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BI 5.

THIT B CHNG CT M bi: HD I5


Gii thiu. Du th v cc sn phm du m l hn hp ng nht ca nhiu cu t. Mi mt cu t hay mt khong cc cu t c mt ng dng khc nhau. Vic phn chia cc cu t ny thnh cc phn on ring bit cho cc mc ch s dng l mt cng vic quan trng trong cng ngh ch bin du kh. phn chia cc cu t (hay mt khong cc cu t) ra thnh cc sn phm ring bit v nguyn tc c nhiu gii php cng ngh nh: chng luyn, hp th, trch ly,... Tuy nhin, phng php chng luyn vn l phng php phn chia hn hp ng nht kinh t v hiu qu nht c p dng trong lnh vc ch bin du kh. Qu trnh chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh rt phc tp v c nhiu c th ring. Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct c cp trong phn chuyn khi ca gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b, tuy nhin cc ti liu ny mi ch gii thiu nguyn l chung p dng cho cc qu trnh chng ct n gin, c bit, cha cp n cu to cc thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny s gii thiu nguyn tc chng luyn v cu to ca thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Vi mc ch gip hc sinh tip cn gn hn vi thc t, mt s qu trnh chng ct quan trng cng s c cp ti. Mc tiu thc hin. Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: M t c cu to chung thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh M t c s cng ngh, cu to thp chng luyn p sut thng, M t c s cng ngh, cu to thp chng luyn p sut chn khng. M t c s , cu to thp chng ct trong mt s phn xng Cracking v mt s phn xng khc nh Reforming, NHT, CCR. M t c cc phng thc iu khin cc thng s cng ngh trong thp chng luyn. Nhn bit c cc dng a, thp chng luyn trong thc t. Vn hnh c thit b chng luyn trong phng th nghim .
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Ni dung chnh: Nguyn l hot ng, cu to chung ca thp chng luyn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh; Cc dng thp chng luyn dng a v dng m; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chn khng; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct trong mt s cng ngh quan trng: Reforming, X l Naphtha bng hydro.

- Nguyn l iu khin hot ng ca thp chng luyn. 5.1. VAI TR THIT B CHNG CT V I TNG NGHIN CU 5.1.1. Vai tr thit b chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Thit b chng ct gi mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Hu ht cc qu trnh phn tch hn hp lng ng nht ra thnh cc phn on trong cc qu trnh cng ngh u s dng phng php chng ct. Khi u cho mi qu trnh ch bin du th l qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Du th khi qua thit b chng ct p sut kh quyn, cc phn on du m mi c tch ra thnh cc sn phm (Kerosene, phn on Diesel-LGO) hoc sn phm trung gian lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh cn chng ct, phn on Naphtha, LPG,... Vi cc qu trnh ch bin quan trng khc (cracking xc tc, reforming, isome ho v cc qu trnh x l bng hydro), sau khi thc hin qu trnh ch bin ho hc, hn hp hydrocacbon u phi c a ti thit b chng ct phn chia thnh cc phn on khc nhau. 5.1.2. i tng nghin cu Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh chng ct c cp t nhiu trong gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho, tuy nhin, trong cc chng trnh ny cha cp n c th qu trnh chng ct cc sn phm du m. Du m l hn hp ca hng ngn cu t, v vy, qu trnh chng ct du m v cc phn on du m rt phc tp v c nhng c th ring bit cn phi c nghin cu, tm hiu pht trin thm ngoi cc kin thc chung v chng luyn. Mt khc, hc vin c kin thc v l thuyt v thc hnh th cn phi c hc tp tng qu trnh c th v c nguyn l hot ng v cu to thit b nhm h tr cho vic hnh thnh k nng vn hnh sau kh kt thc

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chng trnh o to. T nhng phn tch trn v mc tiu o to, trong phm vi ca bi hc ny s tp trung vo nguyn l v cu to thit b c trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. 5.2. NGUYN L QU TRNH CHNG CT DU M 5.2.1. Tnh cht du th c c s cho tnh ton, thit k cng ngh v la chn thit b chng ct trc ht cn phi hiu c nhng tnh cht c bn ca nguyn liu v cc thng s c bn ca nguyn liu l c s cho vic tnh ton la chn thit b. Cc tnh cht ho l l cc tnh cht quan trng phc v cho tnh ton thit b chng ct, tnh cht ho hc ca du gip cho tnh ton cc qu trnh ch bin ho hc tip theo. 5.2.1.1. Tnh cht ho l a. Thnh phn Du th khng phi l n cht m l hn hp ca hng ngn cc hp cht khc nhau. Cc hp cht ny ch yu l s kt hp gia hydro v nguyn t cacbon hnh thnh cc cu t gi l hydrocacbon t dng n gin nh kh m tan (CH4) n cc dng phc tp nh C85H60. Tnh cht quan trng ca du th l tng cu t cha trong n c nhit si khc nhau trong cng iu kin p sut v nh hin tng vt l ny m chng c phn tch ra ring bit bng phng php chng ct. b. ung cong chng ct ng cong chng ct l mt trong nhng s liu quan trng ca du th, qua ng cong chng ct phn nh tnh cht ho l quan trng ca mi loi du m. ng cong chng ct biu th mi quan h gia nhit v phn trm th tch (hoc khi lng) du th bay hi (tch lu). ng cong chng ct l c s quan trng cho thit k thp chng ct phn chia cc cu t ra cc phn ring bit. ng cong chng ct c thc hin trong phng th nghim bng cch tin hnh gia nhit cho mt lng du th cha trong cc chu nhit (hoc thit b chng ct chuyn dng) cc nhit khc nhau. ng vi mi nhit tin hnh o tng lng cht lng bay hi. T s liu thu c tin hnh v ng cong quan h gia nhit v th tch cht lng bay hi tch lu nhit tng ng. S minh ha qu trnh th nghim v xy dng ng cong chng ct c m t trong hnh v H-5.1 v H-5.2. c. Phn on Nh bit, du m gm rt nhiu cc hp cht ho hc c tnh cht l ho khc nhau. Mt nhm cc hp cht phc v cho mt mc ch s dng no

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c gi l mt phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct). Cc phn on hay khong ct l tn gi chung ca tt c cc cu t c nhit si nm gia khong hai gi tr nhit no . Cc gi tr nhit ny c gi l im ct. Cc phn on in hnh cha trong du th v nhit khong ct nh trong bng 5-1 di y. Bng 5.1. Cc phn on in hnh ca du th TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phn on Bu tan v cc cu t nh hn (C4-) Naphtha nh Naphtha nng Kerosene Diesel (Gas Oil) Cn chng ct Khong nhit (0C) < 35 C5+ - 80 80170 170230 230370 > 370

Ty theo tng loi du m thnh phn ca cc phn on khc nhau. Du th nh c cc phn on Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng v Kerosene nhiu hn cn du th nng th c cc phn on Diesel v cn nhiu hn. Cc cu t c khi lng cng nng th cng c nhit si cng cao. Trc y, cc Nh my lc du thng ch bin du nh v em li li nhun cao hn u t t v bn thn du th cha nhiu cu t c gi tr kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, ngun du th gim st v gi du ngy cng tng cao th ch bin du nng li c nhiu u th do gi du nng thp hn tng i nhiu so vi du nh. iu ny t ra thch thc ln cho cc Nh my lc du xy dng trc y trong cuc cnh tranh. d. Hm lng lu hunh Hm lng lu hunh trong du th rt khc nhau gia cc loi du. Hm lng lu hunh trong du th l mt trong tnh cht quan trng quyt nh gi tr du th. Do lu hunh l tp cht c hi nn hm lng lu hunh nh hng nhiu n cht lng du th. Hm lng lu hunh trong du th ln lm gim gi tr ca du do phi u t cho qu trnh ch bin nhiu hn (ch yu l cc phn xng x l) v vn bo v mi trng gp phi nhiu kh khn khi m bo hm lng cc hp cht lu hunh c hi trong kh thi. Lu hunh cha trong du th khng phi dng n cht m dng cc hp cht (nh H2S, Mercaptans, COS,...). Phng php x l cc tp cht ny c trnh by bi 4 ca gio trnh ny. Cn c vo hm lng lu hunh trong du th m ngi ta chia du th thnh loi du ngt (Sweet Crude), du
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chua (Sour Crude) v du trung gian gia ngt v chua. Du ngt l cc du c hm lng lu hunh khng ln hn 0,5% khi lng, cn du chua l du cha hm lng lu hunh khng nh hn 2,5% khi lng. Du th c hm lng lu hunh nm trong khong trn l du trung gian (gia ngt v chua). Trong cc nh my ch bin du kh, khi tng lng lu hunh thi ra mi trng vt mc cho php (c bit l khi ch bin du chua) th kh chua (cha hp cht lu hunh nh H2S, SO2) s c a ti phn xng thu hi lu hunh lm sch kh thi v thu hi lu hunh nguyn cht nh l mt sn phm ph.

Hnh H-5.1 S th nghim xy dng ng cong chng ct

Hnh H-5.2. ng cong chng ct im si thc 5.2.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi du m Nh trnh by, du m l hn hp phc tp cu thnh t hng ngn cc cu t khc nhau, mi mt loi du c thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ha l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v bn cht, cc loi du u c c im chung l
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thnh phn hydrocacbon chim ch yu (khong 60-90% tng khi lng), phn cn li l cc hp cht cha lu hunh, ni-t, -xy, cc cht nha, asphanten v cc phc c kim. a. Thnh phn Hydrocacbon Hydrocacbons l phn chnh ca du m. Cc hydrocacbons ny li bao gm nhiu nhm khc nhau nh: Parafins, Naphthens, Aromactics (trong du m khng cha Olefins, Olefins hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin) Nhm Parafins Parafins l loi hydrocacbon ph bin nht trong du m. Thnh phn parafins c nhn dng theo quy lut: trong phn t hydrocacbon, cc nguyn t cacbon ni vi nhau bng lin kt n, cc lin kt khc c bo ha bng nguyn t hydro. Cng thc chung cho cc cu t thnh phn nhm parafins l CnH2n+2. Parafin n gin nht l Metan (CH4), tip theo l hng lot cc hp cht nh ethan, propane, butane (iso-butane v mch thng), pentane,... Khi nguyn t cacbon trong phn t hydrocacbon ln hn ba th mt s hydrocacbon c cc lin kt khc nhau phn t khc nhau. Cc nguyn t cacbon khng ch lin kt vi nhau dng mch thng m cn lin kt thnh cc mch nhnh n hoc nhnh kp to ra cc dng ng phn c tnh cht nhiu khi khc xa hydrocacbon khc cng loi. V d, s octan thc nghim (MON) ca n-octane ch l 17 trong khi s octane ca iso-octane l 100. S lng cacbon trong phn t cng nhiu th kh nng to ra cc dng ng phn cng ln. V d butane c hai ng phn, pentane c ba ng phn, octane c ti mi by cu trc ng phn, khi s nguyn t cacbon tng ln 18 (cetane) th s ng phn ln ti 60533. Trong du th c phn t parafins cha ti 70 nguyn t cacbon vi s ng phn rt cao. Nhm Naphthenes (Cycloparafins) Cc parafins mch vng trong tt c cc lin kt cn li ca nguyn t cc bon u c bo ho bng nguyn t hydro gi l naphthene. C rt nhiu dng naphthene tn ti trong du m, tuy nhin, cc naphthene c khi lng phn t thp (nh cyclopentane, cyclohexane) thng thng khng c xem nh l nhng cu t ring bit, trong thc t nhm cu t ny c phn loi bng khong nhit si. Mt s dng cu trc phn t ca Naphthenes in hnh c trnh by di y:

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Cyclopentane

Methyl-cyclopetane

Dimethylcyclopentane

Cyclohexane

1,2 Dimethylcyclohexane

Methyl-cyclohexane

Decalin Nhm Aromactics Nhm cc hp cht aromantics c tnh cht l ho khc rt xa cc hp cht parafins v naphthenes. Cc hydrocacbon dng ny cha mt mch vng benzene khng bo ho nhng rt n nh. Tuy cc lin kt ca cc nguyn t cacbon khng bo ho hon ton nhng cc hp cht aromactic lun c tnh cht nh l mt hp cht bo ho cc lin kt. Mt s dng in hnh ca aromactic thng gp trong du c trnh by di y:

Benzene

Toluene

Ethylbenzene

Ortho-xylene

Para-xylene Nhm Olefins

Meta-xylene

Naphthalene

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Nh cp phn trn, v nguyn tc, olefins khng tn ti trong du th, tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ch bin (c bit l qu trnh cracking) to ra olefins. Cc hp cht olefins c cu trc tng t nh cc hp cht parafins. Tuy nhin, trong phn t ca hp cht olefins t nht c hai nguyn t cacbon c lin kt i. Cng thc ho hc chung ca nhm hp cht ny l C nH2n. Trong ch bin du kh, nhm cc cht olefins l nguyn liu quan trng cho ha du. b. Thnh phn phi hydrocacbon Ngoi cc hp cht hydrocacbon, trong du m cn cha cc hp cht khc (cn gi l cc thnh phn phi hydrocacbon). Cc thnh phn phi hydrpcacbon ch yu l cc hp cht ca lu hunh, ni-t, cc cht cha -xy, kim loi v cc cht nha, asphanten. Cc hp cht lu hunh Ngoi hydrocacbon, trong tng lng cc cht phi hydrocacbon th hp cht lu hunh thng cha mt t l ln nht (c khi ti trn 2% khi lng). Cc hp cht lu hunh chnh cha trong du m v cc sn phm l H2S, Mercaptan (R-S-H), Sulfure (R-S-R), Disulfure (R-S-S-R) v Thiophen (lu hunh trong mch vng). Mt s dng hp cht Thiophen c cu trc phn t nh di y:

Lu hunh c mt trong du th cng nhiu cng lm du xu i do gy kh khn cho qu trnh ch bin v bo v mi trng. Cc cht cha ni-t Cc hp cht cha ni-t thng c rt t trong du m v cc sn phm du m. Hm lng ni-t c trong du cao l iu khng mong mun i vi cc nh ch bin. Cc hp cht hu c ca ni-t gy ng c xc tc ca cc qu trnh ch bin du kh rt mnh v gy ra hin tng n mn my mc, thit b. Khi hm lng ni-t trong du cao hn 0,25% khi lng th cn phi c yu cu x l c bit trc khi ch bin. Cc dng hp cht ca ni-t thng gp trong du l:

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Cc cht cha -xy Cc hp cht cha -xy tn ti trong du th thng di dng axit, phenol, xeton, ete, este... Trong s cc hp cht cha -xy th phenol v axit l ng ch hn c do cc hp cht ny nh hng n mt s qu trnh cng ngh cng nh sc kho, an ton mi trng. Cc hp cht ny thng tn ti trong cc phn on c nhit si trung bnh (Kerosene) v cao (Gas Oil). Dng axit thng gp v cn x l l axit naphthenic (R-COOH). Mt s dng phenol thng gp trong du m v cc sn phm du l cc loi di y:

Cc cht nha v asphantene Nha v asphantene l hp cht ca cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, S c phn t lng rt ln. C nha v asphantene u c c im chung l khng tan trong nc c t trng ln hn 1. V cu trc phn t, nha v asphantene u c cu trc h vng ngng t cao. Cc hp cht ny nm tp trung cc phn on nng nh cn chng ct kh quyn, cn chng ct chn khng. Tuy nhin, gia cn v nha vn c nhng c im ring. Nha thng c phn t lng thp hn so vi asphantene. Nha cha trong du m d b xy ho chuyn thnh dng asphantene, chnh v vy m asphantene c phn t lng cao hn. C nha v asphanten c trong du th nhiu u khng tt do hiu sut thu hi sn phm nh (c gi tr cao) thp, qu trnh ch bin phi u t nhiu hn. S c mt ca cc hp cht ny cn gy ng c xc tc nh hng n hiu sut, cht lng sn phm ca qu trnh ch bin. Mc du vy, nu trong du c hm lng nha v asphantene cao li l nguyn liu tt sn xut nha ng. Cc dng hp cht khc

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Ngoi cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon nu trn, trong du cn cha mt lng nc nht nh. Nc cha trong du th vn d tn ti ngay trong du th t trong qu trnh hnh thnh du v b nhim bn trong qu trnh khai thc. Nc trong du th thng tn ti di dng nh tng. v ho tan cc mui hu c v v c lm nhim bn du. V vy, trc khi ch bin, du th phi c tch mui v nc (vn ny s c cp trong phn chng ct du th p sut kh quyn). c. Phn loi du th C nhiu phng php phn loi du th nh cn c vo thnh phn ho hc, cn c vo tnh cht vt l. Phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc Vic phn loi du m theo thnh phn ho hc cng ty thuc vo cc c quan nghin cu du th a ra cc tiu chun phn loi khc nhau (Vin du Hoa k-API, Vin du m Php- IFP, Vin du m Nga,...). Tuy nhin, im chung ca phng php phn loi ny l cn c vo thnh phn ho hc ca du th l parafins, naphthenic, aromactic chia ra cc loi du khc nhau. Phn loi theo bn cht vt l Phng php phn chia du th theo bn cht vt l l da trn t trng ring ca du th, chia du thnh cc du: nng, du trung bnh v du nh. Thng thng du nh c t trng <0,830, du trung bnh c t trng trong khong 0,830 ti 0,884, du c t trng > 0,884 c coi l du nng. Trong thc t tnh ton cng ngh cng nh giao dch ngi ta thng s dng n v o 0API (theo tiu chun ca vin du m Hoa k) thay cho t trng. Quan h gia t trng ring v 0 API c biu th qua biu thc di y: 141,5 o API 131,5 d Trong d l t trng ring ca du iu kin tiu chun. 5.2.2. Nguyn l 5.2.2.1. t vn Du th khng phi l n cht, hay hn hp ca mt vi hp cht ho hc m l hn hp ca hng ngn hn hp ho hc, v vy, vic phn chia cc hp cht ho hc ny hay mt khong cc hp cht ny (mt phn on) bng phng php chng ct l rt phc tp. Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct cng c cp gio trnh khc. Tuy nhin, trong cc gio trnh ny mi ch cp n nguyn l chng ct hai cu t l chnh. Chnh v vy, cn thit phi cp nguyn l chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du do du th v

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phn on c nhng c im ring nh gm rt nhiu cu t, d chy n. Do nhng c im ring ny m cu to ca cc thp chng ct cng c nhiu im khc bit so vi cc thp chng ct s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. 5.2.2.2. Cc khi nim hiu c nguyn l qu trnh chng ct du m v cc sn phm du cn phi hiu mt s khi nim c nh ngha ring trong cng ngh lc ho du. y cng l cc thng s cng ngh c bn cn c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k cc thit b chng ct. a. im ct i vi cc nh cng ngh v thit k thit b chng ct th im ct l mt trong nhng thng s cng ngh quan trng. Cc nhit m ti cc sn phm chng ct c phn chia ra thnh cc phn on khc nhau gi l cc im ct. Vi mi phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct), gi tr nhit m ti sn phm (phn on) bt u si gi l im si u (Initial Boiling PointIBP). Nhit m ti ton b (100%) sn phm bay hi gi l im si cui (End Point-EP). V vy, mi mt sn phm (phn on hay khong ct) c hai im ct l im si u v im si cui. Nh vy, vi hai phn on k tip nhau ti im ct ca hai phn on ny, im si cui ca phn on nh hn cng chnh l im si u ca phn on nng hn. V d vi hai phn on Naphtha v Kerosene, im si cui ca phn on Naphtha cng l im si u ca phn on Kerosene. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, hiu qu qu trnh phn tch khng phi lc no cng t ng theo l thuyt, v vy m im si cui ca phn on nh hn v im si u ca phn on nng k tip c th khng trng nhau. V d nh hnh H-5.3 Khong chng ln gia hai phn on phn nh hiu qu ca qu trnh chng ct. y l mt thng s quan trng m cc nh thit k v ch to phi bo m (guarantee) cho ngi s dng. minh ha r hn v khong chng ln nhit si u v nhit si cui gia cc phn on chng ct ngi ta xy dng ng cng biu th mi quan h gia nhit si v phn th tch phn on bay hi ti nhit (khng phi tng th tch phn bay hi tch ly). Cc ng cng ny vi khong chng ln c minh ha hnh H-5.4. T th minh ha ny ta thy r c khong chng ln nhit im si u v si cui gia cc phn on. Khong chng ln ny cn c kim sot cht ch trong thit k thit b chng ct m bo cht lng ca cc phn on.

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Hnh H-5.3 Khong chng ln ng cong chng ct hai phn on k tip nhau

Hnh H-5.4 Khong chng ln im si u v im si cui hai phn on k tip nhau b. Xc nh im ct Xc nh im ct ca cc phn on l vic lm ht sc quan trng ca nh thit k. im ct c nh hng ln ti hiu sut thu hi v cht lng ca cc phn on. Ty theo tnh cht ca du, mc ch ca nh my (cc sn phm cn sn xut, cc loi sn phm cn u tin, cht lng sn phm yu cu) m xc nh im ct cc phn on chng ct cho ph hp. V d, vic chn im ct gia hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh, nu chn
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nhit im ct l 700C cho php thu hi c nhiu phn on Naphtha nng hn, do vy cho php tng c s Octan ca xng ton nh my (do Naphtha nng l nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming). Tuy nhin, vic chn nhit ct thp th trong Naphtha nng cha nhiu tin t to thnh Benzene trong qu trnh reforming. Nu nh Nh my c sn xut BTX (Benzen, Toluen, Xylene) th la chn ny l ph hp, song nu nh mc ch ca nh my ch sn xut nhin liu l chnh m li khng c u t phn xng ng phn ha Naphtha nh (Isome ha) th hm lng benzene trong xng thnh phm thng cao. Trong trng hp ny, gim hm lng benzene trong xng ngi ta thng tng nhit im ct gia hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh ln khng thp hn 800C. Ngoi nhng nh hng su xa ti cc qu trnh ch bin v cht lng sn phm cui cng nh v d trn, vic thay i nhit im ct nh hng trc tip ngay n cht lng ca tng phn on nh t trng, nhit im ng c,... Chnh v vy, xc nh nhit im ct l vic lm ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh thit k nh my lc ha du i t ngun du th. Vic xc nh nhit im ct phi c nh gi mt cch tng th v kinh t k thut v mi trng.

Hnh H-5.5 Nguyn l phn tch cc cu t c nhit si khc nhau 5.2.2.3. Nguyn l qu trnh chng ct du a.Nguyn l Nguyn l chung

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Phn tch cc cu t trong du th cng da trn nguyn tc s khc nhau v nhit si ca cc cu t ny trong cng iu kin. Tuy nhin, c mt iu may mn l a s cc sn phm du kh cng khng phi l n cht m l tp hp ca nhiu cu t c nhit si nm trong khong nht nh (mt phn on), v vy, khng phi phn tch hng ngn cc cu t thnh cc sn phm ring bit (mt iu khng kh thi trong thc t) m ch cn tch du th thnh mt s phn on nht nh. Qu trnh chng ct tch cc phn on c thc hin trong cc thp chng ct. Qu trnh phn tch c thc hin cc a (thp a) hay b mt tip xc (thp m). Cc cu t nng c nhit chuyn pha (bay hi hay ngng t) cao hn so vi cc cu t nh c xu hng d b ngng t hn, khi ngng t, cc cu t ny gii phng ra mt lng nhit lm cc cu t nh hn bay hi. Qu trnh c tip din nh vy lm cho cc cu t nh hn s tng dn pha phn trn ca thp. Hnh H-5.5 minh ha qu trnh phn tch cc cu t c nhit si khc nhau qua hin tng trao i nhit gia cc cu t trong thp chng ct. Tuy nhin, khc vi qu trnh chng ct hn hp hai cu t, qu trnh chng ct du m v cc sn phm trung gian bao gm nhiu cu t v phn on nn sn phm qu trnh chng ct s c ly ra khng ch nh v y thp m cn c ly ra mt s v tr thch hp. Vn ny s c cp su hn v nguyn l v cu to thp chng ct. S nguyn l chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, qu trnh chng ct u l qu trnh lin tc. Thit b chng ct l cc thp chng ct (ct chng ct). S nguyn l hot ng chung ca cc thp chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin c n gin ho nh minh ha trong hnh H-5.6. Theo s chng ct ny, sn phm thu c khng ch l sn phm nh v sn phm y nh cc qu trnh chng ct thng thng m cn c ly ra gia thn thp. Cc sn phm ly ra thn thp cc a c cu to c bit. thu hi c cht lng sn phm ph hp, hn hp sau khi ly ra thn c a vo mt thp sc ph tch phn hydrocacbon c khong nhit si nm ngoi gii hn sn phm nh tch. Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu, ng dng c th m ngi ta thit k cc a thu hi cc sn phm gia thp.

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Hnh H-5.6 Nguyn l chng ct trong ch du kh Qu trnh hot ng ca thp c th tm tt nh sau: Nguyn liu trc khi a vo thp c nng ti nhit thch hp nh h thng thit b trao i nhit v l t. Ti a tip liu cc cu t c nhit si thp s bay hi v ngng t cc a pha trn thp. Phn cc cu t nng hn, c nhit si cao hn s chy xung phn chng ca thp (stripping section). phn tch cc cu t nh cn cha trong phn nng, y thp thng lp t mt thit b gia nhit trc tip hay gin tip ty thuc vo ng dng c th. iu khin nhit ca thp, dc theo thn thp ngi ta b tr cc bm tun hon ly pha lng t trong thp ra lm ngui khi cn thit, nhm mc ch tch cc phn on nm trong cc khong nhit si ph hp vi im ct thit k. Sn phm nh sau khi ngng t c hi lu mt phn tr li thp nhm iu chnh hot ng ca thp ph hp. Cc sn phm ly ra t mt thp ny c th tip tc c a sang thp khc phn tch tip thnh cc phn on nh hn hoc tch trit cc tp cht.
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b. Mt s nguyn tc c bn trong chng ct du m Vic thit k, vn hnh thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh mc d khng cn l bn quyn na, tuy nhin, vn cn l nhng cng vic kh khn. Mt s nguyn tc c bn cn c lu trong thit k v vn hnh thit b chng ct c tm tt nh sau: - p sut nh hng ti nhit si ca cc cu t, p sut cng cao nhit si ca cc cu t cng cao. Trong cng iu kin cng ngh nh nhau, nu p sut thp tng ln th cc sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct s nh hn. Nu nhit nguyn liu vo qu thp th lng cu t bay hi a tip liu s thp v phn khng bay hi s chy xung phn chng ca thp. Nu nhit y thp qu thp, sn phm y s nh v nhiu hn. Nu nhit nh thp qu cao th sn phm nh s cng nng hn v do vy lng sn phm cng nhiu. Nhit du nng bay hi cao hn so vi du nh. Hi do h thng gia nhit y ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sc cc cu t nh cha trong pha lng cc a bay hi. Gim nhit gia nhit y s lm gim lng hi trong thp v gim nhit ca thp. Tng nhit lng thit b gia nhit y s lm tng lu lng hi trong thp v tng nhit cc a chng ct. Kt qu l cc cu t trn cc a s nng hn. Tng lng hi lu s lm tng lng cht lng trong cc a. Kt qu l nhit nh thp s gim i, sn phm nh s nh hn. Tuy nhin,

nh hng ca dng hi lu chm hn. Trong cc thit k thp chng ct s dng trong ch bin du kh hin nay, iu khin nhit ca cc a v do iu khin c cht lng sn phm chng ct ngi ta lp t thm cc h thng bm tun hon. Cc bm ny ly cht lng t trong thp ra ngoi iu chnh nhit ri a quay tr li thp. Trong mt s thit k mi, phng php truyn thng dng dng hi lu iu chnh nhit nh thp khng cn c s dng trong vn hnh bnh thng m thay vo l s dng phng php bm tun hon (ng hi lu ch c s dng trong giai on khi ng thit b). 5.3. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG THIT B CHNG CT Thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh l cc thp chng ct. Trong cng nghip ch bin, hu nh khng s dng cc qu trnh

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chng ct n gin hay chng gin on (cc qu trnh chng ct ny c gii thiu gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho). Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thp chng ct (ct chng ct) s dng trong ch bin du kh. 5.3.1. Phn loi Phn chia dng thit b chng ct cn c ch yu vo cu to chi tit bn trong ca thp chng ct. V c bn, vic phn chia thp da trn cch thc, cu to ca b phn to b mt chuyn khi. Thp chng ct c chia thnh cc loi sau: - Thp chng ct kiu a; - Thp chng ct kiu m. Ty theo cu to c th m cc dng ny li chia thnh nhiu dng khc nhau nh thp a chp, thp a li, thp m c cu trc ng nht, thp m c cu trc khng ng nht. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng c th ca cc loi thp ny s c cp cc phn di y ca bi hc ny. 5.3.2. Cu to thp chng ct 5.3.2.1. Thp a a. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung Cu to chung Thp chng ct dng a l mt ct hnh tr thng ng bn trong lp cc a trao i cht v trao i nhit. Mi a l mt bc chuyn khi thc t. C nhiu dng thp a nhng tt c c c im chung l qu trnh chuyn khi c thc hin trn cc a lp trong thp. Cu to chung ca thp chng ct kiu a vi cc dng a khc nhau c minh ha trong hnh H-5.7. Thp chng ct ng v mt cng ngh c chia lm hai phn: on chng v on luyn. on chng tnh t a tip liu ti y thp. on luyn t a tip liu ti a trn cng. ng v mt c kh, thp chng ct bao gm cc b phn chnh: V thp, a chng ct, cc ng chy truyn. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca thp a l to ra trn b mt a mt lp cht lng cho pha hi i t pha di ln. Khi pha hi v pha lng tip xc nhau trn a cc qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht din ra. Cc cu t d bay hi hn s tch ra khi pha lng chuyn vo pha hi trn b mt ca a, cn cc cu t c nhit si cao hn s ngng t li hoc gi nguyn trng thi lng v chy xung a pha di (theo ng chy truyn hay qua cc l trn a ty thuc vo kt cu).

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Hnh H-5.7- Cu to chung thip chng ct dng a (mt ct ngang) Trn cc a, ngi ta c cc l v mi l ny c lp mt chi tit gi l chp. Mc ch ca chi tit ny l to ra cc bong bng hi i xuyn qua lp cht lng pha trn ca a. Vic to cc bt bong bng i qua lp cht lng l mt giai on quan trng trong qu trnh trao i nhit v chuyn khi gia cc pha v gia cc cu t. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, pha kh trong bong bng c nhit cao s truyn nhit cho pha lng qua b mt phn chia pha (mt ca cc bong bng). Kt qu l nhit ca bong bng s gim i mt cht v do mt s hydrocacbon pha hi trong bong bng s ngng t chuyn t trng thi hi sang trng thi lng. Trong khi mt s hydrocacbon trong pha hi ngng t th mt s hydrocacbon nh cha trong pha lng li

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chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi hi. Hi hydrocacbon sau khi i qua lp cht lng trn mt a, mt phn hydrocacbon nng s b ri li trong cht lng v phn cn li di chuyn ln a pha trn. Qu trnh c nh vy tip din v pha hi c thnh phn hydrocacbon ngy cng nh i cho ti a cui cng trn nh thp ch cn li cc hydrocacbon rt nh. Phn hydrocacbon ny s c ngng t thit b ngng t pha ngoi thp v c hi lu mt phn tr li thp. Do qu trnh ngng t ca hi trn mt a tch t dn li ngi ta phi thit k mt ng ng dn cht lng xung a pha di. ng ny c gi l ng chy truyn. Trong qu trnh lun chuyn gia pha lng v pha hi, mt s cu t bay hi t mt a pha di ln trn ri li ngng t thnh pha lng ri chy ngc li qua ng chy truyn qua mt s a. Vng tun hon ny c th lp li mt vi ln v nh cc phn on hydrocacbon c tch ra. tch cc phn on ra gia thn thp ngi ta thit k mt s a c bit a cc phn on ny ra ngoi thp. Tng lng lng rt ra thn thp, y v nh thp phi cn bng vi lng nguyn liu a vo m bo thp lm vic n nh. Nguyn l qu trnh phn tch cc cu t trong thp c minh ha trong hnh H-5.8. b. Cu to mt s b phn Trong cng iu kin nh nhau, hiu qu lm vic ca thp chng ct ph thuc ch yu vo kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc chi tit bn trong: chp to bong bng, kt cu a, ng chy truyn,... Cu to cc b phn bn trong ca thp c minh ha bng hnh nh trong hnh H-5.9.

Hnh H-5.8- Nguyn l qu trnh chuyn khi trong thp

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Hnh H-5.9- Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp Cu to ca chi tit mt s b phn ny s c trnh by di y. Cc dng a v cu to Trong thp dng a, theo cu to ca b phn to bong bng m thp chng ct dng a li c phn chia ra thnh nhiu dng thp khc nhau nh: thp a l, thp a chp, thp a van,... Cc dng thp truyn thng c s dng trc y l a chp. Trong nhng nm gn y do yu cu v hiu qu qu trnh chng ct v gim gi thnh ch to, nhiu dng a mi c nghin cu v pht trin a vo s dng nh cc dng a van, a Ballast, Flexible,... a chp dn c thay th bng cc loi a c cu to n gin, nh hn v tng ng l r tin hn nh cc dng a van, a l,...Tuy nhin, mi loi a u c nhng u, nhc im nht nh. Khng c loi a no hon ton tt hoc hon ton xu. Mt khc mi mt dng a c ng dng i vi mt loi nguyn liu nht nh. V d a chp mc d c cu to phc tp gi thnh cao, hiu qu qu trnh chuyn khi khng phi cao nht nhng c th dng c hu ht trong cc ng dng. Loi a van cu to n gin hiu qu cao, tuy nhin, do c b phn chuyn ng, v vy i lc xy ra hin tng kt lm nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Thp a l c cu to n gin (vi kch thc l trong khong t 3mm-15mm), tuy nhin, loi thp ny vn xy ra hin tng pha lng chy trc tip qua cc l trn a lm tc nghn dng hi hoc lm gim lu lng hi t di i ln v do vy lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Trong thc t, vic la chn loi a no cho thp chng ct ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh bn cht ca nguyn liu ch bin, hiu qu phn tch v yu cu v tn tht p sut trong thp.

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a chp a chp l loi a truyn thng s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cng nh trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. a chp c u im l khong ng dng rng ri t chng ct du th ti cc phn on khc. a chp c kh nng hot ng n nh vi cc thay i ca lu lng dng lng/hi trong thp. Tuy nhin, dng a ny cu to phc tp nhiu chi tit nng n do ko theo gi thnh cao. Cu to in hnh v nguyn l hot ng ca a chp c minh ha trong hnh v H-5.10. Vi cu to ny, nu tng din tch b mt tip xc pha lng-hi th cng phi tng tit din ca ng chy truyn mt cch tng ng m bo cn bng lng lng, hi vo ra, bay hi-ngng t. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh bn quyn v cc dng a chng ct c nhiu ci tin v kt cu ca a chp tuy nhin dng a ny vn t cho vi cc dng a khc. Chnh v vy m trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, cc qu trnh yu cu c hiu sut qu qu trnh cao vi chi ph u t hp l th cc dng a khc ngy cng c s dng nhiu thay th a chp.

Hnh H-5.10- Cu to thp a chp a chp l dng a tng i thng dng v cng c gii thiu gio trnh khc, v vy, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny khng i su thm chi tit cu to ca chp. a van a van l dng a chng ct tng t nh loi a chp, tuy nhin, ti cc v tr lp chp c thay th bng chi tit c th ng m l hi cc mc khc nhau. C rt nhiu loi van a, tuy nhin, nguyn l hot ng chung ca loi van a l cc van s ng m mt v tr ty thuc vo lu lng ca dng hi t di ln. Nh nguyn tc hot ng ny m thp hot ng tng i n nh hn ch hin tng lng ko theo dng hi do tc qu ln hoc hin tng sc thp. Nguyn l hot ng v cu to chung in hnh ca mt van a c minh ha trong hnh H-5.11 v cu to ca mt vi dng a van
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in hnh khc c m t trong hnh H-5.12. Mt s c im chnh ca a van: C kh nng hot ng khong rng ch hot ng ca thp. Loi a ny c bit c nh gi cao nh kh nng duy tr c hiu qu lm vic ngay c khi hot ng di cng sut thit k (trong ch bin du kh vic m bo hot ng mc di cng sut l yu cu bt buc m bo hot ng linh ng ca nh my, c bit l trong giai on khi ng v khi gp s c). Lp cht lng pha trn a n nh, vy hn ch hin tng ko theo lng ln a pha trn lm nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh phn tch. Nng lng dng hi i qua van c s dng mt cch c hiu qu ci thin qu trnh tip xc lng-hi. Tr lc cc b do cc van gy ra cho dng chy pha lng trn a khng qu ln (thm ch khng cn ng k khi pha hi ch mc 20% thit k), v vy, m chnh b mt cht lng gia cc phn ca a c gim thiu. Nh c im ny m hiu qu lm vic ca cc vng trong a ng u. D ch bin bt c nguyn liu no th ton b a c s dng do vy ch mt phn nh vng cht c th xut hin. Kiu a ny c kt cu vng chc, nh v khng t. Thit k v vn hnh loi a ny n gin, v vy, sai st xy ra khng ln hoc nhng nh hng t cc sai st ny khng qu nghim trng.

Hnh H-5.11A- Van trng thi ng

Hnh H-5.11B- Van trng thi m mt phn

Hnh H-5.11C- Van trng thi m hon ton

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Hnh H-5.12- Hnh dng mt s dng a van

Hnh H-5.13- Hnh nh kt cu tng th ca a van lp t trong thp chng ct Dng a c bit (Ballast v Flexi) Kt cu ca mt s dng a ny nh m t trong hnh H-5.14. V nguyn tc, cc dng a ny l dng ci tin van a. m ca van dng ny c iu chnh t ng ph hp vi tc dng kh v hi trong thp. nghing ca lp cht lng chy trn a cng thp hn so vi van a, v vy m c th cho php tng lu lng dng kh v hi trong thp ti 20-30%. Vi kt cu c bit, a chng luyn dng ny cho php thp hot ng rt n nh, thm ch lu lng dng kh/hi thp. Mt s c im chnh ca dng a ny l: - Tn tht p sut l rt nh, do vy, tng tn tht p sut trong thp nh ph hp vi qu trnh chng ct chn khng. - C th hot ng thch hp vi cng sut cao hn nhiu so vi a van; - C kh nng phn tch cc cu t tt nh to iu kin chuyn khi tt v s hot ng n nh. - Hiu qu hot ng cao cng sut thp m bo gim thiu ti a lng sn phm khng t cht lng trong giai on khi ng thp. linh ng cao cho php hot ng trong khong rng cng sut ch bin vi tiu th nng lng mc ti thiu. Hot ng vi hiu sut cao ngay c iu kin 5-10% di gii hn thp bt u xy ra hin tng sc, nh vy m c th tng cng sut
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hiu dng ca thp, cho php tn dng mt cch hiu qu thp chng ct v cc thit b ph. Hiu sut hot ng cao iu kin cng sut trung bnh cho php ci thin c cht lng sn phm, gim c t l hi lu v do cho php gim c nng lng, ph tr tiu th hoc gim c s lng a trong thp. Thit k c kh ca cc phn tai, chn mc (b phn nh hng cho b phn chuyn ng ca van) gn nh loi b hon ton hin tng kt ca b phn chuyn ng. Thi gian ngng thp gim ng k do kh nng thu hi cht lng nhanh.

Hnh H-5.13 Cu to mt s dng a ballast v flexi

Hnh H-5.14. Hnh nh kt cu tng th a ballast lp t trong thp chng ct ng chy truyn v cc s kt cu a chng Ngoi kiu kt cu b phn to b mt tip xc pha (cc chp, van to bong bng), s b tr mt a chng c nh hng nhiu ti hiu qu hot ng ca thp. S b tr ca thp ch yu ph thuc vo cch thc b tr cc dng chy trn b mt ca cc a. Cch thc b tr cc dng chy trn a c lin quan n s lng cc ng chy truyn. Trong thp chng ct, ng chy tryn c nhim v a cht lng a pha trn xung a pha di v

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khng cho php pha hi i qua ng ny. Vic b tr cc ng chy truyn c ngha quan trng i vi hot ng ca thp mc d khng phi l mt b phn to ra tip xc pha. Vic b tr s ng chy truyn, kt cu ng chy truyn nh hng ti s dng chy trn a chng, din tch b mt hiu dng ca a do nh hng gin tip ti hiu sut v kch thc ca thp chng ct. S b tr a chng ct v ng chy truyn Trong thc t, ty thuc vo tnh cht nguyn liu ch bin, cng sut ch bin m kch thc ca thp s c thit k khc nhau p ng yu cu. Vi cc thp chng ct c kch thc nh th c th ch c mt dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a. Tuy nhin, vi cc thp chng ct c kch thc ln th vic b tr dng chy trn mt a l vn quan trng v c nh hng nhiu ti hot ng ca thp v hiu qu chng ct. ng knh thp chng cng ln th hiu sut lm vic gia cc vng trn a cng khc nhau nu nh vic phn b dng chy khng tt. Vic phn b dng chy trn a khng tt dn n s khc nhau v mc cht lng ( nghing cht lng trn a cng ln nu kch thc a cng ln) v s ng nht ca thnh phn cht lng trn a. gii quyt vn ny, cc nh thit k a ra nhiu kiu phn b dng chy trn mt a khc nhau ty theo iu kin c th (kch thc thp, nguyn liu ch bin,...) nhm hn ch ti a s khc bit gia cc vng trn mt a. Vic b tr cc chi tit trn mt a thch hp cho php nng cao hiu qu phn tch. Hiu sut s dng din tch cao cho php gim c kch thc thit b v s lng a trong thp chng ct v m bo c s hot ng linh hot ca thp. Mt s cch b tr a chng ct c m t trong hnh v H-5.15 v minh ha bng hnh nh trong hnh H-5.16, H-5.17.

A-kiu dng chy n trn a

B-kiu hai dng chy trn a

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C-kiu ba dng chy trn a

Dkiu bn dng chy trn a

Hnh H-5.15. Mt s kiu b tr a v cc ng chy truyn

Hnh H-5.16. Hnh minh ho s b tr a chng kiu dng chy n

Hnh h -5.17. Hnh minh ho s b tr a chng kiu nhiu dng chy T cc hnh v cho thy: c rt nhiu cch b tr dng chy cht lng trn mt a, t mt dng chy n cho ti 3, 4, 5, 6 dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a. Tng ng vi mi kiu dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a c mt s b tr a v cc ng chy truyn khc nhau. Trong thit k truyn thng trc y, phn mt a pha di ng chy truyn thng l phn a cht

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khng lp t chp hoc van dn n gim hiu sut s dng din tch a. tng din tch s dng hu ch ca a v ca ton thp, mt s thit k hin nay trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, phn din tch di cc ng chy truyn cng c s dng vi mt kt cu c bit nh minh ha trong hnh H5.18.

Hnh H-5.18. S b tr a chng phn di ng chy tryn Cu to v hnh dng mt s loi ng chy truyn ng chy truyn vi chc nng vn chuyn cht lng t a pha trn xung a pha di, tuy nhin, nu cc ng chy truyn khng c thit k thch hp v kch thc, hnh dng s nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca thp chng v hiu qu s dng din tch b mt a chng. Nu kch thc ca ng chy truyn khng thch hp s dn n hin tng cht lng khng chy kp gy hin tng sc thp hoc lng cht lng trong ng khng lm ng chy truyn tr thnh ng i tt ca hi. Tt c cc hin tng ny u dn ti s hot ng khng bnh thng ca thp chng ct. Ty theo quan im thit k, nguyn liu ch bin, v tr lp t, cng sut ca thp chng,... m ng chy truyn c hnh dng v cu to khc nhau. Hnh dng v cu to ca mt s dng ng chy truyn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c m t khi qut trong cc hnh v H-5.19. Tng dng ng chy truyn c ng dng v tr v loi a nht nh. Cc dng ng chy truyn m t trong cc hnh H-5.19A, B, C, E, F G, H thch hp cho v tr ng chy truyn cnh thn thp v thng thp c cng sut ch bin ln. Dng ng chy truyn ny c dng hnh mng (nhiu khi cn gi tn khc l mng chy truyn). Cc ng chy truyn c tit din hnh ng trn (hnh H-5.19D) thng dng cho thp chng ct c cng sut khng ln lm v ch c mt dng chy n trn mt a. Dng ng chy truyn c tit din trn, hnh

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ng c th dng cho thp c cng sut ln bng cch s dng nhiu ng, tuy nhin, gii php ny phc tp v hiu qu s dng din tch a chng ct thp. Mt s dng ng chy truyn ch p dng mt s a v tr c bit. V d, hnh dng v kt cu ng chy truyn m t trong cc hnh H-5.19K, L ch dng cho cc a chng cui cng gn y thp, ng chy truyn c kt cu nh m t trong hnh H-5.19I ch p dng cho cc a m v tr , mt phn on c rt ra gia thp ly sn phm hoc iu chnh hot ng ca thp. Cc ng chy truyn dng mng hp (hnh H-5.19 J) thng s dng cc v tr gia a chng ct. Hnh dng ca mt s dng ng chy truyn v s b tr mt a chng vi cc ng chy truyn c minh ha trong hnh H5.20.

A-ng chy truyn Hnh cong u

B-ng chy truyn vi kt cu tm chy trn ring bit

C-ng chy truyn hnh cong khng u

D-ng chy truyn hnh ng trn

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E-ng chy truyn tm chn nghing

F-ng chy truyn tm chn thng

G-ng chy truyn tm chn bc thang

H-ng chy truyn c a bt kn

I-ng chy truyn c a thu gom cht lng ly ra ngoi

J-ng chy truyn dng mng hp

K-ng chy truyn cnh t b phn thu gom cht lng

L-ng chy truyn trung tm t b phn thu gom cht lng

Hnh H-5.19. Hnh dng v cu to mt s ng chy truyn trong thc t

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Hnh H-5.20. Hnh nh mt s dng ng chy truyn v s b tr a Vic thit k a chng ct c nhiu phng php, tuy nhin, vic phn chia dng chy trn a v s ng chy truyn thng da trn nguyn tc tng din tch ng chy truyn theo yu cu c phn chia ra nhiu ng khc nhau (a c ng knh ln c chia ra nhiu dng chy), da trn lu lng cht lng chy v din tch hot ng ca vng cht lng chy qua. Din tch vng hot ng trn mi dng chy thng c phn b sao cho cn bng nhau, do vy chiu di ca vch chy trn cng phi c iu chnh tng ng tc dng chy qua ca chy trn mi ng chy truyn l nh nhau. Vic khng ch tc cht lng cc ca chy trn ging nhau nhm m bo mc cht lng cc vng trong a tng i ng nht nh hiu qu hot ng ca cc vng trn a chng l tng i ging nhau. V thp V thp l mt tr trn c ch to t thp cacbon pha trong c trng hp kim chng n mn (ty thuc vo nguyn liu ch bin). V c chc nng chnh l to kt cu c kh lp t a chng ct v cc ph kin bn trong. Ngoi ra, v thp cn c chc nng to khng gian ring bit vi mi trng bn ngoi, iu ny c bit quan trng i vi qu trnh chng ct du th v cc sn phm do kh nng chy n cao. Khc vi thp s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc, v thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh thng c hn kn, hn ch ti a cc mi ni bng bch nhm trnh hin tng r r. Dc theo thn thp, ngi ta b tr cc ca ngi phc v cho cng tc lp t, bo dng thit b.
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Cc thit b ph Thp chng ct ngoi ct chng ct ra, hot ng c cn mt s cc thit b h tr nh thit b gia nhit nguyn liu trc khi ua vo thp chng ct, thit b gia nhit y v thit b ngng t sn phm nh. 5.3.2.2. Thp m a. Gii thiu Ngoi dng thp a, trong ch bin du kh ngi ta cn s dng dng thp m. Thp m c mt s u im ni bt so vi thp a trong mt s ng dng. Nh tn tht p sut thp, hiu sut chuyn khi cao hn so thp a truyn thng m dng thp ny c s dng ch yu trong chng ct chn khng v p sut thp. Nhng nghin cu gn y khc phc c mt s nhc im ca cc loi m truyn thng v hin tng thm t khng u lp m, khuynh hng phn b dng cht lng khng u trong thp, do vy m cc thp m ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung Nguyn l hot ng Thp m hot ng da trn nguyn l bay hi v ngng t lin tc ca cc cu t dng lng thm t trn b mt vt rn.Trong qu trnh bay hi v ngng t lin tc ny, cc cu t c nhit bay hi thp hn s i ln pha trn nh thp chng ct cn cc cu t c nhit bay hi cao hn s tch ra dn phn di thp. tng cng b mt chuyn khi, m c ch to theo nhng kt cu c bit. C hai dng m l dng m c kt cu theo quy lut (structured packing) v dng m sp xp hn n khng theo quy lut (random packing). Cu to ca m l nhn t quyt nh hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Cu to ca cc loi m s c gii thiu mt mc ring ca bi hc ny. Cu to chung Thp m in hnh c cu to nh m t trong hnh H-5.21. V hnh thc bn ngoi v kt cu c kh, cc ng vo ra thp m cng c cu to nh thp chng ct dng a, ch khc nhau v kt cu cc chi tit bn trong thp. V mt cng ngh, thp chng ct dng m cng chia thnh on chng v on luyn. on chng t y thp ti v tr tip nguyn liu, on luyn t v tr tip liu ti mt trn cng ca m. Mt thp m in hnh bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - V thp;

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Cc lp m; B phn phn phi cht lng; B phn thu gom cht lng;

- Cc chi tit m; - Cc thit b ph: Thit b ngng t, gia nhit y. Cu to chi tit ca cc chi tit quan trng ca thp m s c trnh by trong cc mc di y. c. Cu to mt s b phn ca thp m Lp m

Hnh H-5.21. Cu to chung thp chng ct dng m Cc loi m trc y thng gp phi mt s tr ngi trong ng dng l hin tng thm t cht lng v phn b dng chy khng u trong thp dn n hiu sut chuyn khi thp. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y cc dng m c cc nh bn quyn (Koch-Glitsch, Sulzer, Norton) nghin cu pht

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trin nhm p ng c cc yu cu ca thc t v cc tiu ch: nng cao hiu sut qu trnh chuyn khi, h gi thnh ch to, chu c mi trng lm vic khc nghit, d bo dng, kt cu nh,... Nh khuynh hng pht trin ny m cc loi m mi c a ra s dng khng ch c ci thin v kt cu nng cao hiu sut qu trnh chuyn khi m cn c thay th bng cc loi vt liu mi ph hp vi cc ng dng c th v c bit l cho php gim c gi thnh m. Hin nay, trong thc t ngi ta s dng hai loi m chnh: loi m c kt cu, v loi m xp hn n. Cu to ca tng dng ny s c trnh by cc phn di y. m c kt cu m c kt cu c s dng rng ri trong ch bin du kh c bit l qu trnh chng ct chn khng v p sut thp. Loi m ny thng c ch to thnh tng khi, cc tm mng (sau cun thnh lp) hoc c ch to chuyn bit theo ng knh ca thp.

Hnh H-5.22A. m kim loi l sn Hnh H-5.22B. Dng m tm li xut theo ng knh thp m dng c kt cu in hnh thng c cu trc hnh hc gm nhiu tm rt mng (thng l tm kim loi) c dp nhn, sp xp theo trt t song song nhau vi kch thc v hnh dng ph hp vi kch thc v hnh dng ca thp chng ct. n gin cho qu trnh ch to v c bit l cht lng v hi trong m c ng u, b dy ca tng lp m ny c hn ch mc thch hp. Khi cc lp m ny c xp vo trong thp, cc lp k tip nhau c chiu nghing vi nhau 900C. Mc ch ca vic thay i chiu nghing ca cc lp m l nhm mc ch phn b li hng chuyn ng ca cc dng cht lng v hi trong thp cho ng u cng nh tng cng tip xc cc pha lng /hi. Trong tng lp m cng phn thnh hai hng dng chuyn ng khc nhau. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca dng m ny c minh ha trong hnh H-5.23. Loi m ny c ci thin nhiu

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v tr tip xc gia hai lp trnh hin tng tn tr cht lng b mt tip xc v gim c tn tht p sut cc b ca pha hi ti im tip xc nh tng c cng sut ca thp (xem hnh H-5.24).

Hnh H-5.23. Cu to chung v nguyn l hot ng ca lp m

Hnh H-5.24. Cu to mt dng m v kt cu v tr tip xc gia cc lp m Cc lp m xp trong thp chim ti 60-70% th tch ca thp, phn khng gian cn li l dnh cho b tr cc chi tit khc nh h thng thu gom v ti phn phi cht lng, h thng phn phi lng, b phn phn tch pha (lng ko theo hi),... Hiu sut ca thp m, s bc l thuyt hay s bc chuyn khi thc t tng ng ca lp m phi xc nh trn thc nghim khng xc nh c bng l thuyt. Hiu sut ca loi thp m khng ch ph thuc vo kiu dng kch thc ca m m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu ch bin, ng knh thp v p sut lm vic. Chnh v vy, vic thit k thp m mt cch chnh xc cn phi c cc s liu thc nghim cho mi loi m c th. m ri (xp hn n) Ngoi dng m c kt cu, thp m cn c mt dng kt cu m khc l dng m ri. Lp m trong thp c hnh thnh nh xp ngu nhin cc

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phn t m ri khng theo mt quy lut nht nh. phn loi thp, i khi ngi ta cn c vo dng m m chia thp m thnh hai loi: thp m c kt cu v thp m vi lp m ri. m ri c th c ch to t nhiu vt liu khc nhau nh gm s, kim loi v cht do. Cc m truyn thng thng c ch to t gm s, cc loi m th h mi thng c ch to t kim loi v cht do. Cc loi m truyn thng thng dy trong khi cc m th h mi thng mng hn, b mt ring (din tch mt m trn mt n v th tch thp) ln nh gim c kch thc thp tng hiu sut qu trnh chng ct v gim c khi lng thp mt cch ng k. Cc m mi pht trin thng c ch to bng kim loi v cht do. Tuy nhin, khng c loi vt liu ch to no hon ton chim u th trong tt c cc ng dng. Cc m truyn thng ch to t gm rt nhy cm i vi mi trng c kim v axit HF. Trong khi m kim loi th kh nng thm t b mt m vi mt s cht lng km v kh nng b n mn cao. m ch to bng cht do nh hn d lp t, tn tht p sut trn mt bc chuyn khi l thuyt thp, gi thnh thp, khng lo ngi v hin tng n mn m. Tuy nhin, m cht do li gp vn thm t nh m kim loi v c bit kh nng chu nhit cao. Mt s v d v hnh dng v cu to m ri c trnh by trong hnh H5.25.

Hnh H-5.25A. Mt s dng m truyn thng lm t gm

Hnh H-5.25B. Mt s dng mi lm bng kim loi

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Hnh H-5.25C. Mt s dng m bng cht do Cc loi m ri ny c sn xut vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau. ng vi mi loi m, nh sn xut s cung cp cc c tnh k thut phc v cho la chn v thit k thp. B phn phn phi cht lng Nh cp, mt trong nhng nhc im ca thp m truyn thng l hin tng phn b pha lng khng u gia cc phn trong thp dn n hiu qu hot ng ca thp thp. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng: cht lng v hi phn b khng u trong thp m (thm ch c vng b kh) lm nh hng ln n hiu qu lm vic ca thp. S lng a tng ng thc t (bc chuyn khi tng ng) ca thp m s gim t l thun vi hiu qu phn phi lng trong thp (xem hnh H-5.26) Hin tng phn b cht lng khng u trong thp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: kt cu ca m, kch thc ca thp, hiu qu lm vic ca b phn phi,... Kt cu ca m ngy cng c ci thin khc phc hin tng ny. Tuy nhin, b phn phn phi lng nh hng khng t ti hiu qu phn phi cht lng v do nh hng ti hiu qu hot ng ca thp. ci thin hiu qu hot ng ca thp, b phn phn phi cht lng trong thp chng ct dng m ngy cng c quan tm nghin cu v hon thin. Trong thp m, mi mt tng m (gm nhiu lp m) u c mt h

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thng phn phi lng pha trn. Ty thuc vo c im thit k v khong cch cn thit pha hi tch khi lp m m h thng ny c lp t trong khong t 0- 200mm so vi mt trn ca lp m. Mt h thng phn phi lng tt phi t c cc yu cu sau: - Cht lng phn phi ng nht; - Hot ng c trong khong cng sut thp thch hp; Lm tn tht p sut pha hi nh; C kh nng chng li hin tng tc nghn v ng cn;

- Thi gian lu cht lng thp; - Phi hp c tnh nng ti phn phi cht lng cho cc m tip theo. Mi yu t ny c nhng nh hng ring bit ti hot ng ca thp, cc ch tiu ny l ch cn hng ti ca cc nh sn xut thp m ci tin h thng phn phi lng ca mnh. Mt h thng phn phi l tng s phn phi lng u trn mi n v din tch b mt m. V mt l thuyt, t c iu ny cn phi c v tn s dng phn phi.

Hnh H-5.26. nh hng ca phn phi cht lng n hot ng thp m iu ny hon ton bt kh thi trong thc t vi trnh cng ngh hin ti. H thng phn phi trong thc t ca cc nh bn quyn ch t ti mt gii hn mang tnh kh thi hn da trn cc tiu ch: - Cc u phn phi cht lng c phn b theo mt s ng nht; - Cc u phn phi phi m bo hot ng lin tc;

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Cc u phn phi phi c t ti mt v tr thch so vi v thp;

- Hn ch ti a s khc bit lu lng gia cc u phn phi. Da trn tiu ch ny, cc h thng phn phi c pht trin. Mt s dng h thng phn phi ang s dng trong thc t c m t trong hnh H-5.27.

H-5.27A. H thng phn phi dng ng Hnh xng c

H-5 27B. H thng phn phi kt hp hp v ng xng c

H-5.27C. H thng phn phi dng mng

H-5.27D. H thng phn phi dng mng c u ng phn phi

H-5.27E. H thng phn phi dng ng chy trn

H-5.27F. H thng phn phi dng mng Hnh rng ca

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H-5.27G. H thng phn phi hp

H-5.27H. H thng phn phi dng ng

Hnh H-5.27. Cu to mt s dng ng phn phi lng trong thp chng ct dng m B phn thu gom cht lng Nh trnh by trn, mt trong nhng nhc im ca thp m l hin phn b dng lng v hi khng ng u gia cc vng trong thp, c bit l nhng v tr cch xa nh m. Mc d cc loi m th h mi ci thin c rt nhiu nhc im ny, tuy nhin, vi cc thp c chiu cao ln v ng knh rng th vn phi phn phi li dng lng hi trong thp. Mt khc, do kt cu v nguyn l hot ng (v d on tip liu) cng yu cu cn phi thu gom cht lng v ti phn phi li. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta thit k tch hp h thng thu gom v phn phi cht thnh mt h thng duy nht. Thng thng, cc h thng thu gom lng c thit k c th lp t bng cch a cc chi tit qua ca ngi, hn ch lp bng mt bch gia thn thp. H thng thu gom cht lng phi t hiu qu cao, kt cu n gin nhng khng c lm nh hng nhiu n tn tht p sut pha hi. Mt s dng h thng thu gom cht lng trong thp m c trnh by trong hnh v H-5.28. H thng thu gom cht lng dng a (m t trong hnh H-5.28A) thng c s dng thu gom v rt mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra pha ngoi thp. Tuy nhin, dng thu gom ny thch hp nht cho vic thu v cp lng cho mt h thng ti phn phi lng hay mt a pha di. Dng thu gom lng ny c thit k rt linh ng ty thuc vo yu cu ng dng c th. Mt s c im k thut ng ch ca h thng thu gom dng a l c th p dng cho mi kch thc thp chng ct, th tch cht lng thu gom ln c th lp t mt ng ng chy truyn. H thng thu gom cht lng dng hnh mng (m t trong hnh H-5.28B) thng c s dng thu mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra ngoi. Loi thu gom ny c s dng thch hp trong mi trng lm vic m vn gin

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n nhit l vn gy kh khn cho vic s dng cc dng thu gom cht lng khc. H thng ny thng c p dng cho cc thp c ng knh ln hn 1000mm vi mt s c tnh k thut ch yu: din tch thong (cho hi i) chim khong 25-40%. Vi loi thit b thu gom dng ny cn hn ch ti a vic lp t bng phng php hn ti hin trng. H thng thu gom m t trong hnh H-5.28C c s dng thu gom cht lng v rt ra ngoi hoc ti phn phi li lp m tip theo. Loi ny thng c la chn cho h thng thu gom cht lng gia cc lp m do tn tht pha hi qua h thng thu gom ny thp. Ngoi ra dng thu gom cht lng ny cng c s dng ti v tr tip nguyn liu do nguyn liu a vo thp c th ha ln vi pha lng thu gom vnh khuyn ca h thng thu gom m khng cn mt ng ng dn nguyn liu ring. Do c khong ng dng rng ri nn h thng thu gom cht lng dng ny nhiu v tng ng c nhiu kiu kt cu chi tit khc nhau ty thuc vo ng dng c th. Cc kt cu m t trong bi hc ny ch l mt kiu in hnh.

Hnh H-5.28A. H thng thu cht lng dng a

Hnh H-5.28B. H thng thu cht lng dng mng

Hnh H-5.28C. H thng thu cht lng dng chevron Kt cu m

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cc lp m t ng v tr trong thp cn c mt kt cu lp m. C hai yu t cc k quan trng cn phi c xem xt trong thit k b phn m: B phn m phi c kh nng gi c lp m di iu kin hot ng ca thp khng b nh hng bi hnh dng, kch thc ca m, nhit thit k, chiu dy lp m, lng cht lng lu gi, vt liu ch to, n mn cho php, cc ti trng ph khc trn lp m v tnh trng khng n nh ca thp. Phi c t l din tch t do ln cho php khng khng hn ch cc dng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca lng t trn xung, hi t di i ln nhm gim thiu tn tht p sut cc b.

Mt s dng kt cu b phn c m t trong hnh H-5.29. Cc dng m m t trong hnh H-5.29A, B c thit k dng cho loi m c kt cu cn dng m m t trong hnh H-5.29C, D c thit k dng cho loi m ri. a m (nh m t trong hnh H-5.29A c s dng trong cc thp c lp m mng v vn s dng khng gian hiu qu l mt yu t cn c xem xt. Dng a ny thng c s dng cho cc lp m mng trong thp chng ct du p sut kh quyn v thp chng ct p sut chn khng. Kt cu m kiu vung (hnh H-5.29B) c tng din tch mt thong rt ln v ng nht cho php cht lng v hi i qua khng gii hn (trong phm vi cng sut ca thp), v vy, khng lm nh hng ti cng sut ca m. Loi kt cu m ny p dng cho mi di ng knh thp v mi dng m (c kt cu). Vi thp c ng knh nh c mt bch thn thp, a m c th ch to mt kt cu duy nht, nhn chung kt cu m kiu ny c ch to gm nhiu phn v lp t thc hin bng cch a tng phn qua ca ngi ca thn thp.

Hnh H-5.29A. B phn dng a dng cho m c kt cu

Hnh H-5.29B. B phn dng vung dng cho loi m c kt cu

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Hnh H-5.29C. B phn kiu a dng cho loi m ri ti trng nh

Hnh H-5.29D. B phn vi din

tch mt t do cao cho loi m ri Kiu a m ri ti trng nh (hnh H-5.29C) c thit k v s dng

cho cc loi thp m c ng knh nh v lp m c khi lng khng ln lm. Loi a ny c ch to t thp cn. Np gi m Trong qu trnh hot ng, c bit l trong giai on khi ng thp, thng gp nhng bin ng bt thng v p sut dn n hin tng x lch lp m khi v tr ban u nh hng n kt cu lp m. khc phc tnh trng ny, pha trn lp m ngi ta thng lp thm mt tm chn (np gi m) c nh lp m gii hn v v tr thch hp. Ty theo loi m m cc tm ngn ny c yu cu v kt cu khc nhau. - - i vi m c kt cu: Np gi m c s dng khi lp m c kh nng b x dch v tr khi gp nhng bin ng bt thng v ch hot ng ca thp. Tuy nhin, vi cc thp hot ng vi tn tht p sut thp, t l sc thp thp v khng d xy ra hin tng sung p trong thp th khng cn thit phi lp t np gi m. i vi thp m c kt cu th yu cu v np gi m khng qu kht khe, v vy, trong mt s trng hp, b phn phn phi v m pha trn kim lun vai tr ca np gi cho lp m tip theo. Cu to v hnh dng ca mt s dng np m cho lp m c kt cu c minh ha trong hnh H-5.30A, B. Loi c kt cu nh hnh H-5.30A c thit k cho cc thp c ng knh ln khng xy ra nhiu cc hin tng sc thp hoc khng mt n v ch cng ngh. Thng thng, kiu m ny c thit k tch hp vi b phn phi, phn m pha di, cn phn phn phi lng c gn pha trn nh tit kim c khng gian v vt liu ch to. Np gi m c kt cu hnh xng c (hnh H-5.30B) ph hp vi tt c kch thc ca thp, hn ch ti a nh hng ti cc dng lng hi trong thp. Dng np gi

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ny c thit k i km vi cc loi m c kt cu dng tm mng hoc li kim loi. Cng c th lp t tch hp dng np gi m ny vi h thng phn phi.

Hnh H-5.30A. Np gi m kt hp vi b phn phn phi

Hnh H-5.30B. Np gi m hnh xng c

Hnh H-5.30C. Np gi m kiu li vi lp m c cng sut cao -

Hnh H-5.30D. Np gi m kiu li

- i vi m ri: Np gi m lun c yu cu s dng i vi loi m ri trong iu kin d xy ra hin tng to lp tng si pha trn cng ca lp m do tc dng hi trong thp to ra. i vi dng m ri khi xy ra hin tng bt thng hoc thp b sc th tn tht p sut s tng ln nhanh chng khng th kim sot c, khi hin tng to lp tng si trn nh lp m thng xy ra. Tuy nhin, iu

kin to lp tng si trn pha nh m l rt kh tnh ton v d on v vy gii php d phng tt nht l lp t mt b phn hn ch hin tng ny. Trong thc t ngi ta c hai gii php: lp t np ngn hoc mt kt cu chng sung ng. Gii php n gin nht hay c s dng l lp t np ngn m pha nh lp m. Cu to v hnh dng ca mt s dng np m cho lp m ri c minh ha trong hnh H-5.30C, D. Cc np gi m ny, ty theo ng dng c th m c th c gn cng vo thn thp hoc di chuyn t do trn b mt m. 5.3.2.3. So snh cc loi thp chng ct v phng hng la chn Trong qu trnh thit k, mt vn lun c t ra l la chn kiu thp no cho thp chng ct. Khng c mt loi thp no c u im hon ton trong mi ng dng. Mi loi c nhng u nhc im ring, ty tng ng

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dng c th m xem xt la chn. c c s cho vic la chn dng thp, di y trnh by mt cch khi qut u nhc im ca hai loi thp m v thp a theo quan im ca Max S.Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus v Ronald E. West: - Hiu qu ca mt bc chuyn khi i vi cc thp m phi da trn th nghim thc t vi mi kiu m c th. Hiu sut ny khng ch ph thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca m m cn ph thuc vo mt lot cc yu t khc nh tc dng cht lng, tnh cht ca nguyn liu, ng knh thp, p sut lm vic v mc phn tn ca cht lng trn b mt m. Do vic phn tn cht lng ng u trong thp m kh khn, vic thit k s dng thp a c coi l tin cy hn v s dng h s an ton thp hn khi m t l tc chuyn khi pha lng vo pha hi l thp. Thp a c th c thit k hot ng trong mt khong rng tc dng lng trong thp m khng xy ra hin tng sc thp. Thp a c u tin la chn trong trng hp cn phi lm ngui gia chng ly nhit ca pha lng. Cht lng c th c a ra trao i nhit bn ngoi thp. Nu cht lng cn chng ct c cha cc ht rn phn tn th s dng thp chng ct dng a s c u tin la chn do thp a d dng lm v sinh hn. Tng khi lng kh ca thp chng dng a thp hn so thp chng dng m c thit k cng cng sut ch bin. Tuy nhin, tng trng lng thp t (k c cht lng cha trong thp) ca hai dng thp l tng t nhau. Khi s thay i nhit bin i trong mt bin rng trong qu trnh hot ng, thp a thng c la chn do s gin n nhit d lm hng lp m. Cc d liu, thng tin phc v cho thit k thp a thng c sn v c tin cy cao hn so vi thp m. Thp m thng c la chn nu cht lng em ch bin c khuynh hng d to bt. Thp dng m ri nhn chung khng c thit k vi ng knh ln hn 1,5 m v ng knh ca thp a thng mi nhn chung him khi nh hn 0,67 m.

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Thp m thng c gi thnh r v d ch to hn so vi thp a khi nguyn liu ch bin c tnh n mn cao. Lng cht lng cha trong thp m thng t hn rt nhiu so vi thp a. Vi cng cng sut ch bin thp m c th c tn tht p sut thp hn so thp a. Mt khc, vi kt cu ca thp m kh nng mt n nh ca v thp trong iu kin chn khng thp, thp m l tng cho qu trnh chng ct chn khng.

Trn y ch l nhng nh gi chung, la chn dng thp no cho mt ng dng c th cn phi xem xt nhiu kha cnh kinh t, k thut v vn mang tnh cht tin quyt la chn ph hp. Di y s gii thiu c th mt s qu trnh chng ct trong cng ngh lc ha du. 5.4. CC QU TRNH CHNG CT IN HNH 5.4.1. Chng ct du th p sut kh quyn 5.4.1.1. Gii thiu chung Nu nh qu trnh cracking c v nh l tri tim ca nh my lc du th phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (Crude Distillation Unit CDU) c xem nh ca vo chnh ca ngi nh. S ch bin ca nh my gn nh c tch hp ngay trong thit k thp chng ct du th bi l cc phn on tch ra t thp chng ct s l sn phm trc tip hay l nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh hng nhiu bi thit k v hot ng ca thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. 5.4.1.2. Mc ch ca phn xng Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn l phn tch du th thnh cc phn on theo cc ng dng tng ng. Thng thng cc phn on c tch ra t phn xng ny l: Kh ho lng (LPG), phn on naphtha (mt s phn xng chng ct du th c thit k tch phn on ny thnh hai phn on ring naphtha nng v naphtha nh), phn on kerosene, phn on diesel nh (LGO), phn on diesel nng (HGO) v cn chng ct (residue). Mt s phn on tch ra t phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn c th c coi l sn phm cui cng hoc l cu t pha trn (sau khi c x l tp cht thch hp) m khng cn phi ch bin tip nh phn on Kerosene (sn phm thng mi l du ho v nhin liu phn lc), phn on diesel (l sn phm thng mi diesel hoc l cu t pha trn diesel), phn on diesel nng c th c s dng lm cu t pha diesel,

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du t l hoc a i ch bin tip. Mt s phn on cn phi c a i ch bin tip nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca nh my, trong , c bit l cn chng ct l nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking. Cc phn on naphtha nng c a i reforming, phn on naphtha nh c a i ng phn ho thu cu t pha xng c cht lng cao.

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Hnh H-5.30. S cng ngh phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn vi mt thp chng ct chnh

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5.4.1.3. S cng ngh a. S cng ngh S cng ngh ca phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn nhn chung khng c s khc bit nhiu, mc d nguyn liu du th rt khc nhau. Cc phn xng chng ct du th thng ch c khc bit mt cht phn tch cc phn on nh (t naphtha tr ln). Mt s s cng ngh in hnh ca phn xng ny c trnh by trong cc hnh H-5.30 v H-5.31. Mi mt s c mt u im nht nh. Tuy nhin, s cng ngh m t trong hnh v H-5.30 thng c s dng thit k cc nh my mi hin nay. S ny ph hp ch bin nhiu loi du t nng n nh, song vi s mt thp thp chng ct chnh ny, thp chng ct s phi lm vic ch nng nhc hn. S cng ngh phn xng chng ct nh m t trong hnh H-5.31 thng s dng cho cc nh my thit k trc y ch bin du th c thnh phn nh cao (c bit l LPG v naphtha nh) v cha nhiu kh hydrosulfide (H2S) c tnh n mn cao. b. M t qu trnh Theo cc s cng ngh nu, du th sau khi c tch nc b cha c bm ti thit b trao i nhit tn dng dng sn phm nng c nhit cao hoc cc dng du rt ra t thp chng ct chnh ( iu khin nhit thp). Du th t c nhit nht nh s c b sung thm nc sch ri a vo thit b trn tnh trc khi a vo thit b tch mui. Mc ch ca vic b sung thm nc v khuy trn l ho tan mui cha trong du vo nc sau tch nc cha mui ra thit b tch mui. Du th sau khi c b sung nc s c a vo thit b tch mui. Ti thit b tch mui, hn hp du th v nc dng nh tng c ph v. Du th v nc c tch lm hai pha ring bit. Du th kh mui c tch ra v a i ch bin tip. Nc cha mui mt phn tun hon li thit b tch mui, phn cn li c a ti h thng x l nc thi ca nh my. Du th sau khi c tch mui s c gia nhit tip nh cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng cc dng sn phm i ra t thp chng ct chnh (nh Kerosene, LGO, HGO v cn chng ct). Nu s cng ngh ca phn xng c s dng thp tch s b th du th dc a vo thp chng ct s b trc. Ti thp chng ct s b, cc thnh phn hydrocacbon nh nh methane, ethane, propane, buthane v hydrosulphure (H2S) c tch ra nh thp. Mt phn phn on naphtha nh cng ko theo sn phm nh thp chng ct s b. Du th sau khi c tch s b cc thnh phn nh c a ti l gia nhit

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nng nhit thch hp ph hp cho qu trnh chng ct (nu s khng s dng thp chng ct s b th du th sau khi tch mui v a qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit s c a ti l gia nhit ny). Sau khi i qua l gia nhit, nhit ca du th s tng ln mc thch hp cho qu trnh chng ri c a vo a tip liu ca thp chng ct. Trong thp chng ct chnh, cc phn on chnh nh naphtha nng, kerosene, GO nh, GO nng c tch ra thn thp, c lm sch thm cc ct sc bn cnh thp chng ct chnh ri a ti cc b cha trung gian. Phn on nh (naphtha nh) c tch ra nh thp cn phn on cn c tch ra y thp. Cc dng sn phm t thp chng ct chnh c nhit cao c em i trao i nhit vi du th trc khi lm ngui tip nh cc thit b trao i nhit bng khng kh hoc nc lm mt. iu khin nhit lm vic ca thp nhm nng cao hiu qu qu trnh phn tch p ng tiu chun sn phm ca tng phn on, pha di y thp chng c b phn gia nhit bng hi thp p qu nhit v dc thn thp b tr cc im rt cht lng ra bn ngoi iu chnh nhit cht lng sau a quay li thp chng. Mt s phn on cha c tch ra khi nhau (LPG v naphtha nh) s c a ti thp n nh (Stabilizer), ti y cc hydrocacbon nh (C1, C2) a ti h thng kh nhin liu nh my, LPG c tch ra a ti h thng thu gom v x l kh, naphtha nh c tch ra y thp a i x l tip. Nu ton b phn on naphtha (c naphtha nng v naphtha nh) v cc hydrocacbon nh c tch ra cng nhau nh s cng ngh hnh H-5.30 th hn hp ny s c a ti cc thp ph phn tch ring bit thnh LPG, naphtha nh v naphtha nng. Trc ht hn hp c a ti thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch LPG ra khi naphtha. Phn on naphtha tch ra y thp n nh c a thp tch naphtha (Naphtha Splitter), ti thp tch ny naphtha nh c tch ra nh thp cn naphtha nng c tch ra y thp. Tuy nhin, nu nh trong nh my lc du c c hai phn xng reforming v isome ho th c th thp tch naphtha s c di chuyn sang phn xng x l naphtha bng hydro (NHT) cho ph hp vi qu trnh cng ngh. Naphtha sau khi c x l mi c tch ra thnh hai phn on naphtha nng v naphtha nh nhm trnh u t hai phn xng x l naphtha ring bit. Naphtha nng sau x l l nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming cn naphtha nh sau khi x l c s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh isome ho. 5.4.1.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng mt s thit b chnh trong phn xng

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a. Thit b tch mui Trong du th thng cha mt lng tp cht di dng mui v kim loi. Cc tp cht ny cn phi tch ra khi du th bi v chng s b ng cn trn b mt trao i nhit ca cc l t v thit b trao i nhit lm gim hiu sut truyn nhit ca cc thit b ny. Ngoi ra, cc tp cht ny cn gy ng c xc tc, hin tng n mn thit b cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Trong qu trnh kh mui, mt lng nc sch c a vo du th ho tan mui trong du vo pha nc v sau tch ring hai pha du v nc ra khi nhau. Mui trong du th c tch ra cng nc. C nhiu phng php tch mui ra khi du th, tuy nhin, trong thc t s dng hai phng php chnh l phng php ho hc v phng php tnh in. Nguyn l qu trnh kh mui Nguyn l hot ng chung ca qu trnh tch mui l b sung nc vo du th to nh tng ho tan ti a mui trong du th sau ph nh tng gia du v nc tch ring bit hai pha du v nc nh m mui trong du th c tch ra. Cc phng php tch mui ch khc nhau v phng php ph nh tng. Phng php ho hc s dng ho cht ph nh tng, cn phng php tnh in dng in trng ph nh tng. Do phng php tnh in c s dng rng ri trong thc t nn di y s ch trnh by chi tit v nguyn l v cu to thit b kh mui bng phng php lng tnh in. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b kh mui S cng ngh chi tit ca thit b kh mui c trnh by trong hnh H5.32. Theo s ny, du th c b sung thm mt lng nc ri i qua mt thit b trn tnh to hn hp nh tng nhm tng mc phn tn ca nc vo du th nng cao hiu qu ho tan mui t du th vo nc. Du th sau khi qua thit b trn tnh c a vo thit b lng tnh in.Thit b lng tnh in da trn nguyn l tch in ca cc ht nc nh trong in trng cao, cc ht nc tch in sau s ht nhau do lc tnh in nhp thnh cc ht nc ln hn v lng xung pha di. Nh qu trnh ny m dung dch nh tng du th v nc b ph v. Du v nc cha mui ho tan c tch thnh hai pha ring bit v a ra khi thit b. to in trng, trong thit b lng tnh in lp hai bn cc c ni vi cc ngun cao p. in p gia hai in cc ti thiu khong 16000 vn c th tch in cho cc ht nc trong nh tng. Lng nc ti u a vo du th trong khong t 3-8% th tch du th, ty thuc vo tnh cht ca du

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th. Nhit ca du th trc khi a vo thit b trn tnh thng trong khong 1301500C. Khi nc sch b sung vo du th, mui cha trong du s chuyn sang cc ht nc phn tn trong du do kh nng ho tan mui ca nc tt hn. Cc ht nc ny khi i qua in trng cao p s b tch in. Cc ht nc b tch in s nhp dn li vi nhau thnh cc ht c kch thc to dn v lng xung pha di do nc c khi lng ring ln hn du th. ngn chn qu trnh bay hi ca cc phn on nh trong du th dn n kh nng pht chy trong iu kin nhit v mi trng cao p, p sut trong thit b lng tnh in c duy tr mc t 9-12Kg/cm2. Du th c kh mui bng phng php ny cho php tch c ti t 90- 95% lng mui, nu hm lng mui trong du cao hoc m bo an ton vn hnh, ngi ta lp hai bc tch mui. Du th c tch mui hai bc cho php gim c 95-99% lng mui ban u. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lng tnh in c m t trong hnh H-5.33.

Hnh H-5.32. S cng ngh thit b kh mui Theo s cu to thit b lng tnh in bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: Bnh lng, in cc cao p, my bin th v cc h thng ng ni vo ra thit b. b. Thp chng ct chnh Thp chng ct chnh l thit b quan trng nht ca phn xng chng ct du th. Thp c nhim v phn chia du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau theo mc ch s dng. S hot ng chung ca thp chng ct chnh nh trnh by trong hnh H-5.34 di y. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp chng ct chnh cng ging nh nguyn l trnh by trong mc 2 phn III

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ca bi hc ny. Thp chng ct chnh c th l kiu thp a hoc thp kiu m, tuy nhin s thp dng kiu a chim t l ln hn. Qu trnh hot ng Du th sau khi c gia nhit (thng t 310-3700C ty theo s cng ngh v tnh cht du th) c a vo a tip liu thp chng ct chnh. Ti y, cc cu t c nhit si thp s bay hi ln cc a pha trn ca thp, phn lng s theo ng chy truyn i xung pha di. Nhit vo thp rt quan trng i hot ng ca thp. Nu nhit khng cao th cht lng cc phn on khng m bo, ngc li nu nhit du qu cao s dn n hin tng cracking nhit lm tng cng sut thp t ngt ngoi tnh ton lm nh hng n hiu qu hot ng v cht lng sn phm. Cc cu t hydrocacbon nh s c phn b cng nhiu pha trn ca thp, cc cu t c nhit si cao s dn tp trung cc a pha di thp.

Hnh H-5.33. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bnh kh mui kiu lng tnh in Cc phn on Kerpsene, Go nh, GO nng c rt ra thn thp v a vo cc ct sc tng cao cht lng phn on theo tiu chun cht lng. Phn on naphtha v cc hydrocacbon nh hn c tch ra nh thp, ngng t ri a ti cc thp ng nh v thp tch naphtha phn chia tip thnh cc phn on LPG, naphtha nh, naphtha nng. Tuy nhin, trong mt s s th phn on naphtha nng cng c tch ra thn thp. Cn

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chng ct c tch ra pha y thp sau khi lm ngui s c a ti b cha hoc a trc tip ti phn xng cracking. cung cp nhit cho qu trnh chng luyn v qu trnh chng ct xy ra thun li pha y thp ct chnh c gia nhit bng hi qu nhit thp p. Vic sc hi y thp cn nhm mc ch tch trit cc cu t nh cn cha trong phn lng y thp nng cao hiu sut thu hi cc cu t nh. Ngoi ra, hi dng gia nhit trc tip du th lm gim p sut ring phn ca du th trong pha hi do vy qu trnh chng ct c th tin hnh nhit thp hn. iu khin qu trnh hot ng ca thp chng ct v nng cao hiu sut phn tch, mt phn cht lng pha trn nh thp c cho hi lu li thp, ngoi ra dc theo thn thp ngi ta thit k mt s v tr rt cht lng ra iu chnh nhit ca thp ti cc v tr cc b.

Hnh H-5.34. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ct chng ct chnh Cu to

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Thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn c th s dng c dng thp a v dng thp m. Tuy nhin, dng thp a c dng ph bin hn. Mt thp chng ct chnh thng bao gm khong 40-55 a chng ct (ty thuc vo s cng ngh v tnh cht du th) v cng c chia thnh hai phn: on chng v on luyn. on chng thng c khong 5-7 a, on luyn c khong 35-50 a. Cc kt cu bn trong thp (cc a, chp, ng chy truyn,..) thng c ch to bng thp hp kim hoc thp khng r ty theo tnh cht n mn ca du th. V thp thng c ch to t thp cacbon gim gi thnh, tuy nhin, bo v lp v thp cacbon, pha trong thp c ph hoc trng mt lp hp kim. Cng pha y thp th kh nng n mn cng ln do nhit cao, do vy, lp ph hp kim ny phi dy v c kh nng chu n mn tt hn. Pha y thp c h thng sc hi trc tip, tng hiu qu qu trnh sc nhng nhit hi khng qu cao nh hng ti ch hot ng ca thp. Thng thng hi s dng l hi thp p qu nhit. Cu to chi tit ca cc chi tit bn trong thp (cc loi a, cc loi m, ng chy truyn,...) c trnh by trong mc 2 phn III ca bi hc ny. V thp chng ct chnh c ch to v lp ghp bng phng php hn, vic s dng bch ni thn rt hn ch (ngoi tr trng hp s dng thp m). Vic lp t cc chi tit bn trong thp phi c tnh ton ngay t giai on thit k m bo vic vn chuyn, lp ghp cc chi tit ny thc hin qua ca ngi. Trong thp b tr cc a c cu to c bit vi cc phn cha cht lng ln c th rt cht lng ra khi ngoi thp. 5.4.2. Chng chn khng 5.4.2.1. Gii thiu chung Du th sau khi c phn tch p sut kh quyn thu c cc phn on nh v cn chng ct. i vi mt s loi du nh v sch th cn ny c th a thng ti phn xng cracking xc tc cn. Tuy nhin, vi a s cc loi du th cn ny khng th a thng ti phn xng cracking c m cn phi tch bt cc phn on khng ph hp cho qu trnh cracking. tch tip cc phn on ny cn phi c thc hin nhit tng cao. Khi thc hin chng ct nhit cao s xy ra hin tng cracking nhit to ra cc sn phm khng mong mun. iu ny khng ch lm nh hng ti hot ng ca thit b m cn nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi sn phm chung ca nh my. khc phc vn ny, ngi ta tin hnh chng ct cn du th p sut thp (p sut chn khng), khi nhit si ca cc cu t s gim

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xung nh cc phn on tch ra d dng nhit thp khng xy ra qu trnh cracking. Qu trnh chng ct chn khng thng tin hnh iu kin p sut trong khong t 2540mmHg ( vng tip liu). 5.4.2.2. Mc ch ca phn xng Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct chn khng l tch tip cn chng ct p sut kh quyn thnh mt s phn on ph hp cho cc qu trnh cng ngh ch bin tip theo nh qu trnh sn xut nha ng, qu trnh cracking,... nhng khng lm nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Do qu trnh chng ct din ra p sut chn khng nn nhit qu trnh chng ct thp hn nh hn ch ti a qu trnh cracking nhit ca du. Mt s phn on chng ct chnh c tch ra t phn xng chng ct ny l phn on diesel, phn on chng ct chn khng (VGO) lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking v phn on cn chng ct chn khng dng sn xut nha ng hoc cho pha trn du t l. 5.4.2.3. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh chng ct chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.35. Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct du th sau khi i qua mt lot cc thit b trao i nhit c a ti l gia nhit nng nhit ca nguyn liu ti gi tr thch hp. Nhit ca nguyn liu a vo thp chng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cn du nh khong nhit si, kh nng to coke,... Nhit nguyn liu sau gia nhit thng thng trong khong t 3804550C. Trong thp chng ct, cc phn on nh v kh khng ngng c tch ra nh thp. Kh khng ngng s c a ti h thng kh nhin liu ca nh my, cc cu t nh ko theo sau ngng t s c tch ra v a v h thng du thi (slop oil) ca nh my ch bin li. Cc phn on chng ct nh (LVGO) v phn on du chng ct chn khng nng (HVGO) c tch ra gia thp. Cc phn on ny s c a i ch bin tip thu hi sn phm c gi tr cao hn. Cn chng ct chn khng c tch ra y thp. Phn on cn chng ct chn khng l nguyn liu cho sn xut nha ng (nu tnh cht cn p ng c yu cu) hoc l cu t pha du t l. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh phn tch, mt phn du ra (washing oil) a tun hon t thp v l gia nhit.

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Hnh H-5.35. S cng ngh qu trnh chng ct chn khng 5.4.2.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b chnh Qu trnh chng ct chn khng n gin bao gm cc cm thit b chnh l thp chng ct, l gia nhit v h thng to chn khng. a. Thp chng ct Thp chng ct chn khng thng s dng l thp dng m gim ti a tn tht p sut. Thp chng ct theo ch cng ngh c chia thnh nm vng khc nhau l vng phn on chng ct chn khng nh (LVGO), vng on chng ct chn khng nng (HVGO), vng du ra (wash oil section), vng bay hi (flashing Zone) v vng sc (stripping section). S cu to n gin ha ca thp chng ct chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.36. Kch thc, cu to cc vng ca thp l khc nhau m bo hot ng thp bnh thng ng thi tit kim chi ph ch to. Vng sc ca thp v vng tch phn on VGO nh thng c ng knh nh hn do lu lng hi thp hn cc vng khc trong thp. chn khng ca thp nh hng

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nhiu n ch hot ng v kch thc ca thp v do nh hng n chi ph u t thit b.

Hnh H-5.36. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to thp chng ct chn khng p sut ti vng bay hi s quyt nh lng hydrocacbon s bay hi ngay v tr tip liu. p sut cng thp th lng hydrocacbon bay hi cng ln ( cng iu kin nhit nguyn liu vo thp l nh nhau), chnh v vy m vic ch to lp t lp m, cc ng ng ni t my ht chn khng ti vng bay hi phi m bo gim ti a tn tht p sut. Vic gim tn tht p sut cho php tit kim c chi ph vn hnh mt cch ng k. p sut hot ng ca thp thp do vy lng hydrocacbon bay hi trn mt n v th tch nguyn liu ln dn n lm tng ng k ng knh thp chng, chnh v vy ng knh thp chng ct chn khng thng ln hn so thp chng ct du th p sut thng. Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp (m, b phn phi, b thu gom cht lng) c trnh by trong mc 2.2 phn III ca bi hc ny

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(Thp m). Tuy nhin, dng thp s dng trong chng ct chn khng thng s dng loi m c kt cu. Ch chn khng trong thp c to ra v duy tr bi my ht chn khng. b. H thng to chn khng to chn khng cho thp chng ct, ngi ta c th s dng my ht chn kiu vi phun hi (Ejector) vi h thng ngng t Baromet hoc bm chn khng v thit b ngng t gin tip. H thng to chn khng bng vi phun vi thit b ngng t Baromet c gi thnh thp hn v c s dng rng ri trong nhng nm trc y. Tuy nhin, phng php ny lm nhim bn ngun nc thi ln, v vy, hin nay, h thng bm chn khng kt hp vi thit b ngng t gin tip c thay th mc d chi ph u t cao hn. Cng sut v s bc chn khng ph thuc vo chn khng yu cu v tnh cht ca hi. Thng thng, vi p sut vng bay hi ca thp yu cu l 25mmHg th vi h thng ht chn khng kiu vi phun hi th cn phi c ba bc ht chn khng. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng to chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.37.

Hnh H-5.37. S H thng ht chn khng vi thit b ngng t gin tip c. L gia nhit L gia nhit nguyn liu c cu to tng t nh i vi cc l gia nhit s dng trong cc ng dng khc, v vy, trong khun kh bi hc hc ny khng cp cu to chi tit ca l. Trong phn ny ch gii thiu cc ch hot ng ca l lin quan n hot ng ca thp chng ct L gia nhit nguyn

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liu ca thp chng ct chn khng c ba ch hot ng gn cht vi ch vn hnh v thit k thp. Cc ch ny bao gm: - Ch hot ng "kh": y l ch hot ng vi nhit nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit cao nht. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc khng c a vo nguyn liu trc khi vo l gia nhit cng nh dy thp chng ct. Ch hot ng "t": y l ch hot ng m nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit thp nht. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc ng thi c a vo nguyn liu u vo l gia nhit v sc y thp chng. Ch hot ng trung gian (ch "m"): y l ch hot ng m nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit trung gian gia hai ch hot ng trn. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc ch c a vo nguyn liu u vo l gia nhit m khng c sc y thp chng. Vic thit k l gia nhit v thp chng ct vn hnh cc ch cn phi c xc nh r rng ngay t u da trn c im ca nguyn liu v yu cu vn hnh m bo thit k ng b gia cc thit b trong phn xng. 5.4.3. Cc qu trnh chng ct khc 5.4.3.1. Gii thiu chung Ngoi hai qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v p sut chn khng c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin du th v l nhng qu trnh chng ct in hnh nht th trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cn s dng thp chng ct phn tch cc phn on nhiu giai on ch bin tip theo nh: qu trnh cracking, qu trnh x l bng hydro, qu trnh reforming,... c im chung ca cc thp chng ct ny l phn tch hn hp sau phn ng thnh cc phn on khc nhau c ng dng ring. Mi mt thp chng ct ny c c im cu to v ch hot ng ring ty vo ng dng c th. Di y s gii thiu mt cch khi qut v cc thp chng ct ny. 5.4.3.2. Thp ct trong qu trnh cracking Cc thp chng ct l mt b phn quan trng cu thnh phn xng cracking bn cnh b phn phn ng v ti sinh xc tc. S cng ngh chung ca qu trnh cracking xc tc vi thit b chng ct c cp trong mc II ca bi 1" Thit b phn ng" ca gio trnh ny. Trong phn ny ch cp su hn v s nguyn l hot ng ca thp chng ct chnh, v

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cu to mt s b phn m khng cp n tng quan qu trnh cng ngh cracking na. a. S cng ngh ca thp chng ct chnh S cng ngh ca phn xng cracking tng i phc tp vi nhiu thp chng luyn ln nh v vi mc ch khc nhau. Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch gii thiu thp chng ct chnh (main fractionator). Thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking c s ng dng cng ngh tng i phc tp so vi thp ct du th p sut kh quyn do mi lin h phc tp gia thp chng ct vi l phn ng v b phn thu gom v x l kh trong phn xng. S cng ngh n gin ho ca thp chng ct trong phn xng cracking c m t trong hnh H-5.38. Theo s cng ngh ny, hn hp phn ng sau khi i qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit c a vo thp chng ct. Ti y, hn hp sau phn ng cracking c phn chia thnh cc phn on chnh. Naphtha nh v cc cu t hydrocacbon nh c tch ra v ngng t mt phn nh thp. Phn lng c a sang phn xng thu hi kh x l tip. Phn kh cha ngng t c a v ca ht my nn t (Wet Gas Compressor). Phn on naphtha nng c tch ra thn thp ri a qua thp sc lm sch sau c a ti b cha trc khi em i x l. Thng thng, phn on naphtha chim mt t l tng i ln trong tng s sn phm thu hi c sau qu trnh cracking. Phn on du nh tun hon (Light Cycle Oil-LCO) cng c tch ra thn thp chng ct chnh ri a ra thp sc cnh thp. Thp sc c nhim v hiu chnh li khong ct thch hp cho phn on naphtha trc khi a ti b cha (hoc a trc tip ti phn xng ch bin pha sau). Phn on du nng tun hon (Heavy Cycle Oil-HCO) c tch ra thn thp chnh nhm iu khin nhit ca thp v mt phn c s dng lm du ra m khng c xem nh l mt sn phm cui cng. Mt phn du nng tun hon s c a tr li l phn ng tng hiu qu qu trnh cracking. Du cn (Decant oil) c tch ra t y thp chng ct sau khi a qua mt lot cc thit b trao i nhit (thit b tn dng nhit gia nhit cho nguyn liu hoc sn xut hi). Mt phn du cn c a quay tr li l phn ng tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm nh. iu khin nhit ca thp, mt phn cc phn on tch ra c a ti cc thit b trao i nhit nhm iu chnh nhit cht lng sau a quay tr li thp chng ct. Vi mc ch tit kim nng lng, ngun nhit ny thng c s dng gia nhit nguyn liu hoc sn xut hi nc. Ngoi

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ra, dng thit b lm mt bng khng kh cng c u tin s dng trong trng hp iu chnh nhit thp tit kim nc lm mt, gim gi thnh thit b v chi ph vn hnh.

Hnh H-5.38. S thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking (RFCC) b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chnh Thp chng ct chnh ca phn xng cracking c cu to tng i phc tp. Thp s dng phi hp c dng a v dng m. Phn thp m thng dng cho cc v tr cn rt cc phn on ra khi thp v ti phn phi li lng trong thp. Nhit ca cc dng cht lng ly ra t thp c nhit tng i cao, v vy trong phn xng b tr nhiu thit b trao i nhit v thit b sn xut hi nc t trung p n thp p nhm tit kim nng lng.

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Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp c trnh by mc 2, phn III ca bi hc ny. 5.4.3.3. Thp chng ct trong phn xng khc Cc thp chng ct trong mt s phn xng cng ngh khc nh reforming, x l naphtha bng hydro, isome ho nhn chung tng i ging nhau v c mc ch v cu to. Cc thp chng ct ny c mc ch duy nht l tch cc sn phm nh c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn ng ra khi sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn ng. Chnh v vy, cc thp chng ct ny ch c hai dng sn phm: Sn phm nh l kh ho lng v mt phn kh nhin liu, sn phm y l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn ng (naphtha, isomerate, reformate). Tng ng vi mc ch trn, cc cc thp chng ct ny c cu to n gin hn, thng khng c cc ct sc bn cnh hay cc bm tun hon cnh thp iu chnh nhit thp. S cng ngh chung ca dng thp ny c m t trong hnh H-5.39.

Hnh H-5.39. S cng ngh cc thp n nh (stabilizer) trong cc phn xng x l naphtha, reorming, isomer

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Cc thp ny c th l thp m (loi kt cu) hoc thp a, cu to bn trong cc dng thp ny nh c trnh by cc phn trn ca bi hc. 5.4.4. Vn hnh 5.4.4.1. Gii thiu chung Vic vn hnh thp chng ct trong cc phn xng m thp chng ct ch l mt trong nhng b phn ca phn xng (cracking, reforming, isomer...) th vn vn hnh thp chng ny c gn lin vi vn hnh chung ton b phn xng. Vn hnh cc phn xng ny trong c thp chng ct c cp trong cc bi hc khc ca gio trnh ny, v vy khng cp n vic vn hnh cc thp dng ny. Trong phn ny ca bi hc s ch gii thiu cc bc vn hnh c bn phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Mt khc, y cng l qu trnh chng ct quan trng v in hnh nht trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Vn hnh thit b l mt trong nhng k nng c bn v quan trng nht i vi hc vin sau khi hon thnh chng trnh o to ngh vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Tuy nhin, do c th ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh Vit nam cn cha pht trin, mi quan h gia o to trong nh trng v cc c s sn xut cn cha c cht ch th k nng vn hnh khng th hon thin ngay trong giai on o to trng m cn phi c rn luyn trong thc t.. hc vin c kin thc v vn hnh thit b trong thc t cng nh trong phng th nghim, trong phn ny ca gio trnh gii thiu cc bc c bn khi ng phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Qu trnh khi ng phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v c bn gm cc bc sau: - Chun b khi ng; - ui kh ton b h thng. - Np du vo h thng; - Gia nhit du; - iu chnh ch vn hnh thu sn phm. y l nhng bc cng vic c bn, cc bc ny c th tin hnh c lp vi nhau hoc phi tin hnh ng thi. Di y trnh by chi tit ni dung ca cc bc khi ng thit b chng ct du th p sut kh quyn trong thc t v l mu tham kho cho vn hnh h thng th nghim ln. 5.4.4.2. Cc bc khi ng c bn a. Chun b khi ng khi ng thit b cn phi tin hnh cc cng vic kim tra sau:

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Kim tra m bo tt c cc tm bt kn c tho, cc van an ton c lp t ng v c kim nh; Kim tra m bo tt c cc thit b nng lng, ph tr sn sng phc v cho khi ng; Cc thit b quay c chy th v bi trn ng quy nh; Cc thit b o lng iu khin sn sng hot ng; Cc bm phi c th bng cht lng thch hp trc khi khi ng phn xng;

Cc tm ngn c tho b hoc lp ng v tr iu kin hot ng bnh thng. b. ui kh ton b h thng M van kh ni-t ui kh trong h thng; Ngt ngun cp in cho thit b kh mui trc khi in nc vo bnh lng tnh in; in y thit b kh mui bng nc v ng van cch ly thit b kh mui, m ng i tt qua thit b (bypass) cho n khi bt u tun hon du trong h thng; Thi hi vo h thng (bao gm c ng ng, thit b trao i nhit, l gia nhit n thp chng ct) cho n khi khng kh ui ht ra khi h thng; ng tt c cc van x nc ngng, van x hi d, m van cp ni-t v nhanh chng ng van cp hi, ni-t s thay th hi trong h thng; Duy tr p sut trong h thng ch p sut d ng thi tin hnh tho nc ngng nh k;

Tho nc trong thit b kh mui xung mc 50% v thay th phn nc c rt ra ny bng kh ni-t; c. Np du vo h thng M van a du ra (flushing oil) vo h thng vi vn tc ti thiu thay th nc bn trong. Tip tc np du vo h thng (b qua thit b kh mui v bm du th) ti thit b gia nhit v thp chng ct chnh cho ti khi mc cht lng trong thp chng ct chnh mc hot ng bnh thng. Bm du t y thp chng ct ti tn ng hi ca bm tun hon nh thp (TPA), du chy xung dc theo thn thp, thit lp mc cht lng ti cc a ly cht lng ra thn thp v mc cht lng trong cc ct sc cnh thp chnh.

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Tun hon du ra t y thp chng ct chnh v b cha du th.

Duy tr h thng vi du ra trong vng 3-4 gi ng thi tin hnh tho nc lng ng ti cc v tr thp nht. d. Gia nhit h thng M van a hi thp p i qua b gia nhit hi qu nhit ca l gia nhit du th v x ra ngoi khng kh; Tin hnh tun hon du ra t y thp ti u vo l gia nhit v quay tr li thp chng ct chnh. Bt mt s u t trong l gia nhit nng nhit du tun hon t t ln khong 1000C. Tin hnh tun hon du ra t y thp chng ct chnh ti tn im u ca phn xng (v tr tip nhn du t b cha vo phn xng). Tip tc b qua thit b kh mui v nng nhit ca du tun hon ln khong 1000C. a du th vo h thng bt u t cc thit b trao i nhit (tn dng nhit), vn b qua thit b kh mui v bm du th. y du ra v b cha. Tin hnh tun hon du th vng tun hon ngn t dy thp ti l gia nhit ng thi nng t t nhit du th tun hon ln ti nhit thch hp; Khi ng cc bm rt sn phm cc a gia thp chng ct. Tin hnh tun hon du th vng tun hon di nh tin hnh vi du ra, duy tr du nhit khong 1000C. Chuyn li ch tun hon ngn ng thi iu chnh tng nhit du tun hon ln khong 2700C. Khi ng bm tun hon cnh thp v bm cp du th cp du th vo vi lu lng ti thiu. Chy th thit b kh mui v bm du th, gim tc tun hon v dng hn ch tun hon. Bt u a hi sc vo y thp chng ct v tng dn nhit du ra khi thit b gia nhit. Sc hi vo cc ct sc cnh thp v thit lp mc cht lng trong cc ct sc ny mc thch hp.

Thit lp ch hot ng ca b phn ngng t v thu hi sn phm nh. e. iu chnh ch hot ng thp thu sn phm

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Khi tt c cc thit b trong phn xng ch hot ng bnh thng tin hnh thu cc sn phm cha t tiu chun v cc v tr thch hp: + Kh thi a ti ct uc; + Cc sn phm lng a quay tr li b cha du th. + Cc kh nhin liu a ti ct uc sau a vo h thng kh

nhin liu trong nh my. Khi cc sn phm Kerosen, LGO, HGO t tiu chun cht lng yu cu th a cc sn phm ny v b cha trung gian cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo hoc ti h thng pha trn sn phm cui cng. Cn chng ct c a ti b cha trung gian hoc a thng ti cc phn xng ch bin pha sau nu cc phn xng ny khi ng xong ang ch nguyn liu trc tip t phn xng chng ct p

sut kh quyn. 5.5. CU HI V BI TP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Hy trnh by cc phn on chng ct chnh ca du th v nhit im ct cc phn on ny; Trnh by khi nim im ct, nhit im si u v nhit im si cui trong chng ct du th v cc sn phm du m. Trnh by mt s nguyn tc c bn cn lu trong thit k thp chng ct du th. Phn loi thp chng ct, u nhc im ca tng loi thp. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp a. Cc loi thp a. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp m. Cc dng m c bn . Trnh by vai tr ca thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Ti sao phi tin hnh chng ct cn p sut chn khng, vai tr ca thp chng ct chn khng trong ch bin du kh? Ti sao phi tin hnh tch mui v kh kim loi khi du th? Trnh by cc phng php chnh kh mui, nguyn l hot ng ca cc phng php ny.

10. Ti sao thp chng ct chn khng li thng s dng loi thp m?

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