhng ngi trn tu v trn b c xc nh ra sao. R rng b lut s gim bt phm vi ca ch nh min tr li v qun l v iu khin tu ca thuyn vin bng cch quy nh l liu ch tu quy nh nhng bin php g trong quy phm ca mnh gim ti mc ti thiu cc s c tng t ni trn. Ngi ta s hi l ch tu c thiu st g trong vic thc hin cc yu cu ca b lut ISM v thiu st c phi l nguyn nhn c bn dn ti s sut ca thuyn vin gy ra tai nn s c. Nu cu tr li l khng nh th chc chn ch tu kh lng c min trch nh trc y, v thiu st ny cho thy quy trnh quy phm khai thc tu di gc b lut ISM c sai st v tu khng kh nng i bin. iu ny c ngha l di quan im ca b lut ISM, bt k s chnh mng no ca ch tu trong quy trnh qun l khai thc iu ng tu cng s l bng chng khim khuyt v kh nng i bin ca tu.
chuyn, cc khng ch v tuyn hnh trnh, iu kin thi tit... nhm m bo kh nng hot ng an ton ca tu. Hin nay, Cc ng kim Vit Nam y quyn cho gim c cc Chi cc ng kim cp Giy chng nhn kh nng i bin cho tu bin Vit Nam. Giy chng nhn ny c cp theo nhng vn bn di y: giy chng nhn cp tu, giy chng nhn mn kh, giy chng nhn an ton trang thit b, giy chng nhn an ton v tuyn in, giy chng nhn ch khch, giy chng nhn v phng nga nhim du do tu gy ra, giy chng nhn tng dung tch v giy chng nhn an ton kt cu. Theo giy chng nhn ny, c quan ng kim tu bin chng nhn tu bin c trng thi k thut hon ton m bo cho hot ng an ton trong mt vng bin no hoc khng hn ch, ty theo tng tu bin c th. Theo Quy phm v phn cp v ng tu bin v thp (TCVN 6259-1:2003), nhng tu bin Vit Nam sau y, nu tha mn tt c nhng yu cu quy nh trong Quy phm ny v cc quy phm lin quan khc cng nh cc yu cu ca cng c quc t m tu bin phi p dng (i vi tu chy tuyn quc t) th tu s c cp Giy chng nhn kh nng i bin:
- Tu mang cp ca ng kim Vit Nam - Tu mang lng cp (Dual Class) gia ng kim Vit Nam v mt t chc
phn cp khc
- Tu mang song cp (Double Class) ca ng kim Vit Nam v mt t chc
phn cp khc i vi Cc ng kim Vit Nam, giy chng nhn kh nng i bin rt tin li cho cng tc kim tra, kim sot ti cc cng bin ca cng v Vit Nam. Vic duy tr giy chng nhn kh nng i bin khng nhng gip ch tu bit c cc thi im kim tra, nh gi ch ng sa cha, khc phc nhm duy tr cht
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lng trang thit b, kt cu ca tu m cn gip Cc ng kim Vit Nam thun li trong vic qun l cht lng, nh k kim tra. Mt s nc c ngnh Hng hi tng i pht trin cng c quy nh cp loi giy ny v c tn tng t nh: H Lan, B, Nga, Na Uy, Indonesia ... Tuy nhin, c nhiu y kin cho rng, yu cu cp giy chng nhn kh nng i bin cho tu l khng cn thit, khng ng vi thng l quc t v gy kh khn phin h cho ch tu. thc t hin nay cho thy cc cng c quc t v hng hi m Vit Nam l thnh vin khng quy nh vic cp giy chng nhn kh nng i bin trong Danh mc chng nhn v ti liu ca tu bin. Khng t ch tu cho rng nu cng c quc t khng yu cu th chng ta c nht thit phi lm kh ch tu bng cch c thm mt t giy chng nhn? Qu trnh cp cc loi giy chng nhn ny cng gy ra rt nhiu s phin phc v tn km trong bi cnh hot ng vn ti bin ang gp rt nhiu kh khn hin nay. Cc ng kim VN cng ang nghin cu, xut l trnh thch hp b vic cp giy chng nhn kh nng i bin khi i tu Vit Nam pht trin c v cht lng v s lng, khi m kh nng ti chnh, thc ca ch tu nng cao, t l tu VN b lu gi nc ngoi gim v i tu Vit Nam khng nm trong Danh sch en trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
do s thiu mn cn hp l t pha ch tu hoc ngi qun l ca ch tu trong vic duy tr kh nng i bin ca tu trn mi phng din, thiu mn cn trong vn m bo nh bin, trang b, cung ng ph hp cho tu, hoc bt ngun t hnh vi, sai st c nhn ca ch tu hoc ngi qun l ca h. Ch tu s c min trch i vi nhng tn tht, thit hi hay s chm tr pht sinh t bt k l do no khc (ngoi nguyn nhn nu trn), k c t nguyn nhn bt cn hay sai st ca thuyn trng, thuyn vin hoc nhng ngi lm thu cho ch tu trn tu hoc trn b m ch tu ng ra phi gnh trch nhim v nhng hnh vi ca ngi lm thu nu nh khng c iu khon ny, ng thi cng min trch khi nguyn nhn bt ngun t vic tu thiu kh nng i bin vo thi im xp hng hay vo lc bt u hi trnh hay vo bt k thi im no khc trong chuyn i. 2. Mu hp ng NUVOY Ti iu 18, hp ng quy nh ch tu phi m bo rng:
- Hng ca tu: Tu phi c xp hng 100 A1 bi c quan ng kim
Lloyds hoc tng ng v ch tu phi thc hin s cn mn thch ng duy tr th hng trong sut thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng.
- Yu cu k thut: Con tu s c trang b y p ng cc yu cu k
thut c cp mc 4 ca hp ng.
- Con tu v ch tu cng ton b thy th on s tun th mi quy nh, lut
l v an ton, sc khe v nhng quy nh php lut khc cng vi nhng quy tc cn thit c quc t tha nhn m bo s an ton, khng gy tr ngi cho vic bc, d hng cng nh hnh trnh ca con tu. 3. Mu hp ng Cementvoy 2006 ca BIMCO Ti iu 1 phn II, hp ng c quy nh rng:
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Ch tu s thc hin s mn cn thch ng: trc khi v vo lc bt u ca hnh trnh sao cho con tu kh
v ton b thy th on s tun th mi quy nh, lut l v an ton, sc khe v nhng quy nh php lut c p dng khc cng vi nhng quy tc cn thit v tnh trng c tu v bn m bo cho vic s an ton, khng gy tr ngi cho vic bc, d hng cng nh hnh trnh ca con tu. - Con tu s c:
nhn hng theo ch s bc hng (nu c) c quy nh trong 19; ph hp cho vic d hng theo iu 14 hoc iu 44 theo ch s (nu c) c quy nh trong 26; c trang b p ng yu cu k thut c nu trong ph lc A hoc B.
V/ Mt s n l v kh nng i bin ca tu
1. n l 1: Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Nguyn n: Hong Kong Fir Shipping B n: Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha a) Tm tt v vic:
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Cng ty Hong Kong Fir Shipping cho cng ty Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha thu con tu HONGKONG FIR theo hp ng thu tu nh hn 2 nm. Ngy 13 thng 2 nm 1961, con tu nh neo t Liverpool n Newport Mews, Virginia cht xp than ln tu, sau vt qua knh o Panama i n Osaka. Mt iu khon trong hp ng thu tu c quy nh con tu phi c kh nng i bin v phi ph hp cho vic chuyn ch hng ha thng thng theo mi cch. Tuy nhin, thuyn b va thiu v s lng, li thiu nng lc vn hnh c my lc hu ca con tu; cn k s trng li l mt k nt ru. Trong hnh trnh t Liverpool n Osaka, tu b cht my vi ln, v phi nh thu tng cng 5 tun sa cha. Khi cp bn ti Osaka, con tu li phi sa cha trong 15 tun na c th kh nng i bin i tip. Tng thi gian nh thu l 20 tun v tng chi ph sa cha ln n 58900. Vo thi im ny, hp ng thu tu nh hn 2 nm ch cn li 17 thng. Ngy 5 thng 6, cng ty Kawasaki thng bo cho Hong Kong Fir Shipping rng h s hy hp ng v nhng s nh tr do con tu khng c kh nng i bin gy nn. Ch tu m bo rng h s lm mi cch con tu l sn sng s dng t gia thng 9. Tuy nhin, ngi thu tu vn gi nguyn lp trng ca h. Ch tu chp nhn vic hy b hp ng nhng i bi thng khon tin l 158729 ti ta thng thm Anh Quc. b) Phn quyt ca ta thng thm Anh Quc: Kawashaki Kisen Kaisha phi chu trch nhim php l bi thng khon tin 158729 cho Hong Kong Fir Shipping Nhn nh ca thm phn Salmon v thuyn b:
- i ng k thut gm 5 k s, 3 th lp rp cng vi 7 th tra m l thiu
khng i bin t nm 1952 nhng anh ta khng cn l mt k su ru na. S cam oan ny c ch tu chp nhn m khng suy xt, thm hi t nhng ng ch c ca anh ta. Anh ta vn l mt k nt ru, v nhng quyt nh ca anh ta i vi con tu ch c th gii thch c rng hoc anh ta ung qu say hoc anh ta hon ton khng c nng lc.
- i vi mt k s khc, thm phn cng t r s nghi ng anh ta l thiu
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Phn quyt ca ta n: - Liu con tu HONGKONG FIR khi c giao cho ngi thu tu c ph hp cho vic chuyn ch hng ha thng thng theo mi cch nh c quy nh trong hp ng? Thm phn Salmon kt lun rng b my ca con tu tnh trng tt, chp nhn c khi c giao cho ngi thu tu ti Liverpool. Nhng v l do v tui tc ca con tu, n cn c gim st, bo dng bi i ng k thut c kinh nghim, nng lc, cn thn v y v s lng. Thm phn cng kt lun rng con tu khng kh nng i bin khi giao cho ch tu vo ngy 13 thng 2 nm 1961 v i ng k thut l thiu nng lc v khng v s lng. Ch tu cng tht bi trong vic duy tr thn tu v b my tnh trng hon ton hiu qu trong sut dch v. y l hai ngha v ca ch tu v vy h phi chu trch nhim php l bi thng thit hi i vi nhng tn tht do nhng s vi phm ny gy ra. - Liu ngi thu tu c l do hy hp ng thu tu? Hnh trnh ca con tu n Osaka v nhng thi gian di nh thu sa cha con tu c cp phn tm tt v vic. Theo iu tra ca ta n i vi nhng ch tu v ngi thu tu thng thng, th h cho rng ngi thu tu s c quyn hy hp ng thu tu khi m con tu phi nh thu trong 66% thi gian ca 7 thng u ca dch v do s vi phm ca ch tu. Thm phn Salmon cho bit rng s vi phm ca ch tu i vi ngha v cung cp con tu c kh nng i bin khng cho php ngi thu tu hy b hp ng thu tu, tr khi s nh tr sa cha con tu ny lm cho ngi thu tu khng t c cc mc ch thng mi ca mnh khi k kt hp ng thu tu vi ch tu. Thm phn cho rng s vi phm ca ch tu ch gy ra hu qu trong nhng thi k m con tu phi nh thu, ngi thu tu khng s dng c. Thm phn kt lun rng vo thng 6, ngi thu tu khng c l do hp l no cho vic suy xt rng ch tu s khng th lm con tu c kh
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nng i bin tr li vo chm nht l gia thng 9. Vo gia thng 9, con tu s vn sn sng s dng bi ngi thu tu cho 17 thng cn li ca hp ng. Nhng s nh tr con tu tri qua trc khng th hin rng con tu s khng thc hin c cc hnh trnh v sau ny. Thm phn cui cng kt lun rng ngi thu tu khng c l do php l hy b hp ng thu tu vi ch tu, v phi bi thng thit hi cho ch tu vi s tin l 158729. c) Bnh lun: Trong v kin ny, ta thy c rng r rng con tu c thu l khng c kh nng i bin do khng t c cc yu cu v thuyn b, v tnh trng ny nh hng ln n hnh trnh ca con tu, khin cho n phi nh thu nhiu ln trong thi gian di. Ngi thu tu c th kin ch tu bi thng cho nhng tn tht do con tu khng kh nng i bin gy ra. Mc d vy, ngi thu tu cn phi lu rng, s nh tr ko di (khi cha vt qua 1 mc gii hn nht nh) do tnh trng thiu kh nng i bin ca con tu gy ra khng phi l mt l do hp php hy b hp ng thu tu nh hn trc thi hn. V nu lm vy, ngi thu tu s phi bi thng cho nhng tn tht ca ch tu do vic hy b hp ng trc thi hn gy ra. 2. n l 2: Riverstone Meat Co. v. Lancashire Shipping Co. Nguyn n: Riverstone Meat Co. B n: Lancashire Shipping Co. a) Tm tt v vic: Nm 1961, Lancashire Shipping nhn ch mt l hng li b t cng Liverpool, Anh quc n cng Glasgow, Scotland bng con tu THE MUNCASTER CASTLE. Trc khi khi hnh, ngi chuyn ch thu mt xng sa cha tu ni ting ti Liverpool tu sa, khc phc nhng h hi ca
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con tu t chuyn i trc. Tuy nhin, ngi lp rp ca xng sa cha khng vn cht mt s t ai c ca np bo v khoang tu. Ngi chuyn ch khng pht hin ra s c ny v vn thc hin chuyn i. Trn hnh trnh, do np bo v khng khp kn, hay ni cch khc con tu khng kn nc nn nc bin thm dn vo trong khoang tu lm mt phn li b b h hi. Ngi nhn hng l cng ty Riverstone Meat nhn c vn n sch t ngi gi hng, nhng khi tu cp bn, hng ha b h hi nn ngi nhn hng kin ngi chuyn ch bi thng tn tht v l do tu thiu kh nng i bin. b) Phn quyt ca Vin qu tc Anh: Ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim php l bi thng tn tht cho ngi gi hng Ngi chuyn ch da vo iu khon min trch trong iu 4 ca quy tc Hague bin h cho mnh. Anh ta cho rng y l li ca th lp rp, cn anh ta lm ngha v ca mnh khi tm thu xng sa cha tu uy tn. Tuy nhin, quan ta bc b quan im ny v kt lun rng, nu nh ngi chuyn ch c s cn mn thch ng trong vic kim tra kh nng i bin ca con tu th pht hin c tnh trng ny trc khi khi hnh. V s m bo ny l mt ngha v tuyt i ca ngi chuyn ch, anh ta khng th li cho ngi khc. c) Bnh lun: Cn lu rng ngha v m bo kh nng i bin l ngha v tuyt i ca ngi chuyn ch. Vy nn cho d ngi chuyn ch c thu nhng chuyn gia sa cha tu th vn phi kim tra st sao, k lng m bo tu kh nng i bin. V khi tu khng kh nng i bin do li sa cha ca chuyn gia c thu, ngi chuyn ch vn l ngi phi chu trch nhim. 3. n l 3: United States Army Corps of Engineers v Arkansas River Co Nguyn n: Cng ty Arkansas River Co
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B n: Qun on k s qun i M a) Tm tt v vic: Qun on k s qun i M k kt hp ng thu tu nh hn 14 tun vi Cng ty Arkansas River vo ngy 11 thng 7 nm 1997, lin quan n dch v v chic tu ko HINES 2400 m lc ca cng ty cng vi thuyn b ca con tu. Cn c vo hp ng, qun on s ch huy con tu HINES ko chic s lan ch my xc Odum.
Vo ngy 13 thng 7 nm 1997, khi nhn vin ca Qun on Greenville chun b chic cn cu vn chuyn th c tranh lun ni b v vic nn h thp gc cn cu xung 15 hay gi nguyn gc 30. gc 15, chiu cao nh cn cu so vi mt nc bin l 75 n 80 feet, trong khi gc 30, khong cch ny l 110 n 120 feet. Cui cng, ch huy trng ca n v l Charles Cates ra lnh khng c h thp cn cu v theo tnh ton ca anh ta v chiu cao
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ca cu Helena, s lan Odum vn s i qua c cu vi chic cn cu dng gc 30. Vic h thp cn cu l mt qu trnh phc tp, tn nhiu thi gian, thm ch n cn kh nguy him. Thuyn trng Jay Foster, nhn vin ca Cng ty Arkansas River, n vo ngy hm sau cng vi chic tu ko HINES. Foster thc hin quy trnh kim tra s lan theo cch thng thng. Theo quan st ca Foster, chic cn cu trng nh ang gc 15, v c v ch cch mt nc bin 80 feet. Foster cng tnh ton rng khong cch ca gm cu Helena so vi mt nc bin l 140 feet vo bui sng hm , v v vy r rng chic cn cu s i qua c gm cu. Trc khi khi hnh, thuyn trng Foster hi Cates xem c hng dn c bit no khng, v Cates tr li l khng. Foster cng khng c thng bo rng chic cn cu khng c h thp gc xung. Hnh trnh t Greenville rt yn bnh cho ti khi i tu ti cu Helen vo khong 8h30 ti ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1997. Khi chic tu Hines ko s lan Odum i di cu, chic cn cu b kt vo y cu, p vo cu khin cho hu ht cu trc thp cu b bp mo. y ban quc l bang Arkanas phi chi tr 248172 sa cha cy cu. H yu cu Qun on cng vi cng ty Arkanas River phi cng chi tr ton b s tin ny. Tuy nhin, cng ty Arkanas River phn i v h cho rng Qun on phi chu trch nhim hon ton i vi s thit hi ny. b) Phn quyt ca ta n lin bang: Qun on phi chu trch nhim php l bi thng ton b s tin 248172 cho y bn quc l bang Arkansas To n lin bang nhn nh rng Qun on l c li v Qun on c nhim v phi khin cho s lan Odum c kh nng i bin trc khi trao n cho thuyn trng Foster. Qun on tht bi trong vic m bo chic cn cu trng thi
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m s lan c th i qua di gm cu Helena. Hay ni cch khc, s lan Odum l khng kh nng i bin. Mt vn na l, chic s lan c chic tu ko dn i khng phi l ti sn ca chic tu ko . Ni cch khc, ch tu ko ch chu trch nhim v kh nng i bin ca chnh con tu ko v ch s hu vt c ko phi chu trch nhim v kh nng i bin ca vt c ko. Tuy nhin, cc n l trc p t trch nhim cho ch tu ko phi bo v vt c ko khi nhng tn tht bt ngun t tnh trng khng kh nng i bin ca vt c ko , nhng ch khi tnh trng ny r rng n mc ch tu ko s l qu cu th khi cho chic tu ko vn hnh. To n lin bang kt lun rng thuyn trng Foster hon thnh ngha v ca anh ta i vi cng ty Corps bng vic thc hin kim tra hp l cho d anh ta nn kim tra k lng hn na m bo rng chic cn cu s khng va chm vi cy cu. V v vy, to n lin bang kt lun Qun on phi chu trch nhim hon ton i vi thit hi ca cy cu do tnh trng khng kh nng i bin ca chic s lan gy ra. c) Bnh lun: y l mt trng hp kh c bit. Nu ngi thu tu thu mt con tu ko vn chuyn s lan ca h, ngi thu tu cn lu rng s lan ca h cng chnh l mt phng tin vn ti ng thy. V vy, h phi m bo rng s lan ca h kh nng i bin trc khi di chuyn, cho d l n c ko i bng mt chic tu ko. Tuy nhin, ch tu ko cng cn phi ch kim tra kh nng i bin ca chic s lan. Ch khi h thc hin ng n ngha v kim tra ny th h mi c th thot trch nhim i vi nhng thit hi do tnh trng khng kh nng i bin ca s lan gy ra.
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KT LUN
Nh vy, chng ta c th thy rng, nm bt c cc vn v kh nng i bin ca tu khng phi l iu d dng. y l mt khi nim rt rng, v vn cn kh mp m, cha c gii thch mt cch thu o, trit k c trong cc quy nh ca php lut. Tuy nhin, vi bi vit ny, nhm hy vng c th gip bn c c kin thc c bn nht v kh nng i bin ca tu, t cch hiu th no l kh nng i bin ca tu, lm th no tu c kh nng i bin, cc ngun lut iu chnh cng nh cch thc th hin n trn hp ng vn ti ng bin. Ngoi ra, nhm cng a ra mt s n l c th c lin quan n kh nng i bin ca tu c th nhn nhn r hn v kh nng i bin ca tu. T , nhm hy vng cc doanh nghip c s chun b tt v kh nng i bin ca tu, ti thiu ha nhng tranh chp lin quan n vn ny v gim thiu ri ro trong qu trnh vn ti ng bin. C nh vy, doanh nghip mi c th bo v ngun li cho doanh thu ca chnh doanh nghip v duy tr ng p vo phc li cho ton x hi, thc y s pht trin ngnh vn ti ng bin ni ring v s pht trin kinh t x hi ni chung.
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8. Cementvoy 2006 http://editor.bimco.org/~/media/Chartering/Document_Samples/Voyage_Chart er_Parties/Sample_Copy_CEMENTVOY_2006.ashx 9. Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fir_Shipping_Co_Ltd_v_Kawasaki_ Kisen_Kaisha_Ltd 10. SEAWORTHINESS AND THE HONGKONG FIR DECISION BY MARK HAMSHER http://www.lmaa.org.uk/uploads/documents/Seaworthiness%20and%20the %20HongKong%20Fir%20Decision%20by%20M%20Hamsher.pdf 11. The Muncaster Castle Riverstone Meat Co. v. Lancashire Shipping Co., The Muncaster Castle http://pntodd.users.netlink.co.uk/cases/cases_m/munc_c.htm 12. United States Army Corps of Engineers v Arkansas River Co. http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/circt/8tharkansas.pdf
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