You are on page 1of 106

LI CM N

Qua 3 thng thc tp ti phng th nghim trng i Hc Bnh Dng cho


n nay em hon thnh xong ti: Nghin cu b sung thanh long vo bnh
bng lan . Em xin chn thnh cm n Ban Gim hiu trng i hc Bnh Dng,
Ban ch nhim khoa Cng ngh sinh hc cng qu Thy C trong khoa ht lng
truyn t kin thc v dy d ti trong sut 4 nm hon thnh kha hc i hc.
Bn cnh ti cng xin chn thnh cm n gia nh v nhng ngi thn gip
, ng vin ti v mt tinh thn cng nh vt cht trong sut qu trnh hc tp v
hon thin lun vn tt nghip .
Chn thnh cm n thy GS. L Vn T v Ths. V Vit Phi tn tnh
hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti v hon thin n tt nghip
ny.
Chn thnh cm n tt c bn b lp 11SH01 trng ai hc Bnh Dng
gip , ng vin ti trong qu trnh hc tp v trong cuc sng.
Do kin thc v thi gian nghin cu cn hn ch nn mc d c rt nhiu
c gng nhng vn khng trnh c thiu st. V vy em rt mong nhn c
nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca thy c ti ny hon thin tt hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Xin chn thnh cm n


Ngy 15 thng 6 nm 2012.
Nguyn Th Thanh Kiu

PH LC
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT
BL: Bng lan
CQ : Cm quan
VT: n v tnh
QCVN: Quy chun Vit Nam
TCVN: Tiu chun Vit Nam

DANH MC CC BNG BIU


Bng 3.3. Bng b tr th nghim kho st hiu sut thu hi ...................................28
Bng 3.4 Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l phi trn ........................................30
Bng 3.5 Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l phi trn bt m .............................32
Bng 3.6 Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l bt n ............................................34
Bng 3.7 Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l sa ti b sung ............................35
Bng 3.8 Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l dch thanh long .........................37
Bng 3.9 Bng b tr th nghim kho st thi gian v nhit nng ..................38

DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1: Cy thanh long ..............................................................................5
Hnh 2: Tri thanh long trng v Thanh long .........................................11
Hnh 3: Bt m ..............................................................................................12
Hnh 4: Sa ti ...........................................................................................20
Hnh 5: ng ..............................................................................................22
Hnh 6: Trng g ...........................................................................................24
Hnh 7: Cu to ca trng g ........................................................................24
Hnh 8: Quy trnh nhn dch Thanh Long .....................................................30
Hnh 9: Quy trnh b sung Thanh Long vo............................................31
Hnh 10: S kho st t l ng v trng .........................................................33
Hnh 11: S kho st t l phi trn bt m b sung ..........................................35

Hnh 12: S kho st t l bt n b sung ...............................................37


Hnh 13: S kho st t l sa ti b sung ............................................39
Hnh 14: S kho st t l dch ht thanh long ........................................41
Hnh 15: S quy trnh sn xut th nghim b sung thanh long vo bnh
bng lan ........................................................................................................72

CHNG 1

LI M U
1.1. t vn
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca nn k thut v s tin b ca khoa hc k
thut, ngnh cng ngh ch bin nc ta khng ngng i mi nng cao cht
lng cng nh a dng ha cc sn phm thc phm nhm p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.
Cuc sng ngy cng pht trin vn sc khe con ngi lun c t ln
hng u v nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng cao, tiu ch t ra l
phi ngon, b, khng c hi, h tr tt cho sc khe m khng phi l nhng cht
tng hp ha hc, nhng cht c nguy c c hi nh hng n sc khe ca con
ngi. c bit trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi bnh b dng khc nhau
nhm p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng nh bnh bng lan, bnh m,...V
c ngi tiu dng chp nhn th sn phm thc phm phi c y nhng cht
cn thit nh vi cht dinh dng, cc vitamin, cc cht chng oxy ha
Mt trong nhng loi qu p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng hin nay l
thanh long. Thanh long l ngun nguyn liu cha nhiu vitamin C, giu cht x v
cht khong, c bit l pht pho v canxi. Ht thanh long giu cht bo khng bo
ha. Ngoi ra thanh long cn cha mt lng ng k phytoalbumin cht chng oxy
ha, c tc dng ngn chn s hnh thnh bnh ung th. Trong thi tit ma h nng
bc, kht nc, n mt tri thanh long mt lnh khng nhng lm cho chng ta c
cm gic mt m, sng khoi v c gii kht, m chng ta cn ang lm p cho
ln da ca mnh mt cch n gin, th v, kinh t v nht l mang tnh nn tng hn
hn so vi vic s dng cc loi m phm t tin.
Thanh long c trng rt nhiu v ph bin nc ta. V vy n l ngun
nguyn liu rt phong ph cho chng ta s dng v nghin cu nhm nng cao gi tr
ca thanh long. V hin nay ngi tiu dng khng ch hng n cc loi bnh
mang tnh cht n b sung m cn ch trng n gi tr chc nng ca chng .

Bnh bng lan l mt loi bnh da trn la m bt thng (bt), ng v


trng, v cc thnh phn khc b sung. Bnh xp c cho l mt trong nhng loi
bnh u tin ca bnh bng lan,cho bit bnh xp c thnh lp Grenada
Caribe, du th k 19.
Bnh bng lan, m gi l sponge cake, php gi l gesnoise. Bnh bng lan
xut pht t nhng c ngi php mang vo gii thiu vi Vit Nam ngy
trc.
1.2. Mc tiu ca ti
Thanh Long c bit n l loi tri cy giu tim nng v c nhng c
im nh ngt, p, d n, bo qun lu, ch bin c nhiu sn phm, c tri
quanh nm v lun hp dn tr em, c li cho sc khe, v d dng chim lnh th
trng trong tng lai nn ti tin hnh nghin cu ti: Nghin cu b sung
Thanh Long vo bnh Bng Lan nhm lm phong ph thm nhng sn phm ch
bin t nguyn liu ny, y cng l mt sn phm giu dinh dng, d s dng, thi
gian bo qun lu, an ton, hp v sinh cho ngi tiu dng ng thi p ng nhu
cu th hiu ca ngi tiu dng hin nay.
1.3. Yu cu ca ti

Xy dng quy trnh sn xut bnh Bng lan b sung thanh long

a ra t l phi trn thch hp ca tng nguyn liu trong sn phm


Xc nh cc thng s k thut cho quy trnh ch bin
Kim tra thnh phn dinh dng ca sn phm
Kim tra ch tiu vi sinh

CHNG 2

TNG QUAN V TI LIU


2.1. Tng quan v bnh bng lan [1] [14] [17]
2.1.1. Gii thiu v bnh bng lan
Mi t nc, mi vng min trn th gii u c phong cch m thc mang
sc thi ring. c bit k thut ch bin mn n ngon, b dng cn th hin bn
sc vn ha ca tng vng min, to nn c trng m thc khng th ln vi bt c
ni no khc.
X hi pht trin, nhu cu n ung thng thc ca con ngi a dng hn,
yu cu cao hn. Nu nhu cu trc y ngi ta ch c mc ch ngy ba ba chnh,
n no l th by gi cn c nhu cu ba ph b sung thm ngun dinh dng
cho c th. Hoc nhu cu ca con ngi cng cao, tc sng ngy cng hin i
nn h rt ngn thi gian cng nh s lng thc n trong mt ba m vn mun
m bo lng dinh dng cung cp y cho c th bng cch n mt vi chic
bnh ngt vi tch tr hay ly sa ti.
Bnh bng lan l mt loi bnh da trn la m bt thng (bt), ng v
trng, v cc thnh phn khc b sung. Bnh xp c cho l mt trong nhng loi
bnh u tin ca bnh bng lan, cho bit bnh xp c thnh lp Grenada
Caribe, du th k 19.
Bnh bng lan, m gi l sponge cake, php gi l gesnoise. Bnh bng lan
xut pht t nhng c ngi php mang vo gii thiu vi Vit Nam ngy
trc.
Bnh bng lan nguyn thy c nng bng than trong khun st dy. Thi
nay bnh c nng n gin hn nhiu nh c l nng hin i.
Ngoi ra bnh bng lan sau cn s dng phng php hp lm chn bnh.
2.1.2. Yu cu k thut cho bnh bng lan
Nguyn ph liu
-

Bt m: theo TCVN 4359 : 1996 (CODEX STAN 152 1985)

ng: theo tiu chun tng ng i vi ng s dng

Trng: theo TCVN 1858 86

Du thc phm: theo tiu chun tng ng i vi du s dng

B (nu s dng): theo TCVN 7400 2004

Nguyn liu ph khc: m bo cc yu cu v cht lng sn xut


thc phm

Cc ch tiu cm quan ca bnh bng lan c qui nh trong bng sau


Bng 2.1. Cc ch tiu cm quan ca bnh bng lan
Tn ch tiu

Yu cu

1. Mu sc

c trng cho tng loi sn phm

2. Mi, v

c trng cho tng loi sn phm, khng c mi, v l

3. Trng thi

Mn, mm, xp u

Bng 2.2. Cc ch tiu ha l ca bnh bng lan c quy nh trong bng


Tn ch tiu
1. Hm lng cht bo (%)
2. Ch s axit, s mg KOH trung ha ht axit

Mc
Do nh sn xut cng b
2,0

bo t do c trong 1g cht bo, khng ln hn


3. m %
4. Hm lng tro khng tan trong axit clohydric

14 24
0,1

(HCL), % khng ln hn
Cc cht nhim bn

Bng 2.3. Hm lng kim loi nng trong bnh bng lan c quy nh
trong bn
Tn ch tiu
Hm lng asen (As)
Hm lng ch (Pb)
Hm lng thy ngn (Hg)
Hm lng cadimi (Cd)

Mc ti a (mg/kg)
0,1
0,5
0,05
1,0

c t ca vi nm trong bnh bng lan


Hm lng afatoxin tng s khng ln hn 10g/kg
Yu cu v sinh i vi bnh bng lan
-

Khuyn ngh cc sn phm l i tng ca ch tiu ny cn c ch

bin v x l theo quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc
phm.
-

Sn phm l i tng ca tiu chun ny phi tun theo cc bin php

kim sot t giai on sn xut nguyn liu th n khi tiu th m bo an ton


sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.
2.2. Tng quan v cy thanh long [9] [13] [16]
2.2.1. Gii thiu v cy Thanh Long \

n:
http://www.google.com.vn/imgres)

Hnh 1: Cy thanh long


Cy thanh long (tn ting anh l Pitahaya, hay cn gi l Dragon fruit) thuc
h xng rng, c ngun gc t Trung v Nam M. Thanh long c ngi Php
em vo trng Vit Nam trn 100 nm nay, nhng mi a ln thnh hng ha t

thp nin 1980. Vit Nam hin nay l nc duy nht ng Nam c trng thanh
long tng i tp trung trn quy m thng mi vi din tch c lng 4000
hectare (1998), tp trung ti Bnh Thun 2.176 hectare, phn cn li l Long An, Tin
Giang, TP.HCM, Khnh Ha v ri rc mt s ni khc. Hin nay nc ta xut
khu thanh long qua nhiu nc di dng qu ti. Bnh Thun ni ring v Nam
b ni chung ma thanh long t nhin xy ra t thng 4 n thng 10, r nht vo
thng 5 n thng 8. Vo thi im y gi r, mt s nh vn tin b pht hin,
hon chnh dn tng bc k thut thp n to qu tri v ch ng thu hoch,
nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
2.2.2. c im sinh hc
Sinh thi
L cy trng c ngun gc nhit i, chu hn gii, nn c trng nhng
vng nng. Mt s vng chu c nhit t 50 n 55 C. Nhng n khng chu
c gi lnh. Chng thch hp nhng ni cng nh sng mnh, v vy h b
che nng thn cy s m yu v lu cho qu. Cy mc c trn nhiu loi t khc
nhau nh t xm bc mu (Bnh Thun), t phn (TP.HCM), t latosol (Long
Khnh)... n c kh nng thch ng vi cc chua (PH) ca t rt khc nhau. Khi
trng thanh long nn chn cc chn t c tng canh tc dy ti thiu 30 - 50cm v
c nng sut cao nn ti v gi m cho cy vo ma nng. Nhng cy thuc h
xng rng chu hn gii nhng chu c mn km, d vy c mt s h
Cn gi trng th thanh long trn t b nhim mn (0,8%) c ln lip v ci
to tng mt, ma kh khng ti.
Thanh long c mt qu trnh quang hp di. nh sng ban ngy cng di th
cng tt cho Hoa. Trong iu kin , thanh long ra hoa t thng 4 n thng 9
nhng tp trung nhiu nht vo thng 5 n thng 7 khi ngy di hn m (t 12,5
n 13 gi mt ngy). T thng 10 n thng 2, ngy ngn hn nn nng dn thng
thng dng in chiu sng cho hoa.

10

Thanh long cng l loi cy nhanh cho thu hoch, ch sau mt nm l c


th thu hoch. Sn lng trung bnh khong 20 30 tn/ha ma thun v 20 tn/ha
tn ma nghch.
Thc vt hc
-

R cy

Khc hn vi chi cnh, r thanh long khng mng nc nn n khng phi l


ni tch tr nc gip cy chu hn. Cy thang long c hai loi r: a sinh v kh
sinh.
R a sinh pht trin t phn li gc hom. Sau khi t hom t 10 - 20 ngy
th t gc hom xut hin cc r t mu trng, s lng r tng dn v kch thc ca
chng cng tng dn theo tui cy, nhng r ln t ng knh t 1 - 2 cm. R a
snh c nhim v bm vo t v ht cc cht dinh dng nui cy. R phn b ch
yu tng t mt l 30cm. cc ni t xp v c ti nc r c th mc su hn.
Khi t kh cc r si s cht i, cc r ci ln hn s ha bn lm gim s dn nc
khong 10 ln ngn chn s mt nc vo t thng qua r. Khi t m r li mc
tr li mt cch d dng.
R kh sinh mc dc theo thn cy phn trn khng, bm vo cy chng
(choi) gip cy leo ln gi . Nhng r kh sinh nm gn t s i dn xung
t.
- Thn, cnh
Thanh long (mt loi xng rng) trng nc ta c thn, cnh trn b trn
tr (climbing cacti), trong khi mt s nc trng loi xng rng thn ct
(columnar cacti).nc trng loi xng rng thn ct (columnar cacti). Thn
cha nhiu nc nn n c th chu hn mt thi gian di. Thn, cnh thng c ba
cnh dp, xanh, him khi c 4 cnh. cc nc khc c th 3, 4, 5 cnh. Tit din
ngang cho thy c hai phn: bn ngoi l nhu m cha dip lc, bn trong l li cng
hnh tr. Mi cnh chia ra lm nhiu thy c chiu di 3 - 4cm. y mi thy c t 3
5 gai ngn. Chng s dng CO2 trong quang hp theo h CAM (Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism) l mt h thch hp cho cc cy mc vng sa mc. Mi nm cy cho

11

t 3 - 4 t cnh. t cnh th nht l cnh m ca t cnh th hai v c th cnh


xp thnh hng lp trn u tr. Trong ma ra cnh, khong thi gian gia hai t ra
cnh t 40 - 50 ngy. S lng cnh trn cy tng theo tui cy: cy mt tui trung
bnh c 30 cnh, hai tui 70 cnh, ba tui 100 cnh v bn tui 130 cnh.
cy 5 - 6 tui ch duy tr 150 - 170 cnh.
- Hoa
Thanh long l cy ngy di (trng quang k). Ti Nam b hoa xut hin sm
nht vo trung tun thng 3 dng lch (dl) v ko di ti khong thng 10 dl, r nht
t thng 5 dng lch ti thng 8 dng lch. Trung bnh c t 4 - 6 t ra hoa r mi
nm.
Hoa lng tnh, rt to, c chiu di trung bnh 25 - 35cm, nhiu l i v cnh
hoa dnh nhau thnh ng, nhiu tiu nh v 1 nhy ci di 18 - 24cm, ng knh 58mm, nm nhy ci chia lm nhiu nhnh. Hoa thng n tp trung t 20 - 23 gi
m v ng lot trong vn. T n n tn ko di 2 - 3 ngy. Thi gian t khi
xut hin n ti hoa tn 20 ngy. Cc t n u tin rng t 30% n 40%, v
sau t l ny gim dn khi gp iu kin ngoi cnh thun li.
- Qu v ht
Sau khi hoa th, bu non s pht trin thnh qu mng (cactus pears), trong
10 ngy u tc pht trin tng i chm, sau tng rt nhanh v c kch thc
ln trng lng. Thi gian t khi hoa th ti thu hoch ch t 22 - 25 ngy. Nh vy
thi gian pht trin ca qu thanh long tng i ngn so vi nhiu loi qu nhit i
khc nh xoi, su ring, chui, da thng phi mt t 85 ti 140 ngy. Qu thanh
long hnh bu dc c nhiu tai l xanh (do phin hoa cn li), u qu lm su to
thnh hc mi. Khi cn non v qu mu xanh, lc chn chuyn qua tm ri
m. Tht qu mu trng i din cho a s thanh long trng min Nam Vit Nam.
Ti Bnh Thun phn tch 100 qu ly ngu nhin cho thy s phn b v kch
thc v trng lng nh sau:
Bng 2.4. Thnh phn qu ca thanh long Bnh Thun
Hng qu T l (%)

Trng

Di

TB TB (cm)

Dy v

Phn

12

(g)

lng TB (cm)

(mm)

c (g)

(g)
<330
330-<500
500-<700
700

20
65
12
3

270
410
565
750

12,5
13
15
16

11
12
12
13,5

4,8
4,6
4,5
3,8

17
315
400
550

Trong mt th nghim x l thanh long ra hoa trn t phn nng trng Phm
Vn Hai cn ngu nhin 150 qu, trng lng trung bnh l 568,8g. Di trung bnh l
12,28cm v ng knh trung bnh l 9,2cm, nh vy qu c v chc hn. Gn y
do thm canh cao, c nhiu qu ln trng lng t lkg n l,3kg. Thng qu
nng trn 300g l c th xut khu c.
Phn tch thnh phn sinh ha cho thy trong 100 g tht qu chn: hm lng
ng tng s c th bin ng t 8g n 12g, vitamin C t 3,8mg n 9,4mg. C s
bin ng ny l do phn bn, ch chm sc v thi gian hi, qu chn trn cy
cng lu cng ngt. Trong bn d tho m t sn phm thanh long m phn vin
Cng Ngh Sau Thu Hoch xy dng cho thy Brix ca thanh long Bnh
Thun bin thin t 11% n 15,3%, theo ngoi cht ng, sinh t, qu cn cha
nhiu mui khong nh K, Ca v Mg.

Bng 2.5. Thnh phn sinh ha ca qu trong 100 g n c


Thnh phn dinh dng
Brix
ng kh (g)
ng tng s (g)
Acid hu c (g)
Protein (g)

Kt qu
13
6,1
11,5
0,13
0,53

13

K (mg)
P2O5 (mg)
Ca(mg)
Mg (mg)
Vitamin C (mg)
X (g)

212,2
8,7
134,5
60,4
9,4
0,71

(ngun: Phn tch ti B mn Sinh l - Sinh ha v B mn Thy Nng thuc i hc Nng Lm TP.
HCM)

Ht: Mi qu c rt nhiu ht nh, mu en nm trong khi tht qu mu


trng. Do ht nh v mm nn khng lm phin ngi n nh ht ca mt s loi qu
khc.
2.2.3. Gii thiu v Tri thanh long
Tri Thanh Long c hnh bu dc c nhiu tai l xanh do phin hoa cn li,
u tri lm su to thnh hc mi. Khi cn non v tri mu xanh, lc chn v
chuyn sang mu tm ri m. Tht tri mu trng xen nhng ht nh mu en
nh m.
Hin nay Vit Nam c 2 loi Thanh Long nhng c trng ch yu hai loi
thanh long l: Rut trng v v rut v .
Thanh long rut trng: Loi ny c trng ph bin cc tnh nam Trung
B v Nam B nhng thng hiu ni ting nht l Bnh Thun. Loi thanh long
ny sinh trng v pht trin tt nhng ni c cng nh sng cao v ton phn.
c trng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau nh: t xm bc mu, t phn nhng
mun c nng sut cao, t phi c ti thiu t 30-50cm. Tc dng ca tri Thanh
Long: c tc dng tch cc trong vic gi gn v p ln da, mt trong nhng yu t
quan trng hng u i vi sc p ca ngi ph n.
Thanh long rut : c v da mu v rut cng . Thanh long rut
cn c tn gi l thanh long n hong (tn khoa hc l Hylocereus) c xut x t
Colombia. Ging rut c cha Lycopene, l mt cht chng xy ho thin nhin,
c th chng ung th, bnh tim v lm gim huyt p. y l loi tri cy rt p mt
v c li cho sc kho.

14

Thanh long rut c c tnh hon ton khc so vi loi thanh long trng
thng thng ngoi th trng hin nay. Bn ngoi thanh long c v cng, mu
m ti sng; bn trong ngoi mu thm nh son, l mt th thnh phn dinh
dng gp i thanh long trng. Vi cc ch s Vitamin C 12 - 6, Protid 1,30 1,08,
Vitamin A, Glucid, Lipit th thanh long rut mang li gi tr dinh dng rt cao.
Thanh long rut l mt sn phm mi, l, ngon, b dng, mt sn phm
"made in Vietnam". Trng lng tri trung bnh t 200 n 700g, hin nay do b con
nh vn thm canh cao nn c nhiu tri ln trn 1kg.

(ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_long_(thc_vt)

Hnh 2: Tri thanh trng v thanh long

2.2.4. Gi tr dinh dng ca Thanh Long


Thanh long l mt trong nhng loi tri cy c thnh phn dinh dng ph
hp nht cho vic gi gn dng vc v sc p ca ngi ph n. Mi 100g thanh
long ch cung cp 40kcalo v trong thanh long thnh phn nc chim n 87,6%.
Hm lng nc cao ny gip gi m cho ln da, gip da mn mng hn, gim bt
hin tng da kh nt, lo ha, gi cho ln da c v p tr trung ti mt.
Thnh phn cht x cha trong tri thanh long cng rt cao so vi cc loi tri
cy khc, bao gm c 2 loi cht x khng ha tan (cellulose) v cht x ha tan
(pectin) gip iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha, lm gim cc cht nguy him i

15

vi c th nh: cc cht bo, cholesterol, cc c cht... lm gim nguy c b mn


nht trn da. Thnh phn ca thanh long hon ton khng cha cht bo, cng vi
mc nng lng c v da mu rut trng l loi thanh long ph bin nht hin
nay. Trong 1 tri thanh long cha nhiu l nc v carbohydrate, vi mt s protein
v cht bo, vitamin C, giu cht x v cht khong, c bit l pht pho v canxi v
cc cht dinh dng khc. Ht thanh long giu cht bo khng bo ha a axit. Ngoi
ra thanh long cn cha mt lng ng k phytoalbumin cht chng oxy ha, c tc
dng ngn chn s hnh thnh bnh ung th. Lm tng bi tit cc kim loi nng, c
t, v lm gin cholesterol, gip gim huyt p, n thng xuyn gip gim bnh h
hp mn tnh.
y l mt loi tri cy thng dng, c mt khp ni, c bn ma vi gi c
rt mm v ph hp vi mi gia nh. Tri thanh long c th c ch bin thnh
nhiu mn n a dng nh: sinh t, lm cocktail, lm rau cu tri cy, lm ru, hoa
thanh long dng lm tr, lm thc ung dinh dng

2.3. Gii thiu v Bt m [10] [17] [18]

Hnh 3. Bt m
2.3.1. Khi nim

16

Bt m l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bnh, c ch bin t ht la m. Bt


m c 2 loi: bt m trng v bt m en. Bt m trng c sn xut t ht la m
trng, bt m en c sn xut t la m en.
Ngun nguyn liu ch yu ca nc ta l nhp t nc ngoi (nhp bt m v
la m) v ta ch nhp loi bt m trng. La m trng c 2 loi: loi cng v loi
mm. La m cng c cht lng cao hn.
Bt m trng: c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut banh bng lan, gp phn
rt ln vo to cu trc nng, cng, v b mt ca bnh. Tuy nhin bt m khng
ng gp nhiu vo to mi v bnh.
2.3.2. Tiu chun ca bt m
Bt m phi tun theo cc yu cu sau :
- axit ca cc axit bo khng qu 50mg KOH cn trung ha axit bo t
do trong 100g bt tnh theo cht kh.
- Protein: hm lng protein khng thp hn 7,0%, tnh theo cht kh.
- m: m ca sn phm khng vt qu 15,5%.
- C ht: Bt m khng nh hn 98% lng bt lt qua ry c kch thc l
212 milimicron (N-70).
2.3.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca bt m
Ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca ht v ph thuc vo ht bt. Nhng
c im thnh phn bt m v mt s lng v cht lng theo gi tr dinh dng v
tnh cht nng bnh ca bt. Cc cht dinh dng trong bt c s lng ln th
c c th tiu ha d hn, nhng bt m c thnh phn dinh dng thp li c
vitamin v cht khong cao hn.
Bt m ch yu gm glucid v protide. Hm lng glucid v protide chim
khong 90% trng lng bt.
Bng 2.6. Thnh phn ha hc ca bt m
Loi v
hng bt
m
Bt m

Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh tnh bng % cht kh


Tinh
ng
Pantozan
Protit
Xenluloza Tro Cht bo
bt
chung
1,95
79
12
1,8
0,1
0,5
0,8

17

ho hng
Hng I
Hng II

2,5
3,5

77,5
71

14
14,5

2,0
2,8

0,3
0,8
2,3

0,7
1,2

1,5
1,9

(ngun: http://community.h2vn.com/index.php?topic=4881.0)

Protit ca bt m :
Hm lng protit c trong cc hng bt m khc nhau th khng ging nhau.
Hm lng protit tng dn t bt hng cao n bt hng thp, nhng v mt dinh
dng th protit trong bt hng cao gi tr hn protit trong bt hng thp Protit trong
bt m gm 4 loi:
-

Anbumin (ha tan trong nc)

Globulin : ha tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh

Protalamin : ha tan trong dung dch ru 60 80% cn c tn gi l


Gliadin.

Glutenlin : ha tan trong dung dch kim 0,2%

Trong 4 loi ni trn th hm lng Anbumin v Globulin chim khong 20%,


cn 80% l Protalamin v Glutenlin, t l protalamin v glutenlin trong bt m l
tng ng nhau. Bt m nho vi nc ri yn mt thi gian s to thnh
Gluten. Ra bt nho cho tinh bt tri i, cn li mt khi do l Gluten. Gluten thu
c khi ra qua bt nho gi l Gluten t. Trong gluten t c khong 60 70%
nc. Hm lng gluten t trong bt m dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, t 15 n
55%.
Khi bt m c cht lng bnh thng th t l Gluten t ph thuc vo hm
lng protit ca bt. Vi cc loi bt m sn xut t ht b hng, su bnh, ny mm,
do sy nhit qu cao th hm lng Gluten t gim v tnh ht nc ca
protit b thay i.
Hm lng v cht lng Gluten bt m ph thuc vo ging la m, iu kin
trng trt, ch sy ht, ch gia cng nc nhit, ch bo qun Gluten ca
bt m cht lng cao thng c n hi tt, chu ko va phi. Nu Gluten c
chu ko ln th bnh lm ra xp do gi c kh tt. Cn nu dng bt m cht
lng cao v chu ko nh th bt nho thng b chy khng t yu cu, bnh

18

lm ra t xp. Chnh v cht lng ca Gluten c nh hng ln n qu trnh ch


bin v cht lng sn phm nh vy nn trong sn xut bnh quy thng s dng
bt c cht lng yu v trung bnh.
Trong qu trnh ch bin c th vn dng cc yu t ca nhit , nng
mui n, cng nho ci thin nhng tnh cht vt l ca Gluten. Gim nhit
nho th Gluten tr nn cht hn, tng nhit nho th Gluten n nhanh nhng
kh nng gi kh km v bnh t n hn.
Mui n c tc dng lm cho Gluten cht li v tng kh nng ht nc ln,
cng thy phn protit gim i r rt.
Cng nho lm tng qu trnh to hnh Gluten nhng lm gim kh nng
gi kh ca Gluten. S lng Gluten khng nh hng ln n cht lng ca bnh
quy, song hm lng Gluten tng th m ca bt nho tng, do thi gian nng
b ko di. V vy, ta cn hn ch s lng Gluten trong khong 27-30%.
Gluxit ca bt m gm c: tinh bt dextrin, xenluloza, hemieluloza, gluxit
keo, cc loi ng. Qu trnh to thnh gluxit c biu din bi pht trin tng
qut sau:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2
Glucoza c to nn s chuyn thnh cc gluxit khc. Qu trnh quang
hp c thc hin nh nng lng mt tri v sc t xanh ca cy ( clorofin ).
-

Tinh bt: l gluxit quan trng nht ca tinh bt. Trong hng bt cao cha n

80% tinh bt. Tinh bt ca cc loi bt khc nhau th khng ging nhau v hnh dng,
kch thc, kh nng trng n v h ha. ln v nguyn ca ht tinh bt c
nh hng n tnh rn chc, kh nng ht nc v hm lng ng trong bt nho.
Trong cc ht tinh bt, ngoi tinh bt ra cn c mt lng nh axit photphoric. Axit
silicic, axit bo v cc cht khc.
-

Dextrin: l sn phm to ra u tin trong qu trnh thy phn tinh bt. l

nhng cht keo to thnh vi nc mt dung dch dnh. Khi lng phn t v tnh
cht ca dextrin ph thuc vo mc thy phn ca tinh bt.

19

Trong bt m sn xut t bt m ny mm c cha t 3-5% l dextrin. Dextrin


t lin kt vi nc, do khi bt nho c hm lng cao cc dextrin th bnh lm ra
km dai.
-

Xenluloza: cng c cng thc chung ging tinh bt nhng rt khc nhau v

cu trc phn t v cc tnh cht ha hc. Phn t xenluloza gm trn 1500 gc


glucoza. Xenluloza khng tan trong nc lnh v nc nng. Thy phn xenluloza
bng axit kh khn hn thy phn tinh bt nn khng th tiu ha c xenluloza v
chnh lng xenluloza lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca bt. Trong bt hng cao c
khong 0,1 0,15 % xenluloza, cn trong bt hng cao th cha 2 3 % xeluloza.
-

Hemixenluloza: l polisacarit cu to t cc gc pentozan (C5H8O4)n v

hecxozan (C6H10O)n. Hemixenluloza khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong kim.
N d thy phn hn xenluloza. Hm lng hemixenluloza ph thuc vo hng bt,
thng khong 2 8%, c th ngi khng tiu ha c hemixenluloza.
-

Gluxit keo: l cc pentozan ha tan, ch yu cha trong ni nh ca ht.

Trong bt m hm lng gluxit keo vo khong 1,2%. Gluxit keo c tnh ho nc rt


cao. Khi trng n trong nc cc gluxit keo cho ta nhng dch keo ny c nh
hng r rt n cc tnh cht l hc ca bt nho.
-

ng trong bt: cha mt lng khng ln lm. Trong bt c cha khong

0,1 0,5 maltoza. Trong bt m sn xut t ht ny mm th hm lng maltoza tng


ln r rt. ng ch yu nm trong phi ht. Hm lng sacaroza trong bt m
khong 0,2 0,6%. Hm lng chung cc loi ng ph thuc vo loi bt v cht
lng ca ht.
-

Cht bo: cc lipit l nhng cht hu c k nc, c cu trc khc nhau,

khng ha tan trong nc nhng ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c. Trong cc lipit


ca bt m, ngoi cc cht bo trung tnh cn phi k n cc photphorit, sterin, sc
t.Trong bt cc lipit trng thi t do v trng thi kt hp vi protit, gluxit.
Nhng hp cht ny c nh hng n tnh cht cc gluten, chng lm cho cc gluten
n hi hn. Hm lng chung ca cht bo trong bt m vo khong 0,1 2% ty
theo hng bt m.

20

Vitamin: trong bt m c cha rt nhiu vitamin nh B1, B6, PPVitamin

cha nhiu lp alron. Ty theo hnh bt m th hm lng vitamin cng khc


nhau. Hng bt cng cao th vitamin cng thp v ngc li.
-

Men trong bt: l nhng protit c tnh cht xc tc. Trong bt c cha rt

nhiu men lm nh hng n cht lng bt, cc loi men quan trng nh: Men
thy phn tinh bt v protit nh: proteinaza, polipeptidaza, anpha-amilaza, betaamylaza. Ngoi ra bt m cn c cc men khc nh: lipaza, lipoxydaza
2.3.4. Vic phn hng v nh gi cht lng bt m
Vic phn hng bt m l ht sc quan trng bi v i vi tng hng th thnh
phn ha hc, ha l rt khc nhau dn n tnh cht rt khc nhau.
Thc t phn loi da rt nhiu vo qu trnh ch bin. sn xut bt m
thng dng dy chuyn nghin bt nhiu h c phn loi. to hm lng Gluten,
ln mu scca bt sau mi h nghin rt khc nhau c trng cho tng hng.
nh gi cht lng bt m theo tiu chun ca Nh nc th cc ch s
trong tiu chun cht lng bt m c c trng bng tnh trng v sinh v hng
bt . Cc ch s cht lng y gm c: mi v, nhim trng, hm lng cc cht
st v m.
Bt phi khng c mi l, v l, hm lng tp cht khng qu 3mg/kg bt,
m ca bt phi nh hn 15%...
Cc hng bt khc nhau th khc nhau v tro, trng, mn, axit v
hm lng Gluten t.
tro l ch s c bn xc nh hng ca bt, thm vo ngi ta cn
dng trng v mn na. Cn hm lng Gluten, axit khng c trng cho
hng ca bt v ch s ny lun lun bin ng.

tro: Hng ca bt c xc nh bng hm lng cm. Xc nh trc tip

hm lng cm rt kh khn, do hng ca bt c th hin gin tip qua tro,


xc nh tro tng i n gin hn. tro ca ni nh la m vo khong t 0,4
0,45%, tro ca cm khong 7 8,3%. Do bt m hng cao cha t tro hn

21

bt m th hng thp. Nhiu nc trn th gii ly bt tro lm ch s c bn


xc nh hng ca bt m.

mn: mn ca bt c trng cho mc nghin. Bt hng cao th mn

hn, c ngha l gm t cc phn t nh hn. mn ca bt nh hng n gi tr


thc phm v qu trnh ch bin cng nh cht lng ca thnh phm. qu trnh hnh
thnh bt nho c kch thc ln s chm trng n, bt cng mn th cng d hnh
thnh bt nho do tc trng n ca Gluten trong bt th b hn trong bt mn v
b mt ring ca bt b hn.

trng: Cc lp v qu, v ht thng cha nhiu sc t, ni nh cha t

sc t hn. Bn thn ni nh c cha sc t caratinoit nn bt m thng c mu


trng ng. trng ca bt khng phi lc no cng quan h cht ch vi tro,
chnh l lp alron ca ht khng c mu nhng hm lng tro li c t hn.

S lng v cht lng Gluten: Cht lng ca bt m c trng bng

Gluten.
Gluten ca bt hng cao hn thng c mu sng hn v ht nc ln hn.
Bt c hm lng Gluten cao thng c tnh cht nng bnh cao ph thuc vo cht
lng Gluten.
Kh nng to kh ca bt c c trng bng CO2 thot ra trong mt thi
gian nht nh v ng vi mt lng bt nho nht nh. Kh nng to kh ph thuc
vo hm lng ng v kh nng sinh ng ca bt. Cht lng cc Gluten cng
cao th cht lng ca bt m cng cng cao. Gluten ca bt hng cao thng c mu
sng cao hn v ht nc ln hn.

axit: nh gi cht lng ca ht th axit l mt yu t. axit ca

bt m khong pH = 5,8 6,3. axit v hm lng Gluten khng c trng cho


hng ca bt. axit ca bt: Ht v bt lun lun c axit do trong bt c cc mui
photphat axit, cc axit bo t do v cc axit hu c khc (lactic, axetic). Cc axit
c to thnh do qu trnh thy phn bng men trong thi gian bo qun bt
hoc ht. axit ca bt m = 5,8 6,3.
2.3.5. Tnh cht nng bnh ca bt m

22

Cht lng ca bt m ph thuc vo tnh cht nng bnh ca bt m. Bt m


c tnh cht nng bnh cao lm cho bnh bch quy sn xut ra: b mt c mu vng,
bnh c mi thm c trng.

Lc n ca bt m: Kh nng ca bt m to thnh Gluten hoc to thnh bt


nho vi nhng tnh cht xc nh c gi l lc n ca bt m.

Bt m hng cao (hng nht hoc hng hai) c cha nhiu protit, ht nc nhiu v
to thnh bt nho c tnh n hi d gia cng c hc. Trong bt nho bt m hng
cao, men thy phn protit hot ng rt chm v bnh bch quy lm t loi bt ny s
c hnh dng ng v xp u.

Kh nng sinh ng v to kh ca bt m:

Cht lng ca bnh bch quy ph thuc vo hm lng ng trong bt nho.


ng l cht cn thit to thnh CO2 lm n bt nho khi ln men. Mu sc ca
bnh v mi thm ca bnh, cu to v xp ca bnh u ph thuc vo hm
lng ng ca bt nho. Lng ng c trong bn thn bt m thng khng
lm ra bnh bch quy c cht lng bnh thng. Mun sn xut ra bnh c cht
lng bnh thng th lng ng trong bt m cn c khong 5,5 6%. Trong thc
t lng ng trong bt m ch c khong 2,0 3,0% lng ng sinh ra thm l
do kh nng ng ha tinh bt ca men trong qu trnh bt nho.

2.3.6. Tnh cht v kh nng thay th ca bt m:


Tnh cht ca bt : thnh phn cc cht trong bt rt a dng nn tnh cht

ca bt rt phc tp, song c mt s tnh cht c bn sau:


- Kh nng ht nc, trng n ca Gluten, tinh bt ( 65oC) h ha v ht

nc rt mnh.
- Qu trnh oxi ha cht bo c trong bt.
- Qu trnh thy phn nh cc men c trong bt.
- Qu trnh phn hy protit c trong bt to ra axit amin, NH3 .

Kh nng thay th: Trong sn xut bnh m, bt m l nguyn liu chnh

23

khng th thay th v ch c bt m to ra Gluten c tnh cht c bit to ra bnh


c trng, song khi sn xut bnh quy ta c th thay 5% bt m bng bt u nnh.
2.3.7. Bo qun
Bt m phi nhp trc khi ch bin nn phi bo qun tng i lu di. Bt
ng trong cc bao v c bo qun trong cc kho.

Yu cu ca kho: thong mt, m thch hp thng (88%), nhit

(t = 25-30o C), cc bao sp xp mt cch khoa hc.

Mt s hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun.

Bt b vn cc: do Gluten, tinh bt ht nc v trng n m xut hin vn

cc.
-

Mi i kht: do qu trnh oxi ha cht bo.

Mt su xut hin nhiu.


2.3.8. Bt ni [7]
Bt ni c tn ting Anh l baking powder l mt sn phm c thm vo

bnh, lm cho nhng chic bnh tr nn ngon ming v hp dn hn. Liu lng cho
php ca mt s cht ni thng c s dng:
-

Bnh bng lan: 2 4%

Bnh bao: 3 5%

2.4. Gii thiu v sa [12] [18]


2.4.1. Gii thiu v sa ti

Hnh 4: Sa ti

24

Sa l thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao, cha y cc nhm cht cn


thit cho c th nh protein, lipit, ng, vitamin v cc khong cht. ng thi sa
lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho bnh, tham gia to hng v ca sn phm. Thnh
phn ng lactose khi nng b caramen ha, nn sa cng tham gia vo to mu
sc v bnh. Thnh phn bo tham gia trong sa c vai tr tng t nh b
Protein sa c thnh phn acid amin cn i v c ng ha cao. Protein
sa bao gm casein, lactoalbumin v lactoglobulin. Sa b, sa tru, sa d thuc
loi sa casein v lng casein chim hn 75% tng s protein. Casein c tt c
cc acid amin cn thit. c bit l Lysin l mt acid amin cn thit cho s pht trin
ca tr em.
Cht bo sa c trng thi nh tng c phn tn cao, cha nhiu acid
bo cha no. Chnh v vy, cht bo sa c tan chy thp v d ng ha, c gi
tr sinh hc cao. C nhiu photphatit l mt photpho lipit quan trng, C tan chy
thp v d ng ha. Tuy vy so vi du thc vt, lng axit bo cha no cn thit
trong m sa cn thp hn nhiu
ng ca sa l lactoza, mt loi ng kp, khi thy phn cho 2 phn t
ng n l galactoza v glucoza. Lactoza trong sa b l 2,7-5,5%, sa m l 7%.
Cht khong trong sa c nhiu: Calci, Kali, Phospho... v vy sa l thc n
gy kim. Sa l ngun thc n cung cp Calci quan trng cho tr em. Mi ngy ch
cn cho tr ung, 0,5 lt sa nhu cn canxi cho tr (500mg/ngy). Sa l thc
n thiu st.
Vitamin
Cc vitamin trong sa c chia lm hai nhm: Vitamin ho tan trong nc
gm: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, C v Vitamin ho tan trong cht bo gm:A, D, E. Nhn
chung, hm lng cc vitamin nhm B trong sa b thng n nh, l do chng
c tng hp ch yu bi cc vi khun trong ngn th nht ca d dy ca nhm
ng vt nhai li v khng ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh. Tuy nhin, hm
lng vitamin tan trong cht bo b nh hng su sc bi thnh phn thc n v iu
kin thi tit

25

Sa cung cp ch yu Vitamin A, B1, B2, cn cc vitamin khc khng ng


k. Trong sa non (3 ngy u mi sinh) cn c mt lng khng th min dch lgA
(Immunoglobulin) rt tt cho c th tr, gip chng li cc bnh nhim khun.
Tc dng phng v tr bnh ca sa
Bo v sc kho rng ming: Trong sa c nhiu calci gip rng v
xng chc khe. n sa chua thng xuyn l cch tt nht phng nga su rng
v chng hi ming, v trong sa chua c cha acid lactic. Loi acid ny loi tr mi
hi v v sinh, dit vi khun ra khi khoang ming, v b mt li.
Phng nga bnh l c lin quan n tim mch: Mt s cht dinh dng khc
hin hu trong sa nh calci v magie cn gip gim lng cholesterol trong mu
ng thi gim thiu nguy c tng huyt p, ngoi tr sa cn nguyn kem.
Khng ung th: sa c th gip ngn nga ung th bung trng ang c
khuynh hng gia tng n gii.
Gim nguy c mc tiu ng: Tr em lun c khuyn khch ung sa
cng nh cc ch phm t sa cng vi vic nui con bng sa m gim nguy c
mc bnh tiu ng, cn bnh ang c xu hng nhm sm hn vo tr em v tr v
thnh nin.
2.5. Tng quan v ng [11] [18]
2.5.1. Gii thiu v ng

26

Hnh 5: ng
Saccharose l mt disacarit c cng thc phn t C12H22O11. Tn gi h thng
ca n l -D-glucopyranozyl-(12)--D-fructofuranozit (kt thc bng "ozit" v n
khng phi l ng kh).
N c bit n nhiu v vai tr ca n trong khu phn dinh dng ca con ngi
v n c hnh thnh trong thc vt ch khng phi t cc sinh vt khc nh ng
vt
Sucroza cn c gi vi nhiu tn nh ng knh, ng n, ng ct,
ng trng, ng nu, ng ma, ng phn, ng c ci, ng tht nt hay
mt cch n gin l ng.
2.5.2. Tnh cht ca ng
Sucroza tinh khit thng thng nht hay c sn xut di dng bt kt tinh
mn mu trng, khng mi vi v ngt d chu, di tn gi ph bin l ng hay
ng n. Cc tinh th ln i khi lng xung t dung dch nc cha sucroza thnh
mt chui (hay b mt kt nhn khc) to ra ko cng, l mt dng bnh ko.
Ging nh cc cacbohydrat khc, sucroza c t l hir trn xy l 2:1. N
bao gm 2 monosacarit l -glucoza v fructoza, c kt ni bng lin kt glicozit
gia nguyn t cacbon 1 ca khi glucoza vi nguyn t cacbon 2 ca khi fructoza.
Sucroza nng chy v phn hy 186 C to ra caramen (ng thng), v
khi chy to ra cacbon, ixt cacbon, nc.

27

Nc c th ph v cu trc ca sucroza nh thy phn, tuy nhin qu trnh


ny l rt chm do sucroza c th tn ti trong dung dch trong nhiu nm m gn
nh khng thay i. Tuy nhin, nu enzym sucrose c thm vo th phn ng s
din ra nhanh chng.
2.5.3. ng dng
Sucroza l cht to ngt thc phm ph bin nht. Ngi ta thay th n
bng cc cht to ngt khc nh cc xiro fructoza hay t hp ca cc thnh phn
chc nng v cc cht to ngt c ngt cao.
Sucroza l loi ng quan trng nht trong thc vt, n c tch ra t ma
ng hay c ci ng ri sau c lm tinh khit v kt tinh.
Sucroza thng gp trong ch bin thc phm do n va l cht to ngt va l cht
dinh dng, n l thnh phn quan trng trong nhiu loi thc phm nh bnh bch
quy, ko ngt, kem v nc tri cy, trong h tr trong bo qun thc phm. Sucroza
l cht dinh dng d dng tiu ha, l ngun cung cp nng lng nhanh chng cho
c th, to ra s gia tng ca glucoza huyt trong qu trnh tiu ha.
2.6. Gii thiu v trng [1] [18]
Trng g to mi thm ngon cho sn phm, tng gi tr dinh dng (lng ) v l
cht to mu ( carotenoids trong lng ), to nh tng ( Lecithin) cho bnh. ng

thi to bt tng kh nng to ng t, ti xp cho bnh.

Hnh 6: Trng g
2.6.1. Cu to ca trng

28

Hnh 7: Cu to ca trng g
Bnh thng trng c dng e-lip, t l gia chiu di v chiu rng t 1,13
1,67. Trng lng ca trng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: ging, tui v nht l ch
nui dng gia cm. Trng lng trung bnh ca mi qu trng t 60 - 80 gram. T
trng ca trng thay i theo thi gian bo qun v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, do
c th cn c vo t trng ca trng nh gi mc ti ca trng. i vi
trng ti t trng (d) khong 1,078 1, 096. Cu to ca trng gm: v, long trng,
lng . T l cc phn ny ph thuc vo ging, hnh dng, kch thc qu trng.
Bng 2.7 T l cc thnh phn ca trng
Thnh phn
Lng
Lng trng
V

T l (%)
35,7 35,9
53,5 53,7
10,4 10,8

Trng l loi thc phm cha nhiu m, bo, ng thi giu vitamin v
khong vi lng. tuy nhin thnh phn dinh dng ca trng ph thuc vo thc n,
mi trng sng, trng thi sc khe v thi gian khai thc gia cm.
Cu to ca trng gm 6 phn:

Mng ngoi v trng

V cng

Mng trong v v ngoi lng trng:

Ti kh (bung kh)

Lng trng

29

Lng
Bng 2.8 Thnh phn cc cht trong v
Thnh phn
Cht hu c
CaCO3
MgCO3
P2O5

T l (%)
4,15
93,70
1,4
0,75

2.6.2. Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng g


Bng 2.9 Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng g
Thnh phn
Nc
Protein
Lipit

T l (%)
74
12,8
11,5

Glucide

0,7

Khong

Calo trong 100g

158 calo

Lng trng cha hu ht cc vitamin nh : vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin


E, Folacin, thiamin ( tr vitamin C) v hu ht cc cht khong cn thit cho c th.
Thnh phn m (protein) trong lng trng trng gm cc tiu phn: lipovitein,
levein, phosphovitin. y l ngun acid amin khng th thay th trong trng, protein
lng trng khng nhng cha y cc acid amin khng thay th m t l gia
chng rt cn i v th n c dng lm thang ha hc, lm mu so snh gi tr
dinh dng.
Quy trnh sn xut bnh bng lan cn bn:
Bt m

Ry
Trn bt

Trng +
ng (nh
ni)

30
Nng (180oC,25 pht)

khun

Lm ngui

Sn phm

Ry : nhm mc ch loi b tp cht, cn bn v lm cho bt mn trnh b


ng cc khi nho.
nh trng: khu quan trng nht trong qu trnh lm bnh, mun bnh c
xp, n nhiu hn th phi nh trng vi tc nhanh, thi gian nh trng khong
10 pht. nh trng phi tht bng, mt, to vn.
Trn bt: to ra s ng nht v cu trc, mu sc. To s phn b ng u
ca cc thnh phn vo khi bt, to tnh cht c trng cho sn phm ca bnh bng
lan, to iu kin cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
ng thi khu trn bt l khu quan trng th hai trong qu trnh lm bnh,
thi gian trn bt khng nn qu lu khong 5 pht l c, khng nn nh qu lu
v nh lu bt s b chai li, khi nng s khng n nhiu. Ngoi ra cn c mt s
nguyn liu ph b sung khc nh: b, mui, nc chanh, bt n, sa ti, du n
khun: to hnh dng v kch thc theo yu cu. Trc khi cho hn hp
bt vo khun bnh ta nn thoa u du n hoc b xung quanh khun bnh ri mi
bt hoc ta lt giy pha di sau qut mt lp du hoc mt lp b xung
quanh thnh khun ri mi hn hp bt v vi khi lng c nh sn cho
bnh.
Nng: lm chn bnh, to mi, v, to cu trc, gim m gin xp cho

31

bnh, tng thi gian bo qun cho bnh.


Trc khi nng bnh ta nn bt l nng trc khong 10 15 pht. Nhit
180oC v ty vo cng thc ca cc loi bnh m c nhit v thi gian nng
khc nhau. Mt khc mun bnh c v gin, xp hn th giai on nh bt ta thm
lng vo nh chung. Bnh bng lan khi nng nhit cao, thi gian nng
nhanh th bnh s cng hn khi nng nhit thp, thi gian nng ko di hn.
Lm ngui: sau khi nng xong ta bnh ngui nhm mc ch to iu
kin cho qu trnh bao gi, trnh m ngng t sau khi bao gi v hn ch nhng bin
i ca bnh. Bnh c lm ngui n nhit 40o 45oC

CHNG 3
VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1. Thi gian v a im thc hin ti
3.1.1. Thi gian
ti c nghin cu trong khong thi gian t: 03/2012 n 07/2012
3.1.2. a im
Ti phng th nghim thc phm dinh dng & Chc nng ,Trng i hc
Bnh Dng, 504 i l Bnh Dng- Tx. Th Du Mt- Tnh Bnh Dng.
3.2. Vt liu
3.2.1. Nguyn liu
-

Thanh Long c mua ti ch Tx. Th Du Mt- Tnh Bnh Dng.

Sa ti c mua ti siu th Coopmart

32

ng ng c mua siu th Coopmart

Trng c mua ch Tx. Th du mt-tnh Bnh Dng

Bt m mua ti siu th Coopmart

Cc cht ph gia nh: du thc vt, vani

3.3. Dng c v thit b


3.3.1. Dng c
Bng 3.1 Dng c th nghim
ng ong chia vch
Ht ci
Cc thy tinh
Buret
Phu lc
ng nghim

ng nghim
Pipet
Cn phn tch
Erlen
Giy lc
Cc s

Chn cn
Chn nung
Bnh nh mc
Bnh tam gic
Chn sy
Vi lc

3.3.2. Thit b
Bng 3.2. Thit b my mc
Tn thit b
My nh trng
Khay nng
L nung
Bnh ht m
T ng

Xut x
Trung Quc
Vit Nam
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
Nht

Tn thit b
Bp in
L nng
May ghp m
T sy
B ct m

Xut x
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
Trung Quc
c
Trung Quc

kiedal
3.4. Phng php nghin cu
3.4.1. Phn tch l ha [2]
-

Xc nh protein (ph lc 2)

Xc nh n (ph lc 2)

Xc nh m (ph lc 2)
3.4.2. Ch tiu vi sinh

33

Mu bnh bng lan b sung thanh long c gi i kim nghim vi sinh ti


Cng Ty C Phn Dch V KHCN Sc K Hi ng.
3.4.3. Phng php nh gi cm quan [5] [15]
3.4.3.1 Php th so hng
Ngi th nhn 4 n 5 mu vo sp xp theo mc a thch
Mu a thch nht c xp th nht, chn nht s c xp v tr cui
cng.
Cch i im i vi 4 mu sn phm:

Mu c xp v tr th nht quy i ra im l 1,03

Mu c xp v tr th hai quy i ra im l 0,30

Mu c xp v tr th ba quy i ra im l -1,03

Mu c xp v tr th t quy i ra im l -0,30

Cch i im i vi 5 mu sn phm:
-

Mu c xp v tr th nht quy i ra im l 1,16

Mu c xp v tr th hai quy i ra im l 0,50

Mu c xp v tr th ba quy i ra im l 0,00

Mu c xp v tr th t quy i ra im l -0,50

Mu c xp v tr th nm quy i ra im l -1,16
3.4.3.2. Php th cho im cht lng tng hp ca sn phm [5]

[8] (ph lc 3)
3.4.4. Phng Php x l kt qu [4]
Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin, cc kt qu thu thp c trong
thi nghim c tng hp v x l bng phn mm Microsoft Excel v StatGraphics
Plus 3.0. Da vo kt qu thng k, tin hnh phn tch v nh gi s khc bit gia
cc nghim thc trn c s kin thc chuyn mn v chn ra thng s ti u cho
tng th nghim.
3.5. Xy dng quy trnh
3.5.1. Xy dng quy trnh nhn dch Thanh Long

34

Thanh Long

X l

Nghin

Lc

Dch TL + ht

Hnh 8: Quy trnh


nhn dch Thanh
Long

Trng

3.5.2. Xy dng
quy trnh b sung
Thanh Long vo

Phi trn vi ng

bnh Bng Lan


nh ni
Dch Thanh
long + ht

Bt m
Sa bt

Trn
Bt ni
vo khun

Nng (160oC/ 30 pht)

35
Sn phm

Hnh 9: Quy trnh b sung Thanh Long vo bnh Bng Lan

3.6. B tr th nghim
3.6.1. Th nghim 1: Kho st Hiu sut thu hi dch v ht qu Thanh long

Mc ch th nghim
Tnh c hiu sut s dng tri Thanh Long
Bng 3.3 : Bng b tr th nghim kho st hiu sut thu hi dch ht TL (TN1)
Nghin qu

Qu thanh long Dch


(kg)

ht

qu Cht thi

thanh long

Qu 1
Qu 2
Qu 3

36

Qu 4
Qu 5
Qu 6
Qu 7
Qu 8
Qu 9
Qu 10
Cch tin hnh
Thanh Long ti bc v, em i ra ri ro. Sau tin hnh p, tch ht.
Hiu sut thu hi dch v ht Thanh Long: Thanh Long cn m1, dch v ht thu c
cn m2, ph thi m3. Tnh c hiu sut thu hi sn phm.
S dng cng thc tnh:
H(%) =(m2/m1) x 100
Trong :
H(%) l hiu sut thu hi dch Thanh Long
M1 l khi lng Thanh Long ban u
M2 l khi lng dch v ht Thanh Long sau khi p
3.6.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st t l Trng v ng
Theo cc mc sau: A1=(0,5 : 1), A2= (1: 1), A3= (1,5 : 1), A4=(2 : 1)
Mc ch th nghim
Chn ra t l Trng : ng ph hp nht t cht lng ch tiu v cm
quan.
B tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li.


Nhn t A: t l phi trn trng : ng thay i cc mc nh sau
- A1 = ( 0,5 : 1)
- A2= ( 1 : 1)
- A3= ( 1,5 : 1)
- A4= ( 2 : 1)
S b tr

37

Trng + ng

A1(0,5 : 1) A2(1 : 1)

A3(1,5 : 1)

A4(2 : 1)

nh ni
Sa ti
Bt n

Dch ht thanh long


Bt m

Phi trn
To hnh

Nng (160oC, 30 pht)


Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 10: S kho st t l trng v ng

Bng 3.4: Bng b tr TN kho st t l phi trn trng v trng


(TN2)
T l trng (%)

0,5

1,5

T l ng (%)

2
1

nh gi cm

n (cm3)

Ch tiu theo di:

38

nh gi cm quan

Cch tin hnh

Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau: ti cho c nh t l bt m l 45%,


t l bt n l 1%, t l sa b sung l 4%, t l dch ht thanh long b sung l
10%. Thay i t l trng : ng vi mc ch tm ra t l phi trn thch hp
nht bng cch nh sau: Trng b v ly lng trng v lng em i kho st
nh ni vi ng cc mc t l nh sau: A1=(0,5 : 1), A2=(1 : 1), A3=(1 :
1,5), A4=(1 : 2), hn hp trng vi ng nh bng khong thi gian 2 5
pht. Sau ta tin hnh phi trn ln lt tng l th nghim. Ta c mt hn
hp, em i to hnh v nng nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht. tm ra
t l thch hp nht.
Kt lun: nh gi cht lng bng phng php cm quan da trn
ngt, n.
Hn hp gia ng v Trng gi l hn hp A. Sau khi tm c t l
hn hp trng v ng thch hp nht lm thng s c nh kho st cc th
nghim tip theo.
3.6.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st t l phi trn bt m b sung thm
hn hp A

Mc ch th nghim

Chn ra t l phi trn bt m ph hp nht cho cc th nghim tip theo

B tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin vi mt yu t v 3 ln lp


li, yu t th nghim l bt m
Nhn t B: t l bt m thay i cc mc sau
-

B1= 40%

B2 = 45%

B3 = 50%

B4 = 55%

B5 = 60%

39

S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
nh ni

Bt n
Sa ti
B1 (40)

Phi trn vi Bt m
B2 (45) B3 (50)

B4 (55)

Dch ht thanh long


B5 (60)

To hnh
Nng (160oC, 30 pht)
Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 11: S kho st t l phi trn bt m b sung thm hn
hp A
Bng 3.5: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t phi trn bt m b
sung thm hn hp A ( TN3)
Th nghim 3 (TN3)
Bt m (%)

40

45

50

55

60

im cm quan
nh gi cm quan

Ch tiu theo di

nh gi cm quan

Cch tin hnh

40

Sau khi xc nh c t l phi trn hn hp TN 2. Ti tin hnh


kho st t l bt m b sung thm hn hp A nh sau: ti c nh hn hp A
chn c TN2, t l bt n l 1%, t l sa ti b sung l 4%, t l dch ht
thanh long b sung l 10%. Thay i t l bt m nhm tm ra t l bt m thch
hp nht vi cc t l ln lt l B1= 40%, B2= 45%, B3= 50%, B4= 55%, B5=
60%. Bt m ray loi b tp cht, cn bn trnh b bn cc khi trn bt. Bt m
em i cn, tip theo ta ln lt phi trn cc t l bt m vi cc nguyn liu c
nh trn. Mi l bnh c thc hin theo quy trnh sn xut v em nng
nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht.
Kt lun: chn ra t bt m thch hp v ngon nht

3.6.4 Th nghim 4: Kho st t l bt n b sung vo hn hp A


Mc ch th nghim
To cho sn phm c cu trc ng u v tng gi tr v mt cm quan

B tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin vi 1 yu t v 3 ln lp


li, yu t th nghim l bt n.
Nhn t C: t l bt n s dng c thay i cc mc nh sau:
-

C1= 0,5%

C2= 1%

C3= 1,5%

C4= 2%

C5= 2,5%

S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
nh ni

Sa ti
Dich ht TL

( chn TN2)
Phi trn vi Bt n

Bt m

41

C1 (0,5) C2 (1)

C3 (1,5) C4 (2)

C5 (2,5)

To hnh
Nng (160oC, 30 pht)
Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 12: S kho st t l bt n b sung
Bng 3.6: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l bt n b sung
( TN4)
Bt n (%)
im trung bnh CQ
nh gi cm quan

Th nghim 4 (TN4)
0,5
1
1,5

2,5

Ch tiu theo di
-

nh gi cm quan

xp

Cch tin hnh

Chng ti tin hnh th nghim nh sau: c nh t l phi trn hn hp


chn c TN2, t l bt m chn c TN3, v ng thi ti cng c
nh t l sa ti b sung vi t l ngu nhin l 4%, t l dch ht thanh long
b sung l 10%. Ti tip tc tin hnh kho st t l bt n b sung vi cc t l
ln lt l C1 = 0,5%, C2 = 1%, C3=1,5%, C4= 2%, C5= 2,5%. Sau khi bt
c to hnh v em nng nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht.

42

Kt lun: chn ra t l bt n b sung ph hp nht sao cho sn phm


c n, xp u, c ng nht, cm quan ph hp.
3.6.5.Th nghim 5: Kho st t l sa ti b sung
Mc ch th nghim
Nhm tng gi tr dinh dng, to cho sn phm c mi v, thm ngon
ng thi to cho bnh c cu trc mm mn, xp v to mu cho sn phm.
B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin vi mt yu t v 3 ln lp
li, yu t thi nghim l sa ti.
Nhn t D: t l sa ti b sung c s dng thay i cc mc sau:
-

D1 = 2%

D2 = 4 %

D3 = 6%

D4 = 8%

D5 = 10%

S b tr
Hn hp A ( chn c TN2)
Dch ht thanh long
nh ni

( chn TN4)
Bt n

( chn TN3)
Phi trn vi Sa ti

D1 (2) D2 (4) D3 (6) D4 (8)

Bt m
D5 (10)

To hnh

43

Nng (160oC, 30 pht)


Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 13: S kho st t l sa ti b sung
Bng 3.7: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l sa ti b sung
(TN5)
Sa ti (%)
im cm quan

Th nghim 5 (TN5)
4
6

10

nh gi cm quan

Ch tiu theo di

nh gi cm quan

mn

xp

Cch tin hnh

Ti tin hnh th nghim nh sau: c nh t l phi trn hn hp


chn c TN2, t l bt m chn c TN3, t l bt n chn c
TN4, ng thi ti c nh t l dch ht thanh long b sung ngu nhin vi t l
l 10%. Tin hnh kho st t l sa ti b sung vi t l ln lt l D1= 2%,
D2=4%, D3= 6%, D4=8%, D5=10%.
Phi trn v em nng nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht.

Kt lun

Chn ra c t l sa ti b sung ph hp nht


3.6.6. Th nghim 6: Kho st t l dch ht thanh long b sung

Mc ch: Tm ra t l dch ht thanh long b sung vo ph hp

nht

44

ng thi to ra s hi ha v a dng cho sn phm.

B tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin v 3 ln lp li, yu t th


nghim l dch ht thanh long.
Nhn t E: t l dch ht thanh long b sung c s dng thay i cc
mc sau:
-

E0 = 0%

E1 =10%

E2=15%

E3 =20%

E4 =25%

S b tr th nghim
Hn hp A ( chn TN2)
Sa ti ( chn TN5)
nh ni

( chn TN4)
Bt n

( chn TN3)

Phi trn vi dch ht TL

E0(0)

E1(10)

E1(15)

E3 (20)

Bt m

E4 (25)

To hnh

45

Nng (160oC, 30 pht)


Lm ngui
Thnh phm
Hnh 14: S kho st t l dch ht thanh long b sung
Bng 3.8: Bng b tr th nghim kho st t l dch ht TL b sung
(TN6)

Dch ht TL (%)

Th nghim 6 (TN6)
0
10
15

20

25

im cm quan
nh gi cm quan

Ch tiu theo di

nh gi cm quan mu, mi, v

xp

Cch tin hnh

Chng ti tin hnh th nghim nh sau: C nh t l c nh t l phi


trn hn hp chn c TN2, t l bt m chn c TN3, t l
bt n chn c TN4, t l sa ti b sung TN5, tin hnh kho st
t l dch ht thanh long b sung ln lt theo t l kho st l 0%, 10%,
15%, 20%, 25%
Kt qu: Phi trn v em nng nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht.
3.6.7. Th nghim 7: Kho st thi gian v nhit nng

Mc ch: tm ra thi gian v nhit nng thch hp nht, cho

sn
phm tt nht

46

Bng 3.9: Bng b tr th nghim 7 (TN7)


Thi gian nng
(pht)
Nhit nng (0C)

15

20

25

30

160

180

200

250

Khi lng bnh


trc khi nng
Khi lng bnh sau
khi nng
nh gi cm quan

Ch tiu theo di

nh gi cm quan chn ra thi gian v nhit nng thch hp

nht.
-

xp

Cch tin hnh

Ti tin hnh th nghim nh sau: sau khi tin hnh xong v tm c cc


t l thch hp nht nh t l phi trn hn hp chn c TN2 l (1: 1) , t
l bt m TN3 l 50%, t l bt n TN4 l 1,5%, t l sa ti TN5 l 6%,
t l dch ht thanh long TN6 l 1%, ti tin hnh phi trn tt c cc hn hp
trn to hnh v cho vo lo nng. Ti tin hnh kho st nhit v thi gian
nng nhm tm ra thi gian nng v nhit nng thch hp nht.

Kt lun: la chn ra thi gian v nhit ti u cho sn phm

47

CHNG 4
KT QU V BIN LUN
4.1 Kt qu kho st hiu sut thu hi dch v ht qu Thanh long
kho st nguyn liu thanh long, ta cn trng lng qu thanh long sau
bc v cn tht qu, v.
S dng cng thc:

Trong : H l hiu sut thu hi, n v l ( % )


m1: l trng lng ca qu thanh long, n v l ( g/qu )
m2: l trng lng ca dch ht qu thanh long, n v l ( g )

48

Bng 4.1 Kho st hiu sut thu hi thanh long

Nghin qu

Qu thanh
long (g)

Dch v ht

Hiu sut

qu thanh

Cht thi
80

78,08

(%)

Qu 1

365

long
285

Qu 2

350

265

85

75,71

Qu 3

355

267

88

72,21

Qu 4

320

225

85

70,31

Qu 5

340

250

90

73,52

Qu 6

345

260

85

75,36

Qu 7

338

240

98

71,00

Qu 8

345

255

90

73,91

Qu 9

350

265

85

75,71

Qu 10

368

280

88

76,08

Tng

3476

2592

874

741,89

Trung bnh

347,6

259,2

87,4

74,189

Kt lun: T l nng trung bnh ca qu thanh long l 347,6g/qu, mi qu

c t l dich ht qu trung bnh l 74,189%, t l v qu l 87,4.


4.2 Kt qu kho st nh hng t l phi trn trng : ng
Cc mu bnh bng lan c thc hin theo quy trnh trn v cc thng
s nh: thi gian nh trn, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau.
Khi lng ca khi bt t mi mu bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g
Sau khi nng xong, cc mu bnh c trng lng 45 47g v kt qu di y
biu din kt qu ca s nh hng ca s phi trn trng : ng n n
ca bnh.
chn c t l phi trn trng : ng thch hp nht ta cn chn
bnh bng lan c n, xp cao nht, hnh dng ng u, khng b xp, v
bnh khng b nt, vng u, cu trc bn trong n u, c n hi tt ly

49

ngn tay n nh bnh tr li v tr ban u, c mi thm ngon c trng, khng


c v l, khng chua v khng b c.
Kt qu ca s phi trn hn hp trng : ng n n ca bnh nh sau:

Bng 4.2 nh hng ca t l phi trn trng : ng n n ca bnh BL


T l trng :
ng

n
(cm3)

A1 = (0,5 : 1)

49,5

A2 = (1 : 1)

155

nh gi cm quan
Trng thi
Bt t n, bnh
c bn trong,
bn ngoi b
nt, bn trong
bt vn khng
chn u.
Bnh n u,
nh hnh c
cu trc, bnh
khng b nt v
ngoi v bn
trong n u c

Mu, mi,v
Cn mi bt
sng,
bnh
vng
khng
u, v rt
ngt.
Bnh vng
u, c mi
thm ngon c
trng, khng
c v l, c v
ngt va,

50

n hi tt

A3= (1,5 : 1)

A4= (2 : 1)

135,3

99,6

Bnh n to
hn, nh hnh
c cu trc,
v bnh khng
b nt, n hi
hi km, bnh
hi t v b
xp nh
Bnh n rt to,
n hi rt
km, xp rt
nhanh, bn
trong t.

khng chua

Vng u, c
mi thm c
trng, bnh
hi nht

Bnh c mu
vng hi nht,
c mi thm
t, v rt nht.

th 4.1 nh hng ca t l phi trn n n (cm3) ca bnh bng


lan.

51

Nhn xt: T l phi trn ca hn hp c nh hng n n ca bnh bng


lan. T l phi trn cng ng u th n cng cao.
- Qua biu ta thy t l phi trn 2 : 1 lm cho bnh n to nht nhng

n hi km v c v rt nht.
- T l phi trn 1 : 1 lm cho bnh n to v chn u, c v ngt va, c

n hi tt t tiu chun cht lng ca bnh bng lan.


- T l 0,5 : 1 lm cho bnh n km nht, khng u v bnh b t, v rt ngt

nn cha t vi tiu chun cht lng ca bnh bng lan.


Kt lun:
Da vo kt qu th nghim, ti chn t l phi trn hn hp trng :
ng cho bnh thch hp nht l 1 : 1 lm thng s c nh cho cc th nghim
tip theo.

4.2 Kt qu kho st t l bt m b sung hn hp A


Tin hnh th nghim: Thay i t l bt m ln lt l B1= 40%, B2=
45%, B3= 50%, B4= 55%, B5= 60%. Cc thng s nh: thi gian nh trn, thi
gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau. Khi lng ca khi bt t mi
mu bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g.
Chng ti tin hnh th nghim theo bng 3.5, kt qu th nghim c trnh by
bng 4.3 v th 4.2.

Bng 4.3 Kt qu nh hng ca bt m n cht lng sn phm.

Bt m
(%)
40
45
50
55
60

Th nghim 3 ( TN3)
im trung bnh CQ
nh gi cm quan

im cm
1,2
quan
-0,482
1
0,482
0,8
0,962
0,6
-0,1
0,4
-0,638
0,2

Bnh c cu trc khng ng u, bn trong t


Bnh c cu trc tng i ng u, bn trong hi t
Bt c cu trc ng u, n u.
Bnh c cu trc c, n hi tng i km
Bnh c cu trc rt c, khng n.

im
trung
bnh
CQ

0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
im trung bnh CQ

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

-0,482

0,482

0,962

-0,1

-0,638

52

th 4.2: nh hng ca bt m b sung hn hp A n cht lng sn


phm.
Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu x l nh hng ca t l bt m ln cm quan bng phn
mm stagraphics ( Bng 4.2- ph lc 4) cho thy im trung bnh gia cc t l
bt m tng dn t mu B2 (0,482) ln mu B3(0,962) v gim t mu B4
(-0,1) n B1(-0,482) v B5 (-0,638).
mu B1 bt m vi t l 40% th t im trung bnh l -0,482. Qua s
nh gi cm quan mu B1 th bnh bng lan c cu trc khng ng u, bn
trong t, v ngt nht, mi khng r rng.
mu B2 bt m vi t l 45% th t im trung bnh l 0,482 im. V
qua s nh gi cm quan mu B2 th bnh bng lan c cu trc tng i, bn
trong c n hi tng i tt v t b t bn trong, c mu vng nht, mi
thm c trng, v ngt.
mu B3 vi t l bt m 50% th t im trung bnh l 0,962. V qua
s nh gi cm quan mu B3 th bnh bng lan c cu trc n nh, n u, n
hi tt v bnh c mu vng, mi thm rt c trng, c v ngt. V vy mu B3
t cht lng ch tiu v cm quan v c xp v tr cao nht.
mu B4 vi t l bt m 55% th t im trung bnh l -0,1. Qua nh
gi cm quan mu B4 th bnh c cu trc hi c, n hi hi km v bnh c
mu vng.
mu B5 vi t l bt m 60% th t im trung bnh l -0,482. V qua
cch nh gi cm quan th mu bnh c cu trc khng n nh, ri rc, rt c,
n hi rt km nn mu B5 khng t yu cu v cht lng cm quan v c
xp vo v tr th thp nht.
ng thi da vo bng kt qu phn tch ANOVA chng ti nhn thy
t l bt m khc nhau c nh hng ngha thng k n kt qu nh gi
cm quan ca bnh tin cy 95% ( P<0,05). V nghim thc mu B3, mu

53

B2 c im trung bnh cm quan cao nht v khc bit c ngha thng k


tin cy 95%( F=23,00 v P-value = 0,0000) theo trc nghim LSD(P=0,05) so
vi cc nghim thc cn li nn chng ti chn t l bt m l 50% (B3).
Kt lun:
Sau khi tin hnh kho st nh gi, Chng ti chn t l bt m mu
B3 = 50%, c im trung bnh cm quan l 0,962. L mu c im cm quan cao
nht v khc bit co ngha thng k nn B3= 50% l thch hp nht.
4.3 Kt qu nh hng ca t l bt n b sung.
Ti tip tc tin hnh kho st t l bt n b sung vi cc t l ln lt
l C1 = 0,5%, C2 = 1%, C3=1,5%, C4= 2%, C5= 2,5%. Sau khi bt c
to hnh v em nng nhit 160oC trong vng 30 pht. Cc thng s nh:
thi gian nh trn, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau. Khi lng
ca khi bt t mi mu bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g.
Chng ti tin hnh th nghim theo bng 3.6 v kt qu th nghim c trnh
by bng 4.4 v th 4.3

Bng 4.4 nh hng ca t l bt n n cht lng bnh


Th nghim 4 ( TN4)
Bt n
(%)

im cm quan

0,5

-0,614

0,016

1,5

0,926

0,266

2,5

-0,63

nh gi cm quan
Bnh n t, hnh dng khng ng u, rut khng
xp, khng c mi c trng.
Bnh hi n, rut bnh hi xp, n hi tng
i, c mu vng, v ngt c trng v khng c
mi l.
Bnh c n, xp cao, hnh dng ng u,
rut c n hi tt, c v ngt thm ngon c
trng, khng c mi l.
Bnh c n cao, hnh dng ng u, rut bnh
c xp, n hi cao, c v ngt c trng,
hi c mi khai.
Bnh n rt tt, xp cao, hnh dng ng u,
rut bnh c n hi rt cao, c v ng v c
mi rt khai

54

im trung bnh cm quan


1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
im trung bnh cm quan

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

-0,614

0,016

0,962

0,266

-0,63

th 4.3 nh hng ca t l bt n b sung


Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu x l s liu thng k bng phn mm stagraphics ( Bng
4.3 ph lc 4) cho thy im trung bnh gia cc t l bt n b sung tng t
mu C2 n mu C4, tng nhiu nht l mu C3. Thp nht l mu C5 v C1.
mu C1 t l bt n b sung 0,5% th t im trung bnh l -0,614
im v qua s nh gi cm quan mu C1 th bnh rt t n, hnh dng khng
ng u, cu trc bn trong khng n nh, rt t xp, cha c mi thm c
trng.
mu C5 t l bt n b sung l 2,5% th im trung bnh tnh c l
-0,63. Qua nh gi cm quan th mu C5 n to nht, c cu trc ng u
nhng c v ng v mi khai nn chng ti khng chn mu C5 v khng t
ch tiu cht lng cm quan.
mu C2 t l bt n b sung l 1% th im trung bnh tnh c l
0,016. Qua nh gia cm quan th mu C2 c n tng i, hi xp, c mu
vng c trng, v ngt v c mi thm.

55

mu C4 t l bt n b sung l 2% th im trung bnh tnh c l


0,266. Qua nh gi cm quan th mu C4 c n cao, hnh dng ng u,
rut bnh c xp, n hi cao, c v ngt c trng nhng hi c mi
khai.
mu C3 t l bt n b sung l 1,5% th im trung bnh l 0,962 . Qua
nh gi bng cm quan th mu C3 c n tt, xp cao, hnh dng ng
u, mu vng, c mi thm c trng, v ngt ngon.
V vy t l bt n b sung c nh hng n n, xp, cm quan
v cht lng ca sn phm. T l bt n b sung cng cao th th tch bnh
cng ln nhng sn phm s khng t cht lng ch tiu cm quan v khi b
sung nhiu bt n bnh s c mi khai nng gy ra cm gic kh chu cho ngi
n.
Kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy t l bt n b sung khc nhau c
nh hng ngha thng k (vi F=14,02, P-value= 0,0000) n kt qu nh
gi ca sn phm tin cy l 95%. Ngoi ra bng LSD ( P<0,05 ) cho t l
bt n b sung mu C3 c im cm quan cao nht v c s khc bit c
ngha thng k tin cy 95% so vi cc mu cn li nn ti chn t l bt n
b sung l mu C3.
Kt lun:
Qua kt qu nh gi cm quan ti thy mu C3= 1,5%, c im trung
bnh l 0,962. L mu c im cm quan cao nht v khc bit c ngha thng
k. Do ti chn mu C3 l ph hp nht.
4.4 Kt qu kho st t l sa ti b sung
Cc mu bnh bng lan c thc hin theo quy trnh trn v cc thng
s nh: thi gian nh trn, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau.
Khi lng ca khi bt t mi mu bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g, t l
sa ti b sung vi t l ln lt l D1= 2%, D2=4%, D3= 6%, D4=8%,
D5=10%.

56

Chng ti tin hnh th nghim theo bng 3.7, kt qu th nghim c trnh by


bng 4.5 v th 4.4.

Bng 4.5 nh hng ca t l sa ti b sung n cht lng sn phm


Sa ti (%) im cm quan
2

-0,448

0,016

0,962
0,166

10

-0,696

Th nghim 5 (TN5)
nh gi cm quan
Bnh c mu vng u, c mi rt tanh ca
trng, cu trc cha mm, mn.
Bnh c mu vng u, cu trc tng i mm,
mn,c mi hi tanh ca trng, c v ngt.
Bnh c mu vng p, cu trc rt tt, rt mm
v mn, c mi v hi ha.
Bnh vng u, c mi thm nh ca sa.
Bnh c mi thm ca sa cao, mi ca hn hp
nh.

th 4.4 th biu din im trung bnh cm quan ca t l sa ti b


sung trong cc mu

57

Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu x l s liu thng k bng phn mm stagraphics (Bng 4.4ph lc 4) cho thy im trung bnh gia cc t l sa ti b sung tng t mu
D4= 8% n mu D3= 6%, Thp nht l mu D5= 10%, D1= 2% v D2= 4%.
Trong mu c im trung bnh cao nht l D3 v mu c im trung bnh
thp nht l D5.
Ngoi ra da vo bng ANOVA cho thy t l sa ti b sung khc
nhau c nh hng ngha thng k n kt qu nh gi cm quan ca sn
phm tin cy l 95% (vi F= 11,87 v P-value= 0,0000<0,05). Nghim thc
t l sa ti b sung 6% (mu D3) c im trung bnh cao nht v khc bit c
ngha thng k tin cy 95% theo trc nghim LSD (P<0,05) so vi cc
nghim thc cn li nn ti chn t l sa ti b sung l 6%
Kt qu:
Sau khi tin hnh kho st nh gi, ti chn mu D3 vi t l sa b
sung l 6%, c im cm quan cao nht lm thng s c nh cho cc th nghim
tip theo.
4.5 Kt qu kho st t l dch ht thanh long b sung.
Chng ti tin hnh kho st b sung dch ht thanh long vo bnh
bng lan nhm mc ch tng hm lng cht x v to s hi ha cho bnh.
Ngoi ra n cn gip cho vic tiu ha d dng hn. Do chn c t l
dch ht thanh long b sung hp l, ti cn kho st nhu cu x v khong c
php s dng trong mt ngy. Ngoi ra ta cn kho st thm liu lng s dng
bnh bng lan ti a v ti thiu trong mt ngy.
Liu lng cht x c php s dng trong mt ngy l: 12 -30g/ ngy
Qua kho st 100 sinh vin v vic s dng bnh bng lan trong mt ngy, ta c
kt qu nh sau:
Bng 4.6 T l % ngi s dng bnh bng lan trong mt ngy
S gam bnh
bng lan

20

40

50

100

58

T l % s
ngi s

35

42

12

dng bnh
T l % ngi s dng bnh bng lan trong 1 ngy c thc hin
th di y:
T l % s ngi s dng bnh BL trong mt ngy
42

45
40
35

35

30
25
20
15
10

12
8
3

5
0
0g

20g

40g

50g

100g

s gam bnh bng lan

th 4.5 T l % s ngi s dng bnh bng lan trong mt ngy


Nhn xt:
T th trn ta thy t l ngi s dng 50g bnh bng lan mi ngy
chim t l cao nht l 42%.
Qua kt qu cho thy c 35 ngi khng s dng bnh bng lan, 42 ngi s
dng khong 50g bnh bng lan ( tng ng vi bnh bng lan ngoi th
trng ) mt ngy v 12 ngi s dng khong 40g bnh bng lan mt ngy.
Nh vy ta thy c s ngi s dng 50g bnh bng trong mt ngy l nhiu
nht.
Kt lun:
Nh vy b sung dch ht thanh long mi ngy cho mt ngi bnh
thng th hm lng dch ht thanh long b sung vo bnh bng lan ph hp

59

l 10 25%. T kt lun trn chng ti chn t l dch ht thanh long b sung l


10%, 15%, 20%, 25% cho mi bnh bng lan. Thnh phn b sung nh sau:
Bng 4.7 Thnh phn nguyn liu bnh bng lan b sung thanh long ( tnh
trn 1110kg bt t)
Thnh phn
Bt
Nguyn liu ph
Dch thanh long
Tng

B sung thanh long vo bnh bng lan


E1(g)

E2(g)

E3(g)

E4(g)

250

250

250

250

840

840

840

10

15

20

12,5

1100

1105

1110

1102,5

840

Ghi ch :
E0 : mu khng b sung dch thanh long
E1 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 10% dch ht thanh long
E2 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 15% dch ht thanh long
E3 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 20% dch ht thanh long
E4 : mu bnh bng lan b sung 25% dch ht thanh long
Khi b sung dch thanh long vo bnh c mu hng nht.
kho st nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n cm quan, n, n xp
ca bnh. Chng ti tin hnh b sung nh sau: b sung trc tip vo khi bt
t sau cho tt c cc nguyn liu khc vo trn u hn hp.
4.5.1 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n n ca bnh Bng
Lan
Cc mu bnh bng lan c thc hin theo quy trnh trn v c cc
thng s: thi gian nh bt, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau.
Khi lng bt t mi bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g.
Bng 4.8 nh hng ca dch thanh long n n ca bnh bng lan
Mu

E0

E1

E2

E3

E4

60

Th tch trung bnh

59,9

40,5

41,7

38, 3

35,4

Sau khi nng xong, cc mu bnh bng lan c trng lng 45 47g. Ti
tin hnh o th tch ca cc mu bnh bng lan v thu c kt qu biu th
th 4.6

th 4.6 nh hng ca dch thanh long n n ca bnh bng lan


Nhn xt:
- Cc mu c s khc bit v n khi b sung dch thanh long
- Bnh bng lan (E0) bnh thng khng b sung dch ht thanh long
c th tch 260cm3, tt c cc mu c b sung dch ht thanh long u c th
tch nh hn mu bnh bng lan bnh thng khng b sung. Cc mu b sung
u c th tch nm trong khong 81,3 120cm3.
- Mu c th tch nh nht l E4 (85,3cm3), E3 (90,5cm3), E1 (105cm3) v

nh hn mu E1 (105cm3), E2 (120cm3). Nhng mu c lng dch thanh long


b sung 20 -25% th c th tch nh hn so vi mu ch b sung 15%.
Kt lun:

61

Vy, vic b sung thanh long vo bnh bng lan nh hng n n


ca bnh, lm th tch bnh bng lan gim. Do ti chn mu E2 vi t l
dch thanh long b sung l 15% v qua th ta thy mu E2 c th tch 120cm3
cao hn cc mu cn li v mu E2 c im cm quan cao hn nn ti chn mu
E2.
4.5.2 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n xp ca bnh
bng lan
Cc mu bnh bng lan c thc hin theo quy trnh trn v c cc
thng s: thi gian nh bt, thi gian nng v nhit nng ging nhau.
Khi lng bt t mi bnh u bng nhau v bng 50g.
xp l mt trong cc ch tiu quan trng, n nh gi trng thi cu trc ca
bnh.
Bng 4.9 nh hng ca dch thanh long n xp ca bnh bng lan
Mu
xp trung bnh

E0
260

E1
91,5

E2
120

E3
89,5

E4
81,3

Sau khi nng xong, cc mu bnh bng lan c trng lng 45 47g. Ti
tin hnh o th tch ca cc mu bnh bng lan v thu c kt qu biu th
th 4.7
nh hng ca dch thanh long n xp
ca bnh bng lan
70
60

59,9

50
40

40,5

41,7

E1

E2

36,3

34,2

E3

E4

)
(%
p

30
20
10
0
E0

Mu sn phm
th 4.7 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n xp ca bnh bng lan.

62

Nhn xt:
Cc mu bnh bng lan khng b sung dch ht thanh long c xp 59,9%,
cc mu c b sung u b gim th tch v nm trong khong 34,2 41,7 %.
Mu E3, E4, E1, u c th tch nh hn E2. Nhng mu bnh c b sung dch ht
thanh long mc 20%, 25% th c xp gim hn so vi mu ch b sung 15%
Kt lun:
Nh vy , vic b sung thanh long c nh hng n xp ca bnh bng
lan lm cho th tch ca bnh gim so vi cc mu bnh khng b sung thanh long .
V vy ti chn mu E2= 15%, v c xp 41,7%. L mu c xp cao hn so vi
cc mu cn li nn ti mu E2= 5% l ph hp nht.

4.5.3 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n m ca bnh


m l mt ch tiu cht lng i vi bnh bng lan. m quy nh
ca b y t i vi bnh bng lan <25.
Bng 4.10 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n m ca bnh bng
lan
Mu
m trung

E0

E1
17,5

bnh

E2

19,6

E3
23,5

E4

26,3

29,1

m ca bnh bng lan thng thng khong 14 -24 trong khi cc mu


c b sung dch thanh long th m 24,3 29,1
nh hng ca dch long n cm quan v m ca
bnh bng lan
35
30
23,5

25
20

17,5

26,3

29,1

19,6

)
(%
m

15
10
5
0
E0

E1

E2

E3

E4

Mu sn phm

63

th 4.8 nh hng ca dch ht thanh long n m ca bnh bng lan.


Nhn xt: tt c cc mu b sung dch ht thanh long u nm di yu cu v m
ca bnh bng lan.
Kt lun:
m cc mu b sung dch thanh long tng. V vy vic b sung dch ht
thanh long c nh hng n m ca bnh.
4.6 Kt qu kho st thi gian v nhit nng ca sn phm

Chng ti tin hnh th nghim: Sau khi tm c thng s thch hp


nht nh: t l trng : ng chn c TN1 vi t l 1 : 1, t l bt m b
sung hn hp A l 50%, t l bt n b sung l 1,5%, t l sa ti b sung l
6%, t l dch ht thanh long b sung l 15%. Ti tin hnh phi trn v
khun, khi bt t mi mu u bng nhau v bng 50g. Ti em kho st
thi gian v nhit nng. Thu nhn kt qu nh sau:
Bng 4.11 Kt qu kho st thi gian v nhit nng

Thi gian
nng (pht)
Nhit
nng (0C)
Khi lng
bnh trc

15

25

30

35

160

180

200

250

50

50

50

50

48

45

47

49

khi nng (g)


Khi lng
bnh sau khi

nng (g)
nh gi cm Bnh cha n

Bnh n u, c

Bnh c n

Bnh n

quan

u, bn trong

n hi tt, c

tng i

nhanh, xp

khi bt cn t,

mu vng, v

nhanh, xp dn, nhanh, v bn

c mi hi thm

ngt, mi thm

v ngt, mu

ngoi b chy,

cha c trng.

hi ha.

vng, mi

v ng, mi

thm,bn ngoi kht


hi b chy.

64

Ghi ch:
MB : L k hiu thi gian v nhit nng cho mu bnh bng lan
MB1: 160oC/15 pht
MB2: 180oC/25 pht
MB3: 200oC/30 pht
MB4: 200oC/35 pht

th 4.9 Kho st thi gian v nhit nng


Nhn xt:
Qua kt qu x l s liu thng k bng phn mm stagraphics (Bng 4.6ph lc 4) cho thy im trung bnh gia cc khong thi gian v nhit tng
t mu MB2(180oC/25 pht ) n mu MB3(200oC/30 pht), Thp nht l mu
MB4 (250oC/35 pht), MB1(160oC/15 pht). Trong mu c im trung bnh
cao nht l MB2 ( 180oC/25 pht)
mu MB1 c nng nhit 160oC trong thi gian 15 pht. Bnh
c im cm quan thp nht l -0,266, bnh cha n u, bn trong cn t,
cha c mi thm c trng. V vy bnh t ch tiu cm quan thp nht.

65

Mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht), bnh t ch tiu cm quan cao nht l 0,73 bnh c
mu vng c trng, n u, v ngt v mi thm hi ha hn cc mu bnh
khc.
Mu MB3 (200oC/30 pht) c im cm quan xp th 2 sau mu MB2 l
0,133, nhit cao bnh n tng i nhanh, v xp dn, c v ngt, bn ngoi
hi b chy.
Mu MB4 (250oC/35 pht) c im cm quan l -0,605. L mu c im
cm quan thp nht v nhit qu cao bnh s n rt nhanh v chn nhanh,
bn ngoi b chy, c v ng, mi kht.
Ngoi ra da vo bng ANOVA cho thy khong thi gian v nhit
khc nhau c nh hng ngha thng k n kt qu nh gi cm quan ca
sn phm tin cy l 95% (vi F= 11,87 v P-value= 0,0056<0,05). Nghim
thc MB2 (180oC/25 pht) c im trung bnh cao nht v khc bit c ngha
thng k tin cy 95% theo trc nghim LSD (P<0,05) so vi cc nghim
thc cn li nn ti chn mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht).
Kt lun:
Nh vy qua qu trnh kho st ti chn mu MB (180oC/25 pht) l ph
hp nht. V mu MB2 (180oC/25 pht) chn vng u, c n hi tt, c v
ngt thm ngon c trng, khng c mi l v khng b kht.
4.7 Kt qu nh gi cht lng sn phm cui
Sau khi sn phm ch bin xong c em i nh gi cm quan. Kt qu ghi nhn
bng 4.12 v th 4.10

Bng 4.12 nh gi cht lng sn phm cui


Ch tiu
Ngi th
1
2
3

Mu

Mi

Trng thi

4
4
4

4
4
5

5
5
5

5
5
4

66

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh cha c TL
H s trng lng
Trung bnh c trng lng
Cng

3
4
4
4
5
4
5
41
4,1
1
2,46

4
5
4
4
5
5
4
44
4,4
0,6
4,4

4
5
5
4
5
5
5
48
4,8
1,2
5,76

5
4
5
5
5
5
4
47
4,7
1,2
5,64

18,26

th 4.10 th biu din kt qu sn phm cui


Qua bng kt qu x l thng k bng 4.12 v th 4.10, ta thy sn phm
bnh bng lan b sung thanh long c im cm quan cao nht l 5,76, chng t
bnh c v ngt hi ha hn bnh bng lan bnh thng. Nn ch tiu ny cao hn
sao vi bnh bng lan bnh thng.
Tip theo l trng thi bnh bng lan c b sung thanh long c im trung
bnh l 5,64, th hin trng thi tt.
i vi mi c im cm quan l 4,4, bnh b sung thm sa ti v dch ht
thanh long nn bnh c mi thm hi ha. Lm cho gi tr cm quan ca bnh tng.

67

Cn v mu sc c im cm quan l 2,46 u ny th hin bnh bng lan khi b


sung dch thanh long lm cho bnh t vng hn. Lm cho gi tr cm quan ch tiu
ny gim .
ng thi da vo bng 3.2 (ph lc 3) quy nh nh gi cht lng sn phm
theo TCVN 3215 79, ta thy tng im cm quan sn phm cui c trng lng l
18,26 mc cht lng ca sn phm t loi tt. vy sn phm khi nh gi cm
quan t cht lng.
4.8 Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh v ha hc
4.8.1 Kt qu kim tra ha hc
Bng 4.19 Kt qu phn tch thnh phn dinh dng
Ch tiu phn tch

VT

Protein
Lipid
Khong
X

Phng Php
%
%
%
%

Kt Qu

Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2
Ph lc 2

7,89
7,17
1,83
0,60

Qua bng kt qu 4.19 cho thy sn phm b sung thanh long vo bnh
bng lan th nghim c hm lng protein l 7,89%, lipid th l 7,117%.
Hm lng khong l 1,83% v cht x l 0,60%.
4.8.2 Kt qu xc nh ng tng, ng kh (ph lc 2)
- ng tng = 5,11%
- ng kh = 26,88%
4.8.3 Kt qu phn tch ch tiu vi sinh
Chng ti chn mu bnh c nng nhit 180oC trong 20 pht l
mu i din kim tra vi sinh gy h hng cho sn phm. Mu c gi n
CNG TY CP DV KHCN SC K HI NG nh tnh v nh lng hm
lng vi sinh gy bnh c trong sn phm. Kt qu thu c nh sau:
Bng 4.20 Kt qu kim tra vi sinh gy bnh cho sn phm
STT Ch tiu kim nghim

VT

Phng php

Kt qu

68

1
2
3
4
5

Tng s nm men, nm CFU/g


mc

TCVN 8275-2 : 2010


ISO 21527-1 : 2008

Khng pht hin

Escherichia coli

CFU/g

Khng pht hin

Clostridium perfringens

CFU/g

Staphylococcus aureus

CFU/g

Salmonella spp

CFU/2
5g

TCVN 7924-2 : 2008


ISO 16649-2 : 2001
TCVN 4991-2005
ISO 7937 : 2004
TCVN 4830-1 : 2005
ISO 6888-1 : 2003
TCVN 4829-2 : 2005
ISO 6579 : 2002

Khng pht hin


Khng pht hin
m tnh

CHNG 5
KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Sau qu trnh th nghim, chng ti to ra c sn phm b sung
thanh long vo bnh bng lan vi cc thng s kho st c nh sau:
- T l phi trn trng : ng l ( 1 :1)
- T l bt m l 50%

69

- T l bt n b sung l 1,5%

- T l sa ti b sung l 8%
- T l dch thanh long b sung l 15%
a ra quy trnh sn xut th nghim b sung thanh long vo bnh bng
lan
Thnh phn x trong bnh bng lan b sung thanh long cao hn, cn i
hn so vi bnh bng lan khng b sung thanh long .
im trung bnh cm quan tng i kh

Dch thanh long sau khi b sung vo bnh bng lan u c nh hng n
n, xp, m ca bnh.

5.1.1 S quy trnh sn xut th nghim

70

Trng

Phi trn vi ng

Bt m
(50%)

nh ni
Dch ht TL
(15%)
Trn

Sa bt
(6%)

Bt ni
(1,5%)
vo khun

Nng(180oC/20pht)

Sn phm

71

Hnh 15: S quy trnh sn xut th nghim b sung thanh long


vo bnh bng lan.
5.1.1 Thuyt minh quy trnh
nh trng: khu quan trng nht trong qu trnh lm bnh, mun bnh c
xp, n nhiu hn th phi nh trng vi tc nhanh, thi gian nh trng khong
10 pht. nh trng phi tht bng, mn, to vn.
Phi trn: to ra s ng nht v cu trc, mu sc. To s phn b ng u
ca cc thnh phn vo khi bt, to tnh cht c trng cho sn phm ca bnh bng
lan, to iu kin cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
ng thi khu trn bt l khu quan trng th hai trong qu trnh lm bnh
dch thanh long v cc nguyn liu ph s c cho vo giai oan ny nh
chung, thi gian trn bt khng nn qu lu khong 5 pht l c, khng nn nh
qu lu v nh lu bt s b chai li, khi nng s khng n nhiu. Ngoi ra cn c
mt s nguyn liu ph b sung khc nh: mui, nc chanh, bt n, sa ti, du
n
khun: to hnh dng v kch thc theo yu cu. Trc khi cho hn hp
bt vo khun bnh ta nn thoa u du n hoc b xung quanh khun bnh ri mi
bt hoc ta lt giy pha di sau qut mt lp du hoc mt lp b xung
quanh thnh khun ri mi hn hp bt v vi khi lng c nh sn cho
bnh.
Nng: lm chn bnh, to mi, v, to cu trc, gim m gin xp cho
bnh, tng thi gian bo qun cho bnh.
Trc khi nng bnh ta nn bt l nng trc khong 20 25 pht. Nhit
nng 180oC. Mt khc mun bnh c v gin, xp hn th giai on nh bt
ta thm lng vo nh chung. Bnh bng lan khi nng nhit cao, thi gian
nng nhanh th bnh s cng hn khi nng nhit thp, thi gian nng ko
di hn.
Lm ngui: sau khi nng xong ta bnh ngui nhm mc ch to iu

72

kin cho qu trnh bao gi, trnh m ngng t sau khi bao gi v hn ch nhng bin
i ca bnh. Bnh c lm ngui n nhit 40o 45oC.

5.1.3 Tnh gi thnh sn phm


Bng 5.1 Tnh gi thnh sn phm d kin
STT

Thnh phn

Thanh long

2
3
4
5
6
7

Bt m s 8
Trng g
ng
Sa ti
Bt n
Du n

S lng
150g

Gi
50.000/kg

200g
20.000/kg
150
2.500/50g
120
20.000/kg
60ml
6.500/220ml
15g
20.000/kg
5ml
40.000/lt
Thnh phm
Gi thnh sn phm (20 ci/50g)

Thnh tin
(vn)
7,500
4,000
7,500
2,400
1,772
300
200
23,672
1,1836

5.2 ngh
V thi gian nghin cu c hn nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st.
sn phm b sung bnh bng lan hon thin hn v c th phn phi trn th
trng chng ti c mt s kin ngh sau:
- Nghin cu th nghim vi qu thanh long trng

73

- Nghin cu th nghim vi cc ph gia thc phm nh cht n nh


khc: gelatin, cc loi tinh bt bin tnh, gum Arabic ln cu trc, n ca
sn phm
- ng thi kho st thm v thi gian bo qun tm ra cht bo quan
ti u cho sn phm.

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. Nguyn Th Hnh (2005), kho st cc yu t nh hng n cht lng
bnh m ngt.
[2]. PGS. Bi Huy Nh Phc, Ths. V Vit Phi, Gio trnh dinh dng v thc
phm chc nng.
[3]. QCVN 43:2010/BYT, Quy chun k thut quc gia v ph gia thc phm
Cht to xp.
[4].Ths. Nguyn Anh Trinh, Bi ging tin sinh hc ng dng trong cng ngh
thc phm.
[5]. H Duyn T, Kim Tra Phn Tch Cm Quan, NXB Khoa Hc v K
Thut, H Ni.
[6]. TCVN 6448:1998, Ph gia thc phm, Cht to hng, Quy nh k thut.
[7]. TCVN 3215-79, Sn phm thc phm - Phn tch cm quan bng phng
php cho im.
[8]. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 7406:2004 v bnh ngt khng kem - Yu cu
k thut do B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
Ti liu t internet
[9]. http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show?entry_id=4368915

74

[10]. http://community.h2vn.com/index.php?topic=4881.0
[11]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
[12]. http://nguyenphuongco.wordpress.com/2011/06/24/vinamilk
[13]. http://rttc.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=8137&ur=rttc
[14].http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ky-thuat-phan-tich-cam-quan-thuc-phamchuong-1.775553.html
[15]. http://www.chatxotieuhoa.com/gi%E1%BB%9Bi-thi%E1%BB%87u
[16]. http://www.daleysfruit.com.
[17].http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/fr/nghien-cuu-giang-day/quy-trinh-hoahoc/1152-07052011.html.
[18].http://www.scribd.com/doc/73814144/Tieu-Luan-Hoan-Chinh-Nhat-PTSP

PH LC 1
MT S QUY NH V CHT LNG SN PHM BNH
BNG LAN THEO TCVN
Bnh bng lan c trng thi xp, mm, mn. Mu sc c trng cho bnh, khng
c mi v l, khng mc meo, khng c mi kht. Ly ngn tay n nh phi tr
li trng thi ban u, khng qu t hoc qu kh.
m trung bnh 14 24
Hm lng tro khng tan trong HCl 10%, khng ln hn 0,1.

75

PH LC 2

PHNG PHP NH LNG MT S CHT DINH DNG


2.1. Phng php xc inh m
2.1.1 Nguyn tc
Thng thng m trong nguyn liu c xc nh theo phng php
sy nhng ch cho kt qu gn ng. V khi sy nhit cao, mt s cht hu c
ca nguyn liu s b ph hy v bay hi cng vi nc, khi li c mt lng
nh nc lin kt khng bay hi ht. hn ch mt s sai s ngi ta ch sy
100 105oC v ko di 3 4 gi. i khi mun rt ngn thi gian sy ngi ta
thc hin 130oC trong 40 pht.
2.1.2 Dng c
- T sy iu chnh nhit 105 150oC

- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,001g


-

Chn sy

- Bnh ht m
2.1.3 Tin hnh
- Cn khong 5 g bt nghin nh trong chn sy bit trng lng.

M np v t chn sy vo t sy c nhit 105oC, sau 3 gi sy, ly chn sy


ra, y np v lm ngui trong bnh ht m, sau cn li, ghi s cn. Sy tip

76

30 60 pht. Sau em i lm ngui v cn li ln 2. Nu sai s gia hai ln


khng qu 0,001 g th xem nh qu trnh tch nc kt thc.
2.1.4 Kt qu
m ca nguyn liu (%) c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
- m1: khi lng mu trc khi sy (g)
- m2: khi lng mu au khi sy (g)

2.2. Phng php xc nh n ca bnh bng lan


2.2.1 Nguyn tc
Da trn s chnh lch th tch khi c mu v khng c mu trong dng
c th tich
2.2.2 Dng c
- Ht ci kh
- ng ong chia vch c th tch 1 lt, ng knh 10cm
2.2.3 Cch tin hnh
- Cho mu vo ng ong

- y ht ci kh vo ng ong sao cho cc ht ci in y vo cc


khong trng
- c li th tch V1
- Ly mu bnh ra c li th tch V2 ca phn ht ci cn li

2.2.4 Kt qu
V = V1 V2
Trong :
V1: th tch ban u
V2: th tch sau khi o
2.3 Phng php xc nh xp ca bnh bng lan
2.3.1 Nguyn tc

77

o xp ca bnh bng lan bng ch da trn t l dung dch ca l


hng trong bnh
2.3.2 Dng c, ha cht
- Ete du ha
- ng ong chia vch
2.3.3 Cch tin hnh
- Ct mt ming bnh bng lan thnh hnh khi mi chiu 3cm, sau khi
o li cn thn, ct khi bnh thnh nhiu phn, bp cht khng cn l
hng no na.
- Ly mt ng ong ng ete du ha n vch 20ml, cho bnh bng lan
bp cht vo v xem ete du ha dng n vch th tch bao nhiu.
2.3.4 Tnh kt qu

Trong :
27: l th tch khi bnh bng lan (3.3.3=27cm3)
V1: th tch ete du ha cu bnh bng lan.
V2: th tch du ha ban u
2.4. Phng php xc nh chua ca bnh bng lan
2.4.1 Nguyn tc
Dng dung dch NaOH 0,1N trung ha cc acid t do c trong mu th
vi phenolphthalein lm cht ch th mu.
2.4.2 Cch tin hnh
- Cn chnh xc 10g mu nghin nh.
- Cho vo bnh inh mc dung tch 100ml vi khong 80ml nc ct.
- Cho thm 5 git phenolphthalein vo dung dch phi c mu hng pht.
Nu khng mu nh dung dch NaOH 0,1N cho n khi mu hng pht.

78

- Nu c mu hng thm hoc nh dung dch H2SO4 0,1N cho n khi


mu hng pht. Lc u lun lun trong mt gi. Sau thm nc ct va
100ml ly lng gn ly nc trong trn.
- Ht chnh xc 50ml nc trn cho vo bnh tam gic vi 5 git
phenolphthalein 1%. Chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N cho n khi dung
dch coa mu hng nht bn vng.
2.4.3 Tnh kt qu
chua biu th bng s ml NaOH 1N dng trung ha 100g bnh
bng lan

Trong :
n: s ml NaOH dng chun
p: khi lng mu
20 : 1000/V, vi V l th tch mu s dng
2.5. Phng php xc nh hm lng lipid th bng my Soxhlet
2.5.1 Nguyn tc
Trong t bo, lipid dng t do v dng lin kt . Lipid t do tp trung
ch yu cc c quan d tr nh: ht, qu ( thc vt) v m m ( ng vt).
Trong thc t, s xc nh lipid da vo hm lng lipid c rt ra khi
nguyn liu bng cc dung mi hu c. C hai phng php xc nh:
- Phng php xc nh trc tip: chit xut lipid trc tip ra khi nguyn
liu v cn trc tip.
- Phng php xc nh gin tip: chit xut lipid ra khi nguyn liu v

cn li nguyn liu.
Cc dung mi chit xut lipid thng dng l ete etylic (ete du ha, ete
petrol, benzene xng, chloroform). Trong phng th nghim thng dng ete
etylic v n c bay hi cao, nhit thp, tc ca qu trnh chit xut lipid
ph thuc vo mc nghin nh nguyn liu.

79

Ngoi lipid ra cn c mt s cht khc nh: vitamin ha tan trong lipid


phosphatit, steroid, cc sc tcng c chit ra. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu
trng hp hm lng cht ny rt t, nn cc phng php ny vn chp nhn
trong thi nghim thng thng. V vy cc lipid xc nh c bng mt trong
hai phng php trn gi l lipid th.
Qu trnh chit xut lipid c thc hn trn my Soxhlet gm c: bnh
cu dung tch 100 300ml, tr thit, v ng lm lnh (ng sinh hn). Tt c cc
phn c lp rp vi nhau nh c nhm.
2.5.2 Ha cht
Petrolium ether
2.5.3 Tin hnh
Chun b ti giy lc dng nguyn liu hoc dng ng hnh tr ng
mu c sn, ti giy lc c ct hnh ch nht, chiu di gp 2,5 ln chiu rng,
gp thnh ti tr (kiu gi thuc) c ng knh b hn tr chit. Ti c sy
kh n khi lng khng i v c cn trn cn phn tch (nu xc nh theo
phng php gin tip).
Nguyn liu c nghin nh sy kh n khi lng khng i (hoc
lm th nghim kim tra nguyn liu n khi lng khng i v tnh t l vi
lng mu nghin cu). Cn chnh xc 2 5g ri cho vo ti giy. Gp kn mp
ti, t ti c mu phn tch vo tr chit.
Thao tc:
- Trc khi chit bnh cu c sy n khi lng khng i.

- t bnh cu trn ni cch thy v cho ete vo th tch bnh


- Cho ti nguyn liu vo tr trit
- Lp tr chit vo bnh cu

- Cho dung mi vo bnh chit n ngp ti nguyn liu, mc dung


mi n phn trn ng xifon tr chit
- Lp ng lnh, ngm nguyn liu trong dung mi mt vi gi.
- t my Soxhlet vo ni cch thy (i vi ete khng qu 50oC) sao

80

cho s ln dung mi rt chit xng bnh cu khong 10 15 ln trong 1 gi (4


6 pht/ln).
- Th lipid chit ht bng cch ly 1 vi git ete t u cui tr
chit cho ln a knh ng h sch. Cho bay hi ht ete. Nu khng c lipid trn
a knh xem nh lipid c chit hon ton.
- Khi chit xong, ly bnh cu ra, lp ng sinh hn vo v ct ly ete.

Sau khi kt thc th nghim trn , ly ti mu nguyn liu ra khi bnh


chit cho bay hi ht dung mi, sy n trng lng khng i.
2.5.4 Tnh kt qu
Hm lng lipid c trong 100g mu nguyn liu nh sau:
X = (a b)*100/ c
Trong :
X: hm lng cht bo lipid tnh bng %
a : khi lng ti mu nguyn liu trc khi chit (g)
b : khi lng ti mu nguyn liu sau khi chit (g)
c : lng nguyn liu ly xc nh cc ch s ca cht bo (lipid)
2.6. Phng php xc nh hm lng Glucid tng s
2.6.1 Nguyn tc
Dng axit thy phn hon ton tinh bt thnh glucose. Sau ta s xc
nh hm lng gluxit tng s bng cch dng phng php xc nh lng
glucose va to thnh v lng glucose c sn trong mu.
2.6.2 Dng c v ha cht
- Cn phn tch, bnh tam gic 250 v 500ml, ng sinh hn, binhd nh
mc, thit b lc ng, pipet, buret, ng thy tinh, bp cch thy, HCl m c,
NaOH 30%, Pb(CH3COO)2, NaHPO4, Fe2(SO4)3.
- Thuc th Phehling A: Ha tan 69,2g ng sunfat trong 500ml nc ct.
Ha tan 100g NaOH trong 500ml nc ct. 2 dung dch trn vo nhau, thm
nc ct n 100ml, lc k, lc.
2.6.3 Cch tin hnh

81

Cn 5 20g mu, chuyn ton b vo bnh tam gic dung tch 250ml,
trng k cc bng nc ct. Lng nc cho vo bnh khong 100 150ml.
Thm 5ml axit clohydric m c vo bnh mu, y nt cao su c cm sinh hn
ngc v un trn bp cch thy si trong 2 gi. Ly bnh ra lm ngui, trung
ha mu bng natri hidroxit 30%, kh protein, lc, chuyn ton b dch mu vo
bnh nh mc 250ml, thm nc ct n vch, lc k.
Ht 5 25ml dch lc chuyn vo bnh tam gic dung tch 250ml, thm
vo 50ml hn hp pheling A, B. Lt nh, t trn bp in c li aming v
un 3 pht k t lc si. ngui bt v lng kt ta ng axit. Lc dung dch
qua phu lc.
Ch lc no trn mt kt cng c mt lp dung dch hay nc ct.
Ra k kt ta trn phu lc vo trong bnh tam gic bng cch un si. Chuyn
phu lc sang bnh tam gic c kt ta, ha tan kt ta trn phu vo trong bnh
bng 10 20ml dung dch st (III) sunfat 5%.
Chun lng st (II) hnh thnh trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch
kali pemanganat 0,1N cho n khi dung dch c mu hng sm bn vng trong 1
pht. Ghi li ch s ml kali pemanganat 0,1N dng.
2.6.4 Tnh kt qu
Hm lng gluxit tng s (X) tnh bng % theo cng thc:

Trong :
- a : lng glucose tng ng (g)
- V : dung tch bnh nh mc (ml)
- V1 : th tch mu ht lm phn ng vi dung dch pheling (ml)
- m : lng mu cn (g)

2.7 Xc inh hm lng vitamin C bng phng php s dng Iod


2.7.1 Nguyn l
Vitamin C c th kh dung dch Iod. Da vo lng Iod b kh bi

82

Vitamin C c trong mu ta suy ra hm lng Vitamin C trong sn phm.


2.7.2 Dng c ha cht
- Ci chy s
- ng ong 100ml
- Bnh tam gic 100ml
- Cc thy tinh 250ml
- Buret
- Pipet
- Dung dch HCl 5%
- Dung dch Iod 0,01N
- Dung dch h tinh bt 1%

2.7.3 Tin hnh


Cn 5g tr xanh nghin nh trong ci s vi 5ml HCl 5% nghin k. Sau
lc b cn b tr, ly phn dch tr cho vo ng ong dn ti vch 50ml bng
nc ct. Khuy u ly 20ml dch tr cho vo bnh nn dung tch 100ml, nh 12 git ch th h tinh bt ri tin hnh chun bng dung dch Iod cho ti khi
c mu xanh xut hin.
Kt qu:

Trong :
X: Phn trm hm lng Vitamin C
V: S ml dung dch I2 0,01N dng chun (ml)
V1: Th tch mu th nghim (ml)
V2: Th tch mu ly xc nh (ml)
m: Khi lng mu (g)
0,00088: S gam Vitamin C tng ng vi 1ml dung dch I2 0,01N
2.8 Xc nh ng tng, ng kh.
2.8.1 Nguyn tc

83

Vi mt lng Ferycyanua K3Fe(CN)6 phn ng vi ng kh c mt


trong dung dch NaOH, sn phm thu c l Ferycyanua dng. Suy ra hm
lng ng kh c mt trong dung dch cn xc nh.Vic chun c tin
hnh trong mi trng kim nng vi ch th xanh metylen
2.8.2 Cch tin hnh
Chun b dung dch ng kh
Ht 100ml dung dch mu vo bnh nh mc 100ml. Trung ha cc acid
hu c bng NaOH 5% vi cht ch th phenolphtalein. Kt ta protein v cc
tp cht bng dung dch acetate ch 3ml, sau loi b lng d acetate ch
bng dung dch bo ha Na2HPO4 (3ml) yn trong 10 pht. Tip cho nc ct
ti vch nh mc v em lc qua giy lc vo cc hoc bnh kh. Dung dch lc
dng xc nh ng kh.
Chun b dung dch ng tng
Ly bnh nh mc 100ml mt th tch l 50ml dung dch dng xc
nh ng kh. Thm 20ml dung dch HCl 5%. un cch thy hn hp trong
30 -40 pht. Lm ngui nhanh, trung ha hn hp bng NaOH 5% c ch th
phenol. Thm vo tng git n khi dung dch c mu hng nht. nh mc ti
vch chun .
Chun
Cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml l 10ml dung dch K3Fe(CN)6 1% v 2,5ml
dung dch NaOH 2,5N, thm vo git xanh metylen. un si v chun ngay
trn bp bng dung dch ng kh hoc tng hp t buret, cho tng git mt.
Dung dch s chuyn t mu sang mu vng v vi git ng tha
u tin s lm mt mu xanh metylen bit phn ng kt thc. Chun tng
t vi dung dch ng chun l glucose 0,5%. Mi th nghim tin hnh 3 ln
sau ly gi tr trung bnh.
2.8.3 Cch tnh kt qu
Cng thc xc nh ng tng

84

Xt =

0,5.V g .V1 .V2 .100


100 .Vt .50 .m

Trong : Xt : lng ng tng (%)


Vg : th tch dch glucose 0,5% cho chun (ml)
Vt : th tch dch ng tng cho chun (ml)
V1 : th tch bnh nh mc ca dung dch xc nh ng kh (ml)
V2 : th tch bnh nh mc ca dung dch xc nh ng tng (ml)
m : khi lng mu (g)
Cng thc xc nh ng kh:
Xk =

Trong :

0,5.Vg .V .100
100 .Vk .m

Xk : lng ng kh (%)
Vg : th tch dch glucose 0,5% cho chun (ml)
Vk : th tch dung dch ng kh cho chun (ml)
V : th tch bnh nh mc ca dung dch xc nh ng kh (ml)
m : khi lng mu (g)

2.9 Phng php xc nh Nit tng s


2.9.1 Nguyn tc
Trc tin mu c v c ha bng H2SO4 m c nhit cao v c cht
xc tc. Cc phn ng ca qu trnh v c ha xy ra nh sau:
2 H2SO4

2 H2O + 2 SO2 + O2

Oxy to thnh li oxy ha cc nguyn t khc: cacbon to thnh CO2, hydro


to thnh H2O, cn nit gii phng ra di dng NH3 kt hp vi H2SO4 d to thnh
(NH4)2SO4 tan trong dung dch

85

NH3 + H2SO4

(NH4)2SO4

Cht m c v c ha nm di dng ammonium sulfate khi cho tc dung


voiws cht kim mnh nhu NaOH s phng thch ra ammoniac.
(NH4)2SO4 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O + 2 NH3
Sau NH3 c hi nc li cun v a vo ding dch H3BO3. Trong
dung dch ny, NH3 tn ti di dng ion NH4+ v gii phng ra ion H2BO3-.
Chun lng ion ny bng HCl chun s xc nh c lng amoniac sinh
ra. T , suy ra lng m trong mu nguyn liu.
2.9.2 Thit b v dng c
- B chng ct m Kieldal.
- Erlen 250 ml
- Burette 25 ml
2.9.3 Ha cht
- Dung dch H2SO4 m c, d = 1,84

- Dung dch NaOH 40%


- Hn hp xc tc K2SO4 v CuSO4 vi t l ( 1 : 1)
- Dung dch H3BO3

- Thuc th hn hp metyl 0,1% pha trong cn.


2.9.4 Cch tin hnh
- V c ha mu : cho mt mu xc nh vo ng kieldal, thm vo 5ml
dung dch H2SO4 m c v hn hp xc tc K2SO4 v CuSO4. a ng vo
my v c ha mu.
- Dnh m bng my kieldal : mu sau khi c v c ha a vo my
kieldal nh m. ng thi, a vo erlen c cha thuc th metyl thu
mu. mu ny sau em i chun bng HCl 0,1N n khi xut hin mu
hng nht.
2.9.5 Cch tnh

86

Hm lng nit tng s (Nt) c trong nguyn liu :

Trong :
V1 : th tch HCl 0,1N chun mu tht
Vt : th tch HCl 0,1N chun bng mu trng
V : th tch mu ly ban u
0,0014 : s gam nit ng vi 1ml HCl 0,1N.

PH LC 3

PHNG PHP CM QUAN V BNG KT QU IM


TRUNG BNH CQ
3.1 Phng php cm quan
3.1.1 Mc ch
nh gi cht lng cm quan ca sn phm cui cng xem c t cht lng
ch tiu hay khng
3.1.2 Phng php nh gi
Sn phm bnh bng lan b sung thanh long c nh gi cm quan v
mu sc, mi, v , trng thi. Vi quy trnh kim nghim cm quan sau
-

Mu: mu th nghim l sn phm cui cng c em nh gi. 30

cm quan vin nh gi cng mt mu v cc ch tiu: Mu, mi, v, trng thi. Ghi


nhn v cho im.
-

Dng c: gm mung, a th mi, v, trng thi ca sn phm

cui.
Sau khi ghi nhn kt qu, tnh im trung bnh c trng lng. ng thi,
nh gi sn phm da vo phng php cho im theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN
3215 79 theo bng 3.2.

87

3.1.3 Xy dng thang im cm quan cho sn phm


C s nh gi cm quan sn phm l tun theo tiu chun Vit Nam v
nh gi cm quan TCVN 3215 79: Sn phm thc phm phn tch cm quan
phng php cho im.
Phng php cho im c s dng nh gi cht lng sn phm.
Tiu chun Vit Nam s dng h 20 im xy dng trn mt thang thng nht
c 6 bc (t 0 n 5) v im 5 l im cao nht cho mt ch tiu. Su bc nh gi
tng ng vi ni dung m t trong bng di y:

Bng 3.1.1 Bng c s nh gi cht lng cm quan


Bc

im cha

nh

c trng

gi

lng

C s nh gi
Trong ch tiu ang xt, sn phm c tnh cht tt c trng

v r rt cho ch tiu , sn phm khng c li v khuyt tt


no.
Sn phm c khuyt tt nh hoc sai li nh hoc c hai
nhng khng lm gim gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
Sn phm c khuyt tt hoc sai li hoc c hai. S lng v
mc ca sai tt lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm
nhng vn t ch tiu.
Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li. s lng mc sai li

lm cho sn phm khng t cht lng quy nh trong tiu


chun nhng vn c kh nng bn c.
Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc trm trng, khng

t mc ch s dng chnh ca sn phm . Song sn phm


vn cha b coi l hng.sn phm khng th bn c
nhng sau khi ti ch thch hp vn c th s dng c.
Sn phm c khuyt tt v sai li mc rt trm trng, sn
phm b coi l hng, khng s dng c na.

88

Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 3215-79 quy nh cc cp cht lng i vi sn


phm c cc m chung c th hin bng 1

Bng 3.1.2 Bng xp loi cht lng sn phm


Xp loi
Loi tt
Loi kh
Loi t
Loi km
Loi hng

im s
18,2 20 im
15,2 18,1 im
11,2 15,2 im
7,2 11,2 im
0 7,2 im

Da vo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3215 79 chn h s quan trng ca cc


ch tiu cho sn phm bnh bng lan b sung thanh long
Bng 3.1.3 H s quan trng ca cc ch tiu
Ch tiu
Mu sc
Mi
V
Trng thi
Tng cng

H s quan trng
Theo %
25
25
30
100

Theo s
0,8
0,6
1,4
1,2

i vi bnh bng lan th ch tiu v v trng thi l quan trng nht sau
n mu v mi.
Cch tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm nh sau:
Xc nh mu sc: bnh c mu vng u, c trng. Quan st bng mt

thng.
Mi: c mi thm hi ha, c trng, khng c mi l.V c tin hnh

ni thong khng c mi l

89

V: c v ngt c trng, hi ha. Ghi nhn v cho im


Trng thi : t mu vo da, ri u ri quan st trng thi ca sn phm. Ghi

nhn v cho im.


Mc cht lng sn phm theo tng s im trung bnh c h s quan trng
ca cc thnh vin trong hi ng.
Qua ti liu tham kho v thc t lm th nghim xy dng bng im nh
gi cm quan cho sn phm b sung thanh long vo bnh bng lan.
Bng 3.1.4. Bng im nh gi cc c tnh cm quan ca sn phm b sung
thanh long vo bnh bng lan
Ch
tiu

Mu

im H s quan trng

Yu cu

Vng t nhin, rt c trng

Vng t nhin, c trng

Vng nht

Vng hi nht

Vng rt nht

Mi thm rt c trng, kt hp hi

3
2

ha sa ti v dch thanh long.


4
Mi

Mi thm c trng, kt hp hi ha
gia sa ti v dch thanh long

0,6

Mi thm km c trng, mi ca sn
phm km hi ha

Mi thm nh km hi ha

Mi thm ca sn phm rt nh

90

v.

4
V

Trng
thi

3.2

V ngt c trng, hi ha gia mi v

1,2

V ngt c trng, kh hi ha gia


mi v v

V ngt tng i c trng

V ngt khng c trng, c mi l

C v rt l, kh n

Rt c trng, cu trc ng u

c trng, cu trc tng i ng u

Cu trc hi xp, t c trng

Cu trc bnh xp, rt t c trng

Cu trc xp, khng c trng

1,2

Kt qu im trung bnh cm quan.


3.2.1 Kho st t l phi trn trng : ng

Bng 3.2.1 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.

91

Ngi th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh

Mu
A1
-1,03
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-1,03
-7,38
-0,738

A2
1,03
1,03
0,30
0,30
1,03
1,03
1,03
0,30
1,03
0,30
7,38
0,738

A3
0,30
0,30
1,03
-1,03
0,30
-0,30
0,30
1,03
0,30
1,03
3,26
0,326

A4
-0,30
-1,03
-0,30
1,03
-1,03
0,30
-1,03
-0,30
-0,30
-0,30
-3,26
-0,326

Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.2 Kho st t l bt m b sung thm hn hp A


Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng

B1
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
2
5
5

B2
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
1

Mu
B3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2

B4
3
3
2
4
4
3
1
5
4
3

B5
4
5
4
3
3
5
4
4
3
4

Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150

Bng 3.2.2 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.

92

Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh

B1
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-6,38

B2
0,50
0,50
0
1,16
0,50
0,50
0
0
0,50
1,16
4,82

Mu
B3
1,16
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
9,62

-0,638

0,482

0,962

B4
0
0
0,50
-0,50
-0,50
0
1,16
-1,16
-0,50
0
-1

B5
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
0
-1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0
-0,50
-4,82

-0,1

-0,482

Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.3 Kho st t l bt n b sung


Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng

C1
4
5
5
4
5
3
3
5
4
3
41

C2
3
4
2
3
1
4
4
2
3
4
30

Mu
C3
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
13

C4
2
1
3
2
3
1
2
4
5
2
25

C5
5
3
4
5
4
5
5
3
2
5
42

Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150

Bng 3.2.3 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.

93

Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh

C1
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
0
0
-1,16
-0,50
0
-6,14

C2
0
-0,50
0,50
0
1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0,50
0
-0,50
0,16

Mu
C3
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
1,16
9,62

-0,614

0,016

0,962

C4
0,50
1,16
0
0,50
0
1,16
0,50
-0,50
-1,16
0,50
2,66

C5
-1,16
0
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-6,3

0,266

-0,63

Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.4 Kho st t l sa ti b sung


Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng

D1
4
5
4
2
5
3
3
4
5
3
38

D2
3
4
2
3
4
4
1
3
2
4
30

Mu
D3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
13

D4
2
1
3
4
1
5
4
2
3
2
27

D5
5
3
5
5
3
2
5
5
4
5
42

Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150

Bng 3.2.4 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.

94

Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh

D1
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
0
0
-0,50
-1,16
0
-4,48

D2
0
-0,50
0,50
0
-0,50
-0,50
1,16
0
0,50
-0,50
0,16

Mu
D3
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
9,62

-0,4480

0,016

0,962

Tng

D4
0,50
1,16
0
-0,50
1,16
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
0
0,50
1,66

D5
-1,16
0
-1,16
-1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-1,16
-0,50
-1,16
-6,96

0,166

-0,696

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.5 Kho st t l dch ht thanh long b sung


Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng

E1
4
5
5
3
5
4
2
5
2
1
36

E2
3
4
1
4
2
5
4
3
3
4
34

Mu
E3
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
14

E4
2
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
5
4
26

E5
5
3
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
41

Tng
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
150

Bng 3.2.5 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.

95

Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung
bnh

E1
-0,,16
-1,16
-1,16
0
-1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
0,50
1,16
-3,48

E2
0
-0,50
1,16
-0,50
0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
0
-1,16
-2,16

Mu
E3
1,16
0,50
0,50
1,16
1,16
0,50
1,16
1,16
1,16
0,50
8,92

-0,348

-0,216

0,892

E4
0,50
1,16
0
0,50
0
1,16
0
0,50
-1,16
-0,50
2,16

E5
-1,16
0
-0,50
-1,16
-0,50
0
-1,16
-0,50
-0,50
0
-5,48

0,216

-0,548

Tng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.6 Kho st thi gian v nhit nng

Ngi th

Mu

Tng

1
2
3
4
5
6

MB1
3
4
2
3
4
4

MB2
1
2
1
2
1
1

MB3
2
1
4
1
3
2

MB4
4
3
3
4
2
3

10

10

10

10

10

Tng

29

14

19

34

100

10
10
10
10
10
10

3.2.6 Bng chuyn t hng sang im.


Ngi th
1

Mu
MB1
-0,30

MB2
1,03

MB3
0,30

MB4
-1,03

Tng
0

96

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh

-1,03
0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-0,30
0,30
-0,30
1,03
-2,66
-0,266

0,30
1,03
0,30
1,03
1,03
0,30
1,03
1,03
0,30
7,38
0,73

1,03
-1,03
1,03
-0,30
0,30
1,03
-0,30
0,30
-1,03
1,33
0,133

-0,30
-0,30
-1,03
0,30
-0,30
-1,03
-1,03
-1,03
-0,30
-6,05
-0,605

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3.2.7 Kt qu nh gi cm quan sn phm


Ch tiu
Ngi th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng
Trung bnh cha c TL
H s trng lng
Trung bnh c trng lng
Cng

Mu

Mi

Trng thi

4
4
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
5
41
4,1
1
2,46

4
4
5
4
5
4
4
5
5
4
44
4,4
0,6
4,4

5
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
48
4,8
1,2
5,76

5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
4
47
4,7
1,2
5,64

18,26

PH LC 4

S LIU V KT QU PHN TCH THNG K


Phn tch ANOVA

97

Th nghim 2: Kt qu thng k s khc bit gia t l phi trn trng :


ng
Bng 4.1. ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
13,0184
3
4,33947
15,62
0,0000
Within groups
9,9996
36
0,277767
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
23,018
39
The StatAdvisor
The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 15,6227, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------A1
10
-0,738
X
A4
10
-0,326
X
A3
10
0,326
X
A2
10
0,738
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------A1 - A2
*-1,476
0,478018
A1 - A3
*-1,064
0,478018
A1 - A4
-0,412
0,478018
A2 - A3
0,412
0,478018
A2 - A4
*1,064
0,478018
A3 - A4
*0,652
0,478018
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 3: Kt qu thng k s khc bit t l bt m b sung thm hn
hp A
Bng 4.2. ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance

98

Source

Sum of Squares

Df

Mean Square

Between groups

21,4314

5,35784

Within groups

10,4806

45

0,232903

F-Ratio

P-Value

23,00

0,0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)

31,912

49

The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 23,0046, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate.

Since the

P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically


significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level.

To determine which means

are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range


Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU

Count

Mean

Homogeneous Groups

-----------------------------------------------------------------------B1

10

-0,862

B5

10

-0,482

XX

B4

10

-0,1

B2

10

0,482

B3

10

0,962

X
X
X

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast

Difference

+/-

Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------B1 - B2

*-1,344

0,434696

B1 - B3

*-1,824

0,434696

B1 - B4

*-0,762

0,434696

B1 - B5

-0,38

0,434696

B2 - B3

*-0,48

0,434696

B2 - B4

*0,582

0,434696

B2 - B5

*0,964

0,434696

99

B3 - B4

*1,062

0,434696

B3 - B5

*1,444

0,434696

B4 - B5

0,382

0,434696

-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.


Th nghim 4: Kt qu thng k s khc bit t l bt n b sung
Bng 4.3. ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
17,7035
4
4,42588
14,02
0,0000
Within groups
14,2085
45
0,315744
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
31,912
49
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 14,0173, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------C5
10
-0,63
X
C1
10
-0,614
X
C2
10
0,016
X
C4
10
0,266
X
C3
10
0,962
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------C1 - C2
*-0,63
0,506134
C1 - C3
*-1,576
0,506134
C1 - C4
*-0,88
0,506134
C1 - C5
0,016
0,506134
C2 - C3
*-0,946
0,506134
C2 - C4
-0,25
0,506134
C2 - C5
*0,646
0,506134
C3 - C4
*0,696
0,506134
C3 - C5
*1,592
0,506134
C4 - C5
*0,896
0,506134
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 5: Kt qu thng k s khc bit t l sa ti b sung

100

Bng 4.4.ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU


Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
16,3838
4
4,09594
11,87
0,0000
Within groups
15,5282
45
0,345072
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
31,912
49
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 11,8698, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------D5
10
-0,696
X
D1
10
-0,448
XX
D2
10
0,016
XX
D4
10
0,166
X
D3
10
0,962
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------D1 - D2
-0,464
0,529118
D1 - D3
*-1,41
0,529118
D1 - D4
*-0,614
0,529118
D1 - D5
0,248
0,529118
D2 - D3
*-0,946
0,529118
D2 - D4
-0,15
0,529118
D2 - D5
*0,712
0,529118
D3 - D4
*0,796
0,529118
D3 - D5
*1,658
0,529118
D4 - D5
*0,862
0,529118
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 6: Kt qu thng k s khc bit t l dch ht thanh long
b sung
Bng 4.5. ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
------------------------------------------------------------------------

101

Source
Sum of Squares Df
Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
12,948
4
3,23699
7,77
0,0001
Within groups
18,7373
45
0,416385
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
31,6853
49
The StatAdvisor
The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 7,77404, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------E5
10
-0,548
X
E1
10
-0,314
XX
E2
10
-0,216
XX
E4
10
0,216
X
E3
10
0,896
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------E1 - E2
-0,098
0,581226
E1 - E3
*-1,21
0,581226
E1 - E4
-0,53
0,581226
E1 - E5
0,234
0,581226
E2 - E3
*-1,112
0,581226
E2 - E4
-0,432
0,581226
E2 - E5
0,332
0,581226
E3 - E4
*0,68
0,581226
E3 - E5
*1,444
0,581226
E4 - E5
*0,764
0,581226
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 7. Kt qu thng k s khc bit thi gian v nhit nng
thng k s khc bit
Bng 4.6 ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
5,11081
2
2,5554
6,31
0,0056
Within groups
10,9326
27
0,404911
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
16,0434
29

102

The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 6,31102, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of MAU
to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine which means
are significantly different from which others, select Multiple Range
Tests from the list of Tabular Options.
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by MAU
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
MAU
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-----------------------------------------------------------------------BM4
10
-0,605
X
BM1
10
-0,266
XX
BM3
10
0,133
X
BM2
10
0,738
X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
-----------------------------------------------------------------------BM1 - BM2
*-1,004
0,545598
BM1 - BM3
-0,399
0,545598
BM1 - BM4
0,339
0,545598
BM2 - BM3
*0,605
0,545598
BM2 - BM4
*1,343
0,545598
BM3 - BM4
*0,738
0,545598
-----------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
Th nghim 8 kt qu nh gi cm quan
Bng 4.7
Mu
ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MAU
Analysis of Variance
Source

Sum of Squares

Df

Mean Square
6,35
0,496429

Between groups
Within groups

25,4
17,375

4
35

Total (Corr.)

42,775

39

F-Ratio

P-Value

12,79

0,0000

The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 12,7914, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically

103

significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of


TRANGTHAI to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine
which means are significantly different from which others, select
Multiple Range Tests from the list of Tabular Options.

Mi

ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MUI


Analysis of Variance
--------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
24,65
4
6,1625
15,69
0,0000
Within groups
13,75
35
0,392857
--------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
38,4
39
V
ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by MUI
Analysis of Variance
--------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
19,0
4
4,75
8,16
0,0001
Within groups
20,375
35
0,582143
--------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
39,375
39
Multiple Range Tests for DIEM CQ by VI
Method: 95,0 percent LSD
VI
Count
Mean
Homogeneous Groups
--------------------------------------------------------------------E4
8
2,25
X
E1
8
3,0
XX
E3
8
3,5
XX
E2
8
4,0
X
E0
8
4,125
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/Limits
--------------------------------------------------------------------E0 - E1
*1,125
0,77447
E0 - E2
0,125
0,77447
E0 - E3
0,625
0,77447
E0 - E4
*1,875
0,77447
E1 - E2
*-1,0
0,77447
E1 - E3
-0,5
0,77447
E1 - E4
0,75
0,77447

104

E2 - E3
0,5
0,77447
E2 - E4
*1,75
0,77447
E3 - E4
*1,25
0,77447
--------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.
TRNG THI
ANOVA Table for DIEM CQ by TRANGTHAI
Analysis of Variance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F-Ratio
P-Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
25,4
4
6,35
12,79
0,0000
Within groups
17,375
35
0,496429
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
42,775
39
The StatAdvisor
--------------The ANOVA table decomposes the variance of DIEM CQ into two
components: a between-group component and a within-group component.
The F-ratio, which in this case equals 12,7914, is a ratio of the
between-group estimate to the within-group estimate. Since the
P-value of the F-test is less than 0,05, there is a statistically
significant difference between the mean DIEM CQ from one level of
TRANGTHAI to another at the 95,0% confidence level. To determine
which means are significantly different from which others, select
Multiple Range Tests from the list of Tabular Options.

105

MUC LUC
LI CM N

106

You might also like