KIN THC THI TRC NGHIM

* MY TNH: My tnh, cng gi l my vi tnh hay my in ton, l nhng thit b hay h thng dng tnh ton hay kim sot cc hot ng m c th biu din di dng s hay quy lut lgic. My tnh khng th gii quyt tt c mi vn ca ton hc. Alan Turing sng to ra khoa hc l thuyt my tnh trong cp ti nhng vn m my tnh c th hay khng th gii quyt. Siu my tnh hin nay c tc x l hng nghn teraflop (mt teraflop tng ng vi hiu sut mt nghn t php tnh/giy) hay bng tng hiu sut ca 6.000 chic my tnh hin i nht hin nay gp li (mt my c tc khong t 3-3,8 gigaflop). Trong thp nin 1970, cc k s in ton ca cc vin nghin cu trn khp nc M bt u lin kt my tnh ca h vi nhau thng qua cng ngh ca ngnh lin lc vin thng. Nhng c gng ny c ARPA h tr, v mng my tnh m n cung cp c gi l ARPANET. Cc cng ngh to ra Arpanet m rng v pht trin sau . Chng bao lu, mng my tnh m rng ra ngoi cc vin khoa hc v c bit n nh l Internet. Trong thp nin 1990, vic pht trin ca cng ngh World Wide Web lm cho ngay c nhng ngi khng chuyn nghip cng c th s dng internet. N pht trin nhanh n mc tr thnh phng tin lin lc ton cu nh ngy nay. Kin trc Von Neumann chia my tnh ra lm bn b phn chnh: 1. n v s hc v lgic (ALU), 2. Mch iu khin (control circuitry), 3. B Nh 4. Cc thit b Xut/Nhp (I/O). Internet (thng c c theo khu m ting Vit l "in-t-nt") l mt h thng thng tin ton cu c th c truy nhp cng cng gm cc mng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau. H thng ny truyn thng tin theo kiu ni chuyn gi d liu (packet switching) da trn mt giao thc lin mng c chun ha (giao thc IP). * PHN MM: Phn mm my tnh (ting Anh: Computer Software) hay gi tt l Phn mm (Software) l mt tp hp nhng cu lnh hoc ch th (Instruction) c vit bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh theo mt trt t xc nh, v ccd liu hay ti liu lin quan nhm t ng thc hin mt s nhim v hay chc nng hoc gii quyt mt vn c th no . Phn mm h thng dng vn hnh my tnh v cc phn cng my tnh, v d nh cc h iu hnh my tnh Windows,Linux, Unix, cc th vin ng (cn gi l th vin lin kt ng; ting Anh: dynamic linked library - DLL) ca h iu hnh, cctrnh iu khin (driver), phn sn (firmware) v BIOS. y l cc loi phn mm m h iu hnh lin lc vi chng iu khin v qun l cc thit b phn cng. Phn mm ng dng ngi s dng c th hon thnh mt hay nhiu cng vic no , v d nh cc phn mm vn phng(Microsoft Office, OpenOffice), phn mm doanh nghip, phn mm qun l ngun nhn lc, phn mm gio dc, c s d liu,phn mm tr chi, chng trnh tin ch, hay cc loi phn mm c hi.

 Cc phn mm chuyn dch m bao gm trnh bin dch v trnh thng dch: cc loi

chng trnh ny s c cc cu lnh tm ngun c vit bi cc lp trnh vin theo mt ngn ng lp trnh v dch n sang dng ngn ng my m my tnh c th hiu c, hay dch n sang mt dng khc nh l tp tin i tng (object file) v cc tp tin th vin (library file) m cc phn mm khc (nh h iu hnh chng hn) c th hiu vn hnh my tnh thc thi cc lnh. Cc nn tng cng ngh nh .NET, 1C:DOANH NGHIP... Nhng phn mm khng ph thuc, n c th c bn cho bt k khch hng no trn th trng t do. V d: phn mm vc s d liu nh Oracle, ha nh Photoshop, Corel Draw, son tho v x l vn bn, bng tnh,... u im: Thng thng y l nhng phn mm c kh nng ng dng rng ri cho nhiu nhm ngi s dng. Khuyt im: Thiu tnh uyn chuyn, ty bin. Nhng phn mm c vit theo n t hng hay hp ng ca mt khch hng c th no (mt cng ty, bnh vin, trng hc,...). V d: phn mm iu khin, phn mm h tr bn hng,... u im: C tnh uyn chuyn, ty bin cao p ng c nhu cu ca mt nhm ngi s dng no . Khuyt im: Thng thng y l nhng phn mm ng dng chuyn ngnh hp. Phn mm h thng gip vn hnh phn cng my tnh v h thng my tnh. N bao gm cc h iu hnh, phn mm iu vn thit b (device driver), cc cng c phn tch (diagnostic tool), trnh phc v, h thng ca s, cc tin ch,... Mc ch ca phn mm h thng l gip cc lp trnh vin ng dng khng phi quan tm n cc chi tit ca h thng my tnh phc tp c s dng, c bit l cc tnh nng b nh v cc phn cng khc chng hn nh my in, bn phm, thit b hin th. Phn mm lp trnh thng cung cp cc cng c h tr lp trnh vin trong khi vit chng trnh v phn mm bng cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau. Cc cng c ny bao gm cc trnh son tho, trnh bin dch, trnh thng dch, trnh lin kt, trnh tm li, v.v... Mtmi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE) kt hp cc cng c ny thnh mt gi phn mm, v mt lp trnh vin c th khng cn g nhiu dng lnh dch, tm li, ln bc,... v IDE thng c mt giao din ngi dng ha cao cp (GUI). V d .NET,1C:DOANH NGHIP... Cng l mt loi phn mm, nhng virus my tnh l cc phn mm c hi c vit chy vi nhng mc ch ring ca mt mt nhm ngi nhm la o, qung co, n cp, ph hoi thng tin, ph hoi phn cng hoc ch l tru chc ngi dng vi tnh. * LP TRNH: Lp trnh my tnh (gi tt l lp trnh; ting Anh: programming) l k thut ci t mt hoc nhiu thut ton tru tng c lin quan vi nhau bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh to ra mt chng trnh my tnh. Lp trnh c cc thnh t ngh thut, khoa hc, ton hc, v k ngh. Mt lp trnh vin vit m ngun bng mt ngn ng lp trnh c th. Cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau h tr cc phong cch lp trnh khc nhau (cn gi l cc phng php lp trnh). Mt phn ca cng vic lp trnh l vic la chn mt trong nhng ngn ng ph hp nht vi bi ton cn gii quyt. Cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau i hi lp trnh vin phi x l cc chi tit cc mc khc nhau khi ci t cc thut ton. Thng thng, iu ny dn ti tha hip gia thun li cho vic lp

trnh v hiu qu ca chng trnh (tha hip gia "thi gian lp trnh" and "v thi gian tnh ton"). Ngn ng lp trnh duy nht m my tnh c th thc thi trc tip l ngn ng my (cn gi l "m my"). Thi k u, tt c cc lp trnh vin vit chng trnh ton bng m my, nhng hu nh khng ai lm vic ny na. Thay vo , cc lp trnh vin vit m ngun, v mt my tnh (chy mt trnh bin dch, mt trnh thng dch hoc i khi assembler) dch n qua mt hoc vi bc b sung y cc chi tit, trc khi bn m my cui cng c thc thi trn my tnh ch. Thm ch khi cn iu khin mc thp ca my tnh ch, cc lp trnh vin vit bng hp ng. Cc lnh ca ngn ng ny c tnh gi ngha v tng ng mt-mt vi cc lnh trong ngn ng my. Mt s ngn ng, thay v c dch ra m my, li c dch ra dng nh phn pcode (hoc byte-code). C cc trnh thng dch tng ng thc thi dng nh phn ny. Bytecode c s dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Java ca Sun Microsystems cng nh h ngn ng lp trnh .NET gn y ca Microsoft v Visual Basic trc phin bn .NET. Phn mm l mt danh t ch cc chng trnh my tnh v d liu. Ti liu i km v bn quyn phn mm cng c coi l mt phn quan trng ca phn mm, mc d chng khng lin quan n vic lp trnh. Quy trnh xy dng phn mm bao gm cc cng vic chnh: 1. Phn tch yu cu (requirements analysis) 2. c t (specification) 3. Thit k (design and architecture) 4. Lp trnh (coding) 5. Bin dch (compilation) 6. Kim th (testing) 7. Vit ti liu (documentation) 8. Bo tr (maintenance)