Khi Cu Dien Ha Ap

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM
KHOA IEN
BO CONG NGHIEP TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP. HO CH MINH
Bo mon : THIET B IEN

GIAO TRNH LY THUYET
TTTN TH IEN
Bien soan: BACH THANH QUY VAN TH KIEU NHI NINH VAN
TIEN Lu hanh noi bo THANG 09/ 2004
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 1/ 103
KHOA IEN
LI NOI AU
at nc Viet Nam trong cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa - hien ai hoa, nen kinh te ang tren a phat trien, viec s dung cac thiet b ien, kh cu ien vao trong xay lap cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat - lien doanh, khu nha cao tang ngay cang nhieu. V vay viec tm hieu ac tnh, ket cau, tnh toan la chon s dung rat can thiet cho sinh vien - hoc sinh nganh ien. Ngoai ra can phai cap nhat them nhng cong nghe mi ang khong ngng cai tien va nang cao cac thiet b ien, kh cu ien c cac hang san xuat ln nh: Merlin Gerin, Telemecanique, General Electric, Siemens. Quyen giao trnh nay c bien soan gom bon phan: - Phan 1 : Ly thuyet c ban cua kh cu ien. - Phan 2 : Tm hieu ac tnh, ket cau, tnh toan la chon s dung kh cu ien ha ap. - Phan 3 : Gii thieu ac tnh, ket cau kh cu ien cao ap. - Phan 4 : Mot so s o can ban ve nguyen ly ieu khien, van hanh. Trong moi phan c trnh bay cu the hnh dang thc te va v du tnh toan chon la cu the cho cac kh cu ien nham giup cho sinh vien - hoc sinh co the ng dung vao thc te. Trong qua trnh bien soan chac chan co sai sot, knh mong c ung ho va gop y chan thanh t quy oc gia.
BIEN SOAN
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PHAN 1 :
LY THUYET C BAN
CUA KH CU IEN
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CHNG 1: LC IEN ONG TRONG KH CU IEN

Khi li ien xay ra s co ngan mach, dong ien s co gap chuc lan dong ien nh mc. Di tac dung cua t trng, cac dong ien nay gay ra lc ien ong lam bien dang day dan va cach ien nang chung. Nh vay kh cu ien co kha nang chu lc tac ong phat sinh khi co dong ien ngan mach chay qua la mot tieu chuan khong the thieu cua kh cu ien. c goi la tnh on nh ien ong. I . PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG Co the s dung mot trong hai phng phap sau e tnh lc ien ong: 1. Phng phap da tren s tac dung gia dong ien at trong t trng va cam ng t cua t trng o. Goi : i la dong ien chay qua day dan (A). l la chieu dai day dan ien. dl la mot nguyen to cua chieu dai day dan ien. B la cam ng t (do dong ien khac tao ra). la goc gia day dan 1 va cam ng t B. F la lc ien ong. Khi co dong ien i chay qua mot nguyen to day dan dl at trong t trng co cam ng t B th se sinh ra lc ien ong tac dung len nguyen to nay: dF = i.B.dl.sin Khi xet lc tren ca oan day l:
l l
F .B.sin .dl i.B.l.sin dF i

0 0
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Khi day dan at vuong goc vi cam ng t th = 90 o : F = i.B.l 2. Phng phap da tren s can bang nang lng cua he thong day dan. Goi : W la nang lng ien t. x la oan ng dch chuyen theo hng tac dung cua lc. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 4/ 103
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F la lc ien ong can tnh. Nh vay lc ien ong c tnh qua nang lng ien t:
He thong gom hai mach vong: Nang lng ien t cua he thong la:
W x
W
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Trong o: L 1 , L 2 la ien cam cua cac mach vong. i 1 , i 2 la dong ien chay trong cac mach vong. M la ien cam tng ho. He thong la mach vong oc lap:
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1 1 2 . L1 .i12 . L2 .i2 M .i1 .i2 2 2
W A .L.i 2 .
1 2
Trong o: L la ien cam cua mach vong oc lap i la dong ien chay trong mach vong. la t thong moc vong. la t thong. n la so vong day trong mach vong. Lc tac dung trong mach vong se hng theo chieu sao cho ien cam, t thong moc vong va t thong khi bien dang mach vong di tac dung cua lc nay tang len II . TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG GIA CAC DAY DAN SONG SONG Khi hai day dan at song song, lc ien t sinh ra c tnh theo cong thc: l2 o l1 x x dx F .i1 .i 2 4a (1 x) 2 a 2 x2 a 2 0 Trong o: - l 1 , l 2 la chieu dai cua hai day dan song song. - i 1 , i 2 la dong ien qua hai day dan song song.
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1 2 1 1 .i . .i .n..i 2 i 2 2

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- o la o dan t cua khong kh, o =4.10 -7 H/m. - a la khoang cach gia hai day dan. - x la oan ng dch chuyen theo hng tac dung cua lc.
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM 1. Hai day dan song song co cung chieu dai
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l1 = l2 = l - Lc ien sinh ra:

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2 o 2l a a .i1 .i 2 . 1 F 4 a l l
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Khi khoang cach gia day dan be ang ke so vi chieu dai cua chung:
2. Hai day dan song song khong cung chieu dai B1 C1

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o 2l .i1 .i 2 . 4 a
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i C2
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Trong o: C 1 , C 2 la khoang cach ng cheo cua hai day dan. B 1 , B 2 la khoang cach ng cheo cua hai day dan.
B2
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Lc ien ong sinh ra:
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o C 2 l C 2 B1 B2 .i1 .i 2 . . 1 4 a a
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III . TNH TOAN LC IEN ONG LEN VONG DAY, GIA CAC CUON DAY 1. Tnh toan lc trong vong day: R la ban knh cua vong day dan. 2r la ng knh cua day dan. I la dong ien chay trong day dan. Lc tac ong: R F 2r i 2. Tnh toan lc trong vong day: F 2R c F
1
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8R .i 2 ln 0,75 2 r
F
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h 2R
2
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R2 > R1
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Lc tac ong:
F o .i1.i2
R1.h h2 c2
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IV . LC IEN ONG TRONG DONG IEN XOAY CHIEU- CONG HNG C KH. 1. Lc ien ong trong dong ien xoay chieu mot pha: Dong ien xoay chieu mot pha bien oi theo quy luat: i = I m .sint trong o: I m la bien o cua dong ien, la tan so goc. Neu cac dong ien trong cac day dan co cung chieu th cac day dan b hut vao nhau vi lc:
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2 2 F c.I m.sin 2 t c.I m
1 cos 2 t Fm Fm . cos 2 t 2 2 2
o 2l . 4 a F m la tr so lc cc ai. 2. Lc ien ong trong dong ien xoay chieu ba pha: Dong ien xoay chieu ba pha bien oi theo quy luat: i 1 = I m .sint
c la hang so =
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2 3 4 i3 I m.sin t 3
i2 I m.sin t
Lc tac dung len day dan cua pha 1: F 1 = F 12 + F 13 F 12 la lc ien ong gia cac day dan cua pha 1 va 2. F 13 la lc ien ong gia cac day dan cua pha 1 va 3.
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2 3 1 2 4 F13 c.I m . sin t. sin t 2 3

2 F12 c.I m . sin t. sin t
2 1 4 2 F1 c.I m . sin t. t sin t sin 3 2 3
Tng t, ta co: Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 9/ 103

2 1
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4
2 . F 2 = F 21 + F 23 = c.I m .sin t sin t sin t 3 2 3

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2 1 4 2 c.Im.sint. t sin t sin F3 = - F1 = 3 2 3

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3. Cong hng c kh: Trong trng hp khi tan so cua thanh phan bien thien cua lc gan vi tan so rieng cua dao ong c kh se sinh ra hien tng cong hng. Hien tng nay co kha nang pha hong kh cu ien . Thong thng, ngi ta chon tan so rieng cua cac dao ong c kh ln hn gap oi tan so cua lc. V . ON NH LC IEN ONG. o ben c kh cua vat lieu phu thuoc khong ch vao o ln cua lc ma con phu thuoc vao chieu, o dai thi gian tac ong va o doc tang len. Kh cu ien on nh lc ien ong phai thoa man: - Viec tnh toan lc ien ong: tnh theo dong ien xung cua hien tng ngan mach. - Viec tnh toan o ben ong hoc khi co hien tng cong hng.
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 10/ Trang 10/ 103
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CHNG 2: PHAT NONG KH CU IEN

I. KHAI NIEM Khi kh cu ien lam viec lau dai trong cac mach dan ien, nhiet o cua kh cu ien tang len gay ton that ien nang di dang nhiet nang va ot nong cac bo phan dan ien va cach ien cua kh cu. V vay, kh cu ien lam viec c trong moi che o khi nhiet o cua cac bo phan phai khong qua nhng gia tr cho phep lam viec an toan lau dai. II . TNH TOAN TON THAT IEN NANG TRONG KH CU IEN Ton that ien nang trong kh cu ien c tnh theo:
t
Q 2 .R.t i
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Q : ien nang ton that. i : dong ien trong mach. R : ien tr cua kh cu. t : thi gian co dong ien chay qua. oi vi day dan ong chat: (1 .m ).l R o o : ien tr suat cua vat lieu 0 o C. l : chieu dai day dan. : he so nhiet o cua ien tr. m : nhiet o cho phep che o nh mc. s : tiet dien co dong ien chay qua. Tuy theo kh cu ien tao nen t cac vat lieu khac nhau, kch thc khac nhau, hnh dang khac nhau se phat sinh ton that khac nhau.
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TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM III . CAC CHE O PHAT NONG CUA KH CU IEN
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Sau ay la BANG NHIET O CHO PHEP CUA MOT SO VAT LIEU: Vat lieu lam kh cu ien - Vat lieu khong boc cach ien hoac e xa chat cach ien. - Day noi dang tiep xuc co nh. - Vat lieu co tiep xuc dang hnh ngon. - Tiep xuc trt cua Cu va hp kim Cu. - Tiep xuc ma bac. - Vat khong dan ien va khong boc cach ien. Vat lieu cach ien Cap cach nhiet Nhiet o cho phep ( o C)
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Nhiet o cho phep ( o C) 90 - Vai si, giay khong tam cach ien. Y 105 - Vai si, giay co tam cach ien. A - Hp chat tong hp. E 120 - Mica, si thuy tinh. B 130 - Mica, si thuy tinh co tam cach ien. F 155 180 - Chat tong hp Silic. H C > 180 - S cach ien. Tuy theo che o lam viec khac nhau, moi kh cu ien se co s phat nong khac nhau. 1. Che o lam viec lau dai cua kh cu ien: Khi kh cu ien lam viec lau dai, nhiet o trong kh cu cu bat au tang va en nhiet o on nh th khong tang na, luc nay se toa nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh.
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on nh
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Ly ThuyetaKh Cu ien ban u

t(s) 12/ Trang 12/ 103
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2. Che o lam viec ngan han cua kh cu ien: Che o lam viec ngan han cua kh cu la che o khi ong ien nhiet o cua no khong at ti nhiet o on nh, sau khi phat nong ngan han, kh cu c ngat, nhiet o cua no sut xuong ti mc khong so sanh c vi moi trng xung quanh. on nh
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phat nong
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ban au
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t(s)
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3. Che o lam viec ngan han lap lai cua kh cu ien: Nhiet o cua kh cu ien tang len trong khoang thi gian kh cu lam viec, nhiet o giam xuong trong khoang thi gian kh cu ngh, nhiet o giam cha at en gia tr ban au th kh cu ien lam viec lap lai. Sau khoang thi gian, nhiet o tang len ln nhat gan bang nhiet o giam nho nhat th kh cu ien at c che o dng. on nh
max min
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phat nong
ban au
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t(s)
t lam viec
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t ngh
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CHNG 3: TIEP XUC IEN HO QUANG IEN

I . TIEP XUC IEN 1. Khai niem: Tiep xuc ien la ni ma dong ien i t vat dan nay sang vat dan khac. Be mat tiep xuc cua hai vat dan c goi la tiep xuc ien. Cac yeu cau c ban cua tiep xuc ien: + Ni tiep xuc ien phai chac chan, am bao. + Moi noi tiep xuc phai co o ben c kh cao. + Moi noi khong c phat nong qua gia tr cho phep. + On nh nhiet va on nh ong khi co dong ien cc ai i qua. + Chu c tac ong cua moi trng (nhiet o, chat hoa hoc.) e am bao cac yeu cau tren, vat lieu dung lam tiep iem co cac yeu cau: + ien dan va nhiet dan cao. + o ben chong r trong khong kh va trong cac kh khac. + o ben chong tao lp mang co ien tr suat cao. + o cng be e giam lc nen. + o cng cao e giam hao mon cac bo phan ong ngat. + o ben chu ho quang cao ( nhiet o nong chay). + n gian gia cong, gia thanh ha. Mot so vat lieu dung lam tiep iem: ong, bac, nhom, Von-fram 2. Phan loai tiep xuc ien: Da vao ket cau tiep iem, co cac loai tiep xuc ien sau: a) Tiep xuc co nh: Cac tiep iem c noi co nh vi cac chi tiet dan dong ien nh la: thanh cai, cap ien, cho noi kh cu vao mach. Trong qua trnh s dung, ca hai tiep iem c gan chat vao nhau nh cac bu-long, han nong hay han nguoi. b) Tiep xuc ong m : La tiep xuc e ong ngat mach ien. Trong trng hp nay phat sinh ho quang ien, can xac nh khoang cach gia tiep iem tnh va ong da vao dong ien nh mc, ien ap nh mc va che o lam viec cua kh cu ien.
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c) Tiep xuc trt : La tiep xuc co gop va vanh trt, tiep xuc nay cung de sinh ra ho quang ien. 3. Cac yeu to anh hng en ien tr tiep xuc: - Vat lieu lam tiep iem: vat lieu mem tiep xuc tot. - Kim loai lam tiep iem khong b oxy hoa. - Lc ep tiep iem cang ln th se tao nen nhieu tiep iem tiep xuc. - Nhiet o tiep iem cang cao th ien tr tiep xuc cang ln. - Dien tch tiep xuc. Thong thng dung hp kim e lam tiep iem. II . HO QUANG IEN 1. Khai niem: Trong cac kh cu ien dung e ong ngat mach ien( cau dao, contactor, rle) khi chuyen mach se phat sinh hien tng phong ien. Neu dong ien ngat di 0,1A va ien ap tai cac tiep iem khoang 250V-300V th cac tiep iem se phong ien am . Trng hp dong ien va ien ap cao hn tr so trong bang sau se sinh ra ho quang ien. Vat lieu lam tiep iem Platin Vang Bac Von-fram ong Than Z U (V) 17 15 12 17 12,3 18-22 I hq
I(A) 0,9 0,38 0,4 0,9 0,43 0,03
Uh
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2. Tnh chat c ban cua phong ien ho quang: - Phong ien ho quang ch xay ra khi cac dong ien co tr so ln. - Nhiet o trung tam ho quang rat ln va trong cac kh cu co the en 6000- 18000 o K. - Mat o dong ien tai catot ln (10 4 10 5 )A/cm 2 . - Sut ap catot bang 10-20V va thc te khong phu thuoc vao dong ien. 3. Qua trnh phat sinh va dap tat ho quang: a) Qua trnh phat sinh ho quang ien: oi vi tiep iem co dong ien be, ban au khoang cach gia chung nho trong khi ien ap at co tr so nhat nh, v vay trong khoang khong gian nay se sinh ra ien trng co cng o rat ln (3.10 7 V/cm) co the lam bat ien t t catot goi la phat xa t ong ien t (goi la phat xa nguoi ien t). So ien t cang nhieu, chuyen ong di tac dung cua ien trng lam ion hoa khong kh gay ho quang ien. oi vi tiep iem co dong ien ln, qua trnh phat sinh ho quang phc tap hn. Luc au m tiep iem, lc ep gia chung co tr so nho nen so tiep iem tiep xuc e dong ien i qua t. Mat o dong ien tang ang ke en hang chuc nghn A/cm 2 , do o tai cac tiep iem s phat nong se tang en mc lam cho nhau, giot kim loai c keo cang ra tr thanh cau chat long va noi lien hai tiep iem nay, nhiet o cua cau chat long tiep tuc tang, luc o cau chat long boc hi va trong khong gian gia hai tiep iem xuat hien ho quang ien. V qua trnh phat nong cua cau thc hien rat nhanh nen s boc hi mang tnh chat no. Khi cau chat long cat keo theo s mai mon tiep iem, ieu nay rat quan trong khi ngat dong ien qua ln hay qua trnh ong m xay ra thng xuyen. b) Qua trnh dap tat ho quang ien: ieu kien dap tat ho quang la qua trnh ngc lai vi qua trnh phat sinh ho quang. - Ha nhiet o ho quang. - Keo dai ho quang. - Chia ho quang thanh nhieu oan nho. - Dung nang lng ben ngoai hoac chnh no e thoi tat ho quang. - Mac ien tr Shunt e tieu thu nang lng ho quang. Thiet b e dap tat ho quang.
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- Ha nhiet o ho quang bang cach dung hi kh hoac dau lam nguoi, dung vach ngan e ho quang co xat. - Chia ho quang thanh nhieu cot nho va keo dai ho quang bang cach dung vach ngan chia thanh nhieu phan nho va thoi kh dap tat. - Dung nang lng ben ngoai hoac chnh no e thoi tat ho quang, nang lng cua no tao ap suat e thoi tat ho quang. - Mac ien tr Shunt e tieu thu nang lng ho quang (dung ien tr mac song song vi hai tiep iem sinh ho quang).
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PHAN 2 :
TM HIEU AC TNH, KET CAU, TNH TOAN LA CHON S DUNG
KH CU IEN HA AP
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CHNG 2 : KH CU IEN ONG NGAT BAO VE MACH IEN A - CB (CIRCUIT BREAKER) I . KHAI NIEM VA YEU CAU. CB (CB c viet tat t danh t Circuit Breaker- tieng Anh), ten khac nh : Disjonteur (tieng Phap) hay Aptomat (theo Lien Xo). CB la kh cu ien dung ong ngat mach ien (mot pha, ba pha); co cong dung bao ve qua tai, ngan mach, sut ap mach ien. Chon CB phai thoa ba yeu cau sau: + Che o lam viec nh mc cua CB phai la che o lam viec dai han, ngha la tr so dong ien nh mc chay qua CB lau tuy y. Mat khac, mach dong ien cua CB phai chu c dong ien ln (khi co ngan mach) luc cac tiep iem cua no a ong hay ang ong. + CB phai ngat c tr so dong ien ngan mach ln, co the vai chuc KA. Sau khi ngat dong ien ngan mach, CB am bao van lam viec tot tr so dong ien nh mc. + e nang cao tnh on nh nhiet va ien ong cua cac thiet b ien, han che s pha hoai do dong ien ngan mach gay ra, CB phai co thi gian cat be. Muon vay thng phai ket hp lc thao tac c hoc vi thiet b dap ho quang ben trong CB. II . CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG. 1. Cau tao: a. Tiep iem CB thng c che tao co hai cap tiep iem (tiep iem chnh va ho quang), hoac ba cap tiep iem (chnh, phu, ho quanq). Khi ong mach, tiep iem ho quang ong trc, tiep theo la tiep iem phu, sau cung la tiep iem chnh. Khi cat mach th ngc lai, tiep iem chnh m trc, sau en tiep iem phu, cuoi cung la tiep iem ho quang Nh vay ho quang ch chay tren tiep iem ho quang, do o bao ve c tiep iem chnh e dan ien. Dung them tiep iem phu e tranh ho quang chay lan vao lam h hai tiep iem chnh. b. Hop dap ho quang Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 19/ Trang 19/ 103
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e CB dap c ho quang trong tat ca cac che o lam viec cua li ien, ngi ta thng dung hai kieu thiet b dap ho quang la: kieu na kn va kieu h. Kieu na kn c at trong vo kn cua CB va co lo thoat kh. Kieu nay co dong ien gii han cat khong qua 50KA. Kieu h c dung khi gii han dong ien cat ln hn 50KA hoac ien ap ln 1000V(cao ap). Trong buong dap ho quang thong dung, ngi ta dung nhng tam thep xep thanh li ngan, e phan chia ho quang thanh nhieu oan ngan thuan li cho viec dap tat ho quang. c. C cau truyen ong cat CB Truyen ong cat CB thng co hai cach : bang tay va bang c ien (ien t, ong c ien). ieu khien bang tay c thc hien vi cac CB co dong ien nh mc khong ln hn 600A. ieu khien bang ien t (nam cham ien) c ng dung cac CB co dong ien ln hn (en 1000A). e tang lc ieu khien bang tay ngi ta dung mot tay dai phu theo nguyen ly on bay. Ngoai ra con co cach ieu khien bang ong c ien hoac kh nen. d. Moc bao ve CB t ong cat nh cac phan t bao ve goi la moc bao ve, se tac ong khi mach ien co s co qua dong ien (qua tai hay ngan mach) va sut ap. + Moc bao ve qua dong ien (con goi la bao ve dong ien cc ai) e bao ve thiet b ien khong b qua tai va ngan mach, ng thi gian dong ien cua moc bao ve phai nam di ng ac tnh cua oi tng can bao ve. Ngi ta thng dung he thong ien t va rle nhiet lam moc bao ve, at ben trong CB. Moc kieu ien t co cuon day mac noi tiep vi mach chnh, cuon day nay c quan tiet dien ln chu dong tai va t vong. Khi dong ien vt qua tr so cho phep th phan ng b hut va moc se dap vao khp ri t do, lam tiep iem cua CB m ra. ieu chnh vt e thay oi lc khang cua lo xo, ta co the ieu chnh c tr so dong ien tac ong. e gi thi gian trong bao ve qua tai kieu ien t, ngi ta them mot c cau gi thi gian (v du banh xe rang nh trong c cau ong ho). Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 20/ Trang 20/ 103
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Moc kieu rle nhiet n gian hn ca, co ket cau tng t nh rle nhiet co phan t phat nong au noi tiep vi mach ien chnh, tam kim loai kep dan n lam nha khp ri t do e m tiep iem cua CB khi co qua tai. Kieu nay co thieu sot la quan tnh nhiet ln nen khong ngat nhanh c dong ien tang vot khi co ngan mach, do o ch bao ve c dong ien qua tai. V vay ngi ta thng s dung tong hp ca moc kieu ien t va moc kieu rle nhiet trong mot CB. Loai nay c dung CB co dong ien nh mc en 600A. + Moc bao ve sut ap (con goi la bao ve ien ap thap) cung thng dung kieu ien t. Cuon day mac song song vi mach ien chnh, cuon day nay c quan t vong vi day tiet dien nho chu ien ap nguon . 2. Nguyen ly hoat ong: S o nguyen ly cua CB dong ien cc ai va CB ien ap thap c trnh bay tren hnh ben. trang thai bnh thng sau khi ong ien, CB c gi trang thai ong tiep iem nh moc 2 khp vi moc 3 cung mot cum vi tiep iem ong. source 2 3
6 4 5 Cuon day bao ve qua dong
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Bat CB trang thai ON, vi dong ien nh mc nam cham ien 5 va phan ng 4 khong hut. Khi mach ien qua tai hay ngan mach, lc hut ien t nam cham ien 5 ln hn lc lo xo 6 lam cho nam cham ien 5 se hut phan ng 4 xuong lam bat nha moc 3, moc 5 c tha t do, lo xo 1 c tha long, ket qua cac tiep iem cua CB c m ra, mach ien b ngat. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 21/ Trang 21/ 103
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source 7
10 11 load Cuon day bao ve sut ap
Bat CB trang thai ON, vi ien ap nh mc nam cham ien 11 va phan ng 10 hut lai vi nhau. Khi sut ap qua mc, nam cham ien 11 se nha phan ng 10, lo xo 9 keo moc 8 bat len, moc 7 tha t do, tha long, lo xo 1 c tha long, ket qua cac tiep iem cua CB c m ra, mach ien b ngat. 3. Phan loai va cach la chon CB Theo ket cau, ngi ta chia CB ra ba loai: mot cc, hai cc va ba cc. Theo thi gian thao tac, ngi ta chia CB ra loai tac ong khong tc thi va loai tac ong tc thi (nhanh). Tuy theo cong dung bao ve, ngi ta chia CB ra cac loai: CB cc ai theo dong ien, CB cc tieu theo ien ap, CB dong ien ngc v.v Viec la chon CB, chu yeu da vao : - Dong ien tnh toan i trong mach. - Dong ien qua tai. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 22/ Trang 22/ 103
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- Khi CB thao tac phai co tnh chon loc. Ngoai ra la chon CB con phai can c vao ac tnh lam viec cua phu tai la CB khong c phep cat khi co qua tai ngan han thng xay ra trong ieu kien lam viec bnh thng nh dong ien khi ong, dong ien nh trong phu tai cong nghe. Yeu cau chung la dong ien nh mc cua moc bao ve I CB khong c be hn dong ien tnh toan Itt cua mach. Tuy theo ac tnh va ieu kien lam viec cu the cua phu tai, ngi ta hng dan la chon dong ien nh mc cua moc bao ve bang 125%, 150% hay ln hn na so vi dong ien tnh toan mach. Sau ay la mot so hnh anh cua CB hang Merlin Gerin
BB BB
Trang thai ON Trang thai CB tac ong co s co Trang thai OFF
Push to trip (nhan vao e th CB)
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CAU HOI PHAN A 1. Cho biet cong dung, cau tao, cac loai CB 2. Hay neu nguyen ly hoat ong cua cac loai CB 3. Cach chon CB Bai tap 1: chon CB dung e ong cat cho mach gom cac thiet b sau : 10 bo en. Moi bo co cong suat sau : 40W; U dm =220V; Cos = 0.8 10 quat. Moi quat co cong suat 60W; U dm =220V; Cos = 0.9 Bai tap 2: Chon CB dung e ong cat cho ong c ba pha co thong so sau: P dm =5HP; U dm = 380V; Cos dm =0.8; K mm = 3 Bai tap 3 : Chon CB e ong cat cho mach 2 ong c 3 pha co thong so sau: ong c 1 : P dm1 =5HP; U dm1 = 380 V; Cos dm1 = 0.8; K mm = 4 ong c 2 : P dm2 =7.5HP; U dm2 = 380V; Cos dm2 = 0.85; K mm2 = 5.
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM B - CAU CH
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I . KHAI NIEM VA YEU CAU. Cau ch la mot loai kh cu ien dung e bao ve thiet b va li ien tranh s co ngan mach, thng dung e bao ve cho ng day dan, may bien ap, ong c ien, thiet b ien, mach ien ieu khien, mach ien thap sang. Cau ch co ac iem la n gian, kch thc be, kha nang cat ln va gia thanh ha nen c ng dung rong rai. Cac tnh chat va yeu cau cua cau ch: - Cau ch co ac tnh lam viec on nh, khong tac ong khi co dong ien m may va dong ien nh mc lau dai i qua. - ac tnh A-s cua cau ch phai thap hn ac tnh cua oi tng bao ve. - Khi co s co ngan mach, cau ch tac ong phai co tnh chon loc. - Viec thay the cau ch b chay phai de dang va ton t thi gian. II . CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG. 1. Cau tao: Cau ch bao gom cac thanh phan sau : + Phan t ngat mach : ay chnh la thanh phan chnh cua cau ch, phan t nay phai co kha nang cam nhan c gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien qua no. Phan t nay co gia tr ien tr suat rat be ( thng bang bac , ong, hay cac vat lieu dan co gia tr ien tr suat nho lan can vi cac gia tr neu tren ..). Hnh dang cua phan t co the dang la mot day (tiet dien tron) , dang bang mong . + Than cua cau ch : thng bang thuy tinh, ceramic (s gom ) hay cac vat lieu khac tng ng. Vat lieu tao thanh than cua cau ch phai am bao c hai tnh chat : - Co o ben c kh . - Co o ben ve ieu kien dan nhiet , va chu ng c cac s thay oi nhiet o ot ngot ma khong h hong. + Vat lieu lap ay ( bao boc quanh phan t ngat mach trong than cau ch ) : thng bang vat lieu silicat dang hat, no phai co kha nang hap thu c nang lng sinh ra do ho quang va phai am bao tnh cach ien khi xay ra hien tng ngat mach. + Cac au noi : Cac thanh phan nay dung nh v co nh cau ch tren cac thiet b ong ngat mach ; ong thi phai am bao tnh tiep xuc ien tot. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 28/ Trang 28/ 103
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2. Nguyen ly hoat ong: ac tnh c ban cua cau ch la s phu thuoc cua thi gian chay t vi dong ien chay qua (ac tnh ampe giay). e co tac dung bao ve, ng ampe giay cua cau ch tai moi iem phai thap hn ac tnh cua oi tng can bao ve. + oi vi dong ien nh mc cua cau ch : nang lng sinh ra do hieu ng Joule khi co dong ien nh mc chay qua se toa ra moi trng va khong gay nen s nong chay, s can bang nhiet se c thiet lap mot gia tr ma khong gay s gia hoa hay pha hong bat c phan t nao cua cau ch. + oi vi dong ien ngan mach cua cau ch : s can bang tren cau ch b pha huy, nhiet nang tren cau ch tang cao va dan en s pha huy cau ch. Ngi ta phan thanh hai giai oan khi xay ra s pha huy cau ch : Qua trnh tien ho quang (t p ). Qua trnh sinh ra ho quang (t a )
BB BB BB BB
I Dong ien tieho n quang I p
Dong phong ien oan Dong trong n ie qua ho trnh quang
t 0 : thi iem bat au s co. t p : thi iem cham dt giai oan tien ho quang. t t : thi iem cham dt qua trnh phat sinh ho
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tt
(tp (ta Thi gian tien ho Thi gian sinh ho Thi gian toaquang n bo qua quang trnh Gian o thi gian cua qua trnh phat sinh ho quang. Qua trnh tien ho quang : gia s tai thi iem t 0 phat sinh s qua dong, trong khoang thi gian t p lam nong chay cau ch va phat sinh ra ho quang ien.
BB BB BB BB
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Khoang thi gian nay phu thuoc vao gia tr dong ien tao nen do s co va s cam bien cua cau ch . Qua trnh phat sinh ho quang : tai thi iem t p ho quang sinh ra cho en thi iem t t mi dap tat toan bo ho quang. Trong suot qua trnh nay, nang lng sinh ra do ho quang lam nong chay cac chat lam ay tai moi trng ho quang sinh ra; ien ap hai au cau ch hoi phuc lai, mach ien c ngat ra.
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3. Phan loai, ky hieu, cong dung: Cau ch dung trong li ien ha the co nhieu hnh dang khac nhau, trong s o nguyen ly ta thng ky hieu cho cau ch theo mot trong cac dang sau :
F1 . FUSE

Vo hop cha cau ch ( Loai 3 pha )
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Cau ch dang ong
Hop cha cau ch ang v the m , (cau ch co kem theo contact ong m mach).
PP
Hnh dang cua cau ch ong, va vo hop (Cau ch cua SIEMENS)
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Cau ch dang ON Cau ch dang OFF Cau ch v the ang thay the S o mo ta cau tao ben trong mot dang cau ch dung kem theo contact ong (ON) m (OFF).
Cau tao ben trong mot dang cau ch dung kem theo contact ong (ON) m (OFF). Dang cau ch trong hnh 3.2 va 3.3 khong thao tac lap at giong nhau.
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Hnh dang cua e dung lap at cau ch (dang xoay ) Cau ch co the c chia thanh hai dang c ban, tuy thuoc vao nhiem vu : + Cau ch loai g : cau ch dang nay co kha nang ngat mach, khi co s co qua tai hay ngan mach xay ra tren phu tai. + Cau ch loai a : cau ch dang nay ch co kha nang bao ve duy nhat trang thai ngan mach tren tai. Muon phan biet nhiem vu lam viec cua cau ch, ta can can c vao ac tuyen Ampe - giay (la ng bieu dien mo ta moi quan he gia dong ien qua cau ch va thi gian ngat mach cua cau ch). Goi I cc : gia tr dong ien ngan mach ( cc : court circuit Phap van) I s : gia tr dong ien qua tai ( s : surchage Phap van). Vi cau ch loai g : khi co dong I cc qua mach no phai ngat mach tc th, va khi co dong I s qua mach cau ch khong ngat mach tc th ma duy tr mot khoang thi gian mi ngat mach (thi gian ngat mach va gia tr dong I s t le nghch vi nhau). Vi cau ch loai a : no cho phep dong ien I s qua mach trong thi gian dai, va khi co dong ngan mach I cc qua no, no khong ngat tc th ma duy tr mot khoang thi gian mi ngat mach ( thi gian ngat mach va gia tr dong I cc t le nghch vi nhau ).
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Do o neu quan sat hai ac tnh Ampe - giay cua hai loai cau ch a va g; ta nhan thay ac tnh Ampe - giay cua cau ch loai a nam xa truc thi gian ( truc tung ) va cao hn ac tnh Ampe - giay cua cau ch loai g. t cau ch loai g iem qua tai ac tnh Ampe giay cua cau ch iem ngan mach Icc In Is I In t Vung bao ve qua tai cau ch loai a qua tai ac tnh Ampere giay cua cau ch iem ngan mach Icc I
ac tnh ampere giay cua cac loai cau ch . 4. Cac ac tnh ien cua cau ch: ien ap nh mc la gia tr ien ap hieu dung xoay chieu xuat hien hai au cau ch (khi cau ch ngat mach), tan so cua nguon ien trong pham vi 48Hz en 62Hz. Dong ien nh mc la gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien xoay chieu ma cau ch co the tai lien tuc thng xuyen ma khong lam thay oi ac tnh cua no. Dong ien cat cc tieu la gia tr nho nhat cua dong ien s co ma day ch co kha nang ngat mach. Kha nang cat nh mc la gia tr cc ai cua dong ien ngan mach ma cau ch co the cat. Sau ay la cac v tr tren bieu o cua cac dong ien khac nhau:
Cac ac tnh cua dong ien
Dong ien s dung
Dong ien ngan mach
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Cac ac tnh cua cau ch
34/ Trang 34/ 103 Dong ien Dong ien Dong ien Kha nang nh mc cat cc tieu cat gii han cat nh mc
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Hnh anh thc te cua cau ch hang Merlin Gerin.
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TH DU : Mot lo nung dung ien 3 pha co cong suat 18KW can bao ve qua tai va ngan mach bang cau ch. Nguon ien 3 pha cung cap la 230V/400V ; dong ien ngan mach cho phep oi vi may bien ap nguon la 10KA (xem s o n tuyen cua he thong).
3 day F1 Lo nung
1/ Chon theo bang sau cau ch F1 dung bao ve cac s co neu tren. 2/ Gan cac gia tr dong ien vao gian o dong ien. GIAI 1./ Dong ien nh mc qua moi day dan en lo nung la :
I P U. 3
18.000 400. 3 25,98 26 A
Khi chon cau ch F1, can c vao gia tr dong ien nh mc, ien ap nguon, chc nang bao ve, tnh chat phu tai .. kch thc vo hop cha cau ch. Dong nh mc la 26A. ien ap nguon (ien ap day) 400V. Bao ve qua tai va ngan mach. Phu tai thuan tr (lo nung). Tra bang tieu chuan, ta chon loai cau ch sau cho F1: Kch thc(Taille) (14 x51) , Code : gl 1432 ma so P 93393 ; dong nh mc 32A 2./ ien cac gia tr dong ien vao bang Cac ac tnh cua dong ien Dong ien s dung 32A 26A Cac ac tnh cua cau ch Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Dong ien nh mc 1,6 x32A =52A 100KA Dong ien Dong ien Kha nang cat cc tieu cat gii han cat nh mc Dong ien ngan mach
36/ Trang 36/ 103
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CAU HOI PHAN B 1- Neu cong dung cua cau ch. 2- Cho biet cau tao cua cau ch gom cac thanh phan nao ? 3- Cau ch co may loai. Chc nang cua tng loai cau ch. Bai tap 1 : Chon cau ch dung e bao ve cho mach gom cac thiet b sau : 10 bo en. Moi bo co cong xuat sau : 40W U m = 220V ; cos = 0.8 10 quat : Moi quat co cong suat 60W; U m =220V ; cos = 0.9 Bai tap 2 : Chon cau ch dung e bao ve cho ong c 3 pha co thong so sau : P m =5HP; U m = 380V;Cos m = 0.8; K mm = 3 Bai tap 3: Chon cau ch e bao ve cho mach 2 ong c 3 pha co thong so sau: ong c 1 : P m = 5HP; U m =380V; Cos m = 0.8; K mm = 4 ong c 2: P m = 7.5HP; U m =380V; Cos m = 0.85; K mm =5.
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C - THIET B CHONG DONG IEN RO I . KHAI NIEM C the ngi rat nhay cam vi dong ien, v du: dong ien nho hn 10mA th ngi co cam giac kim cham; ln hn 10mA th cac c bap co quap; dong ien en 30mA a en tnh trang co that, ngat th va chet ngi. Khi thiet b ien b h hong ro ien, cham mat ma ngi s dung tiep xuc vao se nhan dong ien i qua ngi xuong at ien ap nguon. Trong trng hp nay, CB va cau ch khong the tac ong ngat nguon ien vi thiet b, gay nguy hiem cho ngi s dung. Neu trong mach ien co s dung thiet b chong dong ien ro th ngi s dung se tranh c tai nan do thiet b nay ngat nguon ien ngay khi dong ien ro xuat hien. Thiet b chong dong ien ro co mot so thng hieu: Nc che tao Anh Phap Thng hieu MEM HAGER MERLIN GERIN FUJI KASUGA TEMPEARL CLIPSAL LKE Ky hieu RCD RCBO Ten ay u cua ky hieu Residual Circuit Devides Residual Circuit Breakers Over
Nhat Ban Australia Malaysia
ELCB RCD RCCB
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers Residual Circuit Devides Residual Current Circuit Breakers
II . CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG. 1. Cau tao: Thiet b chong dong ien ro hoat ong tren nguyen ly bao ve so lech, c thc hien tren c s can bang gia tong dong ien vao va tong dong ien i ra thiet b tieu thu ien. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 38/ Trang 38/ 103
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Khi thiet b tieu thu ien b ro ien, mot phan cua dong ien c re nhanh xuong at, o la dong ien ro. Khi o dong ien ve theo ng day trung tnh rat nho va rle so lech se do tm s mat can bang nay va ieu khien cat mach ien nh thiet b bao ve so lech. Thiet b bao ve so lech gom hai phan t chnh: - Mach ien t dang hnh xuyen ma tren o c quan cac cuon day cua phan cong suat (day co tiet dien ln), chu dong cung cap cho thiet b tieu thu ien. - Rle m mach cung cap c ieu khien bi cuon day o lng (day co tiet dien be) cung c at tren hnh xuyen nay, no tac ong ngat cac cc. a) oi vi he thong ien mot pha: L N 2 1
Test RTes 3 I1 Isc RG PE 4 I2
In
Chu thch: I1 : dong ien i vao thiet b tieu thu ien. I2 : dong ien i t thiet b tieu thu ien ra. Isc : dong ien s co. In : dong ien i qua c the ngi. 1: thiet b o lng s can bang. 2: c cau nha. 3: loi t hnh vanh xuyen.
Groun d Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: I 1 I 2 Trng hp s co : Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 39/ Trang 39/ 103
I 1 I 2 I sc
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do o xuat hien mat s can bang trong hnh xuyen t, dan en cam ng mot dong ien trong cuon day do tm, a en tac ong rle va ket qua lam m mach ien. b) oi vi he thong ien ba pha:
I1 I 2
L1 L2 L3 N
I1 I2 I3 I0
Chu thch: I1 : dong ien i qua pha 1. I2 : dong ien i qua pha 2. I3 : dong ien i qua pha 3. Io : dong ien i qua day trung tnh. 1: c cau nha. 2: loi t hnh vanh xuyen.
Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: I 1 I 2 I 3 I o 0 T thong tong trong mach t hnh xuyen bang 0, do o se khong co dong ien cam ng trong cuon day do tm.
2 3 o Trng hp thiet b ien khong co s co: 1 T thong tong trong mach t hnh xuyen khong bang 0, do o se co dong ien cam ng trong cuon day do tm, vay cuon day do tm se tac ong m cac cc ien. c) Phan loai RCD theo cc cua he thong ien.
I I I I 0
L1 L2 L3 N
L1 L2 L3
RCD t Ly Thuye4 Kh Cu ien cc
RCD 3 cc 40/ Trang 40/ 103
RCD 2 cc
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RCD tac ong tc thi va RCD tac ong co thi gian tre. III . S TAC ONG CUA THIET B CHONG DONG IEN RO. 1. S tac ong tin cay cua RCD. - RCD tac ong nhay va tin cay. - Dong ien tac ong ro thc te luon thap hn dong tac ong ro danh nh ( ghi tren nhan hieu cua RCD) khoang (25 40)% khi dong ien ro xuat hien tang dan hay ot ngot. - Thi gian tac ong thc te eu nho hn thi gian tac ong c nha san xuat quy nh (ghi tren nhan hieu) khoang (20 80)%. Thong thng thi gian tac ong cat mach c ghi tren nhan hieu cua RCD la 0,1s va thi gian tac ong cat mach thc te nam trong khoang (0,02 0,008)s. 2. S tac ong co tnh chon loc cua RCD bao ve he thong ien s o ien. - Khi xuat hien dong ien ro u ln oan ng day ien hoac phu tai, RCD c lap at gan nhat se tac ong cat mach, tach oan day hoac phu tai b ro ien ra khoi he theng cung cap ien. Nh vay am bao tnh chon loc, viec cung cap ien khong anh hng en phan con lai. - Neu RCD lap at khong ung yeu cau ky thuat th RCD o se khong tac ong cat mach khi xuat hien dong ien ro phan ng day hay phu tai tng ng vi chung, hoac tac ong khong ung yeu cau a e ra. a) Kha nang chon loc tong hp. Kha nang chon loc tong hp la nham loai tr duy nhat thiet b co s co. e at c kha nang nay phai thoa hai ieu kien: - Dong ien so lech d nh mc cua RCD pha tren phai co gia tr ln hn dong ien so lech d nh mc cua RCD pha di. - Thi gian toi thieu khong lam viec cua RCD pha tren phai co gia tr ln hn thi gian toi thieu khong lam viec cua RCD pha di. V du: I n'=300mA, tn' =400ms I n'=30mA, tn' =100ms 41/ Trang 41/ 103
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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b) Kha nang chon loc tng phan. Tnh chon loc c goi la tng phan v no khong tiep nhan oi vi mot so gia tr dong ien s co. Tnh chon loc c thoa man khi cac he qua cua mot so s co co the keo theo ngat ien tng phan hay ngat ien toan bo he thong cung cap ien. sau ay la v du ve tnh chon loc tng phan: I n'=1A, tn' =200ms I n'=300mA, tn' =50ms I n'=30mA I n'=30mA I n'=30mA I n'=100m A 1
2 I n'=100mA, tn' =50ms
He thong cung cap ien cong nghiep vi kha nang chon loc tong ba mc cham (tre) mc 1: cham 200ms; mc 2: cham 50ms; mc 3: khong co thi gian tre. Hnh anh thc te cua thiet b chong dong ro hang Merlin Gerin.
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TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM CHNG 3:
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KH CU IEN IEU KHIEN BANG TAY I . CAU DAO 1. Khai quat va cong dung: Cau dao la mot kh cu ien dung e ong cat mach ien bang tay, c s dung trong cac mach ien co nguon di 500V,dong ien nh mc co the len ti vai KA. Khi thao tac ong ngat mach ien, can am bao an toan cho thiet b dung ien. Ben canh, can co bien phap dap tat ho quang ien, toc o di chuyen li dao cang nhanh th ho quang keo dai nhanh, thi gian dap tat ho quang cang ngan. V vay khi ong ngat mach ien, cau dao can phai thc hien mot cach dt khoat. Thong thng, cau dao c bo tr i cung vi cau ch e bao ve ngan mach cho mach ien. 2. Cau tao, nguyen ly hoat ong va phan loai : a. Cau tao: Phan chnh cua cau dao la li dao va he thong kep li, c lam bang hp kim cua ong, ngoai ra bo phan noi day cung lam bang hop kim ong. 2 Cau dao co: 1. Li dao chnh. 2. Tiep xuc tnh (ngam) (he thong kep).
b. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua cau dao cat nhanh: Khi thao tac tren cau dao, nh vao li dao va he thong kep li, mach ien c ong ngat. Trong qua trnh ngat mach, cau dao thng xay ra ho quang ien tai au li dao va iem tiep xuc tren he thong kep li. Ngi s dung can phai keo li dao ra khoi kep nhanh e dap tat ho quang. Do toc o keo bang tay khong the nhanh c nen ngi ta lam them li dao phu. Luc dan ien th li dao phu cung li dao chnh c kep trong Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 45/ Trang 45/ 103
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ngam. Khi ngat ien, tay keo li dao chnh ra trc con li dao phu van kep trong ngam. Lo xo lien ket gia hai li dao c keo cang ra va ti mot mc nao o se bat nhanh keo li dao phu ra khoi ngam mot cach nhanh chong. Do o, ho quang c keo dai nhanh va ho quang b dap tat trong thi gian ngan. 2 3 4 1 Cau dao co cau dao phu: 1. Li dao chnh. 2. Tiep xuc tnh (ngam). 3. Li dao phu. 4. Lo xo bat nhanh.
c. Phan loai: Phan loai cau dao da vao cac yeu to sau: - Theo ket cau: cau dao c chia lam loai mot cc, hai cc, ba cc hoac bon cc. - Cau dao co tay nam gia hoac tay ben. Ngoai ra con co cau dao mot nga, hai nga c dung e ao nguon cung cap cho mach va ao chieu quay ong c. - Theo ien ap nh mc : 250V, 500V. - Theo dong ien nh mc: dong ien nh mc cua cau dao c cho trc bi nha san xuat (thng la cac loai 10A, 15A, 20A, 25A, 30A, 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 200A, 350A, 600A, 1000A). - Theo vat lieu cach ien: co loai e s, e nh, e a. - Theo ieu kien bao ve: loai co nap va khong co nap (loai khong co nap c at trong hop hay tu ieu khien). - Theo yeu cau s dung: loai cau dao co cau ch bao ve ngan mach hoac khong co cau ch bao ve. Ky hieu cau dao khong co cau ch bao ve:
mot Kh hai Ly Thuyetcc Cu ien cc
ba cc 46/ Trang 46/ 103
bon cc
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Ky hieu cau dao co cau ch bao ve:
mot cc
hai cc
ba cc
bon cc
d. Cac thong so nh mc cua cau dao: Chon cau dao theo dong ien nh mc va ien ap nh mc: Goi I tt la dong ien tnh toan cua mach ien. U nguon la ien ap nguon cua li ien s dung. I m cau dao I tt U m cau dao U nguon II. CONG TAC 1. Khai quat va cong dung: Cong tac la kh cu ien dung e ong ngat mach ien co cong suat nho va co dong ien nh mc nho hn 6A. Cong tac thng co hop bao ve e tranh s phong ien khi ong m. ien ap cua cong tac nho hn hay bang 500V. Cong tac hop lam viec chac chan hn cau dao, dap tat ho quang nhanh hn v thao tac ngat nhanh va dt khoat hn cau dao. Mot so cong tac thng gap:
Tiep iem thng h Tiep iem thng ong Cong tac hanh trnh 2. Phan loai va cau tao: Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
Cong tac ba pha
Cong tac ba pha hai nga
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a. Cau tao Cau tao cua cong tac: phan chnh la tiep iem ong m c gan tren e nha va co lo xo e thao tac chnh xac. b. Phan loai : - Phan loai theo cong dung lam viec, co cac loai cong tac sau: + Cong tac ong ngat trc tiep. + Cong tac chuyen mach (cong tac xoay, cong tac ao, cong tac van nang), dung e ong ngat chuyen oi mach ien, oi noi sao tam giac cho ong c. + Cong tac hanh trnh va cuoi hanh trnh, loai cong tac nay c ap dung trong cac may cat got kim loai e ieu khien t ong hoa hanh trnh lam viec cua mach ien. 3. Cac thong so nh mc cua cong tac: U m : ien ap nh mc cua cong tac. I m : dong ien nh mc cua cong tac. Tr so ien ap nh mc cua cong tac thng co gia tr 500V. Tri so dong ien nh mc cua cong tac thng co gia tr 6A. Ngoai ra con co cac thong so trong viec th cong tac nh o be c kh, o cach ien, o phong ien 4. Cac yeu cau th cua cong tac: Viec kiem tra chat lng cong tac phai th cac bc sau: Th xuyen thung: at ien ap 1500V trong thi gian mot phut cac iem can cach ien gia chung. Th cach ien: o ien tr cach ien < 2M . Th phat nong. Th cong suat cat. Th o ben c kh. Th nhiet o oi vi cac chi tiet cach ien: cac chi tiet cach ien phai chu ng 100 o C trong thi gian hai gi ma khong b bien dang hoac sui nham. III. NUT NHAN 1. Khai quat va cong dung: Nut nhan cong goi la nut ieu khien la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ong ngat t xa cac thiet b ien t khac nhau; cac dung cu bao hieu va cung e
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chuyen oi cac mach ien ieu khien, tn hieu lien ong bao ve mach ien mot chieu ien ap en 440V va mach ien xoay chieu ien ap 500V, tan so 50HZ; 60HZ, nut nhan thong dung e khi ong, ao chieu quay ong c ien bang cach ong va ngat cac cuon day cua contactor noi cho ong c. Nut nhan thng c at tren bang ieu khien, tu ien, tren hop nut nhan. Nut nhan thng c nghien cu, che tao lam viec trong moi trng khong am t, khong co hi hoa chat va bui ban. Nut nhan co the ben ti 1.000.000 lan ong khong tai va 200.000 lan ong ngat co tai. Khi thao tac nhan nut can phai dt khoat e m hoac ong mach ien. 2. Phan loai va cau tao: a. Cau tao: Nut nhan gom he thong lo xo, he thong cac tiep iem thng h thng ong va vo bao ve. Khi tac ong vao nut nhan, cac tiep iem chuyen trang thai; khi khong con tac ong, cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai ban au. b. Phan loai: Nut nhan c phan loai theo cac yeu to sau: - Phan loai theo chc nang trang thai hoat ong cua nut nhan, co cac loai: + Nut nhan n: Moi nut nhan ch co mot trang thai (ON hoac OFF) Ky hieu: ON hoac ON OFF hoac OFF
Tiep iem thng h Tiep iem thng ong + Nut nhan kep: Moi nut nhan co hai trang thai (ON va OFF) Ky hieu: Tiep iem thng h lien ket Tiep iem thng ong 49/ Trang 49/ 103
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
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Trong thc te, e de dang s dung vao thao rap lap lan trong qua trnh sa cha, thng ngi ta dung nut nhan kep, ta co the dung no nh la dang nut nhan ON hay OFF. - Phan loai theo hnh dang ben ngoai, ngi ta chia nut nhan ra thanh 4 loai: + Loai h. + Loai bao ve. + Loai bao ve chong nc va chong bui. Nut an kieu bao ve chong nc c at trong mot hop kn kht e tranh nc lot vao. Nut an kieu bao ve chong bui nc c at trong mot vo cacbon ut kn kht e chong am va bui lot vao. + Loai bao ve khoi no. Nut an kieu chong no dung trong cac ham lo, mo than hoac ni co cac kh no lan trong khong kh. Cau tao cua no ac biet kn kht khong loat c tia la ra ngoai va ac biet vng chac e khong b pha v khi no. - Theo yeu cau ieu khien ngi ta chia nut an ra 3 loai: mot nut, hai nut, ba nut. - Theo ket cau ben trong: + Nut an loai co en bao. + Nut an loai khong co en bao. 3. Cac thong so ky thuat cua nut nhan: U m : ien ap nh mc cua nut nhan. I m : dong ien nh mc cua nut nhan. Tr so ien ap nh mc cua nut nhan thng co gia tr 500V. Tr so dong ien nh mc cua nut nhan thng co gia tr 5A.
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Hnh dang cua mot so dang nut nhan:
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IV. PHCH CAM VA O CAM IEN O cam va phch cam c dung cap ien, noi chuyen tiep trong sinh hoat hang ngay. Thong thng, o cam va phch cam c che tao ien ap 250V, dong ien nh mc 10A, nen day noi ien la: + oi vi phch cam: toi thieu 0,75mm 2 , toi a 1mm 2 . + oi vi o cam: toi thieu 1mm 2 , toi a 2,5mm 2 . V. IEN TR BIEN TR 1. Khai quat cong dung: ien tr dung e thay oi cac gia tr trong mach ien e cac gia tr o phu hp vi ieu kien van hanh hay che o lam viec cua cac ong c ien.
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Bien tr la ien tr nhng co the thay oi c gia tr cua no nh cac can gat hoac num van. Co cac loai ien tr thong dung: ien tr m may va ien tr ieu chnh, ien tr ham, ien tr phong ien + ien tr m may la ien tr c s dung khi m may ong c nham han che dong ien khi ong cho cac ong c co cong suat trung bnh va ln (phng phap m may gian tiep) nham tranh sut ap tren li ien va bao ve ong c phat nong qua nhiet o cho phep khi co dong khi ong ln (P10KW). + ien tr ieu chnh: e ieu chnh dong ien trong mach kch thch hay mach phan ng cua ong c ien mot chieu nham thay oi toc o quay cua no. + ien tr ham nham giam dong ien khi ham ong c. + ien tr phong ien e giam ien ap khi co s bien thien ot ngot nham giam s phong ien xay ra trong qua trnh bien thien nay. 2. Cau tao: Bien tr c cau tao bang cac day Kim loai Al, Zn, hp kim ong, thng c quan tren cac loi t (hnh tru tron hnh xuyen). Bien tr cung co the la thanh kim loai c a ra cac au day theo cac gia tri nh trc. Bien tr n co the ghep thanh bien tr oi. Cac gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat c ghi ro tren bien tr.
CAU HOI CHNG 3 1) Cau dao: neu cong dung, cach phan loai, ky hieu, nguyen tac hoat ong, cach la chon. 2) Cong tac: cong dung, cau tao, cach la chon. 3) Nut nhan: neu cong dung, phan loai, ky hieu, cach la chon. 4) ien tr, bien tr: cong dung, phan loai, cau tao ien tr, bien tr. 5) Bai tap 1: chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho mach gom cac thiet b sau: 10bo en, moi bo co cong suat sau: 40W; U m =220V;cos =0.8. 10 quat, moi quat co cong suat 60W; U m =220V; cos = 0.9.
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6) Bai tap 2: Chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho ong c 3 pha co thong so sau: P m = 5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 3. 7) Bai tap 2: Chon cau dao dung e ong cat cho ong c 1 pha co thong so sau: P m = 5HP; U m = 220V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 5. 8) Bai tap 3: chon cau dao e ong cat cho mach ien 2 ong c 3 pha co thong so sau: ong c 1: P m = 5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.8; K mm = 4. ong c 2: P m = 7.5HP; U m = 380V; cos m = 0.85; K mm = 5.
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TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM CHNG 4 :
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KH CU IEN IEU KHIEN MACH IEN A CONTACTOR I . KHAI NIEM. Contactor la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ong ngat cac tiep iem, tao lien lac trong mach ien bang nut nhan. Nh vay khi s dung contactor ta co the ieu khien mach ien t xa co phu tai vi ien ap en 500V va dong la 600A (v tr ieu khien, trang thai hoat ong cua contactor rat xa v tr cac tiep iem ong ngat mach ien). Phan loai contactor tuy theo cac ac iem sau: + Theo nguyen ly truyen ong: ta co contactor kieu ien t (truyen ien bang lc hut ien t), kieu hi ep, kieu thuy lc. Thong thng s dung contactor kieu ien t. + Theo dang dong ien: contactor mot chieu va contactor xoay chieu (contactor 1 pha va 3 pha). II . CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG. 1. Cau tao: Contactor c cau tao gom cac thanh phan : c cau ien t (nam cham ien), he thong dap ho quang, he thong tiep iem (tiep iem chnh va phu). a. Nam cham ien: Nam cham ien gom co 4 thanh phan: + Cuon day dung tao ra lc hut nam cham. + Loi sat (hay mach t) cua nam cham gom hai phan: phan co nh, va phan nap di ong. Loi thep nam cham co the co dang EE, EI hay dang CI. + Lo xo phan lc co tac dung ay phan nap di ong tr ve v tr ban au khi ngng cung cap ien vao cuon day.
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Trang thai nam cham cha hut
Trang thai nam cham tao lc hut
b. He thong dap ho quang ien: Khi contactor chuyen mach, ho quang ien se xuat hien lam cac tiep iem b chay, mon dan. V vay can co he thong dap ho quang gom nhieu vach ngan lam bang kim loai at canh ben hai tiep iem tiep xuc nhau, nhat la cac tiep iem chnh cua contactor. c. He thong tiep iem cua contactor: He thong tiep iem lien he vi phan loi t di ong qua bo phan lien ong ve c. Tuy theo kha nang tai dan qua cac tiep iem, ta co the chia cac tiep iem cua contactor thanh hai loai: - Tiep iem chnh: co kha nang cho dong ien ln i qua (t 10A en vai nghn A, th du khoang 1600A hay 2250A). Tiep iem chnh la tiep iem thng h ong lai khi cap nguon vao mach t cua contactor lam mach t contactor hut lai. - Tiep iem phu: co kha nang cho dong ien i qua cac tiep iem nho hn 5A. Tiep iem phu co hai trang thai: thng ong va thng h, Tiep iem thng ong la loai tiep iem trang thai ong (co lien lac vi nhau gia hai tiep iem) khi cuon day nam cham trong contactor trang thai ngh (khong c cung cap ien). Tiep iem nay h ra khi contactor trang thai hoat ong. Ngc lai la tiep iem thng h. Nh vay, he thong tiep iem chnh thng c lap trong mach ien ong lc, con cac tiep iem phu se lap trong he thong mach ieu khien (dung ieu Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 55/ Trang 55/ 103
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khien viec cung cap ien en cac cuon day nam cham cua cac contactor theo quy trnh nh trc). Theo mot so ket cau thong thng cua contactor, cac tiep iem phu co the c lien ket co nh ve so lng trong moi bo cotactor; tuy nhien cung co mot vai nha san xuat ch bo tr co nh so tiep iem chnh tren moi contactor; con cac tiep iem phu c che tao thanh nhng khoi ri rieng le. Khi can s dung ta chi ghep them vao tren contactor, so lng tiep iem phu trong trng hp nay co the bo tr tuy y. 2. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua contactor: Contactor xoay chieu Tiep iem Tay on
Nap Thep
Cuon day Loi thep
Contactor mot chieu Tiep iem Cuon day hut Loi thep
Nap thep
Khi cap nguon ien bang gia tr ien ap nh mc cua contactor vao hai au cua cuon day quan tren phan loi t co nh th lc t tao ra hut phan loi t di ong hnh thanh mach t kn (lc t ln hn phan lc cua lo xo), contactor Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 56/ Trang 56/ 103
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trang thai hoat ong. Luc nay nh vao bo phan lien ong ve c gia loi t di ong va he thong tiep iem lam cho tiep iem chnh ong lai, tiep iem phu chuyen oi trang thai (thng ong se m ra, thng h se ong lai) va duy tr trang thai nay. Khi ngng cap nguon cho cuon day th contactor trang thai ngh, cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai ban au. Cac ky hieu dung bieu dien cho cuon day (nam cham ien) trong contactor va cac loai tiep iem. Ta co nhieu tieu chuan cua cac quoc gia khac nhau, dung bieu dien cho cuon day va tiep iem cua contactor; e de phan biet ta co the tom tat trong bang ky hieu nh sau:
KY HIEU THEO TIEU CHUAN
AI LNG
CHAU AU Mach ieu khien Mach ong lc Mach ieu khien
MY Mach ong lc
LIEN XO Mach ieu khien Mach ong lc
CUON DAY (NAM CHAM IEN)
TIEP IEM THNG ONG
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TIEP IEM THNG H
Chu y: Trong mot s o mach s dung nhieu contactor, muon phan biet cac cuon day va tiep iem cua contactor, ta thc hien qui c nh sau: - Ghi ky hieu, hay ma so cho cuon day cua contactor (th du M, R, S) - Cac tiep iem thuoc ve contactor nao th mang cung ma so cuon day contactor o. Vi ky hieu cuon day cua MY, ta ghi ma so cuon day ngay tam vong tron ky hieu cua cuon day, vi cac ky hieu khac, ta ghi lien ngay canh ky hieu.
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III . CAC THONG SO C BAN CUA CONTACTOR. 1. ien ap nh mc: ien ap nh mc cua contactor Um la ien ap cua mach ien tng ng ma tiep iem chnh phai ong ngat, chnh la ien ap at vao hai au cuon day cua nam cham ien sao cho mach t hut lai. Cuon day hut co the lam viec bnh thng ien ap trong gii han (85105)% ien ap nh mc cua cuon day. Thong so nay c ghi tren nhan at hai au cuon day contactor, co cac cap ien ap nh mc: 110V, 220V, 440V mot chieu va 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chieu. 2. Dong ien nh mc: Dong ien nh mc cua contactor Im la dong ien nh mc i qua tiep iem chnh trong che o lam viec lau dai, thi gian contactor trang thai ong khong qua 8 gi. Dong ien nh mc cua contactor ha ap thong dung co cac cap la: 10A, 20A, 25A, 40A, 60A, 75A, 100A, 150A, 250A, 300A, 600A. Neu contactor at trong tu ien th dong ien nh mc phai lay thap hn 10% v lam kem mat, dong ien cho phep qua contactor con phai lay thap hn na trong che o lam viec dai han. 3. Kha nang cat va kha nang ong: Kha nang cat cua contactor ien xoay chieu at boi so en 10 lan dong ien nh mc vi phu tai ien cam. Kha nang ong: contactor ien xoay chieu dung e khi ong ong c . ien can phai co kha nang ong t 4 en 7 lan I m 4. Tuoi tho cua contactor: Tuoi tho cua contactor c tnh bang so lan ong m, sau so lan ong m ay th contactor se b hong va khong dung c. 5. Tan so thao tac: La so lan ong cat contactor trong mot gi. Co cac cap: 30, 100, 120, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 1500 lan / h. 6. Tnh on nh lc ien ong: Tiep iem chnh cua contactor cho phep mot dong ien ln i qua (khoang 10 lan dong ien nh mc) ma lc ien ong khong lam tach ri tiep iem th contactor co tnh on nh lc ien ong.
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7. Tnh on nh nhiet: Contactor co tnh on nh nhiet ngha la khi co dong ien ngan mach chay qua trong mot khoang thi gian cho phep, cac tiep iem khong b nong chay va han dnh lai. Sau ay la mot so hnh anh cu the cua contactor.
Contactor DONGA
TIEP IEM PHU
AU RA CUA CUON DAY
TIEP IEM CHNH
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. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 61/ Trang 61/ 103
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Contactor cua hang Merlin gerin
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IV . CAC CHE O S DUNG CONTACTOR (THEO TIEU CHUAN CUA PHAP VA TAY AU) Tuy theo gia tr dong ien ma contactor phai lam viec trong luc bnh thng hay khi cat ma ngi ta dung cac c khac nhau, ben canh o phu thuoc vao loai ho tieu thu, ieu kien ong m, qua trnh khi ong nang nhe, ao chieu, ham. Sau ay la cac loai che o s dung cua contactor. 1. Cac contactor s dung ien xoay chieu: ky hieu AC1; AC2; AC3; AC4. Theo tieu chuan IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) thiet ke hay la chon contactor theo che o lam viec, ta chu y en cac ky hieu AC ghi tren contactor. Y ngha cua cac ky hieu va pham vi s dung contactor c trnh bay tom tat nh sau: a. Ky hieu AC1: Qui nh gia tr dong ien nh mc qua cac tiep iem chnh cua contactor, khi contactor c chon la e ong ngat cho nhng thiet b, kh cu ien, cac loai phu tai xoay chieu co he so cong suat t nhat phai bang 0,95 (cos 0,95). V du dung cho nhng ien tr dang si am, li phan pho co he so cong suat ln hn 0,95. b. Ky hieu AC2: Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay, dung e khi ong phanh nhap nha (plugging), phanh ngc (reverse current braking) cho ong c khong ong bo rotor day quan. Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, hnh thanh dong ien khi ong, gia tr dong ien nay bang khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien khi ong cua ong c, ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem khong ln hn ien ap nh mc cua nguon ien cung cap. V du nh: ong c may in, nang hang c. Ky hieu AC3: Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay, dung e ong ngat ong c khong ong bo rotor long soc trong suot cac qua trnh van hanh thong thng. Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, hnh thannh dong ien khi ong, co gia tr bang khoang 5 en 7 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien nh mc cua ong c, Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 63/ Trang 63/ 103
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luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem ch ln khoang 20% ien ap nh mc cua nguon ien cung cap. V du nh: cac ong c long soc thong dung: ong c thang may, bang chuyen, can cau, may nen, may ieu hoa nhiet o d. Ky hieu AC 4: Contactor khi c chon la theo trang thai nay dung e khi ong, phanh nhap nha, phanh ngcong c khong ong bo rotor long soc. Khi cac tiep iem contactor ong kn mach, tai dong ien nh, co gia tr bang khoang 5 en 7 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem contactor h mach, ngat dong ien tai gia tri ln tng t nh neu tren, luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem ln bang mc ien ap nh mc cua nguon ien cung cap. Loai nay c s dung cho cac ong c khong ong bo rotor long soc trong may in, may nang hang, trong cong nghiep luyen kim
Ta co gian o thi gian mo ta cac che o hoat ong AC1, AC2, AC3 va AC4 cua contactor trong hnh ve 5.3 I
Thi iem ngat mach
I Ik
Thi iem ngat mach
I Ik
Thi iem ngat mach
Im
Im
Im
Chu ky khi ong
Chu ky khi ong
Che o Che o AC2 AC1 AC4 Im la dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Ik la dong ien khi ong cua ong c.
Che o AC3
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2. Cac contactor s dung ien mot chieu: DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4, DC5. Theo tieu chuan IEC, s dung cac contactor e ong ngat cac phu tai mot chieu (DC load) c phan thanh 5 che o hoat ong (contactor dung trong trng hp nay la contactor mot chieu, ien ap cung cap vao cuon day contactor la loai ien ap mot chieu). a. Ky hieu DC1: Cac contactor mang ky hieu DC1 dung ong cat cho tat ca cac phu tai mot chieu (DC load) co thi hang (T = L/R) nho hn hay bang 1ms. DC1 c s dung cho cac ho tieu thu, phu tai khong co tnh cam ng hoac tnh cam ng be, cac lo ien tr. b. Ky hieu DC2: Cac contactor mang ky hieu DC2 c s dung e ong ngat mach ong c mot chieu kch t song song. Hang so thi gian cua mach tai khoang 7,5 ms. Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong, dong ien nay co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien nh mc ong c; luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem la ham so phu thuoc theo sc phan ien cua phan ng ong c, s ngat mach xay ra nhe nhang. c. Ky hieu DC3: Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung trong cac trng hp khi ong, phanh nhap nha, hay phanh ngc cac ong c mot chieu kch t song song. Thi hang cua mach tai nho hn 2 ms. Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong, dong ien co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc qua mach cua ong c, luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem co the ln hn ien ap nguon cung cap. ien ap xuat hien ln khi toc o quay cua ong c thap, sc phan ien cua phan ng co gia tr thap, s ngat mach xay ra nang ne thc hien kho khan. d. Ky hieu DC4: Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung ong ngat mach phu tai la ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep. Thi hang cua mach phu tai khoang 10ms. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 65/ Trang 65/ 103
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Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien khi ong dong ien nay co gia tr khoang 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr khoang 1/3 lan gia tr dong ien nh mc qua mach cua ong c; luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem khoang 20% ien ap nguon cung cap. Trong pham vi ng dung nay so lan ong cat trong mot gi co the gia tang. S ngat mach xay ra nhe nhang. e. Ky hieu DC5: Cac contactor mang ky hieu nay c s dung khi ong, phanh ngc, ao chieu quay ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep. Thi hang cua mach phu tai nho hn hay bang 7,5 ms. Khi cac tiep iem ong kn mach hnh thanh dong ien nh co gia tr 2,5 lan dong ien nh mc cua ong c. Khi cac tiep iem cua contactor ngat mach, cat dong ien co gia tr ln khoang gia tr dong ien nh neu tren; luc o ien ap xuat hien gia hai cc cua tiep iem ln bang mc ien ap nguon cung cap. S ngat mach xay ra kho khan. AC TNH CUA CONTACTOR KHI S DUNG THEO CAC CHE O TRONG MACH XOAY CHIEU AC: Van hanh bnh thng Van hanh ac biet ong mach Ngat mach ong mach Ngat mach LOAI TAI Che o I IE
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U cos U
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I IE
BB
BB
U UE
BB
BB
cos 0.95
I IE
BB
U
BB
Tai thuan tr (khong AC1 tnh cam) ong c rotor day AC2 quan ong c rotor long AC3 soc
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UE
BB
cos
BB
I IE
BB
BB
U UE
BB
BB
cos
0.95
1.5
1.1 0.95 1.5
1.1
0.95
2.5
0.65 2.5
0.65
1.1 0.65
1.1
0.65
0.35
0.17 0.35
1.1 0.35
1.1
0.35
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ong c rotor long AC4 6 1 0.35 6 1 0.35 10 1.1 0.35 8 1.1 0.35 soc AC TNH CUA CONTACTOR KHI S DUNG THEO CAC CHE O TRONG MACH XOAY CHIEU DC: Van hanh bnh thng Van hanh ac biet ong mach Ngat mach ong mach Ngat mach Loai Tai Tai thuan tr (khong tnh cam) ong c DC kch t song song (van hanh bnh thng) ong c DC kch t song song (khi ong, ham phanh dong ien ngc) ong c DC kch t noi tiep (van hanh bnh thng) ong c DC kch t noi tiep Che o I IE
BB
BB
U U
BB
L R
I IE
BB
BB
U UE
BB
BB
L R
I IE
BB
BB
U UE
BB
BB
L R
I IE
BB
BB
U UE
BB
BB
L R
BB
DC1
0.95
0.95 1.5 1.1 0.95 1.5 1.1 0.95
DC2
2.5
0.65 2.5
0.65
1.1 0.65
1.1 0.65
DC3
0.35
0.17 0.35
1.1 0.35
1.1 0.35
DC4
2.5
0.65 2.5
0.65
1.1 0.65
1.1 0.65
DC5
0.35
0.17 0.35
1.1 0.35
1.1 0.35
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM (khi ong, ham phanh dong ien ngc)
KHOA IEN
KHOA IEN
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
CAU HOI PHAN A Neu cau tao va nguyen ly hoat ong cua contactor. Phan biet cac loai tiep iem co trong contactor. Cho biet cac che o lam viec cua cotactor xoay chieu. Cho biet cac che o lam viec cua cotactor xoay chieu. Chon contactor theo tai la ong c KB 3 pha rotor long soc 10HP, 220V, cos=0.75, =0.8, k mm = 4, van hanh dng ong c bnh thng. Mot lo nung co cong suat 5KW, 1 pha 220V. =0.8, chon contactor e ong ngat cho tai tren.
BB BB
KHOA IEN
B - R-LE IEU KHIEN VA BAO VE I. KHAI QUAT VA PHAN LOAI: R-le la loai kh cu ien dung e t ong ong cat mach ieu khien , bao ve va ieu khien s lam viec cua mach ien. Co nhieu cach phan loai r le: Phan loai theo nguyen ly lam viec co: - R-le ien t. - R-le ien ong. - R-le t ien. - R-le cam ng. - R-le nhiet. - R-le ban dan va vi mach Phan loai theo vai tro va ai lng tac ong cua r-le co: - R-le trung gian. - R-le thi gian. - R-le nhiet. - R-le toc o. - R-le dong ien. - R-le ien ap. - R-le cong suat. - R-le tong tr. - R-le tan so Phan loai theo dong ien co: - R-le dong ien mot chieu. - R-le dong ien xoay chieu. Phan loai theo gia tr va chieu cua ai lng i vao r-le: - R-le cc ai. - R-le cc tieu. - R-le sai lech. - R-le hng
KHOA IEN
II. MOT SO LOAI RLE THONG DUNG: 1. R-le trung gian: a) Khai niem va cau tao: R-le trung gian la mot kh cu ien dung trong lnh vc ieu khien t ong, c cau kieu ien t. R-le trung gian ong vai tro ieu khien trung gian gia cac thiet b ieu khien (contactor, r-le thi gian). R-le trung gian gom: mach t cua nam cham ien, he thong tiep iem chu dong ien nho ( 5A), vo bao ve va cac chan ra tiep iem. b) Nguyen ly hoat ong Nguyen ly hoat ong cua r-le trung gian tng t nh nguyen ly hoat ong cua contactor. Khi cap ien ap bang gia tr ien ap nh mc vao hai au cuon day cua r-le trung gian (ghi tren nhan), lc ien t hut mach t kn lai, he thong tiep iem chuyen oi trang thai va duy tr trang thai nay (tiep iem thng ong h ra, tiep iem thng h ong lai). Khi ngng cap nguon, mach t h, he thong tiep iem tr ve trang thai ban au. iem khac biet gia contactor va r-le co the tom lc nh sau: - Trong r-le ta ch co duy nhat mot loai tiep iem co kha nang tai dong ien nho, s dung cho mach ieu khien (tiep iem phu). - Trong r-le ta cung co cac loai tiep iem thng ong va tiep iem thng h, tuy nhien cac tiep iem khong co buong dap ho quang (khac vi he thong tiep iem chnh trong contactor hay CB). Cac ky hieu dung cho r-le trung gian: Trong qua trnh lap rap cac mach ieu khien dung r-le hay trong mot so mach ien t trong cong nghiep, ta thng gap cac ky hieu sau ay: - Ky hieu SPDT: Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW, r-le mang ky hieu nay co mot cap tiep iem, gom tiep iem thng ong va thng h, cap tiep iem nay co mot au chung. 3 1 2 Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien SPDT 71/ Trang 71/ 103 5 4
KHOA IEN
- Ky hieu DPDT: Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW, r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co hai cap tiep iem . Moi cap tiep iem gom tiep iem thng ong va thng h, cap tiep iem nay co mot au chung. - Ky hieu SPST: Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW, r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co mot tiep iem thng h. - Ky hieu DPST: Ky hieu nay c viet tat t thuat ng DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW, r-le mang ky hieu nay gom co hai tiep iem thng h. 4 3 6 1 2 SPST DPST 3 6 1 2 DPDT 4 5 7 8
4 1 2
3 5
Ngoai ra, cac r-le khi c lap ghep trong tu ieu khien thng c lap tren cac e chan ra. Tuy theo so lng chan ra ta co cac kieu khac nhau: e 8 chan, e 11 chan, e 14 chan
KHOA IEN
Mot so hnh dang r-le trung gian
2. R-le thi gian: a) Khai niem: R-le thi gian la mot kh cu ien dung trong lnh vc ieu khien t ong, vi vai tro ieu khien trung gian gia cac thiet b ieu khien theo thi gian nh trc. R-le trung gian gom: mach t cua nam cham ien, bo nh thi gian lam bang linh kien ien t, he thong tiep iem chu dong ien nho ( 5A), vo bao ve va cac chan ra tiep iem. Tuy theo yeu cau s dung khi lap rap he thong mach ieu khien truyen ong, ta co hai loai r-le thi gian: r-le thi gian ON DELAY, r-le thi gian OFF DELAY. b) R-le thi gian ON DELAY: Ky hieu: TR TR Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 73/ Trang 73/ 103
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM - Cuon day r-le thi gian: hoac
KHOA IEN
ien ap at vao hai au cuon day r-le thi gian c ghi tren nhan, thong thng : 110V, 220V - He thong tiep iem: Tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian: tiep iem nay hoat ong tng t cac tiep iem cua r-le trung gian. TR TR Thng ong: hoac Thng h : TR hoac TR
Tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian: Tiep iem thng m ,ong cham, m nhanh: Tiep iem thng ong ,m cham , ong nhanh: TR
TR
hoac
TR
KHOA IEN
Nguyen ly hoat ong: Khi cap nguon vao cuon day cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY, cac tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian chuyen oi trang thai tc thi (thng ong h ra, thng h ong lai), cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian khong oi. Sau khoang thi gian a nh trc, cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian se chuyen trang thai va duy tr trang thai nay. Khi ngng cap nguon vao cuon day, tat ca cac tiep iem tc thi tr ve trang thai ban au. Sau ay la s o chan cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY:
4 3 2 1
5 6 7 8
source Hnh dang cu the cua r-le thi gian ON DELAY c pho bien:
KHOA IEN
b) R-le thi gian OFF DELAY: Ky hieu: TR TR - Cuon day r-le thi gian: hoac ien ap at vao hai au cuon day r-le thi gian c ghi tren nhan, thong thng : 110V, 220V - He thong tiep iem: Tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian: tiep iem nay hoat ong tng t cac tiep iem cua r-le trung gian. TR TR Thng ong: hoac Thng h : TR hoac TR
Tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian: Tiep iem thng m, ong nhanh, m cham:
TR
hoac
TR
TR TR Tiep iem thng ong, m nhanh, ong cham: Nguyen ly hoat ong: Khi cap nguon vao cuon day cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY, cac tiep iem tac ong tc thi va duy tr trang thai nay. Khi ngng cap nguon vao cuon day, tat ca cac tiep iem tac ong khong tnh thi gian tr ve trang thai ban au. Tiep sau o mot khoang thi gian a nh trc, cac tiep iem tac ong co tnh thi gian se chuyen ve trang thai ban au. Sau ay la s o chan cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY:
4 3 2 1 Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
5 6 7 8
source 76/ Trang 76/ 103
KHOA IEN
Hnh dang cu the cua r-le thi gian OFF DELAY c pho bien:
Sau ay la cataloge cua Merlin ve timer
KHOA IEN
3. R-le nhiet (Over Load OL): a) Khai niem va cau tao: R-le nhiet la mot loai kh cu e bao ve ong c va mach ien khi co s co qua tai. R-le nhiet khong tac ong tc thi theo tr so dong ien v no co quan tnh nhiet ln, phai co thi gian phat nong, do o no lam viec co thi gian t vai giay en vai phut. 10 11 9 7 8 1 12
3 4 6 5
2 Cau tao r-le nhiet
Khi r-le nhiet tac ong
KHOA IEN
Phan t phat nong 1 c au noi tiep vi mach ong lc bi vt 2 va om phien lng kim 3. Vt 6 tren gia nha cach ien 5 dung e ieu chnh mc o uon cong au t do cua phien 3. Gia 5 xoay quanh truc 4, tuy theo tr so dong ien chay qua phan t phat nong ma phien lng kim cong nhieu hay t, ay vao vt 6 lam xoay gia 5 e m ngam on bay 9. Nh tac dung lo xo 8, ay on bay 9 xoay quanh truc 7 ngc chieu kim ong ho lam m tiep iem ong 11 khoi tiep iem tnh 12. Nut nhan 10 e reset r-le nhiet ve v tr ban au sau khi phien lng kim nguoi tr ve v tr ban au. b) Nguyen ly hoat ong: Nguyen ly chung cua r-le nhiet la da tren c s tac dung nhiet cua dong ien lam gian n phien kim loai kep. Phien kim loai kep gom hai la kim loai co he so gian n khac nhau (he so gian n hn kem nhau 20 lan) ghep chat vi nhau thanh mot phien bang phng phap can nong hoac han . Khi co dong ien qua tai i qua, phien lng kim c ot nong, uon cong ve pha kim loai co he so gian n be, ay can gat lam lo xo co lai va chuyen oi he thong tiep iem phu. e r-le nhiet lam viec tr lai, phai i phien kim loai nguoi va keo can reset cua r-le nhiet. Ky hieu Phien lng kim Tiep iem chnh Tiep iem phu: OL OL hoac OL OL
c) Phan loai r-le nhiet: Theo ket cau: r-le nhiet chia thanh hai loai: kieu h va kieu kn. Theo yeu cau s dung: loai mot cc va hai cc. Theo phng thc ot nong:
KHOA IEN
+ ot nong trc tiep: dong ien i qua trc tiep tam kim loai kep. Loai nay co cau tao n gian, nhng khi thay oi dong ien nh mc phai thay oi tam kim loai kep, loai nay khong tien dung. + ot nong gian tiep: dong ien i qua phan t ot nong oc lap, nhiet ln toa ra gian tiep lam tam kim loai cong len. Loai nay co iem la muon thay oi dong ien nh mc ta ch can thay oi phan t ot nong. Khuyet iem cua loai nay la khi co qua tai ln, phan t ot nong co the at en nhiet o kha cao nhng v khong kh truyen nhiet kem, nen tam kim loai cha kp tac ong ma phan t ot nong a b chay t. + ot nong hon hp: loai nay tng oi tot v va ot trc tiep va ot gian tiep. No co tnh on nh nhiet tng oi cao va co the lam viec boi so qua tai ln. d) Chon la r-le nhiet: ac tnh c ban cua r-le nhiet la quan he gia dong ien phu tai chay qua va thi gian tac ong cua no (goi la ac tnh thi gian dong ien, A-s). Mat khac, e am bao yeu cau gi c tuoi tho lau dai cua thiet b theo ung so lieu ky thuat a cho cua nha san xuat, cac oi tng bao ve cung can ac tnh thi gian - dong ien. La chon ung r-le nhiet la sao cho ng ac tnh A-s cua r-le gan sat ng ac tnh A-s cua oi tng can bao ve. Neu chon thap qua se khong tan dung c cong suat cua ong c ien, chon cao qua se lam giam tuoi tho cua thiet b can bao ve. Trong thc te, cach lc chong phu hp la chon dong ien nh mc cua r-le nhiet bang dong ien nh mc cua ong c ien can bao ve, r-le se tac ong gia tr (1,21,3)I m . Ben canh, che o lam viec cua phu tai va nhiet o moi trng xung quanh phai c xem xet.
BB BB
t 1000 100 10 Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 1 0 1,2 2 ac tnh A-s cua oi tng can bao ve R-le nhiet tac ong gia tr (1,2 1,3)I ac tnh A-s cua r-le nhiet
80/ Trang 80/ 103 3 4 5 6 7

I I dm
KHOA IEN
Contactor cua hang Merlin gerin Chnh dong cua Rle nhiet Che o Auto/ Hand (A/H)
NO : Normal Open, tiep iem phu thng h. NC : Normal Close, tiep iem phu thng ong. 4. R-le dong ien: - Dung e bao ve qua tai va ngan mach. - Cuon day hut co t vong va quan bang day to mac noi tiep vi mach ien can bao ve, thiet b thng ong ngat tren mach ieu khien. - Khi dong ien ong c tang ln en tr so tac ong cua r-le, lc hut nam cham thang lc can lo xo lam m tiep iem cua no, ngat mach ien ieu khien qua cong tac t K, m cac tiep iem cua no tach ong c ra khoi li.
RD1
K
RD2 (Rle dong ien )
M K
KHOA IEN
5. Relay ien ap : - Dung e bao ve sut ap mach ien. - Cuon day hut quan bang day nho nhieu vong mac song song vi mach ien can bao ve. Khi ien ap bnh thng, r-le tac ong se lam nong tiep iem cua no. Khi ien ap sut thap di mc quy nh, lc lo xo thang lc hut cua nam cham va m tiep iem. 6. R-le van toc : Thanh dan Phan ng
N
Nam cham vnh cu
Truc ong c Cau tiep iem Tiep iem
- Lam viec theo nguyen tac phan ng ien t c dung trong cac mach thang cua ong c - R-le c mac ong truc vi ong c va mach ieu khien. Khi c quay, nam cham vnh cu quay theo. T trng cua no quet len cac thanh dan se sinh ra suat ien ong va dong ien cam ng. Dong ien nay nam trong t trng se sinh ra lc ien t lam cho phan ng quay, di chuyen can tiep iem en ong tiep iem cua no. Khi toc o ong c giam nho gan bang khong, lc ien t yeu i, trong lng can tiep iem a no ve v tr cu va m tiep iem cua no. - R-le van toc thng dung trong cac mach ieu khien ham ngc ong c.
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM C - KHI ONG T
KHOA IEN
I . KHAI QUAT VA CONG DUNG: Khi ong t la mot loai kh cu ien dung e ieu khien t xa viec ong ngat, ao chieu va bao ve qua tai (neu co lap them rle nhiet) cac ong c khong ong bo ba pha roto long soc. Khi ong t co mot contactor goi la khi ong t n thng e ongngat ong c ien. Khi ong t co hai contactor goi la khi ong t kep dung e thay oi chieu quay cua ong c goi la khi ong t ao chieu. Muon bao ve ngan mach phai lap them cau ch. CAC YEU CAU KY THUAT ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha co the lam viec lien tuc c hay khong tuy thuoc vao mc o tin cay cua khi ong t. Do o khi ong t can phai thoa man cac yeu cau ky thuat sau: - Tiep iem co o ben chu mai mon cao. - Kha nang ong cat cao. - Thao tac ong cat dt khoat. - Tieu thu cong suat t nhat. - Bao ve ong c khong b qua tai lau dai ( co rle nhiet ). - Thoa ieu kien khi ong ( dong ien khi ong t 5 en 7 lan dong ien nh mc). III . KET CAU VA NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC 1. Khi ong t thng c phan chia theo: - ien ap nh mc cua cuon day hut: 36V, 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V. - Ket cau bao ve chong cac tac ong bi moi trng xung quanh: h, bao ve, chong bui, nc, no - Kha nang lam bien oi chieu quay ong c ien: khong ao chieu quay va ao chieu quay. - So lng va loai tiep iem: thng h, thng ong. 2. Nguyen ly lam viec cua khi ong t : a) Khi ong t n va hai nut nhan: Khi cung cap ien ap cho cuon day bang nhan nut khi ong M, cuon day contactor co ien hut loi thep di ong va mach t khep kn lai; lam ong cac Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 83/ Trang 83/ 103 II .
KHOA IEN
tiep iem chnh e khi ong ong c va ong tiep em phu thng h e duy tr mach ieu khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong. Khi nhan nut dng D, khi ong t b ngat ien, di tac dung cua lc lo xo nen lam phan loi t di ong tr ve v tr ban au; cac tiep iem tr ve trang thai thng h. ong c dng hoat ong. Khi co s co qua tai ong c, rle nhiet se thao tac lam ngat mach ien cuon day, do o cung ngat khi ong t va dng ong c ien. CB L RN CB D F F L1 L2 L3
RN K N M 3
b) Khi ong t ao chieu va ba nut nhan: Khi nhan nut nhan M T , cuon day contactor T co ien hut loi thep di ong va mach t khep kn lai; lam ong cac tiep iem chnh T e khi ong ong c quay theo chieu thuan va ong tiep em phu thng h T e duy tr mach ieu khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong M T . e ao chieu quay ong c, ta nhan nut nhan M N , cuon day contactor T mat ien, cuon day contactor N co ien hut loi thep di ong va mach t khep kn lai; lam ong cac tiep iem chnh N, luc nay tren mach ong lc ao hai day
BB BB BB BB BB BB
KHOA IEN
trong ba pha ien lam cho ong c ao chieu quay ngc lai va tiep em phu thng h N e duy tr mach ieu khien khi buong tay khoi nut nhan khi ong MN . Qua trnh ao chieu quay c lap lai nh tren. Khi nhan nut dng D, khi ong t N ( hoac T ) b ngat ien, ong c dng hoat ong. Khi co s co qua tai ong c, rle nhiet se thao tac lam ngat mach ien cuon day, do o cung ngat khi ong t va dng ong c ien. S o tren co the thc hien ca khoa lien ong ien bang cac tiep iem phu thng ong cua ban than hai khi ong t nay. S o trang ben IV . LA CHON VA LAP AT KHI ONG T:
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Hien nay nc ta, ong c khong ong bo ba pha roto long soc co cong suat t 0,6 en 100KW c s dung rong rai. e ieu khien van hanh chung, ta thng dung khi ong t. V vay e thuan li cho viec la chon khi ong t, nha san xuat thng khong nhng ch cho cng o dong ien suat nh mc ma con cho ca cong suat cua ong c ien ma khi ong t phuc vu ng vi cac ien ap khac nhau. e khi ong t lam viec tin cay, khi lap at can phai bat chat cng khi ong t tren mot mat thang ng ( o nghieng cho phep so vi truc thang ng 5 o ), khong cho phep boi m vao cac tiep iem va cac bo phan ong. Sau khi lap at khi ong t va trc khi van hanh, phai kiem tra: - Cho cac bo phan ong chuyen ong bang tay khong b ket, vng. - ien ap ieu khien phai phu hp ien ap nh mc cua cuon day. - Cac tiep iem phai tiep xuc eu va tot. - Cac day au ien phai theo ung s o ieu khien. - Rle nhiet phai at nac dong ien thch hp. - Khi lap at khi ong t can at kem theo cau ch bao ve.
PP PP
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM F L RN D
KHOA IEN
MT
MN
T N
N L1 F L2 L3
RN M 3 86/ Trang 86/ 103
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
KHOA IEN
PHAN 3 :
GII THIEU AC TNH, KET CAU
KH CU IEN CAO AP
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM CHNG 5: KH CU IEN CAO AP
KHOA IEN
I . KHAI QUAT. Trong ieu kien van hanh, cac kh cu ien co the lam viec cac che o sau : - Che o lam viec lau dai : trong che o nay cac kh cu ien se lam viec tin cay neu chung c chon ung ien ap va dong ien nh mc. - Che o lam viec qua tai : trong che o nay dong ien qua kh cu ien se ln hn dong ien nh mc, chung ch lam viec tin cay khi thi gian dong ien tang cao chay qua chung khong qua thi gian cho phep cua tng thiet b. - Che o lam viec ngan mach : kh cu se am bao s lam viec tin cay neu trong qua trnh la chon chu y cac ieu kien on nh nhiet va on nh ong. II . NHNG IEU KIEN CHUNG E LA CHON THIET B IEN VA CAC PHAN DAN IEN. 1. Chon theo ieu kien lam viec lau dai: a. Chon theo ien ap nh mc : ien ap nh mc cua kh cu ien c ghi tren nhan hay ly lch may, phu hp vi o cach ien cua no. Ngoai ra, khi thiet ke che tao cac kh cu ien eu co o d tr o ben ve ien nen cho phep chung lam viec lau dai khong han che vi ien ap cao hn nh mc 10 15% va goi la ien ap lam viec cc ai cua kh cu ien. Do vay khi chon kh cu ien phai thoa man ieu kien ien ap sau: U dmKCD + rU dmKCD U dmMang +rU Mang Vi U dmKCD ien ap nh mc cua kh cu ien. rU dmKCD o tang ien ap cho phep cua kh cu ien. U dmMang ien ap nh mc cua mang ien ni thiet b va kh cu ien lam viec. rU Mang o lech ien ap co the cua mang, so vi ien ap nh mc trong ieu kien van hanh. b. Chon theo dong ien nh mc : Dong ien nh mc cua kh cu ien I dmKCD do nha may che tao cho san va chnh la dong ien i qua kh cu ien trong thi gian khong han che vi nhiet Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 88/ Trang 88/ 103
KHOA IEN
o moi trng xung quanh la nh mc. Chon thiet b kh cu ien , ta phai am bao cho dong ien nh mc cua no ln hn hay bang dong ien lam viec cc ai cua mach ien I lv max tc la: I dmKCD I lv max Dong ien lam viec cc ai cua mach c tnh nh sau: - Luc cat mot trong hai ng day lam viec song song, ng day con lai phai ganh toan bo phu tai. - oi vi mach may bien ap : ta tnh khi may bien ap s dung kha nang qua tai cua no. - oi vi ng day cap khong co d tr : tnh khi s dung kha nang qua tai cua no. - oi vi thanh gop nha may ien, tram bien ap, cac thanh dan mach phan oan va cac mach noi kh cu ien: tnh trong ieu kien van hanh xau nhat. - oi vi may phat ien: tnh bang 1.05 lan dong ien nh mc cua no; v may phat ien ch cho phep qua tai ve dong ien en 5%. 2. Cac ieu kien kiem tra kh cu ien a. Kiem tra on nh ong: oi vi mang ien co ien ap 1 35KV iem trung tnh khong noi at, dong ien ngan mach ln nhat la dong ien ngan mach ba pha. Do vay ta lay dong ien o e kiem tra on nh ong cho cac thiet b. oi vi mang co ien ap U 110kV, iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at, dong ien ngan mach ln nhat co the la dong ien ngan mach mot pha hoac ba pha. Khi kiem tra cac thiet b cua mang nay ve phng dien on nh lc ien ong, ta phai chon dong ngan mach ln nhat trong hai mach o. ieu kien kiem tra on nh ong cua kh cu ien la: i max i xk Hay I max I xk Vi I max , i max : tr so bien o va tr so hieu dung cua dong ien cc ai cho phep, ac trng on nh ong cao cua kh cu ien. I xk , i xk : tr so bien o va tr so hieu dung cua dong ien ngan mach xung kch. Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 89/ Trang 89/ 103
KHOA IEN
b. Kiem tra on nh nhiet: Day dan va kh cu ien khi co dong ien i qua se b nung nong len v co cac ton that cong suat. Cac ton that nay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh ien ap, tan so nhng chu yeu phu thuoc vao bnh phng cng o dong ien. Khi nhiet o cua kh cu ien va day dan cao qua se b h hong hay giam thi gian phuc vu. Do o can phai qui nh nhiet o cho phep cua chung khi lam viec bnh thng cung nh khi ngan mach. oi vi day dan, ieu kien on nh nhiet co the ap dung mot trong ba phng phap sau: Can c vao nhiet o cuoi cung cua day dan khi ngan mach phai nho hn hay bang nhiet o ot nong cho phep ln nhat cua chung khi ngan mach : u 2 N u cp max u 2 N : nhiet o cuoi cung cua day dan khi ngan mach u cp max : nhiet o ot nong cho phep ln nhat khi ngan mach Day dan c on nh nhiet neu tiet dien chon S chon ln hn hay bang tiet dien nho nhat e on nh nhiet S min S chon S min Vi S min =
BN CT
B N = I ,,2 . (t N + T a ) :xung lng nhiet cua dong ien ngan mach (A 2 .s); I ,, : gia tr hieu dung ban au cua dong ien ngan mach , neu ngan mach xay ra xa ni at thiet b th I ,, = I (I ) ; t N = t bv + t MCD : thi gian cat ngan mach hay thi gian ngan mach (S),
BB BB BB BB
t bv : thi gian chnh cua thiet b bao ve chnh, t MCD : thi gian cat cua may cat ien. C T : he so phu thuoc vao nhiet o cho phep khi ngan mach va vat lieu dan . Bang tr so C T :
KHOA IEN
Vat lieu day dan
Nhiet o ban au u u cp 70 70 65 55 65 65
Nhiet o cuoi cung u 2 N = u cp max 300 200 200 150 200 200
He so C T
- Thanh dan ong. - Thanh dan nhom. - Cap en 10KV, cach ien giay, loi nhom. - Cap va day dan, cach ien polyvinin clorua, loi nhom. - Cap va day dan, cach ien polyetylen, loi nhom. - Cap 10kV, loi ong.
171 88 85 75 65 159
Can c vao on nh nhiet: dong ien on nh nhiet nh mc I dmnh ng vi thi gian on nh nhiet nh mc t dmnh do nha che tao cho . Kh cu ien se on nh nhiet neu thoa ieu kien sau: I2
PP PBPB
mnh mnh
BB
BB
. t dmnh . t dmnh
BN I
2
2
PBPB
PP
. t q
BB
BB
t q :thi gian tac ong qui oi cua dong ien ngan mach c xac nh nh la tong thi gian tac ong cua bao ve chnh at tai cho may cat ien s co vi thi gian tac ong toan phan cua may cat ien o. III . MOT SO KH CU IEN CAO AP (1000V) 1. May cat : a. Khai niem : May cat ien ap cao la thiet b ien chuyen dung e ong ngat mach ien xoay chieu tat ca cac che o van hanh co the co : ong ngat dong ien nh mc, dong ien ngan mach ; dong ien khong tai May cat la loai thiet b ong
BB BB
KHOA IEN
cat lam viec tin cay song gia thanh cao nen may cat ch c dung nhng ni quan trong. b. Phan loai may cat:
Thong thng may cat c phan loai theo phng phap dap tat ho quang, theo dang cach ien cua phan dan ien, theo ket cau cua buong dap ho quang. Da vao dang cach ien cua cac phan dan ien, may cat c phan thanh:
- May cat nhieu dau : gia cac thanh phan dan ien c cach ien bang dau may bien ap va ho quang sinh ra khi cat may cat cung c dap tac bang dau bien ap. - May cat t dau : gia cac thanh phan dan ien c cach ien bang cach ien ran va ho quang sinh ra khi cat may cat cung c dap tat bang dau bien ap. - May cat khong kh. - May cat ien t. - May cat chan khong. c. Cac thong so c ban cua may cat: - Dong ien cat nh mc : la dong ien ln nhat ma may cat co the cat mot cach tin cay ien ap phuc hoi gia hai tiep iem cua may cat bang ien ap nh mc cua mach ien. - Cong suat cat nh mc cua may cat ba pha : S dm = 3 .U dm .I cdm (VA) Trong o : U dm la ien ap nh mc cua he thong (V) I cdm la dong ien cat nh mc (A) Khai nien cong suat nay la tng oi khi dong ien qua may cat I cdm th ien ap tren hai au cua no tren thc te bang ien ap ho quang va ch bang vai % so vi ien ap cua mach ien . Sau khi ho quang b dap tat , tren cac tiep iem cua may cat bat au phuc hoi ien ap nhng trong thi gian nay dong ien bang 0.
KHOA IEN
- Thi gian cat cua may cat : thi gian nay c tnh t thi iem a tn hieu cat may cat en thi iem ho quang c dap tat tat ca cac cc. No bao gom thi gian cat rieng cua may cat va thi gian chay ho quang. - Dong ien ong nh mc : ay la gia tr xung kch ln nhat cua dong ien ngan mach ma may cat co the ong mot cach thanh cong ma tiep iem cua no khong b han dnh va khong b cac h hong khac trong trng hp ong lap lai. Dong ien nay c xac nh bang gia tr hieu dung cua dong ien xung kch khi xay ra ngan mach. - Thi gian ong may cat : la thi gian khi a tn hieu ong may cat cho ti khi hoan tat ong tac ong may cat. d. La chon va kiem tra may cat ien cao ap (1000V) May cat ien c chon theo en ap nh mc, loai may cat, kiem tra on nh ong, on nh nhiet va kha nang cat trong tnh trang ngan mach. 2. Dao cach ly : a. Khai niem
Dao cach ly la mot loai kh cu ien dung e tao mot khoang h cach ien c trong thay gia bo phan ang mang dong ien va bo phan cat ien nham muc ch am bao an toan, khien cho nhan vien sa cha thiet b ien an tam khi lam viec. Dao cach ly khong co bo phan dap tat ho quang nen khong the cat c dong ien ln
b. Phan loai: Theo yeu cau s dung, dao cach ly co hai loai
KHOA IEN
- Dao cach ly mot pha. - Dao cach ly ba pha. Theo v tr s dung, dao cach ly co hai loai: - Dao cach ly at trong nha. - Dao cach ly at ngoai tri.
Dao cach ly c chon theo ieu kien nh mc, chung c kiem tra theo ieu kien on nh lc ien ong va on nh nhiet.
3. Cau ch cao ap: a. Khai niem: Cau ch la mot kh cu ien dung e bao ve mach ien khi qua tai hay ngan mach. Thi gian cat mach cua cau ch phu thuoc nhieu vao vat lieu lam day chay. Day chay cua cau ch lam bang ch, hp kim vi thiec co nhiet o nong chay tng oi thap,ien tr suat tng oi ln.Do vay loai day chay nay thng che tao co tiet dien ln va thch hp vi ien ap nho hn 300V oi vi ien ap cao hn (1000 v): khong the dung day chay co tiec dien ln c v luc nong chay, lng kim loai toa ra ln. Kho khan cho viec dap tat ho quang ; do c. La chon va kiem tra dao cach ly
KHOA IEN
o ien ap nay thng dung day chay bang ong, bac, co ien tr suat be, nhiet o nong chay cao. b. Day chay: Thanh phan chnh cua cau ch la day chay. Day chay co kch thc va vat lieu khac nhau, c xac nh bang ac tuyen dong ien thi gian (TCC). Song song vi day chay la mot si day cang ra e triet tieu s keo cang cua day chay. e tang cng kha nang dap ho quang sinh ra khi day chay b t va bao am an toan cho ngi van hanh cung nh cac thiet b khac xung quanh trong cau ch thng chen ay cac thach anh. Cac thach anh co tac dung phan chia nho ho quang. Vo cau ch co the lam bang chat xenluylo. Nhiet o cao cua ho quang se lam cho xenluylo boc hi gay ap suat ln e nhanh chong dap tat ho quang. c. Phan loai cau ch: Tuy theo chc nang cua moi loai cau ch ma ta co the phan nh sau : Cau ch t ri (fuse cut out: FCO) : hoat ong theo nguyen tac "ri" do mot day ch c noi lien ket hai au. Viec dap tat ho quang ch yeu da vao ong phu ben ngoai day ch. Ngoai nhiem vu bao ve qua tai va ngan mach cau ch t ri con co nhiem vu cach ly ng day b s co . Cau ch chan khong: la loai cau ch ma day chay c at trong moi trng chan khong. Cau ch chan khong co the c lap ben tren hoac di dau. Cau ch han dong : chc nang chnh la han che tac ong cua dong ien s co co the co oi vi nhng thiet b c no bao ve. d. La chon va kiem tra cau ch: Cau ch c chon theo ien ap nh mc, dong ien nh mc va dong ien cat nh mc ( hay cong suat cat nh mc). Ngoai ra, can chu y v tr at cau ch (trong nha hay ngoai tri.) U dmMang U dmCC I dmCC S dmcatCC Vi: U dmCC : ien ap nh mc cua cau ch U dmMang : ien ap nh mc cua mang ien ni cau ch lam viec Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 95/ Trang 95/ 103 I lv max S ,,
KHOA IEN
I dmCC : dong ien nh mc cua cau ch I lv max : dong ien lam viec cc ai cua mach ien can bao ve S dmcatCC : cong suat cat nh mc cua cau ch S ,, = 3 . U dmMang . I ,, ; I ,, : la gia tr hieu dung ban au cua dong ien ngan mach
CAU HOI CHNG 5 1- Hay neu nhng ieu kien chung e la chon kh cu ien ap cao. 2- Cho biet khai niem, phan loai va cach la chon may cat. 3- Cho biet khai niem, phan loai va cach la chon dao cach ly.
KHOA IEN
PHAN 4 :
MOT SO S O CAN BAN
VE NGUYEN LY IEU KHIEN, VAN HANH.
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM CHNG 5:
KHOA IEN
MOT SO S O CAN BAN VE NGUYEN LY IEU KHIEN, VAN HANH ONG C. I. MACH IEN KHI ONG DNG MOT ONG C KB 3 PHA. a. Nguyen ly: Dung mach e khi ong mot ong c KB 3 pha, co tiep iem duy tr e ong c lam viec, sau o dng ong c. b. S o mach: ( hnh 1) c. Th t thc hien: - Nhan nut nhan S 2 , contactor K 1 co ien, cac tiep iem chnh ong lai, ong c hoat ong; cac tiep iem phu thay oi trang thai, tiep iem phu thng ong h ra lam cho en H 1 tat, tiep iem phu thng h ong lai duy tr nguon cho contactor K 1 va en H 2 . - Nhan S 1 e dng ong c. II. MACH IEN KHI ONG TH T HAI ONG C KB 3 PHA. a. Nguyen ly: Dung mach e khi ong th t hai ong c KB 3 pha. ong c 1 (ieu khien bi contactor K 1 ) chay trc, sau o ong c 2(ieu khien bi contactor K 2 ) chay theo. Neu co s tac ong nham lan, mach ien khong hoat ong. Cuoi cung dng ca hai ong c. b. S o mach: ( hnh 2) c. Th t thc hien: - Nhan S 3 , ong c M 1 hoat ong, en H 1 sang. - Nhan S 4 , ong c M 2 hoat ong, en H 2 sang. - Nhan S 2 e dng ong c M 2 , en H 2 tat. - Nhan S 1 e dng ong c M 1 , dng toan bo mach ieu khien, en H 1 tat.
BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB
KHOA IEN
Hnh 1:S o mach ien khi ong dng mot ong c KB 3 pha CB L RN F
S1
S2
K1
K1
K1
K1 N L1
H2 L2 L3
H1
CB 3 F
K1
RN
M 3
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM KHOA IEN Hnh 2: S o mach khi ong th t hai ong c KB ba pha F L RN RN
S1
S2
S3
K1
S4
K2 K1
K1 N
H1 L1 F K1 L2
K2
H2
L3
K2 RN M1 3 100/ Trang 100/ 103 RN M2 3
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
KHOA IEN
III. MACH IEN AO CHIEU ONG C KB BA PHA. a. Nguyen ly: ao chieu quay ong c KB ba pha bang cach ao hai trong ba day nguon trc khi a nguon vao ong c. Mach ien nay dung ieu khien ong c KB ba pha lam viec hai chieu quay, sau o dng ong c. b. S o mach: ( hnh 3) c. Th t thc hien: - Nhan S 2 , ong c hoat ong theo chieu thuan, en H 1 sang. - Nhan S 3 , ong c hoat ong theo chieu nghch, en H 1 tat, en H 2 sang. - Nhan S 1 e dng toan bo mach ieu khien, ong c ngng hoat ong.
TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM KHOA IEN Hnh 3: S o mach ao chieu ong c KB ba pha F L RN S1
KT
S2
S3
KN
KN
KT
KT N
H1
KN L1 F
H2 L2 L3
KT
KN
RN M1 3 102/ Trang 102/ 103
Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien
KHOA IEN
IV. MACH IEN KHI ONG MOT ONG C KB 3 PHA T ONG DNG. a. Nguyen ly: Dung mach e khi ong mot ong c KB 3 pha, co tiep iem duy tr e ong c lam viec, sau thi gian lam viec a nh tren timer, tiep iem thng ong m cham cua timer h ra, ong c dng. b. S o mach: ( hnh 3) c. Th t thc hien: - Nhan S 2 , ong c hoat ong, en H 1 tat, en H 2 sang. - Rle thi gian K TON co ien va bat au tnh thi gian ong c lam viec. Khi het khoang thi gian a nh, tiep iem thng ong K TON h ra lam ngng cap ien cho contactor K 1 , ong c ngng hoat hoat ong. H 1 sang, en H 2 tat. - Nhan S 1 e dng ong c khan cap.
BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB
TRNG CAO ANG CONG NGHIEP IV F L RN S1
KHOA IEN
S o mach ien khi ong dng mot ong c KB 3 pha
KTON
S2
K1
K1
K1
K1 N
KT 10s
H2
H1
L1 F
L2
L3
K1
RN
M 3 Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 1/ 103
TRNG CAO ANG CONG NGHIEP IV
KHOA IEN
V. MACH IEN T ONG KHI ONG THEO TH T CUA HAI ONG C KB 3 PHA a. Nguyen ly: Mach ien s dung TON. Dung mach e khi ong th t hai ong c KB 3 pha. ong c 1 (ieu khien bi contactor K 1 ) khi ong trc, sau thi gian khi ong cua ong c 1 th tiep iem thng h ong cham cua rle thi gian TON ong lai ong c 2 (ieu khien bi contactor K 2 ) khi ong. Cuoi cung dng ca hai ong c, ta nhan S 1 . b. S o mach: ( hnh 3) c. Th t thc hien: - Nhan S 1 , ong c M 1 hoat ong, en H 1 sang. - Rle thi gian K TON co ien va bat au tnh thi gian. Sau khoang thi gian a chnh tren K TON , tiep iem thng h ong cham K TON chuyen trang thai, ong c M 2 hoat ong, en H 2 sang. - Nhan S 1 e dng ca hai ong c.
BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB
TRNG CAO ANG CONG NGHIEP IV S o mach khi ong th t hai ong c KB ba pha F L RN RN
KHOA IEN
S1
S2
K1
KT
KT K1 N L1 F K1 L2 L3 H1 5s K2 H2
K2 RN M1 3 RN M2 3
TRNG CAO ANG CONG NGHIEP IV
KHOA IEN
CAU HOI CHNG 6 1- Ve mach luan phien hai ong c ( ch co mot trong hai ong c lam viec). 2- Ve mach luan phien ba ong c ( ch co mot trong ba ong c lam viec). 3- Ve mach khi ong ong c khong ong bo ba pha bang phng phap oi noi sao tam giac ( ong c m may che o sao, lam viec che o tam giac). 4- Ve mach ieu khien toc o ong c bang phng phap thay oi so oi cc t. 5- Ve mach ieu khien ao chieu ong c khong ong bo ba pha ket hp oi noi sao tam giac. 6- Ve mach ieu khien ao chieu ong c khong ong bo ba pha, moi chieu quay lam viec hai cap toc o.

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TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

BO CONG NGHIEP TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHIEP TP. HO CH MINH

Bo mon : THIET B IEN

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 1/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 2/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 3/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

CHNG 1: LC IEN ONG TRONG KH CU IEN

F .B.sin .dl i.B.l.sin dF i

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

1 1 2 . L1 .i12 . L2 .i2 M .i1 .i2 2 2

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 5/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 6/ 103

l1 = l2 = l - Lc ien sinh ra:

2. Hai day dan song song khong cung chieu dai B1 C1

Lc ien ong sinh ra:

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 7/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 8/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

2 2 F c.I m.sin 2 t c.I m

2 3 1 2 4 F13 c.I m . sin t. sin t 2 3

2 1 4 2 F1 c.I m . sin t. t sin t sin 3 2 3

Tng t, ta co: Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien Trang 9/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

2 . F 2 = F 21 + F 23 = c.I m .sin t sin t sin t 3 2 3

2 1 4 2 c.Im.sint. t sin t sin F3 = - F1 = 3 2 3

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 10/ Trang 10/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

CHNG 2: PHAT NONG KH CU IEN

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 11/ Trang 11/ 103

110 75 75 110 120 110

Ly ThuyetaKh Cu ien ban u

t(s) 12/ Trang 12/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 13/ Trang 13/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

CHNG 3: TIEP XUC IEN HO QUANG IEN

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 14/ Trang 14/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

I(A) 0,9 0,38 0,4 0,9 0,43 0,03

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 15/ Trang 15/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 16/ Trang 16/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 17/ Trang 17/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

TM HIEU AC TNH, KET CAU, TNH TOAN LA CHON S DUNG

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 18/ Trang 18/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

6 4 5 Cuon day bao ve qua dong

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

10 11 load Cuon day bao ve sut ap

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM

Trang thai ON Trang thai CB tac ong co s co Trang thai OFF

Push to trip (nhan vao e th CB)

Ly Thuyet Kh Cu ien 23/ Trang 23/ 103

TRNG I H C CNG NGHI P TP HCM