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Li m u:
Ngy nay khi nhu cu v thng tin qung co rt ln , vic p dng cc phng tin k thut mi vo cc lnh vc trn l rt cn thit . Khi bn n cc ni cng cng, bn d dng bt gp nhng p phch qung co in t chy theo cc hng khc nhau vi nhiu hnh nh v mu sc rt n tng. T yu cu ca mn hc k thut vi x l v thc tin nh trn, chng em quyt nh chn ti cho bi tp ln mn hc l:

Thit k mch hin th dng ma trn LED.

Khi ti c m rng th s c kh nng ng dng thc tin rt ln .Ni tm li, trong thi i bng n thng tin hin nay, kh nng ng dng v tim lc pht trin ca h thng ny l rt ln, c bit Vit Nam, cc h thng nh vy cn rt t, hu ht u c nhp t nc ngoi vi gi thnh kh cao.

I) C s l thuyt:
Da trn nguyn tc nh qut mn hnh, ta c th thc hin vic hin th ma trn n bng cch qut theo hng v qut theo ct. Mi Led trn ma trn LED c th coi nh mt im nh. a ch ca mi im nh ny c xc nh ng thi bi mch gii m hng v gii m ct, im nh ny s c xc nh trng thi nh d liu a ra t b vi iu khin 8951. Nh vy ti mi thi im ch c trng thi ca mt im nh c xc nh. Tuy nhin khi xc nh a ch v trng thi ca im nh tip theo th cc im nh cn li s chuyn v trng thi tt (nu LED ang sng th s tt dn). V th hin th c ton b hnh nh ca ma trn n, ta c th qut ma trn nhiu ln vi tc qut rt ln, ln hn nhiu ln thi gian kp tt ca n. Mt ngi ch nhn bit c ti a 24 hnh/s do nu tc qut rt ln th s khng nhn ra c s thay i nh ca n m s thy c ton b hnh nh cn hin th. S khi:
Gii m ct Data Gii m hng

Ma trn n LED

thc hin c qut hng v qut ct th ma trn LED c thit k nh sau:

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Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com Cc LED trn cng mt hng s c ni cc chn dng vi nhau. Cc LED trn cng mt ct s c ni cc chn m vi nhau nh hnh v Ta c th m phng mt ma trn Led n gin 4x4 nh sau:
Hng 1 2 3 4

Ct

S thit k ma trn LED Trng thi ca mt LED s c quyt nh bi tn hiu in p i vo ng thi c 2 chn. V d LED sng th in p 5V phi a vo chn dng v chn m phi c ni t, LED s tt khi khng c in p a vo chn dng. Vi ti ny, chng em chn loi ma trn LED 8x8 hin th. Ta c s nguyn l ca Ma trn LED 8x8:

ma trn c th sng nh hnh v (hin th mt phn ca ch ADIDAS):

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n LED th nht

n LED th hai

n Led th ba

Thc hin qut dng v ct: Chn ct 1, a in p ct 1 v 0. Sau chn v qut ln lt cc hng 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 nh sau: + n 1 tt in p a vo hng 1 l 0V. + n 2 tt in p a vo hng 2 l 0V. + n 3 sng in p a vo hng 3 l 5V. + n 4 sng in p a vo hng 4 l 5V. + n 5 sng in p a vo hng 5 l 5V. + n 6 sng in p a vo hng 6 l 5V. + n 7 sng in p a vo hng 7 l 5V. + n 8 sng in p a vo hng 8 l 5V. Chn ct 2, ni t. Sau qut ln lt cc hng 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. + n 1 tt in p a vo hng 1 l 0V. + n 2 sng in p a vo hng 2 l 5V + n 3 tt in p a vo hng 3 l 0V + n 4 sng in p a vo hng 4 l 5V + n 5 tt in p a vo hng 5 l 0V + n 6 tt in p a vo hng 6 l 0V + n 7 tt in p a vo hng 7 l 0V + n 8 tt in p a vo hng 8 l 0V Tip tc qut vi cc ct t 3 n 8 bng cch nh trn, sau chuyn sang qut n LED th hai v th ba mt cch tng t. mt ngi nhn bit c ton b hnh nh ca ma trn ta phi tin hnh qut nhiu ln. Do mt ngi khng phn bit c s thay i nh nu nh c qut vi tc 24 hnh/s nn nu ta qut nh vi tc ln hn hoc bng 24 hnh/s th nh s chy lin tc v khng b git
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II) Thit k:
thc hin c vic qut theo hng v qut theo ct ta cn phi lm nhng cng vic sau: Thit k ma trn LED theo m hnh nh ni trn. Thit k b phn knh a vo b gii m a ch ct cho tt c cc im nh. Thit k b m n nh d liu (gm b m hng v b m ct). 1) S khi ca mch hin th dng ma trn LED :

S khi cho mch iu khin ma trn LED 8 x 8. 2)Nhim v ca cc khi: B vi iu khin 8951: y l ni lu gi chng trnh iu khin chnh v d liu cho cc mch gii m hng v ct. AT89C51 l mt h vi tnh 8 bit n chip CMOS c hiu sut cao, cng sut ngun tiu th thp v c 4Kbyte b nh ROM Flash xo c/lp trnh c. Chip ny c sn xut da vo cng ngh b nh khng mt ni dung c tch hp cao. AT89C51 c cc c trng chun sau: 4Kbyte Flash, 128 byte RAM, 32 ng xut nhp, hai b nh thi/m 16 bit, mt cu trc ngt hai mc u tin v 5 nguyn nhn ngt, mt port ni tip song cng, mch to dao ng v to xung Clock trn Chip. Ch ngh dng CPU trong khi vn cho php RAM, cc b nh thi/m, Port ni tip v h thng ngt hot ng.
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i.

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com M t cc chn ca IC 8951: Vcc: Chn cung cp in. GND: Chn ni t. Port 0: Port 0 l port xut nhp 8 bit 2 chiu cc D h. Port 0 cn c cu hnh lm bus a ch (byte thp) v lm bus d liu a hp trong khi truy xut b nh d liu ngoi v b nh chng trnh ngoi. Port 0 cng nhn cc byte m trong khi lp trnh cho Flash v xut cc byte m trong khi kim tra chng trnh. Port 1: Port 1 l port xut nhp 8 bit hai chiu c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Khi cc logic 1 c ghi ln cc chn ca port 1, cc chn ny c ko ln mc cao bi cc in tr ko ln bn trong v c th c s dng nh l cc ng vo. Khi lm nhim v l cc port nhp, cc chn ca port 1 ang c ko xung mc thp do tc ng bn ngoi s cp dng do c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Port 2: Port 2 l port xut nhp 8 bit hai chiu c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Khi cc logic 1 c ghi ln cc chn ca port 2, cc chn ny c s dng nh l cc ng vo. Khi lm nhim v port nhp, cc chn ca port 2 ang c ko xung mc thp do tc ng bn ngoi s cp dng do c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Port 2 to ra byte cao ca bus a ch trong thi gian tm np lnh t b nh chng trnh ngoi, v trong thi gian truy xut b nh d liu ngoi s dng cc a ch 16 bit. Port 3: L port xut nhp 8 bit hai chiu c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Khi cc logic 1 c ghi ln cc chn ca port 3, cc chn ny c ko ln mc cao bi cc in tr ko ln bn trong v c th c s dng nh l cc ng vo. Khi lm nhim v port nhp, cc chn ca port 3 ang c ko xung mc thp do tc ng bn ngoi s cp dng do c cc in tr ko ln bn trong. Port 3 cn c s dng lm cc chc nng khc ca AT89C51: Chn Chc nng P3.0 g vo Port ni tip P3.1 g ra Port ni tip P3.2 g vo ngt ngoi 0 P3.3 g vo ngt ngoi 1 P3.4 g vo bn ngoi ca b nh thi 1 P3.5 g vo bn ngoi ca b nh thi 0 P3.6 iu khin ghi b nh d liu ngoi P3.7 iu khin c b nh d liu ngoi

RST: Ng vo Reset. Mc cao trn chn ny trong 2 chu k my trong khi b dao ng ang hot ng s Reset AT89C51.

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Mch Reset t ng khi khi ng my Vi bi ny chng em thc hin Reset bng cch ni chn 9 ca 8951 vi ngun 5V. ALE: ALE l mt xung ng ra cho php cht a ch ALE (Address Latch Enable) cho php cht byte thp ca a ch trong thi gian truy xut b nh ngoi. Chn ny cng c dng lm ng vo xung lp trnh ( PROG ) trong thi gian lp trnh cho Flash. Khi hot ng bnh thng, xung ca ng ra ALE lun lun c tn s bng 1/6 tn s ca mch dao ng trn chip, c th c s dng cho cc mc ch nh thi t bn ngoi v to xung Clock. Tuy nhin cn lu l mt xung ALE s b b qua trong mi chu k truy xut ca b nh d liu ngoi. Khi cn, hot ng cho php cht byte thp ca a ch s c v hiu ho bng cch set bit 0 ca thanh ghi chc nng c bit c a ch byte l 8E(h). Khi bit ny c set, ALE ch tch cc trong thi gian thc thi lnh MOVX hoc MOVC. Ngc li chn ny s c ko ln mc cao. Vic set bit khng cho php hot ng cht byte thp ca a ch s khng c tc dng nu b vi iu khin ang ch thc thi chng trnh ngoi. XTAL1: Ng vo n mch khuch i o ca mch dao ng v ng vo n mch to xung Clock bn trong chip. XTAL2: Ng ra t mch khuch i o ca mch dao ng. to mch dao ng cho vi iu khin 8951 hot ng, chng em chn mch to dao ng nh hnh v di y, vi cc gi tr ca linh kin l: C1 = C2 =30pF; Thch anh dao ng c tn s 12MHz.

Kt ni ca mch dao dng S chn ca IC AT89C51:

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ii.

Mch gii m ct: Dng 3 IC 74LS138 (3 u vo, 8 u ra) gii m cho cc ct ca cc ma trn LED. Do mi thi im ch c mt IC gii m c lm vic nn ta phi thit k mch phn knh chn IC lm vic. Dng chn P2.3 & P2.4 ca vi iu khin 8951 lm u vo cho mch phn knh . S chn IC 74LS138:

Ta c bng trng thi cho mch phn knh nh sau :

T ta c cc hm logic cho mch phn knh nh sau : Y 1 = P2.3 + P2.4 Y 2 = P2.3 + P 2.4

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Y 3 = P 2.3 + P2.4

Ta c s mch phn knh:

iii.

i vi hng ca ma trn LED : Ta dng 8 chn ca Port 1 ni trc tip vi 8 hng cu ma trn LED thng qua b m gm 2 IC 74LS126.

iv.

B m : in p c th a trc tip t b gii m hng qua cc cng NOT vo cc hng ca ma trn n. Tuy nhin in p ny c th khng n nh hoc c th xy ra hin tng nh hng ln nhau gia cc chn tn hiu a vo cc hng, dn n sng hoc tt ca n khng chnh xc. trnh hin tng ny ng thi trnh phi dng cc cng NOT, ti mi chn ra ca b gii m ta c th dng b m. B m thc cht l cc mch 3 trng thi (tri-state logic), gm c 1 u vo A, 1 u ra Y v 1 u iu khin G. Trng thi ca u ra Y do u iu khin G v u vo d liu A quyt nh. Khi u iu khin chn th tn hiu ti u ra s thay i theo tn hiu u vo; khi khng c chn th u ra s l trng thi tr khng cao, tn hiu ti u vo khng c a n u ra. Trong bi ny ta dng 2 loi b m. Vi cc d liu a n hng ca ma trn LED ta dng b m s dng IC 74LS126 . Ta c s IC 74LS126:

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com - S mch 3 trng thi :

Input Output

- Bng trng thi ca IC 74LS126 (tch cc mc 1): Input G Output 0 0 High Z nput G Output 1 0 High Z 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 HighZ High Z Khi u vo iu khin G = 0 th1u ra1 trng thi tr khng cao khng cho tn hiu i qua. Khi u vo iu khin G = 1 th tn hiu in p ti u ra s gi nguyn so vi tn hiu in p ti u vo (do khng phi dng cc cng NOT ti cc u ra ca b gii m). Vi cc d liu a n ct ca ma trn LED ta dng b m s dng IC 74LS125 Ta c s IC 74LS125:

Bng trng thi ca IC 74LS125 (tch cc mc 0):

Khi u vo iu khin G = 1 th u ra trng thi tr khng cao khng cho tn hiu i qua. Khi u vo iu khin G = 0 th tn hiu in p ti u ra s gi nguyn so vi tn hiu in p ti u vo (do khng phi dng cc cng NOT ti cc u ra ca b gii m). Ma trn LED: Dng 3 ma trn LED 8x8 hin th ni dung . 3) Thit k:

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com i vi hng ca bng hin th: dng cc chn ca Port 1 (t chn P1.0 n chn P1.7) ca vi iu khin 8951 lm u vo iu khin. Trc khi a vo cc chn iu khin hng ca ma trn, cc chn ca Port 1 c a vo cc chn iu khin G ca b m gm 2 IC 74LS125( c tt c l 8 u vo iu khin). u vo ca cc IC ny lun c ni vi ngun 5V, 8 u ra ca 2 IC ny c a n 8 hng ca ma trn LED. i vi gii m ct ca bng hin th: Dng cc chn Port 2 ca vi iu khin 8951 lm u vo cho b gii m ct. C th: Cc chn P2.0, P2.1, P2.2 lm ba u vo cho tng IC gii m 74LS138 (cc chn A1, A2, A3 ca 74LS138). Cc chn G2A,G2B ca IC 74LS138 c ni vi nhau v c ni vi 3 u ra ca mch phn knh. Chn P2.3, P2.4 lm u vo cho mch phn knh chn IC gii m lm vic ti tng thi dim lm vic. 24 u ra ca b gii m (gm 3 IC 74LS138) c a n cc u vo iu khin G ca b m (gm 6 IC 74LS125). u vo A ca 6 IC ny lun c ni vi t. u ra Y ca 6 IC ny (24 u ra) c ni vi 24 ct ca bng hin th gm 3 ma trn LED 8x8. 4) Nguyn l hot ng: - Trong khi b gii m ct chn ct th nht, b gii m hng s qut ln lt ht 8 hng, d liu c a vo s xc nh trng thi ca tt c cc n ti ct 1. - Tip tc qut ct th hai, b gii m hng li a d liu vo ln lt ht 8 hng v quyt nh trng thi ca tt c cc n ct 2. Qu trnh c th tip tc cho n khi qut ht 24 ct (do ta dng 3 ma trn LED 8x8). Vi ti ny, chng em chn tc qut l 60 ln v qut nhiu ln vi thi gian tr ca n l 255 us, ta s nhn bit c hnh nh trn ma trn l dng ch : ADIDAS ' chy t phi qua tri.

III) Cc linh kin dng trong mch:

1 IC AT89C51. 3 ma trn LED loi 8x8. 3 IC gii m 74LS138. 2 IC 74LS126. 6 IC 74LS125. 1 IC 7432 (cng OR). 1 IC 7404 (cng NOT). 2 t in gi tr 33 pF. 1 b dao ng thch anh tn s 12 MHz.

IV) Ti liu tham kho:

K thut Vi x l -- Tc gi Vn Th Minh--. Cu trc v lp trnh h vi iu khin 8051. -- Tc gi Nguyn Tng Cng, Phan Quc Thng -10

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M ngun ca chng trnh iu khin mch hin th dng ma trn LED ( S dng ngn ng lp trnh Assembly):
INCLUDE 89C51.MC ORG 0H JMP MAIN DB 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,252,10,9,10,252,0,255,129,129,66,60,0,129,129,255 ,129,129,0,255,129,129,66,60,0,252,10,9,10,252,0,70,137,137,137,114,0,0,0,0,0,64,224,208,184, 116,238,220,184,112,224,192,128,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ORG 100H

BEGIN: MOV DPTR,#26 CLR A CLR P3.1 MOV R7,#77 LOOP: CJNE R7,#0,QANH ACALL DELAY ACALL BEGIN QANH: MOV R6,#60 MOV A,DPL ADD A,#1 MOV DPL,A

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CLR A DEC R7 LOOP1: CJNE R6,#0,IMAGE LJMP LOOP IMAGE: MOV R5,#24 MOV R0,#0 MOV A,DPL SUBB A,#24 MOV DPL,A CLR A DEC R6 LOOP2: CJNE R5,#0,COLUMN LJMP LOOP1 COLUMN: MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV P1,#0 MOV P2,R0 MOV P1,A ACALL DELAY INC R0 DEC R5 CLR A INC DPTR LJMP LOOP2 DELAY:MOV TMOD,#02H

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MOV TH0,#0H SETB TR0 LOOP3:JNB TF0,LOOP3 CLR TF0 RET MAIN: ACALL BEGIN E ND

Hng pht trin ca chng trnh

Thc t hnh nh hin th ln hoc cn c phn gii tt i hi s lng n trong ma trn ln hn nhiu ln. T t ra mt yu cu l m rng ma trn n. Da trn c s l ma trn LED 8x8 nh ni trn, c th thit k m rng (bng cch tng thm s hng v s ct) theo nguyn l tng t (qut hng v qut ct) tuy nhin phi thm cc b m, cc b gii m a ch v b m. Do cc b m c t u ra ca b gii m ct nn gim s lng b m phi s dng c th m rng ma trn LED bng cch tng thm s ct. -

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