Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

TNH HNH NUI V S DNG THC N CHO C TRA (Pangasius hypophthalmus) NUI AO V B AN GIANG
Hunh Th T1 , Trn Vn Nh2, Trn Vn Bi1, Trn Th Thanh Hin1 v Nguyn Thanh Phng1

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Ca Tra culture areas of An Giang province in 2005. The purpose of the study was to assess the current status of ingredients and feed types used in Ca Tra culture in order to find out methods for reducing feed cost input and improving culture techniques of this species. Sixty fish farmers and thirty feed sellers were randomly selected for interviewing about feed uses, feed quality and the status supply of ingredients and feed for Ca Tra culture. The result showed that 100% fish farmers who cultured fish in cages used home-made feed, in which 66.7% farmers in the traditional culture area and 93.3% those in the new culture area supplemented the fish with commercial pellet for the first 3-4 weeks after stocking. Ingredients used to formulate home-made feed were mainly rice-brain and trash fish. In the traditional culture area the ratio of rice-brain and trash fish applied by 53.3% farmers was 70.2% and 29.8%. In the new culture area, more ingredients were formulated home-made feed, applied by 53.3% farmers in cage culture and 41.7 % farmers in pond culture. Keywords: catfish, feed sources, ingredients Title: the current status of ingredients and feed types used in ca tra culture

TM TT
ti nghin cu c thc hin nm 2005 nhm mc tiu nh gi tnh hnh nui v s dng ngun nguyn liu lm thc n t ch nui c tra b, gp phn a ra bin php gim gi thnh nui v tng bc ci thin qui trnh k thut nui c tra. Ni dung nghin cu bao gm iu tra tnh hnh nui v s dng thc n (phng vn 60 h nui); tnh hnh cung cp v s dng cc ngun nguyn liu lm thc n (30 c s sn xut kinh doanh nguyn liu) Kt qu cho thy, 100% h nui c b s dng thc n t ch, trong 66,7% h vng nui truyn thng v 93,3% h vng nui mi c b sung thc n vin trong khong 3-4 tun u mi th ging. Cm v c tp l hai thnh phn ch yu trong phi ch thc n nui c tra. vng nui truyn thng, 100% s dng cng thc thc n l 70,2% cm: 29,8% c tp. vng nui mi c 53,3% s h nui b v 41,7% s h nui ao s dng cng thc thc n c nhiu loi nguyn liu. T kha: c trn, ngun nguyn liu, thc n

1 GII THIU T nhiu nm qua, An Giang lun dn u c nc v sn lng v kim ngch xut khu c nc ngt. Nm 2003, An Giang c sn lng nui thy sn cao nht nc t 136.231 tn chim 20,3% sn lng vng ng Bng Sng Cu Long (670.562 tn) v 13,1% sn lng ton quc (1.038.575 tn). Tng kim ngch xut
1 2

Khoa thy sn, i Hc Cn Th Chi cc thy sn An Giang

152

Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

khu thy sn nm 2003 l 70,5 triu USD, chim 38,7% tng kim ngch xut khu ca tnh (B Thy sn, 2004). Theo bo co ca S Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn An Giang (S NN&PTNT) nm 2004, sn lng thy sn nui t 152.508 tn, gi tr kim ngch xut khu l 128,7 triu USD chim gn 50% tng gi tr kim ngch xut khu ca tnh (260 triu USD). Ngh nui thy sn y rt pht trin, c bit l ngh nui c b, mt ngh truyn thng ca ngi dn An Giang, ch lc l hai loi c nui: c tra v c ba sa. Nm 1997 t l c tra thnh phm xut khu chim 20-30% th n nay c tra chim gn 90% tng sn lng c thnh phm xut khu. Ti An Giang c tra c nui cc m hnh nui c b, ao v ng qung ven sng.C hai vng nui chnh ti An Giang: (i) Vng nui c b truyn thng hnh thnh t lc khi s ngh nui c b An Giang. Theo qui hoch vng nui c b ca tnh An Giang th vng nui c tp trung ven bin gii Vit Nam v Campuchia v vng ln cn ng ba sng Chu c (Chu c, Chu Ph, Ph Tn, An Ph, Tn Chu); (ii) Vng nui mi l cc vng nui va c hnh thnh sau nm 1997, khi tnh An Giang pht trin ngh nui c tra trong b song song vi nui c basa trong b. Cc vng nui ny pht trin mi pha h lu sng Tin v sng Hu, ch yu l nui c tra . Theo qui hoch vng nui c b tnh An Giang th vng nui mi bao gm cc vng: Long Xuyn, Ch Mi, Chu Thnh. Thc n l khu quan trng quyt nh hiu qu kinh t trong m hnh nui c tra. Hin ti, ngi nui s dng rt nhiu nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau phi ch thc n v phng thc phi ch cng a dng. Do , vic nh gi tnh hnh nui v s dng nguyn liu lm thc n nui c tra trong ao v b l quan trng nhm h thng ha tnh hnh s dng ngun nguyn liu, gp phn ci thin qui trnh nui c tra trong ao v b mt cch c hiu qu. 2 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.1 Thu thp s liu th cp Cc s liu th cp c thu t cc c quan ban ngnh c lin quan, thng tin i chng v cc kt qu nghin cu lin quan trc y (Nguyn nh Th, 1996). 2.2 Thu thp s liu s cp Phng vn trc tip c nhn bng phng php thm d d lun, kt hp gia quan st v kho st thc t. Phiu iu tra c thit k v s dng thu thp s liu s cp t i tng c phng vn, bao gm: (i) phiu phng vn ngi nui trong m hnh nghin cu, 30 h nui c tra trong b (15 h vng nui c; 15 h vng nui mi); 30 h nui c tra trong ao (18 h vng nui c; 12 h vng nui mi); (ii) phiu phng vn ngi mua bn, cung cp nguyn liu thc n, 30 mu cho cc c s kinh doanh v cc im cung ng. Phn b s mu u cho cc hnh thc kinh doanh v loi nguyn liu ang phn phi; (iii) kt hp thu thp thng tin ti cc b kho st.

153

Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

2.3 Phng php x l s liu S liu ghi nhn c x l v tnh ton gi tr trung bnh, lch chun trn chng trnh Excell. S dng phng php thng k m t phn tch, nh gi cc ni dung ti a bn nghin cu. 3 KT QU V THO LUN 3.1 Tnh hnh nui v k thut nui c tra trong ao, b ti An Giang Kt qu iu tra thy sn thng 1/2005 cho thy, sn lng c tra chim 85,6% tng sn lng thy sn nui. Trong , sn lng c tra nui trong ao v ng qung chim 48% v sn lng c tra nui b chim 37,6% (Hnh 1).

Hnh 1: C cu t l sn lng c tra trong tng sn lng thu sn nui

tnh An Giang din tch nui c tra chim 71,2% tng din tch. S lng b nui c tra chim 54,2% trn tng s lng lng b. Tuy nhin, s lng b nui c tra ang gim dn do hiu qu kinh t ca m hnh nui c tra b thp hn cc m hnh nui khc. 3.2 Qui m b, ao nui Kch c mt s ao v b nui hin nay ti a bn nghin cu c trnh by Bng 1. Din tch ao nui ph bin t 1.000-3.000m2 , chim 53,3%. Th tch b nui ph bin t 288-720m3 vi t l 56,7%.
Bng 1: Kch c mt s ao v b nui ti a bn nghin cu

Kch c ao, b nui Loi ln Loi trung bnh Loi nh

Ao (m2) Kch c ao >3.000 1.000 3.000 350 1.000

% tng s 30,0 53,3 16,7

B (m3) Kch c b > 720 288 720 96 288

% tng s 36,7 56,7 6,66

3.3 Ma v nui v hnh thc nui C tra c th nui quanh nm, nhng cc h thng th nui c tp trung vo thng 5- 6 dng lch vi l do l vo thi im ny c ging thng khe mnh v c gi thp. a phn cc h nui n c tra chim khong 90% 3.4 Mt th, nng sut nui, thi gian nui v ngun c ging Kt qu iu tra cho thy mt th nui v nng sut nui vng nui truyn thng cao hn so vi vng nui mi (Bng 2). C tra ging c mua ch yu l t vng Tn Chu (An Giang) v Hng Ng (ng Thp). Kch c c ging th cc h iu tra ph bin l 2,5 - 3cm i vi nui b v c 2 - 2,5cm i vi nui ao.
154

Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

Bng 2: Mt , nng sut, thi gian nui c tra ao v b

Din gii -Thi gian nui (thng/v) -Mt th (b:con/m3; ao:con/m2) - Nng sut nui (b:kg/m3; ao:kg/m2)

Vng nui truyn thng Ao B 6,420,85 6,230,61 22,88,4 13410,5 20,56,2 1205,5

Vng nui mi Ao B 6,820,56 6,570,83 22,511,3 131,38,6 20,34,8 1156,1

3.5 Tnh hnh s dng thc n nui c tra Ti a bn nghin cu cho thy, tt c cc h nui c tra u s dng thc n t ch, nhng vi mc khc nhau. Trong , 66,7% h nui b truyn thng v 93,3% h nui b vng nui mi. 55,5% h nui ao vng nui truyn thng v 66,7% h nui ao vng nui mi c b sung thc n cng nghip trong khong 3-4 tun u. Nh vy, t l s dng thc n c s khc nhau gia hai hnh thc nui trong cng mt vng.
Bng 3: T l h nui s dng thc n hai vng nui

Din gii - S dng thc n vin kt hp vi thc n t ch - S dng hon ton thc n t ch

Vng nui truyn thng Ao (%) B (%) 55,5 66,7 44,5 33,3

Vng nui mi Ao(%) B (%) 66,7 93,3 33,3 6,70

Hu ht cc h nui hin nay u cho rng thc n vin gi qu cao, nu s dng nhiu th nui c khng c li.Tuy nhin ngi nui c cho rng giai on 3-4 tun u c mi th cn yu kh, nng bt mi chm nu s dng thc n t ch th d lm rt mi, nhim nc v hao ph thc n. 3.6 Tnh hnh s dng nguyn liu vng nui truyn thng cm v c tp l hai thnh phn ch yu trong cng thc thc n. Trong s nhng m hnh nui ao, c 100% h s dng cm v 94,4% (1 h khng s dng) s dng c tp. m hnh nui b c 100% s h c s dng cm v c tp trong cng thc thc n. Hin nay, cm v c tp c s dng ph bin v chng tng i r tin v c ngi dn s dng t rt lu v to c mi quan h mua bn n nh, hn na ngun cung cp nguyn liu cm v c tp cng rt phong ph t cc vng khc nhau trong khu vc BSCL (Cn Th, ng Thp, An Giang, Kin Giang, Vnh Long). vng nui mi, cc nguyn liu m cc nng h s dng ph bin trong qu trnh ch bin thc n cho c phong ph v a dng hn. Ngoi hai ngun nguyn liu chnh l cm (100%) v c tp (75-80%), cc h cn s dng thm cc ngun nguyn liu khc nh bt c, bt u nnh. 3.7 T l phi ch nguyn liu v cch ch bin thc n vng nui truyn thng, a s cc h nui ao s dng cng thc t ch thc n (chim 77,8% h) dng 70,2% cm: 29,8% c tp, tng ng vi t l 7 cm: 3 c tp. b c 100% s h s dng cng thc 70,2% cm:29,8% c tp. Nh vy, t l phi ch thc n khng c s khc nhau gia hai hnh thc nui v y cng l cng thc thc n ca c s dng vng ny t trc ti nay trong nui c
155

Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

tra v c ba sa thng phm. Theo Trn Th Thanh Hin et al. (2004), ngun protein cung cp tt nht cho ng vt thy sn ni chung l ngun protein ng vt. Tuy nhin, gim gi thnh v cn i acid amin thit yu, nn phi ch thc n t nhiu ngun protein. vng nui mi a s h (chim 50% s h nui ao v 33,3% s h nui b s dng) s dng cng thc thc n c thnh phn 57,8% cm: 42,2% c tp. Khong 41,7% s h nui ao v 53,3% h nui b s dng cng thc c phi ch nhiu ngun nguyn liu. Tng t kt qu iu tra ca Nguyn Thanh Phng et al. (2004) cho thy, cng thc thc n t ch s dng trong nui c tra ao l 62,5% cm: 37,5% v c b l 67,5% cm: 32,5% c tp. Cc h nui c tra ao v b An Giang s dng phng php ch bin th cng n gin. Nguyn liu c tnh ton v cn khi lng , nu trn trc mt s nguyn liu nh c tp, k n cho cm vo trn u v nu tip tc cho n khi cc nguyn liu kt dnh li vi nhau, ngui v trn thm cc nguyn liu khc: men, vitamin hoc thuc vo khi thc n, chia khi thc n ln ra thnh tng ming nh hn cho vo my p vin v cho c n ngay. S ln cho n i vi c nh l 3-4 ln/ngy, giai on c ln 2 ln/ngy. Lng thc n cho n theo nhu cu, ngha l cho n n khi c ngng bt mi. Theo Trn Th Thanh Hin et al. (2004), xt v mt vi kha cnh th thc n m c mt s u im l tnh sn c, ngon ming v gi thnh thp v th thc n ny khng ch c s dng trong m hnh nui mt thp m ngay c trong m hnh nui thm canh. Tuy nhin vic s dng thc n m c mt s nhc im nh hiu qu s dng thc n thp do tan nhanh trong mi trng nc dn ti nhim mi trng nui, thi gian bo qun ngn v mang nhiu mm bnh. 3.8 Tnh hnh s dng thc n cng nghip ti a bn nghin cu Thc n cng nghip thng c cc h nui c tra s dng vo giai on u ca chu k nui. Cc loi thc n cng nghip thng c s dng rt a dng. vng nui truyn thng 100% s h nui b s dng thc n Proconco. Trong khi , cc nng h nui c ao s dng cc loi thc n vin l: Proconco, Cargill, Vit thng, Cataco, i li, Afiex, Greenfeed... i vi vng nui mi c 2 loi thc n cng nghip l Proconco v Cargill c s dng ph bin nht. Gi c ca cc loi thc n vin hin nay c s bin ng ln t 4.500-7.500 ng/kg. Gi c khc nhau ty theo loi thc n v thnh phn dng cht trong thc n. Nhn chung, gi thc n cng nghip c tnh trn hm lng m c trong thc n (ng/ m), gi trung bnh l 200-250 ng/ m. 4 KT LUN - Sn lng c tra nui An Giang hin nay rt ln, chim 85,6% trn tng sn lng thy sn nui ca tnh An Giang, trong sn lng c tra nui b chim 37,6%, nui ao, ng qung chim 48%. - Hu ht cc h u s dng thc n t ch. Thc n vin ch c s dng trong khong t 3-4 tun u. Cm v c tp l hai thnh phn ch yu trong phi ch thc n nui c tra. vng nui mi (Long Xuyn) cc h nui t hp nhiu nguyn liu hn trong cng thc thc n.
156

Tp ch Nghin cu Khoa hc 2006: 152-157

Trng i hc Cn Th

- vng nui truyn thng (Chu c), 100% s h nui b s dng cng thc thc n l 70,2% cm: 29,8% c tp. vng nui mi 50% s h nui ao v 33,3% s h nui b s dng cng thc thc n c thnh phn 57,8% cm: 42,2% c tp. - Gi c v ngun cung cp nguyn liu a phng lm thc n cho c bin ng theo thi gian. C tp c s dng nh l ngun cung cp m ch yu trong thc n TI LIU THAM KHO
B Thy Sn, 2004. Bo co kt qu nui trng thy sn nm 2003 v bin php thc hin k hoch nui trng thy sn nm 2004, H Ni 2003. Nguyn nh Th. 1996. Nghin cu marketing. Nh xut bn thnh ph H Ch Minh, TP H Ch Minh. Nguyn Thanh Phng, Trn Minh c, Nguyn Vn Sn v u Th nh Nguyt. 2004. ng dng cng ngh nhm nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh sn phm (tm cng xanh, c tra, basa, r phi) tnh An Giang. Bo co chuyn khoa hc, i hc Cn Th. S Nng Nghip & PTNT An Giang v Cc Thng k An Giang, 2005. Bo co kt qu iu tra tnh hnh thy sn thi im 1/1/2005. Lin ngnh NN- TK An Giang. S Nng Nghip & PTNT An Giang, 2002. Bo co tng kt thy sn tnh An Giang nm 2002 v k hoch nm 2003. S Nng Nghip & PTNT An Giang, 2003. Bo co tng kt thy sn tnh An Giang nm 2003 v k hoch nm 2004. S Nng Nghip & PTNT An Giang, 2004. Bo co tng kt thy sn tnh An Giang nm 2004 v k hoch nm 2005. Trn Th Thanh Hin, Dng Thy Yn, Nguyn Thanh Phng, 2004. Nghin cu nhu cu cht m, cht bt ng v pht trin thc n cho ba loi c trn nui ph bin c basa (Pangasius bocourti), c tra (Pangasius hypophthalmus), c h (Pangasius conchophilus) giai on ging. Trng i hc Cn Th, ti cp b.

157