PSS Adept

MC LC
PHN 1: TNG QUAN
.................................................................................................................1
GII THIU .............................................................................................................................1
1.1
M U................................................................................................................................1
1.2
GII THIU TNG QUAN PHN MM PSS/ADEPT...................................................2
1.2.1 Cc chc nng ng dng: ..................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:...........................................................................................2
1.2.3 Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:.............................................................................3
1.2.4 Kha cng ..........................................................................................................................4
1.3
HIN TRNG P DNG PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN TI CNG TY
IN LC TP. HCM ........................................................................................................................5
PHN 2: C S L THUYT V CNG C TNH

TON
.................................................................................................................6
C S TNH TON ................................................................................................................6
2.1
PHN B CNG SUT TRONG H THNG IN ........................................6
2.1.1
Phng trnh cn bng cng sut.......................................................................6
2.1.2
Phng php Gauss Seidel ..............................................................................7
2.1.3
Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b cng sut....................8
2.2
TN THT TRN LI PHN PHI ..............................................................10
2.2.1
Tn tht in p ................................................................................................11
2.2.2
Tn tht cng sut.............................................................................................17
2.3
PHNG PHP TNH B CHO LI PHN PHI......................................20
ii
...............................................................................................................23
PHN TCH MT S PHNG PHP TNH TON TN THT IN NNG
ANG S DNG TI CNG TY IN LC TP. HCM .................................................23
3.1
CC PHNG PHP TNH TON: ..................................................................24
3.1.1
Phng php c bn ca JUN v LENS (Vin Nng Lng): ........................24
3.1.2
Phng php bc thang ha th ph ti (Vin Nng Lng):.....................24
3.1.3
Phng php thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht (TLTK: Gio trnh mng
in ca Bi Ngc Th) ....................................................................................................24
3.1.4
Phng php h s tn tht cng sut: (TLTK: KTT, Distribution System
Westing House) .................................................................................................................25
3.1.5
Phng php hai ng thng ca Edmond Borard (B): ..............................25
3.1.6
Phng php xc nh tn tht theo l thuyt xc sut: (TLTK: PTS Trn
Quang Khnh -Trng i hc Nng nghip I)...............................................................26
3.2
LA CHN PHNG PHP TNH TON: .....................................................28
3.2.1
Yu cu chn la: .............................................................................................28
3.2.2
Phn tch phng php: ...................................................................................28
3.2.3
So snh la chn phng php tnh ton:........................................................29
.............................................................................................................. 30
TM HIU PHN MM PSS/ADEPT ................................................................................ 30
4.1
TNG QUAN V P DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT :............................... 31
4.1.1
S p dng trin khai .................................................................................. 31
4.1.2
Thit lp thng s cho mng li: ................................................................... 31
4.1.3
To s : ........................................................................................................ 32
4.2
CC CHC NNG PHN TCH LI IN CA PHN MM
PSS/ADEPT ........................................................................................................................ 35
4.2.1
Tnh ton phn b cng sut............................................................................ 35
4.2.2
Tnh ton ngn mch ....................................................................................... 38
4.2.3
Xc nh v tr t t b ti u (CAPO)........................................................... 39
4.2.4
Tnh ton phi hp v bo v .......................................................................... 46
4.2.5
Tnh ton phn tch sng hi ........................................................................... 50
4.2.6
Tnh ton im dng ti u (TOPO)................................................................ 57
4.2.7
Tnh ton tin cy li in......................................................................... 59
4.2.8
Tnh ton phn tch khi ng ng c ........................................................... 62
iii
PHN 3: P DNG TNH TON CHO LI IN

PHN PHI
.............................................................................................................. 66
LI IN PHN PHI IN LC SI GN.............................................................. 66
5.1
TNG QUAN:........................................................................................................ 66
5.1.1
V t chc nhn s: ......................................................................................... 67
5.1.2
V quy m qun l: .......................................................................................... 67
5.2
KT QU SN XUT KINH DOANH: ............................................................. 71
5.2.1
V sn lng in: ........................................................................................... 71
5.2.2
Nhn xt chung v cc s liu kinh doanh:...................................................... 72
5.3
HIN TRNG TN THT TRN LI PHN PHI................................... 72
5.3.1
Tng quan ........................................................................................................ 72
5.3.2
Phn tch tn tht in nng nm 2004 ........................................................... 73
...............................................................................................................76
THU THP V X L S LIU U VO.....................................................................76
6.1
CC PHNG N THU THP S LIU .........................................................76
6.2
CC PHNG N X L S LIU .................................................................77
6.2.1
Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh .........................................................77
6.2.2
Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung............................................77
6.2.3
Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun ..................79
6.3
PHNG N CHN LA TNH TON ...........................................................81
6.3.1
C s thu thp s liu:......................................................................................81
6.3.2
Trnh t thu thp s liu....................................................................................81
6.3.3
Kt qu tnh ton...............................................................................................82
6.3.4
Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton ................................................................................82
.............................................................................................................. 82
KT QU P DNG TNH TON TN THT .............................................................. 82
7.1
CC BC TNH TON .................................................................................... 82
7.1.1
Thit lp thng s h thng (trc khi v)....................................................... 82
7.1.2
To s .......................................................................................................... 84
7.1.3
Chy bi ton phn tch................................................................................... 96
7.2
KT QU TNH TON ....................................................................................... 97
7.2.1
Tnh ton phn b cng sut............................................................................ 97
7.2.2
Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton ............................................................................... 97
iv
.............................................................................................................. 97
KT QU P DNG TNH TON B.............................................................................. 97
8.1
TNH TON B TI U LI IN CAPO:.............................................. 97
8.2
KT QU TNH TON ....................................................................................... 98
8.2.1
Tnh ton b cng sut phn khng (b ti u) cho li in trung th ......... 98
8.2.2
Gi tr tn tht in nng tit kim................................................................ 108
PHN 4: KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

............................................................................................................ 108
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN.......................................................................... 108
9.1
KT LUN........................................................................................................... 108
9.1.1
Thun li ........................................................................................................ 108
9.1.2
Kh khn ........................................................................................................ 109
9.2
HNG PHT TRIN ...................................................................................... 109
Chng 1: Gii thiu
GII THIU
1.1
M U
Trong qu trnh cung cp in nng n ni tiu th, h thng in phi gnh

chu tn tht trong cc cp sn xut, truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Gim tn tht
in nng trong truyn ti v phn phi l bi ton quan trng m cc cng ty in lc
hu ht cc nc ang pht trin phi i u, y l mc tiu ca ngnh in nhm
cung cp in nng cho ngi dn vi cht lng tt nht).
Qua , cng vi s pht trin ca nhng thnh tu mi trong ngnh cng ngh
thng tin (CNTT) thc y v tng cng ng dng my tnh nghin cu li in.
Ngnh in cng ang trin khai ng dng nhng thnh tu ny xy dng cc
chng trnh phc v cho vic qun l v vn hnh li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v
CNTT nh kh nng lu tr ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h
chuyn gia, mng neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng
cng nghin cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc ny.
Trc y, khi Cng ty in lc TP.HCM cha c cng c mnh, cc phn mm
chuyn dng tnh cc bi ton phn tch li in, nn thng phi s dng cc
biu thc tnh tay, do vy va mt thi gian m chnh xc li cha cao. Nn k t
thng 6 nm 2004 Cng ty in lc trin khai p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT
tnh ton cho li in thnh ph, nhm h tr cng tc qun l li in ti cc in
lc. Do , vic tm hiu nghin cu phn mm PSS/ADEPT phc v cho cng tc
thc t sau ny l mt nhu cu cp thit, v th vic em thc hin lun vn Kho st
tn tht li in phn phi qua phn mm PSS/ADEPT xut pht t nhu cu .
i tng nghin cu ca ti l kho st tn tht k thut trn li in phn phi
trung th ni ti in lc Si Gn v ng dng cc phng php, cng c ca phn
mm PSS/ADEPT gii bi ton tn tht trn li phn phi. C th l m phng
c s n tuyn dy trung th p dng tnh ton bi ton phn b cng sut v
tnh ton b ti u trn li in, ng thi cng phc v cho cng tc qun l, vn
hnh li in phn phi ca in lc sau ny.
1.2
GII THIU TNG QUAN PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT (The Power System Simulator / Advanced Distribution

Engineering Productivity Tool) ca hng Shaw Power Technologies c pht trin
Trang 1
Chng 1: Gii thiu

dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt
cng c thit k v phn tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php
chng ta thit k, chnh sa v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch
trc quan theo giao din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw
Power Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
1.2.1 Cc chc nng ng dng:
PSS/ADEPT cung cp y cc cng c ( Tools) cho chng ta trong vic thit
k v phn tch mt lui in c th. Vi PSS/ADEPT, chng ta c th:
V s v cp nht li in trong giao din ha
Vic phn tch mch in s dng nhiu loi ngun v khng hn ch s nt
Hin th kt qu tnh ton ngay trn s li in
Xut kt qu di dng report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton
Nhp thng s v cp nht d dng thng qua data sheet ca mi thit b trn s
1.2.2 Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:

Nhiu module tnh ton trong h thng in khng c ng gi sn trong phn
mm PSS/ADEPT, nhng chng ta c th mua t nh sn xut tng module sau khi
ci t chng trnh. Cc module bao gm:
Bi ton tnh phn b cng sut (Load Flow module c sn): phn tch v tnh
ton in p, dng in, cng sut trn tng nhnh v tng ph ti c th.
Bi ton tnh ngn mch (All Fault- module c sn): tnh ton ngn mch ti tt
c cc nt trn li, bao gm cc loi ngn mch nh ngn mch 1 pha, 2 pha
v 3 pha.
Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization), phn tch im dng ti u: tm
ra nhng im c tn hao cng sut nh nht trn li v chnh l im dng
li trong mng vng 3 pha
Bi ton CAPO (Optimal Capacitor Placement), t t b ti u : tm ra nhng
im ti u t cc t b c nh v t b ng ng sao cho tn tht cng
sut trn li l nh nht
Bi ton tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy (Line Properties Culculator):
tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy truyn ti
Bi ton phi hp v bo v ( Protection and Coordination)
Trang 2
Chng 1: Gii thiu

Bi ton phn tch sng hi (Hamornics): phn tch cc thng s v nh hng
ca cc thnh phn sng hi trn li.
Bi ton phn tch tin cy trn li in (DRA- Distribution Reliability
Analysis): tnh ton cc thng s tin cy trn li in nh SAIFI, SAIDI,
CAIFI, CAIDI
1.2.3 Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:
Ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT bao gm nhiu thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Ca s View: bao gm cc thng tin cho cc ng dng, ha v 3 ca s
chnh thit k v phn tch mt s mch in
Thanh trng thi (StatusBar) hin th thng tin trng thi ca chng trnh
khi PSS/ADEPT ang tnh ton
Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu) gm cc hm chc nng trong PSS/ADEPT
Thanh cng c (ToolBar) cung cp tool gip cho vic v s mch in thc
hin nhanh chng v d dng
Hnh 1.1 Cc ca s View trong PSS/ADEPT

Trang 3
Chng 1: Gii thiu
Hnh 1.2 Cc thanh chc nng chnh trong PSS/ADEPT

1.2.4 Kha cng
C 2 loi kha cng bo v bn quyn cho phn mm ny: loi parallel gn cng
my in v loi gn cng USB. Hin nay, hng Shaw Power Technologies cng c 2 loi kha
cng cho my n v my mng.
1.3
HIN TRNG P DNG PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN

TI CNG TY IN LC TP. HCM
Li in phn phi v truyn ti TP.HCM khng ngng pht trin m rng v

qui m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch
hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng.
Hin nay, cc n v in lc khu vc trong cng ty in lc TP.HCM cha c
phn mm mnh tnh ton cc thng s li phc v cc cng tc ca n v.
Chng hn nh: Cc n v ang s dng cc chng trnh theo di mt in, thng k
s v, thi gian mt in nhng cha p dng cc ch s c th nh gi tin cy
cung cp in ca li in. Cc cng ty in lc trn th gii thng xy dng mt
s ch s nh lng c th nh gi. Cc thng s bo co nh bnh qun khch
hng khu vc sinh hot b mt in 3 v/nm, 120 pht/nm, ... s c th, d hiu, d
nh gi hn. Cc t chc in lc uy tn nh IEEE, EEI (Edison Electric Institue),
EPRI (Electric Power Reasearch Institute) v CEA (Canadian Electric Association)
xy dng nhiu ch s c nhiu n v p dng. Trong , h thng ch s ca IEEE
l ph bin nht. Theo IEEE, cc ch s tin cy (Reliability Index RI) ca li phn
phi bao gm SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS v AENS. Shaw Power
technologics Inc cng xy dng cc ch s trong cc sn phm phn mm trong
c PSS/ADEPT.
nh gi hiu qu s dng ngun vn u t cc cng trnh in, cc cng ty
in lc nc ngoi thng s dng cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm chuyn
nghip nh cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in ca Hng Shaw Power
Trang 4
Chng 1: Gii thiu

Technologics, Inc (USA) nh: PSS/U, PSS/ADEPT, SLIDER/U, PSS/E, ASPEN ONE
LINE.
PSS/U, vit tc t tn gi Power System Simulator Utilisation tm dch l phn
mm tin ch m phng h thng in. Phn mm PSS/U c coi l chng trnh
chun tnh ton v phn tch h thng in c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng.
Ngn hng th gii cng coi y l chng trnh dng kim tra tnh hiu qu u t
ca nc vay tin. Mt thng s m h quan tm nht c th ni l mc gim tn
tht trong li in (phn tn tht k thut) khi c u t, ci to li in.
Trung tm iu Thng tin Cng ty in lc TP.HCM ang s dng phn
mm ASPEN ONE LINE cng ca Hng Shaw Power Technologics, Inc, lm cng c
tnh ton, ci t v chnh nh phi hp bo v p dng cho cc n v qun l li
in trong ton cng ty in lc TP.HCM.
Nh vy, c th nhn xt rng, cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in ca Hng
Shaw Power Technologics , Inc mang li rt nhiu hiu qu cho cng ty in lc
TP.HCM, Tng cng ty cng tip tc mua kho cng cc phn mm PSS/E (Power
System Simulator for Engineering), PSS/ADEPT (Power System Simulator/Advanced
Engineering Productivity Tool) trang b cho cc n v trc thuc v d kin cng s
mua thm cc phm mm ca Hng ny nh PSS/Engines (h tr Geographic
Information System), PSS/O (Power System Simulator for Operations),khuyn
khch p dng vo cc cng tc trong mi hot ng ngnh, tnh ton ti mi thi im
cc thng s li trong qu trnh qun l, pht trin v vn hnh li in Vit Nam.
Th nhng vic trin khai p dng phn mm ny gp rt nhiu kh khn. Cc
kh khn ny, c Trung tm iu Thng tin v cc n v s dng trong EVN
phn nh vi EVN.
Cc kh khn khi p dng cc phn mm ti cc n v qun l li in l: Thi
gian tp hun s dng t nh cung cp rt t, hu nh khng c. Xy dng d liu li
in a vo tnh ton phm vi 1 in lc khu vc rt kh khn, mt rt nhiu
thi gian v cng sc. Cng kh khn hn, khi mi cng vic ch tp trung thc hin
ti 1 n v l Trung tm iu Thng tin. Ga bn quyn s dng rt cao, nu trang
b cho cc in lc l rt ln, ln n c trm ngn USD cho cc phn mm trn. n
v nghin cu kh c th chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu cho cc n v p dng
vo thc t v ch c 1 kho cng (chy c 1 my tnh). Do , khng th tp hun
s dng ph bin rng ri cc phn mm ny cho cc n v s dng.
Trang 5
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
C S TNH TON
2.1
PHN B CNG SUT TRONG H THNG IN
Phn b cng sut trong h thng in nhm quy hoch, hoch nh kinh t, d
kin tng lai, Mc ch l tm gi tr in p, gc pha ti mi nt v cng sut tc
ng, phn khng chy trn mi nhnh (|V|, ,P,Q). c 3 loi nt:
Nt ngun: c chn lm c s khi in p v gc pha ti bit trc. Nt
ny cn bng khc nhau gia ti tiu th v cng sut pht ra do c tn tht
trn li in
Nt ph ti: Ti P, Q ca ti c bit, cn in p, gc pha cha bit, cn
gi l nt P - Q
Nt iu chnh in p: Ti , P, V c xc nh, gc pha v Q cn c
xc dnh, cn gi l nt P V
2.1.1 Phng trnh cn bng cng sut
Ii = yi0Vi + yi1(Vi V1) + yi2(Vi V2) + + yin(Vi - Vn)
= (yi0 + yi1 + yi2 + + yin)Vi yi1Vi1 yi2V1 - - yinVn
n
j= 0
j=1
Ii = Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
Cng sut ti nt i:
Pi + jQi = Vi I *i hay Ii =
Pi jQ i
Vi*
Pi jQ i
Vi*
j=1
j=1
= Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
2.1.2 Phng php Gauss Seidel

Pi
Vi(k+1) =
Sch
jQ *
i
V*
(k)
(k)
+ y ij Vj
j=1
(k)
trong (j i)
ij
Vi PiSch jQiSch : cng sut tc dng v phn khng (vi nt ngun, PiSch
v QiSch c gi tr dng; vi nt ti, PiSch v QiSch c gi tr m
Trang 6
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
j= 0
j=1
Pi(k+1) = Real Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]
j= 0
j=1
-Qi(k+1) = Image Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]

(k+1)
Hay:
Pi
(k+1)
Qi
*( k ) ( k ) n
(k)
= Real Vi [Vi + Yij Vj ]
j=1
j i
n
*( k ) ( k )
(k)
= -Image Vi (Vi Yii + Yij Vj )
j=1
j i
C th dng thm h s gia tc : Vi(r+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(r) + (Vi(r+1) Vi (r) )

Vi(k+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(k) + (Vi(k+1) Vi (k) ) vi = 1.3 1.7
Qu trnh hi t khi so snh gia phn thc, phn o ca in p nt gia cc ln
lp st nhau trong vng cho php:
| ei(k+1) ei(k)| v | fi(k+1) fi(k)|
Tnh ton dng chy cng sut v tn tht:
Iij = Il + Ii0 = yij(Vi - Vj) + yi0Vi
Iji = -Il + Ij0 = yij(Vj - Vi) + yj0Vj
Dng cng sut Sij t nt i n nt j v Sji t nt j n nt i ln lt l Sij =
ViIij v Sji = VjIji*
*
Tn tht trn ng dy ni nt i v j l: SLij = Sij + Sji

2.1.3 Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b
cng sut
Do hi t bc hai, phng php Newton Raphson thng c dng. S ln
hi t khng ph thuc vo s nt
n
Ii = Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
j= 0
Vit li: Ii* =
Y V vi j c th bng i
j=1
ij
Vit di dng cc: Ii =
Y
j=1
ij
Vj ij + j
*
Cng sut ti nt i: Pi jQi = Vi Ii = Vi i

Trang 7
Y
j=1
ij
Vj ij + j
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Tch ring phn thc v phn o, ta c:
n
Vj Yij cos( ij i + j )
(2.1)
Qi = - Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j )
(2.2)
Pi =
j=1
j=1
y l phng trnh phi tuyn theo cc bin c lp, in p c tnh theo n

v tng i, gc pha l rad. Ta c 2 phng trnh cho mi nt ti cho bi (2.1) v
(2.2) v 1 phng trnh cho mi nt iu khin in p cho bi (2.2)
Theo phng php Newton Raphson:
P2 ( k )

(k)
P2 2
...
... Pn ( k )
Pn ( k )
= 2
(k)
Q
Q ( k )
2
... 2
2
(k)
Q
n
Q ( k )
n

2
(k)
P2
n
...
(k)
Pn
n
(k)
Q 2
n
(k)
Q n
2
...
...
...
...
...
(k)
P2
V2
...
(k)
Pn
V2
(k)
Q 2
V2
(k)
Q n
V2
...
...
...
...
...
(k)
P2
Vn
2 ( k )
...
(k)
...
Pn
( k )
n
Vn
( k ) V2
Q 2
...
Vn
(k)
( k ) Vn
Q n
Vn
Trong phng trnh trn, nt i c coi l nt c s

P J 1
=
Q J 3
=>
J 2
J 4 V
Thnh phn J1:

n
Pi
= Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j )
i i j
Pi
= Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j ) vi i j
j
(2.3)
(2.4)
Thnh phn J2:
n
Pi
= 2 Vi Yii cos ii + Vj Yij cos( ij i + j ) (2.5)
Vi
j i
Pi
= Vi Yij cos( ij i + j ) vi i j
Vj
(2.6)
Thnh phn J3:
n
Q i
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i + j )
i
i j
(2.7)
Q i
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i j )
j
(2.8)
Trang 8
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Thnh phn J4:
n
Q i
= 2 Vi Yii sin ii Vj Yij sin( ij i j )
Vi
j i
Q i
Vj
= Vi Yij sin( ij i + j ) vi i j
(2.9)
(2.10)
Cc s hng Pi(k) v Qi(k) l sai bit gia gi tr tnh ton v gi tr t sn,

gi l sai bit cng sut
Pi(k) = PiSch Pi(k)
(2.11)
Qi(k) = QiSch Qi(k)
(2.12)
Cc gi tr mi ca in p nt:
i(k+1) = i(k) + i(k)
| Vi(k+1) | = | Vi(k) | + | Vi(k) |
(2.13)
(2.14)
Nh vy, gii thut Newton Raphson nh sau:

i vi nt ti, PiSch, QiSch cho sn, in p v pha ti nt ngun t bng
1 v 0, suy ra | Vi |(0) = 1.0 v i(0) = 0. i vi iu chnh in p, | Vi | v
PiSch- cho sn, gc pha c cho bng gc pha ca nt ngun, ngha l i(0) = 0
i vi nt ti, Pi(k) v Qi(k) c tnh t (2.1) v (2.2) v Pi(k) v Qi(k) t
(2.11) v (2.12)
i vi nt iu khin in p, Pi(k) v Pi(k) tnh t (2.1) v (2.11)
Cc phn t ca ma trn Jacobian (J1, J2, J3, J4) c tnh t (23), (2.4),
.,(2.10)
P
Gii phng trnh = 1

Q J 3
J 2
trc tip bng phng php kh
J 4 V
Gauss hay tha s tam gic c sp xp ti u

Tnh ton cc gi tr mi ca | Vi | v i t (2.13), (2.14)
Tip tc cho n khi | Pi(k) | v | Qi(k) | nh hn mt sai s cho trc
2.2
TN THT TRN LI PHN PHI
Cht lng in nng nh hng n cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut ca cc h

tiu dng. Cc thit b dng in ch c th lm vic lm vic vi hiu qu tt trong
trng hp in nng c cht lng cao. Mt trong nhng ch tiu chnh ca cht
lng ca in nng l cht lng in p, dao ng in p.
Trang 9
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

in p c nhng gi tr khc nhau ti nhng im khc nhau trong mng in.
V vy, cc ch tiu cht lng in p l cc b. Trong cc ch thc ca mng
in, in p lun lun khc vi in p danh nh. S khc nhau c c trng
bng cc ch tiu cht lng in p l lch in p, dao ng in p,
S thay i ph ti trong cc mng cung cp v phn phi dn n s thay i
in p ca cc h tiu th. Kt qu l in p trn cc cc ca thit b dng in thay
i vt qua mc cho php, v vy cn phi iu chnh in p m bo cc ch
yu cu ca in p. iu chnh in p c th tin hnh tp trung hay cc b. iu
chnh tp trung c thc hi cc trung tm cung cp. iu chnh cc b c th thc
hin i vi nhm h tiu th hay mt tiu th c bit. Mt khc, cn phi chn cc
phng php iu chnh, chn phm vi iu chnh v mc iu chnh, chn v tr
trn mng in phn phi bng cc phng php sau:
Chn cc iu chnh in p ca cc my bin p
Phng php thay i cc thng s ca mng in
Thay i dng cng sut phn khng
Chuyn in nng n cc h tiu th, ta cn phi dng dy dn v my bin p.
Khi c dng n chy qua dy dn v my bin p, do chng c in tr v in khng
nn bao gi cng c tn tht nht nh v cng sut tc dng P v cng sut phn
khng Q. in nng mt mt A bin thnh nhit lm nng dy dn v my bin
p. Tn tht cng sut phn khng Q tuy khng nh hng trc tip n mc ph tn
v nhin liu nhng gy ra tnh trng khng cng sut phn khng cung cp cho
cc h tiu th in.
2.2.1 Tn tht in p
2.2.1.1
U1
Trng hp 1 ph ti tp trung
Z = R + jX
2
U2
S1 = P1 + jQ1
S2 = P2 + jQ2
Hnh 2.1 S ng dy c mt ph ti tp trung
Gi thit mng in lm vic ch i xng, ta ch cn tnh ton trn mt

pha. Biu din ng dy c tng tr Z = R + jX () v ph ti tp trung cui ng
dy S2 = P2 + jQ2 (KVA).
Trang 10
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Vector OA biu din in p Up2 cui ng dy. Gc 2 tng ng vi
cos2 ca ph ti h tiu th. Vector AB biu din tn tht in p trn intr ng
dy IR trng pha vi vector dng in I, cn vector BC l tn tht in p trn in
khng ca ng dy IX chm pha 900 so vi vector dng I. Vector AC biu din tn
tht in p tng trn ng dy, cng chnh l hiu ca hai vector in p u v cui
ng dy
Up = Up1 - Up2
on AD l hnh chiu ca vector tng tn tht in p trn trc ca Up2 gi l
thnh phn tn tht dc trc. Vi mng in phn phi, in p ch n 35 KV th gc
gia Up1 v Up2 rt b, do , tn tht in p tng c th ly gn ng v vi thnh
phn in p dc trc
Mt cch gn ng: Up = AD = AF + FD
V 1 ~ 2 =
y: AF = IRcos v FD = IXsin
Do : Up = IRcos + IXsin
Vy, tn tht in p dy s l:
U = 3U p = 3 (IR cos + IX sin )
(2.15)
PR
QX PR + QX
+
=
Hay U = 3
U m
3
U
3
U
m
m
i vi ng dy in p cao hn 35 KV, ta phi xt n thnh phn tn tht

ngang Up gi tr bng on CD:
Up = CD
Up = CG DG
Up = CG BF
Up = IXcos - IXsin
Khi , thnh phn tn tht in p ngang i vi in p ng dy l:
Up = 3U p = 3 (IX cos IR sin ) (2.16)
PX
QR PX QR
=
U m
hay U = 3
3U m
3U m
in p dy u v cui ng dy trong thc t xc nh:

Trang 11
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

2
P R + Q 2 X P2 X Q 2 R
+
U 1 = U 2 + 2
U
U
2
2
P R + Q 1 X P1 X Q 1 R
+
U 2 = U 1 + 1
U1
U1
y, P1, Q1, P2 (KW), Q2 (MVar) tng ng vi cng sut u v cui

ng dy
tg =
2.2.1.2
U
U
=
U 2 + U U 1 U1
Trng hp c nhiu ph ti
Hai ph ti
A
P1 + jQ1
R1X1
P2 + jQ2
R2X2
Pb + jQb
Pc + jQc
Hnh 2.3 ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung
Xt mng in phn phi c hai ph ti tp trung, ta khng ch n tn tht

cng sut dc ng dy th cng sut chuyn ch ti cc on ng dy nh sau:
P2 + jQ2 = Pc + jQc
P1 + jQ1 = P2 + jQ2 + Pb + jQb = (Pb + Pc) + j(Qb + Qc)
Tn tht in p trn ton b ng dy bng tng s tn tht trn tng on
dy:
U = U1 + U2
U =
P1 R 1 + Q 1 X1 P2 R 2 + Q 2 X 2
+
U m
U m
(2.17)
* Tng qut cho n ph ti

n
U =
(P R
i =1
+ QiXi )
U m
Trang 12
(2.18)
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Vi Pi, Qi l cng sut tc dng & phn khng trn on dy th i
Ri, Xi l in tr v in khng ca on dy th i
Um l in p nh mc ca ng dy
2.2.1.3
Tnh ton tn tht in p li khi c ti phn b u
Trong thc t thng gp ung dy c ph ti bng nhau v phn b ging nhau

dc theo chiu di ng dy, v d nh ng dy ca h thng chiu sng ng
ph, Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, c th xem ng dy l ng dy c ti
phn b u.
Xt ng dy c ph ti phn b u, bit dng in ph ti ca mt n v chiu
di ng dy i (A/m), in tr v in khng ca ng dy r0, x0 (/m), chiu di
ng dy l L (m). Tnh tn tht in p trn ng dy ?
Xt mt phn t chiu di ng dy dx cch im cui ng dy mt on x
(m), tn tht in p trn phn t dx l:
Ux = 3 (i x r0 dx cos + i x x0 sin)
Tn tht in p trn ng dy:
L
L
U = 3 ro ixdx cos + x o ixdx sin (2.19)

0
0
L2
L2
U = 3 iro
cos + ix o
sin
2
2
L
L
U = 3 Iro cos + Ix o sin

2
2
Trong , cos l h s cng sut ca ph ti phn phi u I = iL l tng dng

in ph ti.
Tn tht in p trn ng dy c chiu di L vi ph ti tp trung cui ng
dy l:
U = 3 (Iro L cos + Ix o L sin )
(2.20)
=> Ta c th nhn thy rng tn tht in p trn ng dy c ph ti phn b

u ch bng mt na tn tht in p trn ng dy vi ph ti tp trung t cui
ng dy c cng chiu. Do , ph ti phn b u c th thay bng ph ti tp
trung gia ng dy khi tnh tn tht in p.
Trang 13
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
dx
L
Hnh 2.4 S ng dy c ph ti phn b u
2.2.1.4
Tnh ton tn tht in p khi li c phn nhnh
Xt ng dy c phn nhnh nh hnh v:

PB + jQB
1
P2 + jQ2
P1 + jQ1
3
P3 + jQ3
PC + jQC
PD +
jQD
Hnh 2.5 S mng in c phn nhnh
Cng sut trn on AB:

S = P1 jQ1 = SB + SC + SD = PB + PC + PD + j(QB + QC + QD)
Tn tht in p trn on AB:
U AB =
PI R I + Q I X I (PB + PC + PD )R 1 + (Q B + Q C + Q D )X 1
=
U m
U m
Tn tht in p trn on AD:

UAD = UAB + UBD
U AD =
U AD =
P1 R 1 + Q 1 X1 P3 R 3 + Q 3 X 3
+
U m
U m
(PB + PC + PD )R 1 + PD R 3 + (Q B + Q C + Q D )X1 + Q D X 3
U m
t RD = R1 + R3
Trang 14
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

XD = X1 + X3
XB = X1
Suy ra U AD =
(PB + PC )R B + PD R D + (Q B + Q C )X1 + Q D X D
U m
Tng t cch tnh trn, ta c th xc nh c tn tht in p t A n C:

UAC = UAB + UBC
U AC =
2.2.1.5
xng
(PA + PB + PC )R 1 + PC R 2 + (Q A + Q B + Q C )X1 + Q D X 2
U m
Tnh ton tn tht in p mng in c ti khng i
Trn thc t, ti tiu th l khng i xng, khi , trn dy trung tnh s c dng
in Io chy qua. Tn tht in p trn tng pha cng khng cn ging nhau. Khi ,
ta cn phi tnh ton ton tn tht in p ca pha ti nng nht kim tra cht lng
in p.
Gi thit rng dng qua pha A ln hn so vi dng qua pha B, C. trn dy trung
tnh, xut hin dng I0 chy qua v bng tng hnh hc dng trong cc pha IA, IB, IC
.
I0 = IA + IB + IC
Dng in khng i xng gy nn mt tn tht in p trn dy trung tnh:
.
U o = I o ro vi r0 l in tr ca dy trung tnh
Hay c th vit:
.
U0 = IA ro + IB ro + IC ro
Tn tht in p trn mi pha c xc nh:
.
UpA = IA r
.
UpB = I B r
vi r l in tr dy pha
.
UpC = I C r
Trang 15
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Tn tht in p ton phn ca mt pha bao gm tn tht in p trn dy pha
v dy trung tnh. Khi biu din ph ti ca mi pha bng cng sut tc dng PA , PB
v PC th tn tht in p ton pha A l:
U A =
m r =
vi
PA
0.5
( r + ro ) +
(PB + PC )ro
U m
U m
L
L
v r0 =
So
S
L: Chiu di ng dy
S, S0 : Tit din dy pha v dy trung tnh
Um : in p nh mc
Tn tht trn pha A c vit li:

U A =
PA L
U m
1 1
+
S So
L

(PB + PC )
2 S o U m
Mt cch tng t cho hai pha cn li, ta cng c th xc nh tn tht in p

trn pha B v C:
U B =
PB L
U m
1 1
+
S So
L

(PA + PC )
2 S o U m
U C =
PC L
U m
1 1
+
S So
L

(PA + PB )
2 S o U m
Nu ng dy c nhng ph ti bt k, ta vn c th dng cng thc trn

tnh ton v xem tn tht trn pha A bng tng s tn tht in p tng on ring l
ca mng. Vi gi thit ny, cho php biu din tn tht in p ton phn ca mi
pha nh sau:
n
U A =
Ai
i =1
U m
U B =
P
i =1
Bi
Li
U m
U C =
Li
P
i =1
Ci
Li
U m
1 1
+
S So
1 1
+
S So
1 1
+
S So
1
n

PCi L i + PBi L i
i =1
2 S o U m i =1
1
n

PAi L i + PCi L i
i =1
2 S o U m i =1
1
n

PAi L i + PBi L i
i =1
2 S o U m i =1
Trang 16
(2.21)
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

2.2.2 Tn tht cng sut
2.2.2.1
ng dy c 1 ph ti
Xt ng dy ba pha cn bng c ph ti i xng, dng in chy trn ng

dy c tng tr Z = R + jX th tn tht cng sut trn ng dy l:
S = P + jQ
S2
P2 + Q2
R
R
=
U2
U2
trong : P = 3RI2 =
v Q = 3XI2 =
S2
P2 + Q2
=
X
X
U2
U2
P (W), Q (Var) l tn tht cng sut tc dng v phn khng 3 pha

U in p dy nh mc
2.2.2.2
Xt
ng dy c nhiu ph ti
ng dy c 2 ph ti ti B v C, tnh tn tht cng sut trn ng dy ?

S1
S1
S2
R1 + jX1
S2
R2 + jX2
B
Hnh 2.6 ng dy c hai ph ti ti B v C
Tn hao cng sut trn on ng dy 2:

S2 = P2 + jQ2
vi P2 =
P2'' 2 + Q ''22
R2
U 2c
P2'' 2 + Q ''22
v Q2 =
X2
U 2c
Cng sut u on ng dy 2 bng:

S2 = S2 + S2
= (P2 + P2) + j(Q2 + Q2)
= P2 + jQ2
Trang 17
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Cng sut ti cui on 1 l:
S1 = S2 + SB
= (P2 + PB) + j(Q2 + QB)
= P1 + jQ1
Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy ca on 1 l:
P1 =
Q 1 =
'' 2
P1 + Q 1
UB
'' 2
R1
'' 2
P1 + Q 1
UB
'' 2
X1
vy S1 = P1 + jQ1
mng in phn phi, in p UB = UC = Um, v c th xem S2 = S2, khi
:
2.2.2.3
S
P = C
U m
S + SB
R 2 + C
R 1
U m
S
Q = C
U m
S + SB
R 2 + C
X1
U m
(2.22)
(2.23)
ng dy c ph ti phn b u
Xt trng hp mng in c ph ti phn b u, vi nhng khong cch gn

bng nhau c ph ti bng nhau, coi nh l ph ti phn b u. thun tin trong
tnh ton, ta c th xem nh dng in bin thin t l vi chiu di dy dn.
A
dx
y
I
ib
x
0
x
L
Hnh 2.7 ng dy ph ti phn b u
Trang 18
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
Ly vi phn chiu di dx ti B => ib =
Ix
L
Tn tht P trn vi phn dx l:

dP = 3Ib2dr
gi r0 l in tr trn mt n v chiu di dy dn th dr = r0dx
2
Ix
Vy dP = 3IB dr = 3 ro dx
L
2
Tn tht cng sut dc ng dy t A n C l:

2
Ix
P = 3 ro dx = ro LI 2 = RI 2
L
0
gi s khi c ph ti l I nhng tp trung cui ng dy th tn tht cng sut

dc ng dy l:
Ptp trung = 3RI2
(2.23)
=> Ptp trung = 3Pphn b u

Nhn xt: Khi tnh ton tn tht cng sut cho mng in, c th thay ph ti
phn b u bng ph ti tp trung ti v tr L/3 trn ng dy (v pha ngun)
2.2.2.4
Tn tht cng sut khi ph ti c phn nhnh
i vi ng dy c phn nhnh, tn tht cng sut ca ton ng dy c xc

nh bng tng cng sut ca tng phn on
A
S1
1
S2
B
3
C
S3
SC = PC +jQC
SD = PD +jQD
Hnh 2.8 ng dy c phn nhnh
SAD = S1 + S2
SAC = S1 + S3
S = S0 + S2 + S3
Trang 19
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
2.3
PHNG PHP TNH B CHO LI PHN PHI
tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn, ta phi da vo pht tuyn
xt xem c bao nhiu nhnh ln cn b. Nu pht tuyn khng c nhnh r ln th
vic tnh ton b ch xt trn pht tuyn m thi. Cn nu pht tuyn c nhiu
nhnh ln th ta phi tin hnh tnh ton b trn cc nhnh coi nh cc nhnh r
l mt pht tuyn mi .
Tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn :
Xc nh dung lng b tng cho tng pht tuyn :
Qb = P ( tg1 - tg2 )
(KVAr).
Dung lng b tng ca pht tuyn :

Qb max= Pmax( tg1 - tg2 )
(KVAr).
Dung lng b ti cc tiu ( b nn ) :

Qb min = Qb nn = Pmin( tg1 - tg2 )
(KVAr).
Dung lng b ti cc i ( ng ng) :

Qb = Qbmax - Qb min
(KVAr).
Trong : Cng sut tc dng ca pht tuyn l :

Pmax=
3 .U.Imax cos1
( KW )
Pmin=
3 .U.Imin cos1
( KW )
Imax v Imin xc nh t th ph ti ca pht tuyn :

H s cng sut yu cu trn pht tuyn :
cos2=0,95
1 cos2 1
1 0,952
tg 2 =
=
= 0,328
0,95
cos 1
Xc nh h s ph ti ca pht tuyn:
Trong :
max =
Stt max
Pmax
=
S m S m .cos 1
min =
Stt min
Pmin
=
S m S m .cos 1
S tt max =
Pmax
cos 1
Trang 20
Chng 2: C s tnh ton
Stt min =
Pmin
cos 1
n
S m = Smi : Cng sut t ca cc my bin p trn pht
i =1
tuyn
Xc nh v tr t t b ti u :
Trng hp t mt v tr :
Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn :

P= 3.c..x1[(2 - x1)+.x1
- c]
o hm P theo x1 v cho bng khng :

P
= 3. c. [(2 x1 + x1 . c) + ( 1)] = 0
x1
2c
suy ra x1 =
2(1 )
n gin trong vic tnh ton, ta p dng cng thc t s b ti u trng

2
hp tng qut:
c=
2n + 1
Khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn, th t s b ti u s l : c=2/3
i vi ph ti phn b u, dng phn khng cui ng dy bng khng:
I2=0 =0 , =1.
Vy v tr t t b ti u l: x1 =
2
chiu di pht tuyn .
3
Trng hp t hai v tr :
Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn :

P=3.c..{[x1(2 - x1)+.x1
- 3c]+x2[(2-x2)+x2. - c]}
o hm P theo x1 ,x2 v cho bng khng :
Trang 21
Chng 2: C s tnh ton

P
x = 3. c. [(2 x 1 + . x 1 3. c) + x 1 ( 1)] = 0
1
P = 3. c. [(2 x 2 ) + . x 2 c + x 2 ( 1)] = o
x 2
Suy ra
2 3c
=
x
1
2(1 )
x 2 = 2 c
2(1 )
Khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn, th t s b ti u s l : c=2/5

i vi ph ti phn b u, dng phn khng cui ng dy bng khng
I2=0 =0, =1.
Vy, v tr t t b ti u l: x1 =
2
5
va x 2 =
Trang 22
4
chiu di pht tuyn .
5
Chng 3: Phn tch mt s phng php tnh ton tn tht Cty in lc TP.HCM
PHN TCH MT S PHNG PHP TNH TON

TN THT IN NNG ANG S DNG TI CNG
TY IN LC TP. HCM
Vn xc nh tn tht in nng trong mng in hin nay ang l nhim
v ht sc thit thc, khng nhng i vi cc c quan qun l v phn phi in,
m ngay c i vi cc h dng in. Phng php xc nh tn tht in nng
thng thng nht, l so snh sn lng in u vo v u ra, nhng thng
mc phi nhng sai st ln - do mt s nguyn nhn sau y:
Khng th ly ng thi ch s ca cc cng t ti u ngun v cc im
tiu th in.
Nhiu im ti cn thiu thit b o, hoc thit b o khng ph hp vi ph
ti.
S chng loi ng h o rt a dng vi nhiu mc sai s khc nhau, l
cha ni n vic chnh nh ng h o cha chnh xc, hoc khng th
chnh xc do cht lng in khng m bo.
ng nhin, c th s dng phng php o hin i nh dng ng h o
tn tht nng cao chnh xc ca php o, nhng nh vy s rt tn km v
phc tp, khng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t nc ta.
Do vy, ta phi p dng cc phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng ca li
in phn phi.
Hin nay c nhiu phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng. Mi phng
php c trng bi nhng thng s tnh ton ban u. Vy nn la chn phng
php tnh ton no m thng s tnh ton ban u d thu thp, kt qu tnh ton
chnh xc cao, l mt nghin cu cn thit.
Sau y, em xin trnh by mt s phng php tnh tn tht in nng trn
li in phn phi.
Trang 23
3.1
CC PHNG PHP TNH TON:

3.1.1 Phng php c bn ca JUN v LENS (Vin Nng Lng):
T
A = RI 2 ( t ) dt
(3.1)
Trong : + T: Thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).

+ R: in tr dy dn ( ).
+ I (t):Dng in bin thin theo thi gian (A) .
3.1.2 Phng php bc thang ha th ph ti (Vin Nng
Lng):
n
A = i=1 RI i2 ti
(3.2)
Trong : + R: in tr dy dn ( ).
+ I i : Dng in trung bnh trong khong thi gian ti.
Da vo th ph ti , ta tnh c tn tht in nng:
A=Rx(I21.t1+ I22.t2+ I23.t3+ I24.t4+ I25t5++ I2n.tn)
3.1.3 Phng php thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht (TLTK:
Gio trnh mng in ca Bi Ngc Th)
A = R. I 2 max.
(3.3)
Trong : + = f(Imax, cos): thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht.

+ I max: Dng in cc i qua dy dn (A).
+ R: in tr dy dn.
Trong biu thc trn, tr s ca Imax v R d dng tm c, ch cn xt cch
xc nh l c th tnh c A. Bit rng Tmax v c quan h vi nhau.

v ng cong quan h, ta tin hnh nh sau:
Thu thp mt s ln cc ng cong ph ti ca cc loi h dng in
khc nhau, nghin cu cc ng cong .
Phn loi cc ng cong (loi 3 ca, 2 ca... ri loi Cos =1, Cos =
0.8 vv...) ri v cc ng cong in hnh
Da vo tng loi ng cong in hnh, ng vi tr s Tmax li c mt
tr s , ri sp thnh bng. Cn c vo bng s liu , v ng cong
biu din:
=f(Tmax).
Trang 24
Nu ph ti c khc vi tr s ca ng cong cho, s tm c bng
cch ni suy.
3.1.4 Phng php h s tn tht cng sut: (TLTK: KTT,
Distribution System Westing House)
A = R. I 2 max. K TT .T
Trong : + K TT
(3.4)
= B. K pt + (1 B ). K 2 pt : H s tn tht.
P
+ K pt = tb =
: H s ph ti.
Pmax U .Im ax.cos .T
+ A: in nng tiu th (KWh).
+ I max : Dng in cc i qua dy dn (A).
+ T: thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).
+ cos: H s cng sut.
+ B:H s hnh dng ph thuc vo cu trc li in
3.1.5 Phng php hai ng thng ca Edmond Borard (B):
(Bi dch ca k s V Khc Thnh)
A =
Trong :
RA
(T.U.Imax.cos +2A)
3.T .U 2 .cos2
(3.5)
+ R: in tr dy dn ( ).
+ A: in nng tiu th (Kwh).
+ T: Thi gian kho st tn tht in nng (h).
+ Cos: H s cng sut.
+ Imax: dng in cc i qua dy dn (A) .
+ U: in p pha (V).
3.1.6 Phng php xc nh tn tht theo l thuyt xc sut: (TLTK:

PTS Trn Quang Khnh -Trng i hc Nng nghip I)
A = 3. M ( I 2 ). R.T .10 3
(3.6)
Trong : + M(I2): l k vng ton bnh phng dng in (A).

M(I2)=[M(I)]2+D(I).
M(I),D(I): k vng ton hc v phng sai dng in
+ R: in tr ng tr ca mng in ( ).
Pm .10 3
3I 2 m
vi Pm=k.Im. Um. (KW)
R=
Trang 25
- Um : tn hao in p cc i trn ng dy , tnh n im cui ca
ng trc chnh (KV).
- k: h s tnh n kt cu li in, loi dy dn, cp in p, c im
phn b ph ti in.
+ T: thi gian kho st (h).
Gi tr ca k vng ton dng in chy trong mng c th xc nh theo cc
ch s ca cc cng t ti l ra ca trm bin p trung gian:
A 2r A 2 x
M(I)=
3U 2 tb T 2
(I)=[M(I)]2.kbi2.
kbi =
I m M (I )
M ( I ). t1
Trong : + Ar, Ax: in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng (KWh,

KVAr).
+ Utb: in p trung bnh ca mng in.
+ t1: bi s tn x.
Vy, gi tr tn tht in nng tc dng trn ng dy l:
2
Ari=3.[m(I)]
.(1+k2bi).R.T.10-3. (KWh).
(3.6)
Tn tht in nng phn khng c th xc nh theo biu thc:

Axi= Ari. .
vi =
X
R
0i
. li
0i
. li
Trong : + R0i,X0i: in tr sut ca 1km on dy th i , /km.

+ li: chiu di on dy th i.
Tn tht trong cc my bin gm hai thnh phn: thay i v c nh. Thnh
phn thay i c xc nh tng t nh i vi ng dy theo biu thc (3.6),
vi k vng ton dng in chy qua bin p ng tr l:
M(I)BA=
2
A 2 r2 + A x2
3.U 2 2 . T 2
(3.7)
Trong : + Ar2,Ax2: in nng tc dng v phn khng cui mng ng

tr (KWh , KVAr).
Ar2=Ar- Ari
Ax2=Ax- Axi
+ U2: in p cui ng dy , kV.
Trang 26
in tr ng tr ca my bin p l:
U
RBA =
. Pcui .10 3
i
( S mi ) 2
i
Trong : + Um - in p nh mc ca cc my bin p , KV.

+ Smi - cng sut nh mc ca my bin p th i, KVA.
i.
+ Pcui - tn hao cng sut trong cun dy ca my bin p
+ m - s lng my bin p tiu th.
Vy tn tht in nng tc dng trong dy ng ca cc my bin p tiu th l:
2
2
3
Acu=3[M(I)BA] .(1+k bi).RBA.T.10 .
Thnh phn tn tht c nh, hay tn tht trong li thp ca my bin p c xc
nh theo biu thc:
m
U22
.
.
T
Afe=
Pfei .
U 2 m
i
Vi Pfei - tn hao cng sut trong li thp ca my bin p th i.
Tng tn tht in nng tc dng trong ton mng phn phi l:
A = Ari + Acu + A fe
Nhn Xt: Ngoi tr phng php 3 c dng ch yu trong thit k mng in

khu vc vi gi thit bit trc Imax v cos, Phng php 6 p dng theo c
s l thuyt xc sut thng k; vic tn tht in nng y ch cn da vo
cc d kin v lng in nng tiu th ti u vo, dng in cc i ca
mng v mc chnh lch in p gia u v cui ng trc. Cc thng s
ny c th xc nh rt d dng bng cc thit b o thng dng.
Cn li cc phng php 1,2,4 v 5 hnh thnh 2 nhm phng php:
Nhm 1: gm cc phng php 1 v 2. Theo cc phng php ny th tn
tht in nng l hm ca bnh phng dng in bin thin I2(t) v I2 i.
Nhm 2: gm cc phng php 4 v 5. Theo cc phng php ny th
tn tht in nng l hm ca dng in Imax, in p Ufa, h s cng
sut cos (lc Imax) v in nng A.
Vy, nn la chn phng php tnh ton no m thng s tnh ton ban u d
thu thp, kt qu tnh ton chnh xc cao.
3.2
LA CHN PHNG PHP TNH TON:

3.2.1 Yu cu chn la:
Mt phng php thch hp phi ng thi tha mn 2 yu cu sau:
Trang 27
a/ Tnh kh thi: Cc thng s tnh ton d thu thp (phi m bo tnh
tin cy).
b/ Tnh chnh xc: Kt qu tnh ton cho sai s tng i nm trong
phm vi cho php (510%).
Sau y ta da vo yu cu la chn phn tch u nhc im ca 2 phng
php:
+ Phng php 2: i din cho nhm 1
+Phng php 4: i din cho nhm 2
V phng php 2 v 4 l phng php c s dng nhiu trong v ngoi nc.
3.2.2 Phn tch phng php:
Phng php 2:
Cng thc : A =
24
R.I .t
i=1
2
i
(3.2)
Tnh kh thi: phng php ny a ra 1 cng thc tnh n gin bng gii
tch. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh dng in trong tng gi ca sut thi gian
kho st, cng lc vi hng trm ph ti ca 1 khu vc li trung th, h th
l iu m ngnh in chng ta hin nay khng th thc hin c.
Phng php 4:
A = R. I 2 max . K TT .T .
2
Cng thc: vi K TT = B. kpt + (1 B). k pt
Ppt
A
kpt =
=
Pmax 24. I max .U .cos
(3.4)
Tnh kh thi: Cng thc ny a ra mt lot cng thc vi nhiu thng s

tnh ton, tuy nhin cc thng s tnh ton ny u c kh nng xc nh
c nh :
+ o Ufa, I, cos, lc ph ti max.
+ Xc nh in nng A thng qua in nng k (hay ha n ghi tiu
th hng thng).
3.2.3 So snh la chn phng php tnh ton:
Qua cc phn tch v nhn xt cc phng php tnh ton tn tht in nng
(ti liu tnh ton tn tht in nng ca Cng ty in lc Tp.HCM).
Trang 28
Ta so snh v tnh kh thi v tnh chnh xc ca 2 phng php: 2 v 4
V tnh kh thi:
Phng php 2:
Cc thng s tnh ton kh thu thp do khng c cc thit b t ghi dng
in cc thi im khc nhau trong sut thi gian kho st.
iu quan trng l t thit b ghi li cc nt ph ti l iu khng thc hin
c.
Phng php 4:
Cc thng s tnh ton d thu thp ch o thi im ti max, v xc nh
in nng trong thi gian kho st.
t in k tng ti mt s trm ca khu vc trung th,hay mt ci ti mt
trm h th cn kho st TN THT IN NNG, l iu v c th thc
hin c.
V tnh chnh xc:
Phng php 2:
Nu cc thi im c II sai s o mc 5% dn n kt qu sai s
khong 10%.
Sai s o mc 20% th sai s kt qu mc c bit th +44% hoc 36%.
C nhng thi im sai s xc nh mc 20% v cn li l nh hn
hoc ln hn th khng c c s nh gi chnh xc ca sai s kt qu.
Phng php 4:
Sai s o Imax mc 5% th sai s kt qu mc < 5%.
Sai s o Imax mc -20 th sai s kt qu phn ln l nh hn 10% cn li
khng qu 20%.
Sai s ca Ax ln (ph bin tnh trng n cp in) th khng th nh gi
c chnh xc ca sai s kt qu.
Kt lun:
Qua kt qu so snh, ta d dng nhn thy phng php 4 c u im hn hn

khi p dng n tnh ton tn tht in nng trn cc phn t in tr R ca khu vc
t c tn tht in nng kinh doanh (sai s A khng ng k) c th:
Ton b li in trung th.
Cc khu vc h th khng ph bin tnh trng n cp in.
Trang 29
Chng 4: Tm hiu phn mm PSS/ADEPT
TM HIU PHN MM PSS/ADEPT

Phn mm PSS/ADEPT (The Power System Simulator/Advanced Distribution
Engineering Productivity Tool) tm dch l cng c phn tch li in phn phi,
gip phn tch v tnh ton li in phn phi trn a bn. Phn mm bao gm mt
s chc nng phn tch chnh nh sau:
Tnh ton v hin th cc thng s v dng (I), cng sut (P, Q) ca tng
tuyn dy (ng trc v nhnh r), nh gi tnh trng mang ti ca tuyn
dy thng qua chc nng Load Flow Analysis (Phn b cng sut).
Cho bit cc thng s v tn tht cng sut ca tng tuyn dy t c
phng n b cng sut phn khng trnh lm tn tht nhiu cho tuyn dy
thng qua chc nng CAPO (Ti u ha vic t t b).
Cho bit cc thng s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI v vic nh gi tin
cy ca tuyn dy thng qua chc nng DRA (Phn tch tin cy ca li
in phn phi).
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton dng ngn mch (3 pha chm t, 01 pha
chm t, 01 pha chm t c tnh ti thnh phn tng tr t, 02 pha chm
nhau, 02 pha chm t, 03 pha chm t) ca tt c trng hp cho tng
tuyn dy thng qua chc nng Fault, Fault All (Tnh ton dng ngn mch
khi b s c).
Chc nng TOPO (Chn im dng li ti u) cho ta bit im dng li
t b tn tht cng sut nht trn tuyn dy .
Chc nng Motor Starting (Khi ng ng c) cho ta bit cc thng s nh
st p, phn trm st p, tn tht cng sut,nh hng nh th no
n tuyn dy nu trn tuyn dy c t ng c (ng b hay khng
ng b) vi cng sut ln.
Chc nng Harmonics (Sng hi) phn tch sng hi.
Chc nng Coordination (Phi hp bo v) h tr cho cng tc thit k, pht
trin li in bng cch s dng kt qu ca chng trnh ti thi im cao
im. D on c s qu ti ca cc phn t trn li in.
Trang 30

4.1
TNG QUAN V P DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT :

4.1.1
S p dng trin khai

S p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings
To s
Creating diagrams
Chy 8 bi ton phn tch

Power System Analysis
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
4.1.2
Thit lp thng s cho mng li:
Phi thit lp cc thng s trc khi thc hin v s , phn tch hay tnh ton
mt project. PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta thit lp thng s mt cch c lp vi
tng ngi s dng (user profile). Th vin dy dn Construction dictionary
(PTI.CON) trong PSS/ADEPT l file nh dng di m ASCCI cung cp cc d liu
cho h thng nh tr khng, thng s dy, my bin p
Ta cng c th to ra nhng file th vin dy dn, my bin p ph hp vi
li in ca Vit Nam, cc file vi phn m rng l .con. Chng c th c son
tho trong bt k mt ng dng son tho no nh Word, Notepad, WordPad
Ta m hp thoi Program Settings:
Trang 31
Hnh 4.1 Thit lp thng s mng li

4.1.3
To s :
- V s li in cn tnh ton vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT. S dng thanh cng
c Item m phng cc phn t trn li in nh cc nt (node), dy dn (line),
ngun (source), thit b ng ct (switch),...
Hnh 4.2 Thanh cng c Item

- Cp nht s liu u vo cho s li in.
Trang 32
4.1.3.1
Ngun Source:
Hnh 4.3 Thit lp thng s ngun
4.1.3.2
Ti Static Load :
Hnh 4.4 Thit lp thng s ti
Trang 33
4.1.3.3
Dy dn Line :
Hnh 4.5 Thit lp thng dy dn
4.1.3.4
Nt Node :
Hnh 4.6 Thit lp thng s nt
Trang 34

4.2
CC CHC NNG PHN TCH LI IN CA PHN MM

PSS/ADEPT
4.2.1
Tnh ton phn b cng sut
4.2.1.1
Gii thiu
Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton phn b cng sut ca PSS/ADEPT lit

k di y.
Trong PSS/ADEPT, cc b phn ca li in c chia thnh nhiu loi:
im ni (cn gi l nt bus): l ni cc b phn khc trong li in
gp nhau. im ni c th c hoc khng tng ng vi thit b trong
thc t.
Thit b ni Shunt tng trng cho b phn vt l t ti mt im ni.
Thit b nhnh tng trng cho b phn vt l tn ti gia hai (hay
nhiu) im ni vi nhau.
H thng in cp y thng l h thng ba pha, v trong PSS/ADEPT
mi b phn trong li ba pha bao gm thng tin cho c ba pha v c th thao tc nh
mt b phn mt pha.
Mt nt, chng hn nh cho ba im ni, mi im c ba pha A, B v C. Tng
t vy, mi nhnh cng c ba pha (gia A vi B hoc C) gia hai nt.
S lng thc ca dy dn hoc pha l thuc tnh ca nhnh. V th, mt nhnh
ba pha c th tng trng cho c mt, hai hoc ba pha.
Thit b mc Shunt, tr t in mc Shunt, u c nh ngha tng t nh
nhnh, cng c 3, 2, hay 1 pha.
4.2.1.2
Ngun
Bi ton mng in gii trong PSS/ADEPT phi c ti thiu mt ngun ba pha

cn bng. PSS/ADEPT, c th gii bi ton c nhiu ngun hot ng cng mt lc.
Mt ngun c t trng bi in p, tng tr th t thun v th t khng.
Ch khi bit c cng sut ngn mch ca ngun th mi c th chuyn sang tng tr
th t thun v th t khng.
4.2.1.3
Dy v cp
Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt dy

c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t thun
v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng.
Trang 35

Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng
ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh phn
dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v khng ca
tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy
hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha (vd
Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np, Bs
c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch
n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai s
nu c cng s rt nh. Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy
trn khng, bng cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm,
thnh phn dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
4.2.1.4
My bin th
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,

iu chnh in p .v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi
bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.
Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s ni
dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh phn
tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc
tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho st
dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t .v.v.
4.2.1.5
M hnh my in
My in ng b v khng ng b u c m hnh ho trong PSS/ADEPT.

C hai loi ny u c thit k sn cho c dng my pht ln ng c bng
cch chn c trng thch hp thng qua cng sut thc tng th, gi tr m cho bit l
my pht.
4.2.1.5.1
My in ng b
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, m hnh my in ng b trong

PSS/ADEPT gi c nh gi tr in p l hng s bng vi gi tr ngi dng a
vo. Lng cng sut phn khng pht ra hay thu vo c s dng iu chnh in
Trang 36

p. Nu lng cng sut yu cu ca m hnh vt qu gii hn kh nng cho php th
kh nng iu khin in p cng s mt theo, v my in ng b lc tr thnh
ti tiu th cng sut.
Nu my in ng b hot ng dng ln hn dng nh mc, th nhit
trong ng v st s ln lt tng vt mc theo
Khi mt my in khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr rotor. Nu mt my in
ang hot ng, v c mt my in khc cng khi ng, th my in ang hot
ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr qu .
Gi tr ca in p ngun v gc pha c xc nh bng cch cho chy chng
trnh tnh ton mng in iu kin trc khi ng kha ni ng c vo mng in.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt my in m hnh bi mt ngun dng
gn theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tu thuc vo ch no ta mun kho
st.
Gi tr ca ngun c xc nh tng t nh cch lm i vi khi ng ng
c (vd chy bi ton phn b cng sut trc s c).
4.2.1.5.2
ng c khng ng b
Trong khi m phng bi ton phn b cng sut, ng c khng ng b

(DCKDB) th hin bi cng sut thc n s dng. Lng cng sut phn khng tiu
th v trt c xc nh t m hnh my in. C 5 loi DCKDB trong
PSS/ADEPT, tng ng vi cc mu thit k A, B, C, D, v E.
Tuy nhin, nu DCKDB i ra bn ngoi vng c Momem ln nht, n s b gi
li. Khi iu xy ra, DCKDB s c biu th bi tng tr kho Rotor (locked rotor
impedance).
Khi mt DCKDB khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr kho rotor. Nu mt
DCKDB ang hot ng, v c mt DCKDB khc cng khi ng, th DCKDB ang
hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr, tng t nh trng
hp my in ng b.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt DCKDB m hnh bi mt ngun gn
theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tng t nh trng hp my in ng b.
4.2.2
Tnh ton ngn mch
Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton tnh ngn mch trong PSS/ADEPT c

lit di y.
Trang 37
4.2.2.1
Ngun
Trong bi ton tnh ngn mch, cc ngun c xem nh c in p khng i

v tng tr phi c xc nh r. Tng tr ngun da trn h n v c bn ca h
thng (kVA).
4.2.2.2
ung dy v cp
Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt dy c

th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t thun v
th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng.
Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng ca
tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh phn
dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v khng ca
tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy hai
pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha (vd Z1
= Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np, Bs c
trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch n
gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai s nu
c cng s rt nh.
Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy trn khng, bng
cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm, thnh phn dn
np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
4.2.2.3
My bin p
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,

iu chnh in p .v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi
bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.
Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s ni
dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh phn
tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc tip,
t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho st
dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t .v.v.
Trang 38

4.2.2.4
M hnh my in
Trong tnh ton ngn mch, my in ng b c xem nh c in p khng

i v c tng tr. Chng ta c th chn tng tr qu hoc siu qu ty theo yu
cu ca chng ta trong vic tnh ngn mch.
ng c khng ng b ang hot ng c biu trng nh ng c ng b
trong tnh ngn mch, c ngha cng c in p khng i v tng tr.
4.2.2.5
M hnh ti tnh
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ti tnh c m hnh bi cng sut khng i, dng khng

i hay tng tr khng i.
Thm vo , PSS/ADEPT cho php ta cch ch nh ti c ni t hay khng
ni t.
Vi loi ti c ni t: l ti c ni dy pha v dy trung tnh vi nhau.
Tri li, vi ti khng ni t: khi nhp vo cho pha A tht ra l ni gia pha A
vi pha B, khi nhp vo cho pha B tht ra l ni gia pha B vi pha C, v khi nhp vo
cho pha C tht ra l ni gia pha C vi pha A.
4.2.3
Xc nh v tr t t b ti u (CAPO)
CAPO t t b trn li sao cho kinh t nht (ngha l sao cho s tin tit kim
c t vic t t b ln hn s tin phi b ra lp t t b).
CAPO chn nt cho t b th n s tin tit kim c l ln nht.
th ph ti c s dng trong PSS/ADEPT cung cp cho ta s m hnh
ha cc bin thin ph ti theo thi gian, nhit hoc cc yu t khc.
Khi t cc t b ng ng, CAPO cng tnh lun tng ca nc iu chnh t
b ng vi tng th ph ti.
4.2.3.1
Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO
Cc thng s kinh t li in c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton v tr t

t b ti u.
thit lp cc thng s kinh t ny, chn Network>Economics t trnh n
chnh. Bng cc thng s kinh t s hin ra trn mn hnh.
Gi in nng tiu th, cP, tnh bng n v /kWh. Nhn vo n v ta c th
thy y l nng lng thc. M thng s dng n v tin t l dollar, tuy nhin
c PSS/ADEPT v CAPO u khng bt buc n v tin t phi s dng, chng ta c
Trang 39

th s dng bt c n v tin t no min sao m bo tnh nht qun gia cc bin
s.
Gi in nng phn khng tiu th, cQ, cng c n v tu chn ging vi gi
in nng tiu th. Gi tr ny (cng nh cc gi tr khc) s c t l 0 nu khng
c gi tr trn thc t.
Gi cng sut thc lp t, dP, l gi ca cng sut pht phi tr thay th tn
hao h thng. Hin ti CAPO khng s dng gi tr ny.
Gi cng sut phn khng lp t, dQ, ging vi gi cng sut thc lp t.
Hin ti CAPO cng khng s dng gi tr ny.
T s trt gi, r, c s dng quy i s tin tit kim c v chi ph t
tng lai v thi im hin ti. Nu ngun ti chnh ca vic mua v lp t t b
c vay t ngn hng th t s trt gi s bng hoc gn bng li sut cho vay ca
ngn hng. Khi s dng t s trt gi CAPO khng tnh n thu v nhng yu t
khc. Sau khi cc thng s kinh t c gii thch, ta s bit cc phng trnh c
CAPO s dng tnh ton.
Hnh 4.8 Hp thoi thit t thng s kinh t trong CAPO

T s lm pht, i, l s tng gi in nng v tin bo tr t b hng nm. Lu
l t s ny tnh bng n v tng i (pu) ch khng phi phn trm (%). Thng
thng gi tr ny trong khong 0.02 n 0.08 cho 1 nm.
Thi gian tnh ton, N, l khong thi gian m tin tit kim c t vic lp t
b bng vi tin lp t v bo tr t b (ngha l thi gian hon vn). Nu thc t c
chnh sch l u t phi hon vn trong 5 nm th gi tr ny c t l 5.
Trang 40

Gi lp t t b c nh, cF, c n v l /kvar ca kch c t b; gi tr ny
cn c tnh ph hp vi thc t ca ngi s dng. C th n s bao gm c tin
v bc t b, tin vn chuyn, tin cng lao ng, v.v
Gi lp t t b ng ng, cQ, ging vi t b c nh, tuy nhin c th t b
ng ng s c gi cao hn, v vy n c thnh gi tr ring.
T gi bo tr t b c nh, mF, l tin duy tr hot ng ca t b hng
nm. T gi ny tnh bng /kvar-yr. Tin bo tr tng theo t s lm pht.
T gi bo tr t b ng ng, mS, ging vi t b c nh. V tin bo tr ny
cao hn nn n c ring.
4.2.3.2
Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO
Cc tnh ton kinh t trong CAPO c gii thch y ng vi 1 t b c nh

1 th ph ti n.
Gi s CAPO ang tnh ton lp t t b th n, ln sF. Tt c cc nt hp
l trong li in c xem xt tm v tr t t b sao cho s tin tit kim c l
ln nht; gi s cng sut thc tit kim c l xP (kW) v cng sut phn khng tit
kim c l xQ (kvar). Nng lng tit kim v qu trnh bo tr din ra trong mt
khong thi gian, v vy chng ta s dng mt i lng thi gian tng ng, gi l
Ne:
1+ i
Ne =
n =1 1 + r
N
(4.1)
Nh vy gi tr ca nng lng tit kim c l:

SavingsF = 8760 Ne x (xP x cP + xQ x cQ)
(4.2)
Gi tr ca chi ph mua t b l:
CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF)
(4.3)
Nu tin tit kim c ln hn chi ph, CAPO s xem xt n t b th (n+1), nu

tin tit kim c nh hn th CAPO b qua t b th n v ngng tnh ton.
4.2.3.3
Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO
PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta sa i cc tu chn trong phn tm v tr t b ti u.

Cc bc sa cc ty chn cho CAPO:
- Bc 1: Chn Analysis>Options t trnh n chnh. Bng cc tu chn s hin ra
Trang 41

- Buc 2: Chn th CAPO.
Nu chng ta khng mua bn quyn phn CAPO th th ny s khng hin ra.
Hnh 4.9 Hp thoi thit t thng s trong CAPO

-
Buc 3: Chn tu chn m chng ta mun cho php phn tch CAPO:
Loi u ni: chn t c loi u ni ph hp: sao hoc tam gic. Loi u ni c
th chn cho c 2 loi t c nh v ng ng trn tt c cc nt trong li in.
Chn loi th ph ti: c th chn bt c loi th ph ti no trong qu trnh
tnh ton: nh du vo tng ng trc tn loi th. Nhng th ph ti ny c
sn cho mt khong thi gian xc nh v c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton
xc nh tnh kh thi ca vic t mt t b ln li in.
V php phn tch CAPO da trn thi gian l tng nm nn khong thi gian dng
tnh ton l phn s ca nm trn th ph ti. Thng th tng thi gian tnh ton
ca tt c th ph ti m chng ta s dng trong CAPO l 1.0; tuy nhin iu ny
khng phi l bt buc. V d nu thit b ca chng ta ch hot ng 10 thng trong 1
nm th CAPO vn c th chy c.
S di t cho php: y l s t c nh v ng ng m chng ta c th c t
ln li (v d nh l s t ang c trong kho). Ban u th s t ny c t bng 0.
Nu vn s t ny l 0 th khi chy CAPO chng ta s thy trn phn Xem Tin
trnh cu thng bo Khng c t no t ln li.
Kch thc t 3 pha: l tng ln di t 3 pha tnh bng kvar cho c 2 loi t c
nh v ng ng t trn li. V d: nu thit lp l t 1 di t c nh 100 kvar th
chng trnh s t cc t c nh 100 kvar cho n khi tm c iu kin ti u.
Tng t nh vy cho t b ng ng.
Trang 42

Cc nt hp l: chn cc nt hp l ti c th t t c nh v ng ng bng
cch nh du vo trc tn ca nt. Ban u tt c cc nt trong li in u ph
hp t cc di t c nh v ng ng. (tt c cc u c nh du sn)
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt lin tip nhau: nhn chut vo nt u tin,
nhn v gi phm Shift, nhn chut vo nt cui cng trong dy cc nt m ta mun
chn.
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt khng lin tip nhau: nhn v gi nt Ctrl,
nhn chut vo bn cnh cc nt mun chn.
4.2.3.4
Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u
u tin, tnh phn b cng sut cho mi th ph ti bit nc iu chnh ca

my bin p v nc chnh ca t b ng ng ang c trn li. Cc nc chnh ny
c lu li cho tng trng hp. Cc my bin p v t b ny s khng c iu
chnh na khi CAPO chy.
Trc ht CAPO xem xt cc t b c nh, theo nh ngha th cc t b ny lun
c ng vo li trong tt c cc trng hp ph ti. Tt c cc nt hp l trn li
s c kim tra xem ti nt no th s tin tit kim c l ln nht. V c rt nhiu
trng hp ph ti nn s tin tit kim ny s c xem nh l tng trng s ca tng
trng hp ph ti, trong khi h s trng lng l thi gian tnh ton ca mi
trng hp ph ti.
T b s khng c t ti nt ang xem xt trong nhng trng hp sau:
Tin tit kim c khng b p c chi ph b ra. Khi c nhiu trng hp ph
ti th tin tit kim c tnh tng t nh v d n gin trn, h s trng lng
lc ny l tng trng s ca tt c cc trng hp.
Khng cn t b c nh thch hp ng ln li. (thc t c th kim tra iu
ny cho tt c cc nt trc khi tnh ton, v vy ch nu ln y cho y ).
Vt qu gii hn trn ca in p cho php trong mt trng hp ti no (gii
hn in p ny c thit lp trong th General ca bng Analysis Options Property).
Cc t b c nh c t ln li cho n khi mt trong cc trng hp trn xy
ra; khi vic t t b c nh kt thc v chng trnh chuyn qua t t b ng
ng. Qu trnh ny thc s din ra phc tp hn, do trc khi bt u xem xt th
mt s ch thch c nu ra y. Nu ch c mt trng hp ph ti c xem xt
th c th s khng phi t t b ng ng sau khi t xong t b c nh.
iu ny l khng ng trong t nht 4 trng hp sau:
Trang 43

-
Ch cn mt vi t b c nh v vn c th tit kim c khi ct ht cc t b

c nh ny ra.
Nhng nt ph hp cho vic t t b ng ng li khc vi cc nt ph hp

vi t b c nh.
Thit lp gi tin ca t b ng ng r hn t b c nh, khi sau khi t b

c nh c t ln li th vn c th tit kim chi ph nu t t b ng
ng.
Thit lp ln ca t b ng ng nh hn t b c nh.
Nhng nt ph hp (cho t b ng ng) trn li c xem xt tm nt cho ra

s tin tit kim ln nht trong tt c cc trng hp.
C 2 s tinh t trong qu trnh tnh ton ny. Mt l, nu t t b ng ng gy ra
qu in p trong mt trng hp ti no th t b ny s c ct ra trong sut qu
trnh tnh ton. Hai l, nu t b gy ra chi ph qu cap cho mt trng hp ti no
th n cng c ct ra khi li trong trng hp ti . Ch thc hin vic tnh tin
tit kim c trong cc trng hp ti m t b c ng ln li. Vic tnh ton
c thc hin n khi:
-
Tin tit kim khng b p c chi ph cho t b ng ng.
Khng cn t b ng ng ng ln li.
tham kho, tt c cc phng trnh c trong qu trnh tnh ton CAPO s c

lit k bn di. Chi ph ca t b, bao gm tin lp t v bo tr, c lit k cho
loi t b c nh trc. Cng thc l tng t cho t b ng ng.
CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF)
(4.4)
Nu c nhiu trng hp ph ti, s c nhiu bin cn c nh ngha hn. Gi s

c K trng hp ph ti trong CAPO, mi trng hp c khong thi gian l dk. Gi
switchk l trng thi ng ct ca t b ng ng, switchk = 1 ngha l t b ng ln
li trong sut trng hp ti v = 0 l t b c ct ra.
Tin tit kim cho mi t b c nh (lun c ng vo li) l tng tin tit
kim ca tt c cc trng hp ti.
K
K
SavingsF = 8760 Ne cP xPk + cQ xQk (4.5)

k =1
k =1
Tin tit kim cho t b ng ng cng lin quan n lch ng ct ca t.

K
K
(4.6)
SavingsS = 8760 Ne cP switchk xPk + cQ switchk xQk
k =1
k =1
hon tt ta xt n phng trnh tnh Ne:

Trang 44
1+ i
Ne =
n =1 1 + r
N
(4.7)
Ni tm li, CAPO t t b c nh ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng.

Sau t b ng ng c t ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng tng ng
ca t b ng ng. Tng chi ph ca qu trnh ti u l chi ph lp t v bo tr ca
tt c cc t c ng ln li; chi ph tit kim tng l tng ca cc chi ph tit
kim thu li c ca tng t b.
CAPO c th t nhiu t b c nh v/hoc nhiu t b ng ng ti mi nt.
PSS/ADEPT s gp cc t b ny thnh mt t b c nh v/hoc mt t b ng
ng. T b ng ng n s c nc iu chnh tng ng v lch ng ct t s biu
din cc bc ng ct ca tng t b n.
4.2.3.5
Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u
Trong qu trnh ti u ho, cc thng bo c vit ra trong ca s Progress

View cho ta bit ln v loi di t c t cng nh nt tng ng v tn tht h
thng. Khi qu trnh ti u ha thc hin xong, s mng in vi cc t b cn t
ln li c v li vi ln ca di t v k hiu FX cho t b c nh v SW
cho t b ng ng cn t ln li. Hnh biu din mt s li in mu v ca s
Progress View sau khi thc hin xong ti u ho.
4.2.3.6
Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton
c bng bo co kt qu dng bng cha cc tham s u v kt qu phn tch,

chn Report>Capacitor Placement Optimization t trnh n chnh.
Hnh 4.10 Kt qu tnh ton CAPO

Trang 45

4.2.4
Tnh ton phi hp v bo v
4.2.4.1
Cu ch
Cu ch l mt loi thit b bo c th c a vo nhm cc thit b bo v. C

cc loi cu ch c ch nh trong c s d liu ca chng trnh. Khi chn cu
ch trong c s d liu ny, chng ta c th thay i thng s ca n v lu vo vic
s dng mt file khc. Bi v cc thng s ny ch l gi tr tham kho ch khng
phi gi tr bt u tnh ton. Thay i thng s ca cu ch
Hnh 4.11 Hp thoi thay i thng s cu ch

Damage multiplier: bi s nhn iu chnh:
Bi s nhn ny dng iu chnh nhng gi tr thi gian ca ng cong nng
chy cc tiu. V d gi tr 0,75 cho bit cu ch c th b h hng ng cong nng
chy cc tiu 75% ca thi gian. Vic v th s ly gi tr ny tnh ton.
4.2.4.2
Relays
Relays l mt loi thit b bo c th c a vo nhm cc thit b bo v. C

cc loi relays c ch nh trong c s d liu ca chng trnh.
Hnh 4.12 Hp thoi thay i thng s Relays

Trang 46

- Cc chc nng Primary Settings v Secondary Settings cho php chng ta nhp dng
in s cp v th cp cho b cm bin dng.
- Tme dial settings: Ci t thng s thi gian t cho relay. Chng ta khng th thit
lp thng s ny ngoi phm vi nh sn xut cho php. Khi chn hp thoi Interpolate,
ng cong hin th trong phn phi hp s ni suy gia hai gi tr thi gian t v
trong c s d liu ca PSS/ADEPT.
4.2.4.3
Cp
- My ct hay cu ch t ng pht hin qu ti cp v ct nu s qu ti vt qu gi

tr t v thi gian qu ti cho php nh trc.
- iu kin yu cu bo v qu ti.
Bo v qu ti theo tiu chun IEE 433 :
IN IZ
I 2 1.45 I Z
Vi : I Z
dng in nh mc ca cp ngm trong iu kin lp t.

IN
dng in nh mc ca bo v.
I2
dng in khi ng ca bo v.
cp c bo v, ng cong ph hy cp c c trng bng hng s, n

phi nm trn ng cong thi gian dng in ca thit b bo v. ng cong ph
hy cp ph thuc vo vt liu dn in v nhit cc i m cp chu ng c
trong lc ngn mch. Gii hn ca nhit cc i cho php ph thuc vo loi cch
in.
Bo v ngn mch
Phng thc bo v m mch in v ct dng ngn mch, phi ct thi gian
nhanh ngn nga mi nguy hi cho cp in.
Trong iu kin s c thi gian khong 5s, thi gian cc i tnh bng giy m
cp c th chu ng c dng in s c c th tnh gn ng bng cng thc:
tcp,max =
k 2 A2
I F2
(4.9)
Vi k l hng s nhit cc i ca dy dn, ph thuc loi cch in.

A thit din dy dn.
IF l dng in ngn mch.
Trang 47

Thi gian cc i m cp c th chu ng c tcab,max l thi gian ti hn,
l thi gian tnh bng giy nhit dy dn tng t gi tr nh mc Q1 n gi tr
ti hn QF. Nu nhit cp vt qu QF, vt liu cch in s h hng v cp b ph
hy.
Phng trnh tnh ton tc hi dy dn im PSS/ADEPT l
Dy ng:
I = A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 234) /(T1 + 234)) / t ])
(4.10)
Dy nhm
I = A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])
(4.11)
ACAR
I = 0.093 A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])
(4.12)
ACS
I = A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])
Vi
(4.13)
dng in ampe.
A tit din dy dn mils
mils = mm2 1973,5

mils = kcmil 1000
4.2.4.4
thi gian.
T1
nhit dy dn ban u.
T2
nhit cc i cho php.

Recloser
Recloser l mt loi thit b trn b gm my ct v mch iu khin cn thit

cm nhn tn hiu dng in, nh thi gian ct v ng li ng dy mt cch t
ng khi c s c thong qua, ti lp cung cp in. Nu s c ko di, Recloser s
kha t ng li mt s ln tc ng c t trc (thng l 3 hoc 4 ln) v nh
vy c lp vng b s c khi h thng.
Recloser hot ng theo 2 ng cong thi gian- dng in. ng cong u
tin c c tnh ct nhanh hay cn gi l ng cong A dng bo v cu ch pha
trn n khi c s c ngn mch thong qua. ng cong th 2 c c tnh tc ng
Trang 48

chm vic ng ct cc thit b ng ct v cho php cu ch hot ng trong trng
hp ngn mch vnh cu.
PSS/ADEPT cho php biu trng tt c ng cong no ca Recloser, khng c
mt s gii hn no. Mi ng cong ca Recloser c ch nh nh mt Recloser c
th trong vn hnh. V d nh, nu mun phi hp ng cong c c tnh ct nhanh
A vi ng cong c tnh ct chm E, chng ta chn 2 Recloser cng loi v chnh
nh cho tng Recloser theo mun. Trong trng hp ny, hai Recloser c ch
nh trong danh sch la chn mc d ch c mt Recloser ngoi thc t.
th ng cong ca Recloser khi phi hp c iu chnh trn nh mc ca
cun dy ct i vi iu khin thy lc v nh mc nh nht trong iu khin in
t c ch nh trong thng s ca Recloser.
Recloser c chn trong bng c s d liu ging nh cu ch v relay qu
dng, sau c chnh sa biu hin ng theo ng cong thi gian- dng in.
Hnh 4.13 Hp thoi thay i thng s Recloser

4.2.4.5
Phi hp cc thit b bo v
Mc ch chnh ca vic phi hp cc thit b bo v l chn ra cc gi tr nh

mc thch hp ci t cho cc thit b bo v trn li in. Cc thit b bo v phi
c la chn ph hp thi gian vn hnh l chnh xc nht nhng vn bo v c
trong trng hp qu ti qu ca h thng nh xut hin dng in t khi my bin
p lm vic qu ti hoc lc khi ng c.
Chng ta c th s dng chc nng phi hp xc nh thi gian vn hnh ca
cc thit b bo v c chn trn li in. Hn na, ta cn co th nhp vogi tr
dng in theo mun xc nh thi gian vn hnh cho thit b, hoc c th chy
Trang 49

bi ton phn tch ngn mch xc nh dng ngn mch ti mt im trong vng
c phi hp bo v. Chng ta c th s dng c s d liu c sn ca nh sn xut
tnh ton, hoc c th c khai bo trc tip trong database nh sn xut cung cp.
ng cong phi hp th hin mi quan h gia c tnh vn hnh ca thi gian v
dng in.
4.2.5
Tnh ton phn tch sng hi
Vi cc ph ti tnh, ng c khng ng b, ng c ng b, t in mc
shunt, ng dy v cp, v my bin p, m hnh sng hi thng c dng xc
nh gi tr tng tr mt hi cho trc.
Mi thnh phn ca li in c phng trnh tnh gi tr tng tr tng ng.
4.2.5.1
Ti tnh
Ti tnh c m hnh ho thnh 2 phn, mt l in tr v in khng mc ni

tip, v mt l in tr v in khng mc song song.
Vi phn ti tnh mc ni tip, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:
(4.14)
vi:
V = in p
R = in tr
X = in khng
Fs = tn s c bn (phn ni tip)
S* = lin hp phc ca cng sut ti P jQ (trn mi pha)
S bin i tng tr theo bc ca hi c tnh theo cng thc:
(4.15)
Vi:
Z(H) = tng tr hi bc H
i vi phn ti tnh mc song song, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:
Trang 50
(4.16)
vi:
R = in tr
X = in khng
V = in p
Fp = tn s c bn (phn song song)
P = kW
Q = kvar
S bin thin ca tng tr theo bc ca hi c cho bi cng thc:
(4.17)
vi:
(4.18)
vi:
Cp1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ca ti (phn song song ca ti)
Cp2 = h s m in khng ca ti (phn song song ca ti)
4.2.5.2
ng c khng ng b
ng c khng ng b c biu din bi m hnh lng sc i c tng tr

thay i theo tn s trt cho trc. in tr ng c khng ng b thay i
theo sng hi nh sau:
(4.19)
vi: R0(H) = in tr th t khng hi bc H

Trang 51

in khng ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng hi nh sau:
(4.20)
X0(H) = in khng th t khng hi bc H
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr tng ng trt cho trc c tnh bng cch s dng in tr
v in khng c iu chnh theo tn s nh trn ni. tn s sng hi,
trt c tnh nh sau:
(4.21)
vi: s(H) = trt hi bc H ; s1 = trt tn s c bn
Khi ng c khng ng b c ni t, tng tr ni y c tnh nh sau:
(4.22)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
Rg = in tr ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
Xg = in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
4.2.5.3
ng c ng b
ng c ng b c biu din bi in khng siu qu v th t khng ca

n v bi in tr phn ng v th t nghch. in tr ng c ng b bin thin
theo sng hi nh sau:
(4.23)
vi:
Ra(H) = in tr phn ng hi bc H
R2(H) = in tr th t nghch hi bc H
Trang 52

in khng ng c ng b bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:
vi:
X"d(H) = in khng siu qu hi bc H
X0 = in khng th t khng
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr ng c ng b th t thun, nghch v khng l:
(4.24)
vi:
Z0 = tng tr th t khng
Z1 = tng tr th t thun
Z2 = tng tr th t nghch
Khi ng c ng b c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:
(4.25)
vi:
4.2.5.4
T in mc shunt
T in mc shunt c nh ngha bi cng sut phn khng (kvar) m n cung

cp in p danh nh. Reactor mc shunt tiu th cng sut phn khng. Tng tr
ca t in/reactor mc shunt bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:
Trang 53
(4.26)
vi:
kV = kV c bn ca t in
KVAra = cng sut phn khng ca t in
Khi t in/reactor mc shunt c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:
(4.27)
vi:
4.2.5.5
ng cy v cp
C 3 m hnh sng hi cho ng dy. l:
ng dy IEEE (M hnh 1)
(4.28)
Cp IEEE ( M hnh 2)
(4.29)
Trang 54

ng dy v cp t to (M Hnh 3)
(4.30)
Vi:
r1 = in tr th t thun
x1 = in khng th t thun
C2 = h s m hiu ng b mt th t
khng
b1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun
C3 = h s m in khng th t thun
r0 = in tr th t khng
C4 = h s m in khng th t khng
x0 = in khng th t khng
C5 = h s m in np th t thun
b0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng
C6 = h s m in np th t khng
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt th t
thun
4.2.5.6
My bin p
C hai m hnh sng hi cho my bin p:

M hnh IEEE
M hnh t to (custom)
My bin p IEEE
Tng tr r c cho bi:
(4.34)
My bin p ty
Tng tr r c cho bi:
(4.33)
Tng tr ni t, nu c, c tnh ging nhau cho tt c cc m hnh ca my
bin p:
Trang 55
(4.35)
vi:
R1 = in tr
C4 = h s m in khng my bin p
X1 = in khng
H = bc ca hi
C3 = h s m hiu ng b mt MBA
4.2.5.7
Tnh ton sng hi
Phn tnh ton sng hi trc tin s tnh phn b cng sut tn s c bn.
Kt qu ca phn phn b cng sut c bn s l nn ca in p nt v dng
in nhnh c s dng tnh cc ch s sng hi v sau.
Sau , vi mi tn s sng hi c s tn ti ca ngun sng hi tng ng trong
h thng in, kt qu phn b cng sut trc tip c tm bng phng php y
dng.
Cc tn s sng hi c xem xt u l tn s c bc thp, t 2 n 15, cng vi
hi c trng t 17 n 73.
Tng tr ca cc thnh phn c iu chnh da trn tn s hi v loi thnh
phn.
Vi tn s hi bi ba, mt tng tr th t khng c hiu chnh tng ng vi
tn s v mng th t khng c s dng.
T kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi tm c cc thnh phn hi ca in
p nt v dng in nhnh, sau tt c cc ch s sng hi cng c tnh tng t.
i lng THD v IHD ca nt c so snh vi gii hn ca n, gii hn ny do
ngi s dng nhp vo phn Bus Editor, nu khng tha gii hn th hnh l c
c thm vo trong phn bo co dng vn bn k bn nt tng ng trong phn
Thng tin Sng hi.
Kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi s cho ra bo co dng vn bn cha d
liu vo ca h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, thng tin sng hi trong h
thng, v bng in p nt v dng in nhnh vi tt c cc thnh phn sng hi. Cc
kt qu ny cng c th c xem trc tip t s n tuyn s dng chng trnh
Harmonic Load Flow Slider v Harmonic Display Options Editor. Cng vi bo co
dng vn bn v s n tuyn, th in p nt v dng in nhnh cng c di
Trang 56

dng in p v dng in trong min thi gian v ph sng hi di dng biu
hnh thanh.
Mt vn rt c quan tm khi phn tch sng hi l iu kin cng hng
trong h thng in. V s c mt ca c hai thnh phn in cm v in dung trong
h thng in, mt s tn s nht nh, iu kin cng hng c th xy ra mt s
nt. Nu cng hng xy ra mt nt c dng in hi c bm vo h thng th
qu p v qu dng xut hin.
Chng trnh Phn tch tn s l cng c tt nht kho st vn cng hng
ca h thng in. Chng trnh ny tnh ton v v th bin v gc pha ca tng
tr im li nt trong khong tn s do ngi s dng ch nh; do , c th xc nh
d dng bt k iu kin cng hng song song no v tn s trigger ca n. Phn
phn tch tn s sng hi cng cho php ngi s dng hiu chnh thng s mch lc
sng hi v th li kt qu cui cng.
Khong tn s cn phn tch c nhp vo bi ngi s dng, c th bt u t
tn s c bn n tn s cao nht m ngi s dng mun.
Kt qu phn tch tn s c xut ra bo co dng vn bn c cha d liu u
vo h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, v mt bng cc tng tr im li nt.
Kt qu cng c di dng s n tuyn v th.
4.2.6
Tnh ton im dng ti u (TOPO)
Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization) s phn tch, tnh ton, nh hnh
h thng hnh tia c tn tht cng sut tc dng nh nht, ng kha hnh thnh
mng vng trong h thng, tch ring in khng trong mng vng v gii h thng
in, m kha mng vng vi dng nh nht. TOPO thc hin cho n khi m kho
cng ging nh ng kho.
Nu qu ti trong qu trnh phn tch, th thut ton s lu li cho n khi t n
iu kin khng c im no qu ti. Nu trong h thng ban u c cc nhnh qu ti
th h thng sau khi gii xong cng cha cc nhnh qu ti.
TOPO ti u ho tng phn h thng hinh tia ni vi nt gc. V th, trong tt c
mi cu hnh mng hnh tia, TOPO nh ra cu hnh c tn tht cng sut tc dng nh
nht. Hin ti, TOPO ch tnh c cho h thng mng in hnh tia. Nt gc thng
l nt ngun u tin, nhng ta c th ch nh nt khc bng cch chn
Network>Properties t thc n chnh (Main Menu).
Gii thut im dng ti u s dng phng php heuristic da trn s ti u
phn b cng sut. Mt c tnh ca gi thut heuristic l n khng th nh ra im
ti u th hai, th ba c. Thc ra n cng khng th chng minh c li gii im
Trang 57

dng ti u l li gii tt nht. Nhng bng chng a ra da trn vic kho st tt c
nhng kh nng kt hp cc mng hnh tia, nn y l mt s lng rt ln.
Kho iu khin TOPO c m t trong bng thuc tnh cc kho. Bt k kho
no, ban u u trng thi m, v khi ng th to thnh mng vng. Nu chng
khng to mng vng th hoc l chng ng tch bit hoc l ni vi mt mng tch
bit. Cc kho khng to thnh mng vng s b chng trnh TOPO loi b trc khi
phn tch v chng trnh ch tnh cho cc kho c to thnh mng vng khi ng.
Nh th, kho iu khin l mt b phn ca li in trn cy nt gc; cc kho
cc mng tch bit s b loi b.
Vi cc loi ti nhanh (snapshot) v khng c nhnh qu ti no, th chng trnh
tnh im dng ti u hot ng n gin. Bt u vi h thng hnh tia ban u,
TOPO dng mt trong cc kho iu khin hnh thnh mng vng. Th tc ti u
phn b cng sut c thc hin trong mng vng xc nh vic m kho no l
tt nht v chuyn mng in tr v li dng hnh tia. Tin trnh ny tip tc cho n
khi kho m ra lun l kho ng, khi TOPO ngng li. Kt qu mng c c
l mng hnh tia c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht.
TOPO c th thc hin vi nhiu ti nhanh (snapshot); v nh ra cu hnh mng
in n c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht trn tt c cc snapshot. Khi vic t
mt kho khng th ti u cho bt k ti c bit snapshot no, nhng ph hp cho
vic kt hp cc kho. Khi phn tch cng lc nhiu snapshot, TOPO s dng tn tht
cng sut tc dng mi th ph ti vi nhng khong thi gian lin quan.
TOPO xut ra bng tn tht ban u v cui cng ca mng in v s tin tit
kim t tn hao . Lng tn hao tit kim c tnh trn n v thi gian l nm v
chng trnh tnh c nng lng (tc dng v phn khng) v nhu cu (tc dng v
phn khng) , bng cch s dng gi tr ta ch nh trong mc Network>Economics t
thc n chnh (Main Menu).
4.2.6.1
Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO
Tnh kinh t ca mng in c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch tnh chi
ph nng lng v nhu cu: gi in, gi nng lng phn khng, gi nhu cu in, v
gi nhu cu nng lng phn khn.
t tu chn kinh t (economics): Ta chn Network>Economics. Thng s
kinh t trong bi ton TOPO cng ging nh trong bi ton tnh CAPO. C 2 bi ton
s dng cng nhng thng s ny tnh ton.
4.2.6.2
t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO
Chn Analysis>Options, chn Tag TOPO, ta c hp thoi sau:
Trang 58
Hnh 4.14 Hp thoi thit t thng s cho TOPO

Khi ta chn Consider branch overload limits, TOPO s tnh ton cho tt c cc
nhnh qu ti trc . Trong hp thoi Option ny, ta c th chn nhng th ph
ti m ta cn tnh ton ( to trong Category).
Hin th thng tin chi

tit trng thi cc kha
sau khi phn tch.
Hnh 4.15 Hin th kt qu cho TOPO

4.2.7
Tnh ton tin cy li in
tin cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt thit b trong mt chu k di cc

iu kin vn hnh c th nghim.
C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy
Xc sut t nhin
Trang 59

Ch lm vic thch hp (tu thuc vo cc yu cu)
Thi gian cung cp cng sut lin tc
Cc iu kin vn hnh (c th khc nhau)
Ch s v tin cy ca li in phn phi (theo IEEE) bao gm SAIFI, SAIDI,
CAIDI, CAIFI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS v AENS. Trong , thng dng nht l cc RI
(Reliability Index : ch s tin cy) :
4.2.7.1
H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h
thng)
SAIFI - System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(Average Annual Number of Outages - S ln mt in trung bnh trong nm)
Customer Interruptions i N i
SAIFI =
=
(4.36)
Customers served
: cng s c
i
Ni : s khch hng ti nt th i
N: Tng s khch hng
(Interrptions/Customer s ln/khch hng)
4.2.7.2
H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h
thng)
SAIDI - System Average Interruption Duration Index
(Average Customer Minutes Outage per year Thi gian mt in trung bnh trong
nm)
SAIDI =
Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i
=
N
Customers Served
(4.37)
Ui : Thi gian ct in hng nm

(Minutes or Hours/Customer thi gian/khch hng)
4.2.7.3
H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v)
CAIDI - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
(Average Duration of Outage Thi gian mt in trung bnh mt v)
CAIDI =
SAIDI Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i

=
=
SAIFI
Customer Interrupted
i N i
(4.38)
(Minutes or Hours/Interruption thi gian/v)

4.2.7.4
hng)
H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch

CAIFI =
Customer Interruptions
Customer Interrupted
(4.39)
(Interruption/Customer Interrupted - S s c/ Trn mt khch hng)

Trang 60

4.2.7.5
H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in)
ASAI - Average Service Availability Index
(Availability of Service Mc cung cp in)
ASAI =
Customer Hours Service Availability

=
Customers Hours Service Demand
8760 U i N
N i 8760
(4.40)
(ASAI<1)
Ch tiu ny c biu din di dng phn s ca thi gian (thng l phn
trm), ni ln thi gian c in ca khch hng trong nm hay trong thi gian c
nh trc.
4.2.7.6
ENS = La(i)ui
Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng
La(i) : cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt i
Ui : thi gian ct in hng nm
Trong bi ton phn tch DRA, PSS/ADEPT ch nhn mnh 4 ch s u tin
nh gi tin cy ca mt li in.
4.2.7.7
Phng php tnh
Trong cc cng thc nu trn, N l tng s khch hng kho st. N c th l s
khnh hng ca mt tuyn ng dy, 1 qun, 1 in lc khu vc hay ca c Cng ty.
Khch hng c th l tng trm phn phi hoc l tng in k, ty mc ch nh gi.
Ni l s khch hng b mt in trong s kin i.
Gi tr ca i c th l 1 cho 1 ln mt in hoc mt s ln no , k c s l
trong trng hp thng k.
Ui l thi gian mt in ca s kin .
Nu cc thng s c thu thp theo thc t th kt qu tnh ton chnh l cc ch
bo tin cy thc s ca li in. Nu cc thng s l cc thng k th kt qu tnh
ton l d bo. V nu so snh cc ch s d bo tng ng vi tng kt cu li
v/hoc v tr ca cc thit b bo v ng ct th kt qu ca cng vic chnh l thit
k.
4.2.7.8
S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT
Tnh ton cc ch s tin cy ph thuc vo cc thng s tin cy nh tn
sut s c v thi gian s cha c ch nh trong tng phn t trong li in. Cc
thng s tin cy ny cng c xem l nhng thng s ca cc thit b nhnh c
quy nh trong th vin cu trc hoc thng s li in. Nhng thng s tin cy c
ch nh ny c s dng tnh ton cc ch s tin cy cho ton h thng v mi
vng bo v. Mt vng bo v bao gm nhiu thit b bo v trn .
Trang 61

4.2.8
Tnh ton phn tch khi ng ng c
Cc m hnh kho st c bn ca chng trnh phn tch khi ng ng c
trong PSS/ADEPT gm:
4.2.8.1
Ngun
Ngun c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn mch.
4.2.8.2
My in ang hot ng
My in ang hot ng c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn
mch, ngoi tr l lun dng tng tr qu .
Khi ng my in
4.2.8.3
Khi ng my in
Khi khi ng ng c, ng c ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor
(locked rotor impedance), thng th s dng tng tr qu . m t tng tr khi
ng ph, ta c th thay i gi tr tng tr trong machine dictionary
Mt my in khng ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor (locked rotor
impedance). Gi tr tng tr kho rotor c th thay i trong bng thuc tnh my in
khng ng b. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
4.2.8.4
Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ta c th chn cch khi ng ng c ni tip vi my bn
th t iu chnh (khi ng c b) hn ch dng khi ng, di th Start-up ca
bng thuc tnh my in ng b, chn chc nng Use autotransformer (check vo
hp k bn)
i vi my in ng b, tng tr ca my bin th c ly ra t Machine
Dictionary v khng th chnh sa c. i vi my in khng ng b, tng tr
khi ng ca my bin th c in trc tip trong phn cung cp. Tng tr my
bin th a ra l 0.65 dvtd.
Gi tr t vo thc cho khi ng ng c nm trong phn field provided.
Trang 62
4.2.8.5
Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c
Thng s dng hai phng php khi ng ng c:
Gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh.
C hai phng php c thc hin m phng trong min thi gian v u cho
bng bo co dng vn bn v th.
Mc ch vic kho st khi ng ng c gm hai phn: Kim tra xem c th
khi ng ng c trong min hot ng khng v xem n c cn tr cc hot ng
ca cc ti khc trong h thng khng.
Trang 63

Phng php khi ng gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh khc
nhau cch ta m hnh ng c khi ng.
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch nh
moment ti m ng c phi ko.
4.2.8.6
Gia tc ng c
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch nh
moment ti m ng c phi ko.
V c s khc nhau trong cch m hnh ho vic khi ng ng c, ta c th
chn cch khi ng tnh nu nh ta quan tm n cc tc ng ca vic khi ng
ng c n cc loi ti khc trong h thng hay nu nh s liu ca m hnh ng
khng y .
Mc Khc, nu ta quan tm n thi gian gia tc thc hoc ng c khi ng
c hay khng, th ta nn chn m hnh gia tc ng c ng (dynamic motor
acceleration)
4.2.8.7
Khi ng ng c tnh
Trong phng php khi ng ng c tnh, ta ngm hiu rng ng c lun
khi ng thnh cng. Ta a ra thi gian gia tc 0% v 100% ti v chng trnh s
t ng ni suy ra thi gian gia tc da trn hai gi tr ny.
Trang 64

Trong khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c m hnh bi tng tr locked-rotor,
n th hin kh nng mang dng ln nht t h thng v v c tc ng to tc nht n
cc ti khc trong h thng. Khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c xem
nh mt ti c cng sut khng i (tnh bng KVA).
4.2.8.8
Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu
Tnh ton khi ng ng c chnh l kho st hot ng ca vic khi ng
ng c v nhng nh hng ca n i vi h thng, v n gin ho n bng cc
thit b khi ng
Tnh ton n nh qu c th m phng qu trnh ng c khi ng, quan
tm n cc tc ng ng ca ton h thng di nh hng ca vic khi ng ng
c.
4.2.8.9
Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c
Nhiu c trng c s dng trong kho st khi ng ng c n gin ho
vic m hnh v phn tch h thng, nh:
- Mt ti tnh c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m
phng no.
- Mt ng c c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m
phng no
- Kha ca ng c c th c ch nh bi 1 ti ring hay bus v loi khi
ng.
Trong qu trnh khi ng ng c, khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c
c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i. Mc ti c th thay i theo yu cu
ngi s dng.
Trang 65
Chng 5: Li in phn phi in lc Si Gn
LI IN PHN PHI IN LC SI GN
5.1
TNG QUAN:
in lc Si Gn l mt n v thnh vin thuc Cng ty in lc Thnh Ph H

Ch Minh. Trc y, in lc Si Gn mang tn Chi nhnh in Nam trc thuc S
in lc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh. Nm 1995, vi chnh sch i mi kinh t ca ng
v Nh nc, Tng Cng Ty in Lc Vit Nam c thnh lp. Trong thi gian ny,
theo quyt nh s 336/VN/TCCB-T ngy 13/03/1995 ca Tng Cng Ty in
Lc Vit Nam, in lc Bn Thnh ra i. Cui nm 1998, in lc Bn Thnh c
i tn thnh in lc Si Gn.
in lc Si Gn l mt trong nhng in Lc trung tm, qun l mng li
in phn phi n 22kV v kinh doanh in nng trn a bn Qun 1, Qun 3:
Pha ng gip Qun 2, Qun 4 v ng Bc gip Qun Bnh Thnh.
Pha Ty gip Qun 10 v Ty Bc gip Qun Tn Bnh.
Pha Nam gip Qun 5.
Pha Bc gip Qun Ph Nhun.
Din tch t nhin Qun 1 l 7,6 ngn km2 ; Qun 3 l 4,8 ngn km2.
(Xem bn a d nh km)
y l khu vc Trung Tm Vn ha, Chnh tr, Kinh t ca Thnh ph H Ch
Minh vi h thng cc c quan u no chnh tr, cc c quan bo i, c quan ngoi
giao, cc trung tm thng mi, dch v, cao c vn phng, khch sn ln v vy yu
cu cung cp in an ton, lin tc n nh vi cht lng in nng m bo c t
ln hng u.
5.1.1 V t chc nhn s:
Tng s CBCNV in lc Si Gn tnh n 31/12/2004 l 580 ngi, tng trong
nm 2004 l 18 ngi.
Bao gm 285 cng nhn trc tip, 124 nhn vin trc tip, 146 nhn vin gin tip,
25 cn b qun l. V trnh c 02 trn i hc, 40 k s in, 24 i hc cc ngnh,
45 trung cp.
Trang 66

5.1.2 V quy m qun l:
Hin nay, in p vn hnh trn ton tuyn trung th in Lc Si Gn cp
15KV. Cc tuyn dy trung th ni gm c 9 tuyn cp vi tng chiu di 92,55 km ,
gm c:
-
Tuyn dy Thp T
Tuyn dy Th Ngh
Tuyn dy Thanh Gin
Tuyn dy ng Tin
Tuyn dy Bn Thnh Qu Cp
Tuyn dy Bn Thnh Dn Ch
Tuyn dy Bn Thnh Ga Hai B Trng
Tuyn dy C Trinh
Tuyn dy Xe La
Cc tuyn cp ngm trung th gm c 69 tuyn cp vi tng chiu di 280,7km

(i a s c i tu ri mi cp 3M240 24KV). Li h th c chiu di
367.960 km vi tng s trm bin th l 1.133trm/2.507my/577.255KVA v tng s
khch hng l 90.737 (S liu qun l k thut thng 05/2005).
Quy m li in hin hu.
Li in trung th
ng dy ni trung th 15 KV vi tng chiu di 92,55 Km .

ng dy ngm trung th 15 KV vi tng chiu di 280,7 Km .
Li in h th
ng dy ni h th 3 pha 220 - 380V vi tng chiu di 348,28 Km .
ng dy ngm h th 3 pha 220 - 380V vi tng chiu di 19,68 Km .
Trm bin th
in Lc Si Gn c tt c 1.133 trm, trong :
+ Trm phng :
478 trm .
+ Trm gin :
345 trm .
+ Trm treo :
290 trm .
+ Trm ngt :
06 trm.
Trang 67

+ Trm nn :
19 trm v 1 my bin th lu ng.
My ct in
+ My ct trung th 15 KV : 90 ci.
+ My ct trung th 6,6 KV :29 ci .
+ LBS trung th 26 b.
in k khch hng
in k 1 pha :
+ o trc tip 82.446 in k.
+ o gin tip 11 in k.
in k 3 pha :
+ o trc tip 7.273 in k.
+ o gin tip: - Trung th : 137 in k.
- H th : 1.019 in k.
Li in trn a bn Qun 1, Qun 3 do in Lc Si Gn qun l hin ang
c cung cp in ch yu t cc trm bin th trung gian Xa L, Bn Thnh, Ha
Xa, Gis Tao n v mt phn t trm ngt Ch Qun, c th:
- Trm GIS Tao n
2x63 MVA
in Lc Si Gn khai thc 7 l ra gm:

-
L T Trng
420A
Nguyn Du
390A
Minh Khai
440A
L Li
350A
Vn Duyt
405A
Hi Ch
385A
Trn Qu Cp
380A
Tng cng khai thc t trm GIS Tao n ph ti MAX l 3000A

- Trm Bn Thnh
1x63 + 1x43 MVA
in Lc Si Gn khai thc nh sau:

MBT 1T bao gm 10 pht tuyn
Trang 68

-
ng Tin
400A
C Trinh
430A
Bn Thnh Ga
110A
Thi Hc
320A
Nancy
40A
Thi T
40A
Thi Bnh
Bo Sanh Vin
40A
New World
100A
Vn Sm
Tng cng khai thc t MBT 1T ph ti MAX l 1400A.

MBT 2T bao gm 5 pht tuyn :
-
Phng Hong Bnh X
160A
Xe La
270A
Dn Ch
250A
Bn Thnh Qu Cp
400A
Bnh Trng
(in Lc Ch Ln qun l)

- Trm Xa L
2x63 MVA
in Lc Si Gn khai thc nh sau:

-
XL TQC 1
120A
XL HBT 1
360A
B Lnh
230A (in Lc Gia nh qun l)
Mng Triu

-
XL TQC 2
190A
XL HBT 2
330A
Trang 69

-
Thp T
360A
Thanh Gin
370A
Th Ngh
400A
Hng Xanh

Tng ph ti ca 2 MBT do in Lc Si Gn khai thc l: 2200A.
- Trm Ha Xa
2x63 MVA
in Lc Si Gn khai thc t MBT 1T gm 3 pht tuyn :

-
n Qun
200A)
390A (trong L Si Gn nhn 200A, L Tn Bnh
Cng L
180A
Nguyn Hu
500A
Tng cng in Lc Si Gn khai thc t MBT 1T ph ti MAX l 900A.

Ngoi ra, in Lc Gia nh khai thc 260A t MBT 1T qua pht tuyn Di
Nguy.
in Lc Si Gn khai thc t MBT 2T gm 2 pht tuyn :
-
Ha Xa - TQC
420A
Chi Lng - HX
nh 250A)
380A (trong L Si Gn nhn 150A, L Gia
Tng cng in Lc Si Gn khai thc t MBT 2T ph ti MAX l 600A

Ngoi ra, MBT 2T cn cp cho in Lc Gia nh qua pht tuyn Gia nh 180A
v in Lc G Vp qua pht tuyn An Thi 370A v in Lc Tn Bnh qua pht
tuyn Ha Xa 2 230A.
Tng ph ti ca 2 MBT do in Lc Si Gn khai thc l: 1500A.
Tng ph ti ca MBT 1T l 1700 v MBT 2T l 1800A.
- Trm Ch Qun
in Lc Si Gn nhn in t trm Ch Qun thng qua 2 pht tuyn l:
-
Phan nh Phng
30A
Quc Thanh
90A
Trang 70
5.2
KT QU SN XUT KINH DOANH:
Thun li t nhin ca in Lc Si Gn l a bn qun l tng i hp, vi

tng din tch ca 2 qun l 11,45 ngn km2, mt khch hng bnh qun 7.465
khch hng/km2,v in thng phm t l khch hng dch v chim trn 41% nn
cng tc qun l kinh doanh thun li v gi bn in bnh qun cao. Do qui hoch
th trong khu vc tng i n nh, t bin ng nn thun tin trong vic d bo
ph ti cng nh x l cc yu cu v cung cp in. Ngoi ra thu nhp bnh qun v
trnh dn tr ca c dn trn a bn l tng i cao nn gp phn thun li cho
hot ng bn in.
V thun li do yu t ch quan l trong nhiu nm qua Cng ty tp trung cc
ngun vn ph thu, khu hao c bn, i tu . ci to, nng cp pht trin li
in nn vic cung cp in ngy cng an ton v n nh hn .
Tuy nhin, bn cnh cc thun li th cng c nhng kh khn l khu vc trung
tm ca TP.HCM nn yu cu cung cp in an ton lin tc l rt cao trong khi kh
nng nng cp li in l c hn v kinh ph ln thi gian, vic ct in thi cng nh
hng n cc hot ng vn ha, dch v, vic ngm ha li in buc phi o
ng gy nh hng n mi trng, giao thng ... V kinh doanh in do hot ng
sn xut, dch v trn a bn rt nng ng v lun chuyn i nn cng tc p gi,
thu n ca in lc gp phi khng t kh khn.
Nhn thc c kh khn thun li v vi quyt tm hon thnh cc mc tiu
ra trong nm 2004, in Lc Si Gn ra cc k hoch v bin php thc hin
nhim v vi kt qu t c nh sau :
5.2.1 V sn lng in:
in nhn tiu th t 1.276.854.503 kWh, t 102,72% so vi k hoch giao l
1.243.000.000 kWh v tng 17,12% so vi nm 2003. Sn lng in thng phm c
nm l 1.175.703.232 kWh t 103,13% so vi k hoch giao l 1.140.000.000 kWh
v tng 15,21% so vi nm 2003.
5.2.2 Nhn xt chung v cc s liu kinh doanh:
V thng phm theo ngnh ngh, c th thy rng khi kinh doanh dch v v
thp sng l hai khi khch hng cn c bit ch : khi kinh doanh ch chim
10,23% khch hng nhng thng phm chim t trng rt cao 41,71%; v khi thp
sng khch hng chim n 85,60% nhng thng phm chim 40,26%. y l hai
khi khch hng rt quan trng trong vic quyt nh doanh thu v gi bn in bnh
qun, v nu nh khch hng kinh doanh - dch v tiu th in vi gi cao th khch
hng thp sng tiu th nhiu cng b tnh gi bc thang cao.
Trang 71

Xt thng phm trn gc tnh cht o m, c th thy rng khch hng s
dng in k 3 pha o m gin tip v o m pha trung th l rt quan trng, v t
trng tng cng v in k hai loi ny ch c 0,96% (0,75 v 0,21%) nhng tng
thng phm ln n 39,86% (11,10% v 28,76%). Ch cc khch hng ny s c
nhng nh hng tch cc n thng phm, tn tht v c gi bn in bnh qun ca
n v.
V ch tiu in nhn tiu th, thc hin nm 2004 t 102,72% so vi k hoch
v 117,12% so vi cng k nm 2003. Theo , ch tiu in thng phm cng t
103,13% so vi k hoch v 117,93% so vi cng k nm 2003.
V ch tiu t l in tn tht, n v thc hin nm 2004 t 8,8 gim 0,38% so vi
ch tiu k hoch (8,85%), v so vi cng k nm 2003 (9,2%) th t l tn tht gim
0,4%, cho thy y l mt s c gng rt ln ca n v trong cng tc ny.
V ch tiu doanh thu, s liu thc hin nm 2004 t 103,42% so vi k hoch v
118,02% so vi cng k nm 2003. Theo ch tiu gi bn in bnh qun, s liu
thc hin nm 2004 c 1159,25 ng/kWh vt 3,25 ng/kWh so vi k hoch, v
tng 0,87 ng/kWh so vi cng k nm 2003.
5.3
HIN TRNG TN THT TRN LI PHN PHI

5.3.1 Tng quan
in Lc Si Gn c c im ph ti tp trung, ng dy ngn. Ti Qun 1

v Qun 3, cao im ph ti vo khong 10h sng. Tuy nhin, ngun trm Xa L cp
cho ng dy Th Ngh, Thanh Gin, Thp T (c ph ti ln) li c khong cch
kh xa vi tm ph ti. Cc ng dy ni y ti trong khi h thng cp ngm mang
ti tng i nh.
Li h th ng trc ch yu l dy ABC nhm vn xon. Tuy nhin, mt s
nhnh dy mc in v trong cc hm nh vn cn tn ti cc loi dy dn c, gy tn
tht in nng kh cao, nht l trn li in qun 3. Cc MBT hin hu gm nhiu
ngun, nhiu loi, nhiu cp cng sut khc nhau, c nhng MBT c sn xut t
trc nm 1975 vn cn c tip tc s dng.
Tn tht in nng nm 2002 ca in Lc Si Gn l 9,2% v nm 2003 l
8,8%. Bnh qun mi nm gim 0,4%. Trong 8,8% tn tht in nng trn li in th
c 8,0% l tn tht k thut v 0,8% l tn tht thng mi (gm cc nguyn nhn nh
sai s in k, sai s TU,TI, hin tng cu mc in bt hp php...)
in Lc Si Gn y mnh cng tc bo tr, thay mi in k trong nhng
nm va qua. Tuy nhin, do s lng in k ln, tri trn a bn rng v phc tp
nn cn nhiu in k cha c thay mi, mt s in k tng trm cng cng b h,
Trang 72

khng ln ch s, b b,... gy kh khn cho vic tnh ton tn tht in nng li h
th.
Theo Quy hoch li in in Lc Si Gn, trong giai on 2004 2010,
phn ngun cao th s c pht trin thm nh trm Tao n, S Th, Tn nh,
Ha Hng cng trm Bn Thnh, Ha Xa hin hu tr thnh cc trm trung gian chnh
cung cp ngun cho in Lc Si Gn (Qun 1, Qun 3, Qun Ph Nhun). Cc tuyn
dy ni hin hu khng pht trin thm m c ngm ha tng phn, m bo n
nm 2010, ton b li in trung th trn a bn in Lc Si Gn c ngm ha
trit .
Cng vi vic xy dng cc trm trung gian mi, cc l ra cp ngm khai thc
ti ca cc trm ny cng c xy dng, bao gm 31 l ra c a v cc tuyn cp
ngm v dy ni (s c ngm ha) hin hu.
5.3.2 Phn tch tn tht in nng nm 2004
5.3.2.1
Tn tht kinh doanh
Cn c vo kt qu sn xut kinh doanh nm 2004 ca in lc Si Gn, in

lc gim c tn tht thng mi t s k hoch l 1,06% xung cn 0,8%. iu
ny s d thc hin c l do tnh cht c th ca ph ti trn a bn in lc (gm
nhiu c quan Hnh chnh s nghip nh S Cng An, Cng ty chiu sng cng
cng...). Mt khc trong nm 2004 in lc thay ton b cc TU, TI trung th loi
du trn a bn bng cc TU, TI trung th loi kh nn gim c mt phn ng
k tn tht kinh doanh do nng cao chnh xc ca h thng o m v phn ln cc
khch hng ny u c lng in nng tiu th hng thng rt ln.
5.3.2.2
Tn tht k thut
Theo s liu tnh ton Phn b cng sut ca in lc Si Gn cho nm 2002,

2003, 2004 ta c th phn tch tnh tng quan gia cc thnh phn nh sau:
Bng 5.1: Tnh kt qu tn tht nm 2002-2004
STT
1
2
3
4
Tn tht % theo tng sn

lng in
Tn tht in nng li h th
Tn tht in nng MBT phn
phi
Tn tht in nng MBT
15/6,6KV
Tn tht in nng li trung
th
Tng % tn tht
Nm 2002
Nm 2003
Nm 2004
5,544%
1,76%
5,512%
1,75%
5,3%
1,74%
0,139%
0,094%
0,094%
1,390%
1,38%
1,3%
8,833%
8,736%
8,43%
Trang 73
15%
Tn tht in nng li
h th
1%
Tn tht in nng
MBT phan phi
21%
63%
Tn tht in nng
MBT 15/6,6KV
Tn tht in nng li
trung th
Hnh 5.1: Biu t l thnh phn tn tht nm 2004
10,00%
8,00%
6,00%
1,39%
0,14%
1,76%
1,38%
0,09%
1,75%
1,30%
0,09%
1,74%
5,54%
5,51%
5,30%
Nm 2002
Nm 2003
Nm 2004
4,00%
2,00%
0,00%
Tn tht in nng li h th
Tn tht in nng MBT phan phi
Tn tht in nng MBT 15/6,6KV
Tn tht in nng li trung th
Hnh 5.2: Biu so snh t l tn tht nm 2002-2004

T bng trn rt ra c mt s nhn xt nh sau:
Cc thnh phn ca tn tht k thut c gim, tuy nhin do gim khng
ng k ngoi tr tn tht trn my bin th trung gian 15/6,6KV (gim
32%) do in lc thc hin nng cp hon tt 2 trm ngt Hai B Trng
v Trn Qu Cp ln cp in p 15KV. Tuy nhin thnh phn tn tht trn
Trang 74

my bin th trung gian 15/6,6KV li chim t trng nh hn nhiu so vi
cc thnh phn tn tht khc nn tng tng tht k thut vn gim khng
ng k.
Thnh phn tn tht trn my bin th phn phi ln th hai trong cc thnh
phn tn tht k thut l do phn ln cc my bin th phn phi trn li
in hin nay c sn xut t trc nm 1975 v tuy c i tu sa cha
nhiu ln nhng vn theo cng ngh c nn cc ch tiu k thut cha p
ng theo tiu chun hin nay.
Cc thnh phn tn tht trn li trung th v h th vn chim s lng ln
t l vi chiu di li in l do ph thuc nhiu vo tit din ng dy,
loi dy dn, bn knh cp in, s lng v cht lng cc mi ni trn
ng dy. Vn khc phc tn tht ny vn l vn nan gii vi in
lc i hi nhiu thi gian v tin bc.
Trang 75
Chng 6: Thu thp v x l s liu u vo
THU THP V X L S LIU U VO

Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca tng ph ti l bi ton u tin cn gii quyt
cho mi bi ton tnh ton trong li in. y cng l vn c Cng ty quan tm
nhm la chn phng php thu thp d liu kh dng vi hin trng.
Sau y em xin trnh by mt s phng n x l d liu phc v cho s liu u
vo cc bi ton tnh ton phn tch trong cc phn mm chuyn ngnh in.
6.1
CC PHNG N THU THP S LIU
S liu ch yu c thu thp bng 2 cch:

Trc tip: S liu v in nng c thu thp trc tip ti cc in k tng t
ti cc trm bin p theo tng k ghi ch s, s liu ph ti th c o trc tip
ti cc trm bin p vo hai thi im trong ngy (sng 10 gi v ti 19 gi)
theo nh k mt ln/thng.
Gin tip: S liu c thu thp qua h thng SCADA (Supervisory, Control
and Data equisition), vi h thng ny ngi iu hnh c th bit ngay tnh
trng li (in p, cng sut, dng in...), tng cng sut h thng, sn lng
h thng v t thao tc ng ct my ct t xa gim thi gian mt in.
6.2
CC PHNG N X L S LIU
6.2.1 Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh
6.2.1.1
Gii thiu
Phng n ny ch yu da trn t s gia cng sut lp t ca MBT h p hay

in nng tiu th vi th ph ti o c ti pht tuyn trung gian. Hay ni cch
khc gi thit cc ph ti u c th ph ti ging nhau.
6.2.1.2 Cng thc tnh cng sut ph ti da trn in k tng

ti trm h th:
P (t ) tram i =
Vi:
Atram i P(t ) lora

Alora
(6.1)
Atram i
: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng
A l ra
: in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th

Trang 76

P(t)L ra
: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st
P(t) tram i
: Cng sut tiu th ti trm thi im kho st i
Nu vic xc nh tng in nng tiu th ti tng trm v in nng tiu th ti

l ra trung th l kh khn, chng ta c th p dng cng thc ny theo t l cng sut
lp t ca tng my bin th vi tng cng sut lp t my bin th ca ton l ra,
vi gi thit cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th.
6.2.1.3
Nhn xt:
u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng, n gin, ph hp cho cc khu

cng nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri
rng, qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn
khi p dng cng thc (6.1) lm tn tht ng dy khng chnh xc so
vi thc t.
6.2.2
Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung
6.2.2.1
Gii thiu
Thc cht phng n ny hon ton tng t nh phng n trn, tuy nhin c
thu thp thm mt s th ph ti c c ti cc Recloser v LBS ti cc nhnh r.
p dng cng thc (6.1) cho tng nhnh r v cc on trc c thng s ly c t
Recloser.
6.2.2.2
Trnh t phng n:
Bc 1: Cng sut tc dng ca cc trm bin p trong khu vc do nhnh r

cung cp c xc nh theo cng thc (6.2) nh sau:
P(t ) trami =
Vi :
Atrami P(t ) nhanh re

Anhanh re
(6.2)
Atram i: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng

A nhnh r : in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th
P(t)nhnh r: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st
P(t) tram i: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st
V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi theo

cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in nng k
trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh. Tuy nhin
Trang 77

cng tc ghi nhn gi tr in nng tiu th ca tng trm cng khng phi d dng
cho tng thi im. V vy c th p dng cng thc (6.3) vi gi thit cng sut tiu
th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th.
P(t )tram i =
Stram i P(t )nhanh re

n
S
i =1
Vi :
tram i
(6.3)
Stram i : Cng sut lp t MBA ca trm i

Stram i : Tng cng sut lp t ti khu vc nhnh r cung cp
P(t)nhnh r: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st

P(t) tram i: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st
n: s trm bin p h th c trn nhnh r
H s cng sut ca trm c ly bng hoc cao hn h s cng sut o c ti
cc nhnh r hoc l ra. L do ny c th gii thch nh sau: Hu ht li in h th
ca cc trm bin th h p u dng cp ABC c gi tr tr khng rt b (0.07 0.085
Ohm/km), c nhiu ti tiu th tng trm h th c b cng sut phn khng,
nhng tr khng ng dy trung th cao dn n h s cng sut trn ng dy
trung th thp.
Bc 2:
Chy chng trnh cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm.

Bc 3:
Xc nh cc ph ti cn li trn trc chnh, c th xc nh t hiu ca th

tng o c ti l ra v cc th ph ti nhnh r theo cng thc (6.1)
6.2.2.3
Nhn xt:
u im: Chnh xc hn phng n 1, do phm vi cung cp ca tng nhnh r

cho cc khu vc khng qu ln, tnh cht ca th ph ti khng khc nhau
nhiu, v vy c th xem xt y l mt phng n mang tnh hiu qu cao nht
khi cn tnh ton nhanh tnh trng li in m khng nht thit cn chnh
xc cao.
Nhc im: Thc t khng phi ng dy trung th no cng c lp t
s b ghi d liu c sn trong cc kho in. i khi cc Recloser ca mt s
nh sn xut ch ghi li c cc thng s Imax, hay thi im s c ch yu
phc v cho cc cng tc xc nh nguyn nhn s c
Trang 78

6.2.3 Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th
chun
6.2.3.1
Gii thiu
Phng n ny ch yu da vo tnh cht qui nh loi th ph ti ca trm

bin th h p. Cc dng th c o c trong thi gian di c c th c
trng. Vic phn chia cc loi trm bin th h p c th da vo t l thanh ton trn
ho n tin in. T cc th ph ti chun, nng lng in nng tiu th v loi
trm, ta c th xy dng c th ph ti ti nhnh r hay on trc ca bt c
ng dy trung l no.
6.2.3.2
Trnh t phng n
thnh lp cc th ph ti c trng cho cc loi ti trn li in TP.HCM

cn tin hnh thu thp s liu ti cc trm bin th h p 15/0.4 kV.
Cng sut tiu th thng c xc nh bng thc nghim thng qua cc b ghi
d liu (data recoder) v t cc th ph ti c chun ho thnh cc th ph
ti c trng cho tng loi ti.
Bc 1: Xy dng th ph ti c trng
+ Loi trm: Xc nh t tnh cht kinh doanh ca trm thng qua t l in nng
tiu th ca tng loi hnh tiu th in nh phn phn trc .
+ Thi gian o: V thi gian o b hn ch t nhng yu t khch quan nh:
Kh nng lu in ca b ghi d liu khi b mt in ngun nui
Cc yu t thi tit, mc an ninh ....
Cc th ph ti khng c ghi trong nhiu ngy (c c nhng ngy ngh hng
tun, ngy l...).
Bc 2: Cc gi thit v h qu cho bi ton xc nh cng sut nhnh
th ph ti ca cc trm c cng loi ti s c cng dng

th ph ti ca cc trm nghin cu trn c xem l cc th c trng
T cc gi thit trn, da vo in nng tiu th o ti in k tng ca cc trm,
ta c th xc nh c th ph ti gn ng ca trm qua cng thc (6.4) nh sau:
Pi =
Vi :
I max i
I max Mau
Ptaii max
Imax i : Dng ti thc ti thi im i
Trang 79
(6.4)

Imax mau : Dng ti c c da vo th ph ti ng vi thi im i
Pitai max: Cng sut tiu th thc t ca ti ti thi im i
Pi: Cng sut tiu th ca ti (ti tr tnh ton) thi im i
V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi theo
cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in nng k
trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh.
Bc 3: Xc nh cng sut tiu th trn mt nhnh r
p dng cng thc (6.3) ln lt cho tt c cc nhnh r

Xc nh th ph ti ca cc trm trn trc chnh bng cng thc (6.4)
6.2.3.3
Nhn xt :
C th ni y l phng n c chnh xc cao nht c th thc hin c m

khng cn u t thm bt c mt thit b ghi d liu no ln li.
Cc th ph ti o c trn cc nhnh ch yu dng kim tra mc
chnh xc ca tnh cht loi ti c xc nh trn cc ho n thu tin in.
Tuy nhin mt nhc im ht sc ln y l phi xc nh th ph ti chun
thun cho tng loi hnh tiu th in nh Thng nghip, khch sn, nh hng; Qun
l v tiu dng dn c ; Cng nghip xy dng . Thc t cc trm bin th h p
cung cp cho nhiu loi h tiu th khc nhau. Vic t b ghi d liu ti cc trm
bin th h p gp kh khn trong vic bo qun, an ninh v s lng trm cn kho
st qu nhiu.
6.3
PHNG N CHN LA TNH TON
Do tnh cht c th ti in lc, v qu thi gian thc hin lun vn c hn nn

em chn Phng n 1 "Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh " s dng trong
lun vn ny:
6.3.1 C s thu thp s liu:
Phng n ny ch yu da trn t s gia in nng tiu th v cng sut s

dng ti cc pht tuyn ca trm trung gian xc nh cng sut s dng trung bnh
ca tng trm bin th, c i chiu vi cng sut nh mc ca tng ph ti.
Cng thc tnh cng sut s dng ca tng ph ti c tnh nh sau:
P(t)trmi T = Atrami
Ppht tuyn T = Apht tuyn
Trang 80

Apht tuyn = Atrami
Ppht tuyn = P(t)trmi
Trong :
P(t)trmi : Cng sut s dng trung bnh ti trm th I
Atrami : in nng tiu th ti trm th I
Ppht tuyn : Cng sut s dng ca ton pht tuyn ti trm trung gian
Apht tuyn : in nng tiu th ca ton pht tuyn ti trm trung gian
T : thi gian s dng trung bnh ca ton pht tuyn, cng l thi gian s
dng trung bnh ca tng trm trn ton pht tuyn.
6.3.2 Trnh t thu thp s liu
Bc 1: Thu thp bng cng sut u ngun cc l ra ca 9 pht tuyn ti cc trm
trung gian do i Vn hnh li in cung cp, v tnh ton ra dng ti trung bnh,
max, min ca tng tuyn.
Bc 2: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng pht tuyn (thng 4/2005) c cung
cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua vic c ch s in k u ngun
vo u thng, t s liu ny tnh ton c costrung bnh cho mi pht tuyn, t
costrung bnh tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh cho tng pht tuyn.
Bc 3: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng trm (thng 4/2005) c cung cp t
Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua tp tin ha n ca tng trm khch hng
v trm cng cng. T s liu ny tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh ca tng trm,
trng hp trn tp tin ha n khng c in nng phn khng th tm xem
costrungbnh ca trm bng costrung bnh ca pht tuyn .
6.3.3 Kt qu tnh ton
(Xem Ph lc 1)
6.3.4 Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton
Vi nhng u, khuyt im ca phng n 1 k trn. Da trn kt qu tnh

ton em thy, thu c kt qu gn chnh xc theo thng s thc t th s li
khi a gi tr tnh ton phi ng vi s vn hnh thc t ti thi im ly gi tr
a vo chng trnh.
Trang 81
Chng 7: Kt qu p dng tnh ton tn tht
KT QU P DNG TNH TON TN THT

7.1
CC BC TNH TON
7.1.1 Thit lp thng s h thng (trc khi v)
7.1.1.1
Loi, kch c dy :
Thc hin cc bc sau

Vo menu File \ Program Settings (hp thoi Program Settings xut hin).
Hnh 7.1: Bng thit lp thng s chng trnh

Chn nt lnh mc Construction dictionary chn th vin dy.
Chn file pi.con trong
C:\Program_Files\PTI\PSS_ADEPT4\Example\hcmpc.con.
Chn nt lnh mc Machine dictionnary chn th vin my in.
Chn file pi.con trong C:\Program _Files\PTI\PSS_ADEPT4\Example\pti.mot.
Bm OK 02 ln.
Trang 82
7.1.1.2
in p, tn s ca ng dy :
Thc hin cc bc sau

Vo menu Network \ Properties (hp thoi Network Properties xut
hin).
Hnh 7.2: Bng thit lp thng s mng in

Chn mc Line-to-neutral trong ComboBox ca mc Input voltage type.
G vo thng s cng sut u ngun ca 01tuyn dy (m d nh v)
trong mc System 3 phase base kVA.
G vo thng s 8.7 trong mc System standard base voltage (kV).
G vo thng s 50 trong mc System frequency (Hz).
Bm OK.
7.1.2 To s
7.1.2.1
V s
Cn c trn s nguyn l ca tuyn dy c v trn AutoCAD ti Phng K

thut in lc:
Trang 83
Hnh 7.3: S nguyn l trong AutoCAD

Ta thit lp c s m phng trn PSS/ADEPT
Hnh 7.4: S thit lp trong PSS/ADEPT

Trang 84
7.1.2.2
Nhp thng s cho ti Static Load :

Double Click vo ti va v.
Nhp tn ti Name.
Chn c tnh cho ti ( Balanced nu ti i xng,
Unbalanced nu ti khng i xng).
Nhp thng s P, Q (va tnh ton c) cho ti .
Bm OK.
Hnh 7.5: Bng nhp thng s cho Ti
Trang 85
7.1.2.3 Nhp thng s cho tng on dy trong 1 tuyn dy

trung th :
Double Click vo on dy va v.
Nhp tn on dy (nu c) trong Name.
Nhp thng s chiu di cho on dy trong Line length
(ch thng s nhp vo phi n v km).
Chn c tnh (dy nhm hay dy ng, tit din) cho on dy
Construction type.
Bm OK.
Hnh 7.6: Bng nhp thng s cho dy dn
Trang 86
Trang 87
Trang 88
Trang 89
Trang 90
Trang 91
Trang 92
Trang 93
Trang 94

7.1.3 Chy bi ton phn tch
7.1.3.1
Tnh phn b cng sut cho li in - Loads flow
Vo menu Analysis/Options chn Loads flow (t cc ty cho bi tan phn b

cng sut ta cn).
Vo menu Analysis.
Chn mc Option.
Chn trang Load Flow.
Bm OK.
Chy bi ton Load Flow
Hnh 7.15: Bng nhp thng s cho bi ton phn b cng sut
7.1.3.2
Kt qu hin th trn s v xut ra report:

(Xem Ph lc 2 nh km)
Trang 95
7.2
KT QU TNH TON
7.2.1 Tnh ton phn b cng sut
Ta c kt qu nh sau:
Bng 7.1: KT QU TNH TON PHN B CNG SUT CC TUYN DY
Tuyn dy
Cng sut
P (kW)
Tn tht Cng sut
Q (kvar)
P (kW)
Q (kvar)
T l tn tht
(%)
Bn Thnh - Dn Ch
154.291,42
70.675,84
104,74
107,00
0,07%
Bn Thnh - Ga - Hai B Trng
127.029,00
56.982,43
246,48
260,47
0,19%
Bn Thnh - Qu Cp
122.663.51
10.564.14
29,20
19,27
0,02%
C Trinh
170.992,79
19.928,95
166,95
172,88
0,10%
ng Tin
407.977,26
45.200,41
438,14
458,11
0,11%
Thanh Gin
531.555,71
131.288,19
1.039,56
843,04
0,20%
Thp T
311.319,08
146.928,47
747,11
561,33
0,24%
Th Ngh
76.057,85
20.286,52
79,50
(18,48)
0,10%
438.537,39
176.898,01
1.346,60
1.253,12
0,31%
Xe la
Tng cng
2.340.424,01
678.752,95
4.198,28
3.656,73
7.2.2 Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton

Da vo kt qu tnh ton em nhn thy kt qu c sai s nh so vi s tnh thc
t ti in lc. Nu thng s ph ti khi ta a vo chng trnh gn chnh xc th bi
ton th hin p s gn ng vi s liu thc t. s liu ca cc nt ph ti c
chnh xc hn ta c th xy dng biu ph ti u ngun mt cch chnh xc v xc
nh chnh xc s lng ph ti trn 1 pht tuyn ri phn loi ngnh ngh cc ph ti
ta c th xy dng c s liu ph ti trung bnh trn tng nt thuc tuyn trong
tng gi, ri sau dng phng n tnh cng sut trung bnh.
Trang 96
1,34%
Chng 8: Kt qu p dng tnh ton b
KT QU P DNG TNH TON B

Mt trong nhng phng php lm gim tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng
l b cng sut phn khng. Bi ton tnh dung lng b quan trng trong qu trnh
qun l, vn hnh li in bi nhng li ch u th ca n mang li: Nng cao kh
nng ti ca dy dn, gim cng sut ngun, gim c tn tht in nng li in,
Nn em tn dng chc nng tnh ton b ti u li in tnh b cho li phn phi
ti in lc Si Gn.
8.1
TNH TON B TI U LI IN CAPO:

Vo menu Analysis.
Chn mc Option.
Chn trang CAPO.
Nhp s t b c nh v cng sut ca t b trong mc Fixed
Capacitor Placement.
Nhp s t b ng ng v cng sut ca t b trong mc
Switched Capacitor Placement.
Bm OK. Chy bi ton CAPO
Hnh 8.1: Bng nhp thng s cho bi ton Tnh ton b ti u

Trang 97
8.2
KT QU TNH TON
8.2.1 Tnh ton b cng sut phn khng (b ti u) cho li in
trung th
Ta c kt qu nh sau:
Bng 7.2: KT QU TNH TON PHN B CNG SUT CC TUYN DY (SAU KHI B)
Cng sut
Tn tht Cng sut
P (kW)
Q (kvar)
P (kW)
Q (kvar)
T l tn tht
(%)
Bn Thnh - Dn Ch
154.222,83
27.557,94
90,88
92,06
0,06%
Bn Thnh - Ga - Hai B Trng
126.806,30
4.118,65
197,31
207,29
0,16%
Bn Thnh - Qu Cp
122.663.51
10.564.14
29,20
19,27
0,02%
C Trinh
170.975,91
8.262,80
165,44
171,31
0,10%
ng Tin
407.926,32
25.348,63
434,85
454,54
0,11%
Thanh Gin
533.202,61
18.081,11
985,17
790,77
0,18%
Thp T
310.614,42
3.946,27
608,00
421,67
0,20%
Th Ngh
76.041,10
(230,74)
74,06
(24,32)
0,10%
Xe la
437.407,24
323,38
1.110,58
1.004,96
0,25%
Tuyn dy
Tng cng
2.339.860,25
97.972,18
3.695,48
3.137,56
1,17%
Sau khi tnh ton v tr t t b mi kt hp vi nhng t b t trn li ta

c kt qu ti cc tuyn dy nh sau:
Trong bi ton ny, t b em s dng l loi t b ngang c nh, gi tr 1 b l
600 kvar. y cng l loi t b thng dng ang c s dng ti cc in lc.
8.2.1.1
Bn thnh - Dn ch
T hin hu: 1 t b c nh 600kVar (291 in Bin Ph)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VT_KV_2.

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LOC_THAN_QT.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NH_CA_DAO.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HAI_SAN_Q3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CB_MI_MAU.
Placed 5 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 104.74 kW 107.00 kvar
Final system loss:
90.88 kW
92.06 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
13.85 kW
14.94 kvar
T mi
Trang 98
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
Hnh 8.2: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Bn Thnh-Dn Ch
8.2.1.2
Bn thnh - Ga - Hai B Trng:
T hin hu: 1 t b c nh 600kVar (107 Nguyn Du)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
Trang 99
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
C/OC_162_PAS.
CRYSTAL_3.
SUFO_2.
QUOC_TE_2.
KY_MA_2.
LONG_PHUNG.
PHAM_H_THAI.
PHU_DONG.

Final system loss:
197.31 kW 207.29 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
49.17 kW
53.17 kvar
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
Hnh 8.3: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Bn Thnh-Ga-Hai B Trng
8.2.1.3
Bn Thnh - Qu Cp
T hin hu: 5 t b c nh 600kVar (112 NTMK, 146 Pastuer, 218 Nguyn

nh Chiu, 55 V Vn Tn, 83 Nguyn nh Chiu)
Do tn tht thp (0,02%) nn khng cn b trong trng hp ny.
Trang 100
8.2.1.4
C trinh
T hin hu: 3 t b c nh 600kVar (125 L Li, 159 Trn Hng o, 329

Trn Hng o)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HUNG_DAO.

Final system loss:
165.44 kW 171.31 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
1.51 kW
1.57 kvar
T mi
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
Hnh 8.4: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Bn Thnh-Ga-Hai B Trng
8.2.1.5
ng tin
T hin hu: 6 t b c nh 600kVar (426 NTMK, 370 V Vn Tn, 55 V

Vn Tn, 126 L Thi T, 371 in Bin Ph, 335 Nguyn nh Chiu).
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node XN_CBNHSXKQ3.
Trang 101

Final system loss:
434.85 kW 454.54 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
3.30 kW
3.57 kvar
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
T mi
Hnh 8.5: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy ng Tin
8.2.1.6
Thanh Gin
T hin hu: 5 t b c nh 600kVar (159 in Bin Ph, i Hoa Sen, 157

V Th Su, 03 Trn Nht Dut, 82 L Chnh Thng)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VAN_SY_490.

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node QUANGDIEU2/1.
Trang 102

Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
Placing
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
kvar
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
fixed
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
bank
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
CONG_LY.
QUANGDIEU4.
VAN_CO_2.
TAN_BUU_3.
P_THUONG_MAI.
KS_VAN_LANG.
REC_NTTDINH2.
KD_NHA_78.

Final system loss:
985.17 kW 790.77 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
54.39 kW
52.27 kvar
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T hin hu
T mi
T hin hu
T hin hu
T hin hu
Hnh 8.6: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Thanh Gin
8.2.1.7
Thp t
T hin hu: 4 t b c nh 600kVar (175 L Thnh Tn, 115TER Hai B

Trng, Bu in TP, 16 NTMK)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node IN_SO_2.

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LD_DDUONG.
Trang 103

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KS_BONG_SEN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CTY_LDSCITEC.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KS_CARAVELLE.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BA_QUAT.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node SO_KH_DT.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BD_TP.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TTIN_DI_DONG.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NVH_Q1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TGDAI_DTU_SG.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CTY_VHOTEL.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KHAC_KHOAN_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DAI_KTUONG.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TRG_BC_VT2.
Final system loss:
608.00 kW 421.67 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
139.11 kW 139.65 kvar
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
Hnh 8.7: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Thp T
8.2.1.8
Th Ngh
T hin hu: 2 t b c nh 600kVar (H Tng Hp, 09 Tn c Thng)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CV_BACH_DANG.

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LUU_TRU_QG2.
Initial system loss: 79.50 kW
-18.48 kvar
Trang 104

Final system loss:
74.06 kW
-24.32 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
5.44 kW
5.83 kvar
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T hin hu
Hnh 8.8: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Th Ngh
8.2.1.9
Xe la
T hin hu: 4 t b c nh 600kVar (34 Ph c Chnh, 51 Pastuer, 34 Tn

c Thng, 248 Bn Chng Dng)
Kt qu sau khi t t:
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VINAMETRIC.

Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NH_BANGKOK.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KHO_BAC.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VAR.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DAI_DIEN_TU.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BFA_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VIETCOMBANK.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BGI_CAU_KHO.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DUC_CHINH_66.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NH_PTNN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HANH_PHUOC_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NN_BANK2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TIN_NGHIA_NH.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VAN_SAM_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LAO_DONG_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LBCO_NR_KCON.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DS_50_NTH_2.
Final system loss:
1110.58 kW 1004.96 kvar
----------------------------------------------------Power savings:
236.02 kW 248.16 kvar
Trang 105
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
T mi
T mi
T mi
T hin hu
T mi
Hnh 8.9: Kt qu tnh ton b ti u tuyn dy Xe La

8.2.2 Gi tr tn tht in nng tit kim
Bng 7.3: BNG SO SNH GI TR TN THT IN NNG TIT GIM C SAU KHI T T B
Tuyn dy
Tn tht Cng sut

(khng t)
Tn tht Cng sut

(c t)
T l tn in nng
tht gim tit kim
(kWh)
P (kW) Q (kvar) P (kW) Q (kvar) P (kW) Q (kvar) (%)
Gim tn tht
104,74
107,00
90,88
92,06
13,85
14,94
13,23%
332,48
Bn Thnh - Ga - Hai B Trng 246,48
260,47
197,31
207,29
49,17
53,17
19,95%
1.180,03
Bn Thnh - Dn Ch
Bn Thnh - Qu Cp
29,20
19,27
29,20
19,27
0,00%
C Trinh
166,95
172,88
165,44
171,31
1,51
1,57
0,90%
36,20
ng Tin
438,14
458,11
434,85
454,54
3,30
3,57
0,75%
79,08
Trang 106

Thanh Gin
1.039,56
843,04
985,17
790,77
54,39
52,27
5,23%
1.305,44
Thp T
747,11
561,33
608,00
421,67
139,11
139,65
18,62%
3.338,74
Th ngh
79,50
(18,48)
74,06
(24,32)
5,44
5,83
6,84%
130,56
236,02
248,16
17,53%
5.664,56
Xe la
1.346,60 1.253,12 1.110,58 1.004,96
Tng cng
4.198,28 3.656,73 3.695,48 3.137,56
502,80
519,17
9,23%
1.600,00
1.400,00
1.200,00
1.000,00
800,00
600,00
400,00
200,00
-
Truoc khi b
Sau khi b
Hnh 8.10: Biu so snh tn tht cng sut P(kW) trc v sau khi b
Trang 107
12.067,09

PSS Adept

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MC LC

PHN 1: TNG QUAN

PHN 2: C S L THUYT V CNG C TNH

PHN 3: P DNG TNH TON CHO LI IN

PHN 4: KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

Chng 1: Gii thiu

Trong qu trnh cung cp in nng n ni tiu th, h thng in phi gnh

GII THIU TNG QUAN PHN MM PSS/ADEPT

Phn mm PSS/ADEPT (The Power System Simulator / Advanced Distribution

Chng 1: Gii thiu

1.2.2 Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:

Chng 1: Gii thiu

Hnh 1.1 Cc ca s View trong PSS/ADEPT

Chng 1: Gii thiu

Hnh 1.2 Cc thanh chc nng chnh trong PSS/ADEPT

HIN TRNG P DNG PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN

Li in phn phi v truyn ti TP.HCM khng ngng pht trin m rng v

Chng 1: Gii thiu

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

PHN B CNG SUT TRONG H THNG IN

2.1.2 Phng php Gauss Seidel

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Pi(k+1) = Real Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]

-Qi(k+1) = Image Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]

C th dng thm h s gia tc : Vi(r+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(r) + (Vi(r+1) Vi (r) )

Tn tht trn ng dy ni nt i v j l: SLij = Sij + Sji

Vit li: Ii* =

Vit di dng cc: Ii =

Cng sut ti nt i: Pi jQi = Vi Ii = Vi i

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

y l phng trnh phi tuyn theo cc bin c lp, in p c tnh theo n

Trong phng trnh trn, nt i c coi l nt c s

Thnh phn J1:

Thnh phn J2:

Thnh phn J3:

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Cc s hng Pi(k) v Qi(k) l sai bit gia gi tr tnh ton v gi tr t sn,

Qi(k) = QiSch Qi(k)

Nh vy, gii thut Newton Raphson nh sau:

Gii phng trnh = 1

Gauss hay tha s tam gic c sp xp ti u

TN THT TRN LI PHN PHI

Cht lng in nng nh hng n cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut ca cc h

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Hnh 2.1 S ng dy c mt ph ti tp trung

Gi thit mng in lm vic ch i xng, ta ch cn tnh ton trn mt

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

i vi ng dy in p cao hn 35 KV, ta phi xt n thnh phn tn tht

in p dy u v cui ng dy trong thc t xc nh:

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

y, P1, Q1, P2 (KW), Q2 (MVar) tng ng vi cng sut u v cui

Hnh 2.3 ng dy c hai ph ti tp trung

Xt mng in phn phi c hai ph ti tp trung, ta khng ch n tn tht

* Tng qut cho n ph ti

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Tnh ton tn tht in p li khi c ti phn b u

Trong thc t thng gp ung dy c ph ti bng nhau v phn b ging nhau

U = 3 ro ixdx cos + x o ixdx sin (2.19)

U = 3 Iro cos + Ix o sin

Trong , cos l h s cng sut ca ph ti phn phi u I = iL l tng dng

=> Ta c th nhn thy rng tn tht in p trn ng dy c ph ti phn b

Chng 2: C s tnh ton

Tnh ton tn tht in p khi li c phn nhnh