Chng 1

M U
K thut in t v tin hc l mt ngnh mi nhn mi pht trin. Trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn (so vi cc ngnh khoa hc khc), t khi ra i tranzito (1948), n c nhng tin b nhy vt, mang li nhiu thay i ln v su sc trong hu ht mi lnh vc ca i sng, dn tr thnh mt trong nhng cng c quan trng nht ca cch mng k thut trnh cao (m im trung tm l t ng ha tng phn hoc hon ton, tin hc ho, phng php cng ngh v vt liu mi). bc u lm quen vi nhng vn c bn nht ca ngnh mang ngha i cng, chng m u s cp ti cc khi nim c s nhp mn v gii thiu cu trc cc h thng in t in hnh.

1.1.

CC I LNG C BN

1.1.1 in p v dng in
C hai khi nim nh lng c bn ca mt mch in. Chng cho php xc nh trng thi v in nhng im, nhng b phn khc nhau vo nhng thi im khc nhau ca mch in v do vy chng cn c gi l cc thng s trng thi c bn ca mt mch in. Khi nim in p c rt ra t khi nim in th trong vt l, l hiu s in th gia hai im khc nhau ca mch in. Thng mt im no ca mch c chn lm im gc c in th bng 0 (im ni t). Khi , in th ca mi im khc trong mch c gi tr m hay dng c mang so snh vi im gc v c hiu l in p ti im tng ng. Tng qut hn, in p gia hai im A v B ca mch (k hiu l UAB)xc nh bi: UAB = VA - VB = -UBA Vi VA v VB l in th ca A v B so vi gc (im ni t hay cn gi l ni mt). Khi nim dng in l biu hin trng thi chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in trong vt cht do tc ng ca trng hay do tn ti mt gradien nng ht theo khng gian. Dng in trong mch c chiu chuyn ng t ni c in th cao n ni c in th thp, t ni c mt ht tch in dng cao n ni c mt ht tch in dng thp v do vy ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca in t. T cc khi nim nu trn, cn rt ra my nhn xt quan trng sau: a) in p lun c o gia hai im khc nhau ca mch trong khi dng in c xc nh ch ti mt im ca mch. b) bo ton in tch, tng cc gi tr cc dng in i vo mt im ca mch lun bng tng cc gi tr dng in i ra khi im (quy tc nt vi dng in). T suy ra, trn mt on mch ch gm cc phn t ni tip nhau th dng in ti mi im l nh nhau.

c) in p gia hai im A v B khc nhau ca mch nu o theo mi nhnh bt k c in tr khc khng (xem khi nim nhnh 1.1.4) ni gia A v B l ging nhau v bng UAB. Ngha l in p gia 2 u ca nhiu phn t hay nhiu nhnh ni song song vi nhau lun bng nhau. (Quy tc vng i vi in p).

1.1.2. Tnh cht in ca mt phn t

(Ghi ch: khi nim phn t y l tng qut, i din cho mt yu t cu thnh mch in hay mt tp hp nhiu yu t to nn mt b phn ca mch in. Thng thng, phn t l mt linh kin trong mch) 1. nh ngha: Tnh cht in ca mt phn t bt k trong mt mch in c th hin qua mi quan h tng h gia in p U trn hai u ca n v dng in I chy qua n v c nh ngha l in tr (hay in tr phc - tr khng) ca phn t. Ngha l khi nim in tr gn lin vi qu trnh bin i in p thnh dng in hoc ngc li t dng in thnh in p. a) Nu mi quan h ny l t l thun, ta c nh lut m: U = R.I (1-1) y, R l mt hng s t l c gi l in tr ca phn t v phn t tng ng c gi l mt in tr thun. .

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng in tr, bin tr b) Nu in p trn phn t t l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca dng in trn n, tc l :

U=L

dI dt

( y L l mt hng s t l)

(1-2)

ta c phn t l mt cun dy c gi tr in cm l L.

Hnh 1.3. Cun cm, bin p trong mch in t c) Nu dng in trn phn t t l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca in p trn n, tc l: I=C dU ( y C l mt hng s t l) dt (1-3)

ta c phn t l mt t in c gi tr in dung l C. d) Ngoi cc quan h nu trn, trong thc t cn tn ti nhiu quan h tng h a dng v phc tp gia in p v dng in trn mt phn t. Cc phn t ny gi chung l cc phn t khng tuyn tnh v c nhiu tnh cht c bit. in tr ca chng c gi chung l cc in tr phi tuyn, in hnh nht l t, tranzito, thiristo... v s c cp ti cc phn tip sau. 2. Cc tnh cht quan trng ca phn t tuyn tnh l: a) c tuyn Vn - Ampe (th hin qua quan h U(I)) l mt ng thng. b) Tun theo nguyn l chng cht. Tc ng tng cng bng tng cc tc ng ring l ln n. p ng tng cng (kt qu chung) bng tng cc kt qu thnh phn do tc ng thnh phn gy ra. c) Khng pht sinh thnh phn tn s l khi lm vic vi tn hiu xoay chiu (khng gy mo phi tuyn). i lp vi phn t tuyn tnh l phn t phi tuyn c cc tnh cht sau:

Hnh 1.2. T in trong thc t a) c tuyn VA l mt ng cong (in tr thay i theo im lm vic). b) Khng p dng c nguyn l chng cht. c) Lun pht sinh thm tn s l u ra khi c tn hiu xoay chiu tc ng u vo. 3. ng dng - Cc phn t tuyn tnh (R, L, C), c mt s ng dng quan trng sau: a) in tr lun l thng s c trng cho hin tng tiu hao nng lng (ch yu di dng nhit) v l mt thng s khng qun tnh. Mc tiu hao nng lng ca in tr c nh gi bng cng sut trn n, xc nh bi: P = U.I = I2R = U2/R ( 1-4)

Trong khi , cun dy v t in l cc phn t v c bn khng tiu hao nng lng (xt l tng) v c qun tnh. Chng c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng t trng hay in trng ca mch khi c dng in hay in p bin thin qua chng. y, tc bin i ca cc thng s trng thi (in p, dng in) c vai tr quyt nh gi tr tr khng ca chng, ngha l chng c in tr ph thuc

vo tn s (vo tc bin i ca in p hay dng in tnh trong mt n v thi gian). Vi t in, t h thc (1-3), dung khng ca n gim khi tng tn s v ngc li vi cun dy, t (1-2) cm khng ca n tng theo tn s. b) Gi tr in tr tng cng ca nhiu in tr ni tip nhau lun ln hn ca tng ci v c tnh cht cng tuyn tnh. in dn (l gi tr nghch o ca in tr) ca nhiu in tr ni song song nhau lun ln hn in dn ring r ca tng ci v cng c tnh cht cng tuyn tnh. H qu l: - C th thc hin vic chia nh mt in p (hay dng in) hay cn gi l thc hin vic dch mc in th (hay mc ng in) gia cc im khc nhau ca mch bng cch ni ni tip (hay song song) cc in tr. - Trong cch ni ni tip, in tr no ln hn s quyt nh gi tr chung ca dy. Ngc li, trong cch ni song song, in tr no nh hn s c vai tr quyt nh. Vic ni ni tip {hay song song) cc cun dy s dn ti kt qu tng t nh i vi cc in tr: s lm tng (hay gim) tr s in cm chung. i vi t in, khi ni song song chng, in dung tng cng tng: Css = C1 + C2 + Cn cn khi ni ni tip, in dung tng cng gim: 1/Cnt = 1/C1+ 1/C2 ++ 1/Cn (1-6) (1-5)

c) Nu ni ni tip hay song song R vi L hoc C s nhn c mt kt cu mch c tnh cht chn lc tn s (tr khng chung ph thuc vo tn s gi l cc mch lc tn s). d) Nu ni ni tip hay song song L vi C s dn ti mt kt cu mch va c tnh cht chn lc tn s, va c kh nng thc hin qu trnh trao i qua li gia hai dng nng lng in - t trng, tc l kt cu c kh nng pht sinh dao ng in p hay dng in nu ban u c mt ngun nng lng ngoi kch thch, (vn ny s gp mc 2.4).

1.1.3. Ngun in p v ngun dng in

a) Nu mt phn t t n hay khi chu cc tc ng khng c bn cht in t,c kh nng to ra in p hay dng in mt im no ca mch in th n c gi l mt ngun sc in ng (s..). Hai thng s c trng cho mt ngun s.. l : - Gi tr in p gia hai u lc h mch (khi khng ni vi bt k mt phn t no khc t ngoi n hai u ca n) gi l in p lc h mch ca ngun k hiu l Uhm - Gi tr dng in ca ngun a ra mch ngoi lc mch ngoi dn in hon ton: gi l gi tr dng in ngn mch ca ngun k hiu l Ingm . Mt ngun s.. c coi l l tng nu in p hay dng in do n cung cp cho mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mch ngoi (mch ti).

b) Trn thc t, vi nhng ti c gi tr khc nhau, in p trn hai u ngun hay dng in do n cung cp c gi tr khc nhau v ph thuc vo ti. iu chng t bn trong ngun c xy ra qu trnh bin i dng in cung cp thnh gim p trn chnh n, ngha l tn ti gi tr in tr bn trong gi l in tr trongca ngun k hiu l Rng Rng = Uhm Ingm (1-7)

Nu gi U v I l cc gi tr in p v dng in do ngun cung cp khi c ti hu hn 0 < Rt< th: R ng = T (l-7) v (l-8) suy ra:
Ingm = U +I R ng

Uhm - U I

(1-8)

(1-9)

T cc h thc trn, ta c cc nhn xt sau: 1. Nu Rng 0. th t h thc (1-8) ta c U Uhm khi ngun s.. l mt ngun in p l tng. Ni cch khc mt ngun in p cng gn l tng khi in tr trong Rng ca n c gi tr cng nh. 2. Nu Rng , t h thc (1-9) ta c I Ingm ngun s khi c dng l mt ngun dng in l tng hay mt ngun dng in cng gn l tng khi Rng ca n cng ln. 3. Mt ngun s... trn thc t c coi l mt ngun in p hay ngun dng in ty theo bn cht cu to ca n gi tr Rng l nh hay ln. Vic nh gi Rng ty thuc tng quan gia n vi gi tr in tr ton phn ca mch ti ni ti hai u ca ngun xut pht t cc h thc (1-8) v (l-9) c hai cch biu din k hiu ngun (s) thc t nh trn hnh 1.1 a v b 4. Mt b phn bt k ca mch c cha ngun, khng c lin h h cm vi phn cn li ca mch m ch ni vi phn cn li ny hai im, lun c th thay th bng mt ngun tng ng vi mt in tr trong l in tr tng ng ca b phn mch ang xt. Trng hp ring, nu b phn mch bao gm nhiu ngun in p ni vi nhiu in tr theo mt cch bt k, c 2 u ra s c thay th bng ch mt ngun in p tng ng vi mt in tr trong tng ng (nh l v ngun tng ng ca Tevnin)

Hnh 1.4. a) Biu din tng ng ngun in p; b) ngun dng in

1.1.4. Biu din mch in bng cc k hiu v hnh v (s )

C nhiu cch biu din mt mch in t, trong n gin v thun li hn c l cch biu din bng s gm tp hp cc k hiu quy c hay k hiu tng ng ca cc phn t c ni vi nhau theo mt cch no (ni tip, song song, hn hp ni tip song song hay phi ghp thch hp) nh cc ng ni c in tr bng 0. Khi biu din nh vy, xut hin mt vi yu t hnh hc cn lm r khi nim l: Nhnh (ca s mch) l mt b phn ca s , trong ch bao gm cc phn t ni ni tip nhau, qua n ch c mt dng in duy nht Nt l mt im ca mch chung cho t ba nhnh tr ln. Vng l mt phn ca mch bao gm mt s nt v nhnh lp thnh mt ng kn m dc theo n mi nhnh v nt phi vn ch gp mt ln (tr nt c chn lm im xut pht). Cy l mt phn ca mch bao gm ton b s nt v nhnh ni gia cc nt nhng khng to nn mt vng kn no. Cc nhnh ca cy c gi l nhnh cy, cc nhnh cn li ca mch khng thuc cy c gi l b cy. Cc yu t nu trn c s dng c bit thun li khi cn phn tch tnh ton mch bng s . Ngi ta cn biu din mch gn hn bng mt s gm nhiu khi c nhng ng lin h vi nhau. Mi khi bao gm mt nhm cc phn t lin kt vi nhau cng thc hin mt nhim v k thut c th c ch r (nhng khng ch ra c th cch thc lin kt bn trong khi). l cch biu din mch bng s khi rt gn, qua d dng hnh dung tng qut hot ng ca ton b h thng mch in t.

1.2.

TIN TC V TN HIU

Tin tc v tn hiu l hai khi nim c bn ca k thut in t tin hc, l i tng m cc h thng mch in t c chc nng nh mt cng c vt cht k thut nhm to ra, gia cng x l hay ni chung nhm chuyn i gia cc dng nng lng gii quyt mt mc tiu k thut nht nh no . 1.2.2. Tin tc c hiu l ni dung cha ng bn trong mt s kin, mt bin c hay mt qu trnh no (gi l ngun tin). Trong hot ng a dng ca con ngi, t lu hnh thnh nhu cu trao i tin tc theo hai chiu: v khng gian bin c xy ra ti ni A th cn nhanh chng c bit nhng ni ngoi A v v thi gian: bin c xy ra vo lc to cn c lu gi li c th bit vo lc to + T vi kh nng T ", nhu cu ny c tha mn v pht trin di nhiu hnh thc v bng mi phng tin vt nht ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca x hi (k hiu, ting ni, ch vit hay bng cc phng tin ti tin khc nhau). Gn y, do s pht trin v tin b nhanh chng ca k thut in t, nhu cu ny ngy cng c tha mn su sc trong iu kin ca mt s bng n thng tin ca x hi hin i. Tnh cht quan trng nht ca tin tc l n mang ngha xc sut thng k, th hin cc mt sau: a) Ni dung cha trong mt s kin cng c ngha ln (ta ni s kin c lng tin tc cao) khi n xy ra cng bt ng, cng t c ch i. Ngha l lng tin c ln t l vi bt ng hay t l ngc vi xc sut xut hin ca s kin v c th dng xc sut l mc o lng tin tc. b) Mc nhn c "ni dung" ca mt s kin no , trong hu ht mi trng hp, ngi ta ch khng inh c tnh chc chn, xc thc ca n vi mt tin cy no . Mc chc chn cng cao khi cng mt ni dung c lp li (v c bn) nhiu ln, ngha l tin tc cn c tnh cht trung bnh thng k ph thuc vo mc hn lon ca ngun tin, ca mi trng (knh) truyn tin v c vo ni nhn tin, vo tt c kh nng gy sai lm c th ca mt h thng thng tin. Ngi ta c th dng Entropy nh gi lng tin thng qua cc gi tr entropy ring r ca ngun tin, knh truyn tin v ni nhn tin. c) Tin tc khng t nhin sinh ra hoc mt i m ch l mt biu hin ca cc qu trnh chuyn ha nng lng hay qu trnh trao i nng lng gia hai dng vt cht v trng. Phn ln cc qu trnh ny l mang tnh ngu nhin tun theo cc quy lut phn b ca l thuyt xc sut thng k. Tuy nhin c th thy rng, nu mt h thng c nng lng n nh, mc trt t cao th cng kh thu thp c tin tc t n v ngc li. C s ton hc nh gi nh lng cc nhn xt trn c trnh by trong cc gio trnh chuyn ngnh v l thuyt thng tin. 1.2.3. Tn hiu l khi nim m t cc biu hin vt l ca tin tc. Cc biu hin ny a dng v thng c phn chia thnh hai nhm: c bn cht in t v khng c bn cht in t. Tuy nhin, dng cui cng thng gp trong cc h thng in t, th hin qua thng s trng thi in p hay ng in, l c bn cht in t.

 C th coi tn hiu ni chung (d di dng no) l mt i lng vt l bin thin theo thi gian v biu din n di dng mt hm s hay th theo thi gian l thch hp hn c. Nu biu thc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu l s(t) tha mn iu kin: s(t) = s(t + T) (1- 10) Vi mi t v y T l mt hng s th s(t) c gi l mt tn hiu tun hon theo thi gian. Gi tr nh nht trong tp {T} tha mn (1-10) gi l chu k ca s(t). Nu khng tn ti mt gi tr hu hn ca T tha mn (1-10) th ta c s(t) l mt tn hiu khng tun hon. Dao ng hnh sin (h.1.2) l dng c trng nht ca cc tn hiu tun hon, c biu thc dng s(t) = Acos(t-) (1-11)

Hnh 1.5. Tn hiu hnh sin v cc tham s trong (1-11) A, , l cc hng s v ln lt c gi l bin , tn s gc v gc pha ban u ca s(t), c cc mi lin h gia , T v f nh sau : = 2 1 ;f = T T (1-12)

Cng c th chia tn hiu theo cch khc thnh hai dng c bn l bin thin lin tc theo thi gian (tn hiu tng t - analog) hay bin thin khng lin tc theo thi gian (tn hiu xung s - digital). Theo , s c hai dng mch in t c bn lm vic (gia cng x l) vi tng loi trn. Cc dng tn hiu va nu trn, nu c biu thc s(t) hay th biu din xc nh, c gi l loi tn hiu xc nh r rng. Ngoi ra, cn mt lp cc tn hiu mang tnh ngu nhin v ch xc nh c chng qua cc php ly mu nhiu ln v nh cc quy lut ca phn b xc sut thng k, c gi l cc tn hiu ngu nhin.

Hnh 1.6. Cc dng xung thng gp

1.2.4. Cc tnh cht ca tn hiu theo cch biu din thi gian
a) di v tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu di ca tn hiu l khong thi gian tn ti ca n (t lc bt u xut hin n lc mt i). di mang ngha l khong thi gian mc bn vi tn hiu ca mt mch hay h thng in t. Nu thiu s(t) xut hin lc to c di l t th gi tr trung bnh ca s(t), k hiu l s(t) c xc nh bi: s(t) = 1 to+ s(t)dt to (1-13)

b) Nng lng, cng sut v tr hiu dng: Nng lng Es ca tn hiu s(t) c xc nh bi

Es=

to +t

to

S2(t)dt =

S2(t)dt

(1-14)

Cng sut trung bnh ca s(t) trong thi gian tn ti ca n c nh ngha bi: s(t) =

to +t

to

s(t)dt = Es

(1-15)

Gi tr hiu dng ca s(t) c nh ngha l:

10

Shd=

t o +

to

s (t)dt =
2

S 2 (t) =

Es

(1-16)

c) Di ng ca tn hiu l t s gia cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cng sut tc thi ca tn hiu. Nu tnh theo n v logarit (dexibel), di ng c nh ngha l : DdB = 10lg max{s 2 (t)} maxs(t) = 20lg 2 min{s (t)} mins(t) (1-17)

thng s ny c trng cho khong cng hay khong ln ca tn hiu tc ng ln mch hoc h thng in t. d) Thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu ca tn hiiu: Mt tn hiu s(t) lun c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu sao cho: s(t) = s~+ s= (1-18)

vi s~ l thnh phn bin thin theo thi gian ca s(t) v c gi tr trung bnh theo thi gian bng 0 v s= l thnh phn c nh theo thi gian (thnh phn 1 chiu). Theo cc h thc(1-13) van (1-18) c : s(t) = s= = lc : v 1
t o +t

to

s(t)dt

(1-19)

s- = s(t) - s(t)
s~ = s(t) s(t) = 0

(1-20)

e) Cc thnh phn chn v l ca tn hiu Mt tn hiu s(t) cng lun c th phn tch cch khc thnh hai thnh phn chn v l c xc nh nh sau sch(t) = Sch(-t) = sl(t) = -sl(-t) t suy ra: sch(t) + sl(t) = s(t) = 1 [ s(t) + s(-t) 2 1 [ s(t) - s(-t)] 2 (1-21)

11

s ch (t) = s(t); sle = 0 Mt tn hiu s(t) bt k c th biu din tng qut di dng mt s phc : s(t) = Res(t) - jIms(t) y Re s(t ) l phn thc v Im s (t ) l phn o ca s(t ) l: Theo nh ngha, lng lin hp phc ca s (t ) l: s * (t) = Res(t) - jIms(t)

(1-22)

f) Thnh phn thc v o ca tn hiu hay biu din phc ca mt tn hiu

(1-23)

(1-24)

Khi cc thnh phn thc v o ca s(t ) theo (l-23) v (l-24) c xc nh bi: 1 Re s(t) = [s(t) + s * (t) 2 1 Im s(t) = [s(t) - s * (t)] 2 (1-25)

1.3.

CC H THNG IN T IN HNH

H thng in t l mt tp hp cc thit b in t nhm thc hin mt nhim v k thut nht nh nh gia cng x l tin tc, truyn thng tin d liu, o lng thng s iu khin t chnh... V cu trc mt h thng in t c hai dng c bn: dang h kn, thng tin c gia cng x l theo c hai chiu nhm t ti mt iu kin ti u nh trc hay h h thng tin c truyn ch theo mt hng t ngun tin ti ni nhn tin.

1.3.2. H thng thng tin thu - pht

C nhim v truyn mt tin tc d liu theo khng gian (trn mt khong cch nht nh) t ngun tin ti ni nhn tin. 1.Cu trc s khi: 2. Cc c im ch yu a) L dng h thng h. b) Bao gm 2 qu trnh c bn.

12

Hnh 1.7. S khi h thng thng tin dn dng Qu trnh gn tin tc cn gi i vo mt ti tin tn s cao bng cch bt ao ng ti tin c mt thng s bin thin theo quy lut ca tin tc gi l qu trnh iu ch ti thit b pht. Qu trnh tch 'tin 'tc' khi ti tin ly li ni dung tin tc tn s thp ti thit b thu gi l qu trnh di iu ch . c) Cht lng v hiu qu cng nh cc c im ca h do 3 yu t quy nh: c im ca thit b pht, c im ca thit b thu v mi trng thc hin qu trnh truyn tin (a hnh, thi tit, nhiu...) Ba yu t ny c m bo nng cao cht lng mt cch ring r t hiu qu thng tin cao, trong ti ngun tin l cc iu kin ch ng, hai yu t cn li l yu t b ng. d) Cc ch tiu quan trng nht ca h: Dng iu ch (AM, FM, analog, digita/), cng sut bc x ca thit b pht, khong cch v iu kin mi trng truyn, nhy v chn lc ca thit b thu.

1.3.3. H o lng in t
H loi ny c nhim v thu thp tin tc d liu v mt i tng hay qu trnh no nh gi thng s hoc trng thi ca chng. 1. Cu trc khi:

Hnh 1.8. H thng o lng 2. Cc c im c bn: a) L h cu trc dng h

13

b) C hai phng php c bn thc hin qu trnh o: phng php tip xc (thit b u vo tip xc trc tip vi i tng o l ngun tin) v phng php khng tip xc. B bin i u vo l quan trng nht, c nhim v bin i thng s i lng cn o (thng dng mt i lng vt l) v dng tn hiu in t c tham s t l vi i lng cn o. (V d: p sut bin i thnh in p, nhit hoc m hay vn tc bin i thnh in p hoc dng in...). c) S can thip ca bt k thit b o no vo i tng o dn ti h qu l i tng o khng cn ng c lp v do xy ra qu trnh mt thng tin t nhin dn n sai s o. d) Mi c gng nhm nng cao chnh xc ca php o u lm tng tnh phc tp; tng chi ph k thut v lm xut hin cc nguyn nhn gy sai s mi v i khi lm gim tin cy ca php o. e) V nguyn tc c th thc hin gia cng tin tc o lin tc theo thi gian (phng php analog) hay gia cng ri rc theo thi gian (phng php digital). Yu t ny quy nh cc c im k thut v cu trc. C th l phng php analog, i lng o c theo di lin tc theo thi gian cn phng php digital i lng o c ly mu gi tr nhng thi im xc nh v so vi cc mc cng chun xc nh. Phng php digital cho php tit kim nng lng, nng cao chnh xc v kh nng phi ghp vi cc thit b x l tin t ng. f) C kh nng o nhiu thng s (nhiu knh) hay o xa nh kt hp thit b o vi mt h thng thng tin truyn d liu, o t ng nh mt chng trnh vch sn (o iu khin bng p)...

1.3.4. H t iu chnh
H c nhim v theo di khng ch mt hoc vi thng s ca mt qu trnh sao cho thng s ny phi c gi tr nm trong mt gii hn nh trc (hoc ngoi gii hn ny) tc l c nhim v n nh thng s (t ng) mt tr s hay mt di tr s cho trc. 1. S cu trc 2. Cc c im ch yu a) L h dng cu trc kn: thng tin truyn theo hai hng nh cc mch phn hi. b) Thng s cn o v khng ch c theo di lin tc v duy tr mc hoc gii hn nh sn. V d : To (cn theo di khng ch) c bin i trc tin thnh Ux sau , so snh Ux vi Uch pht hin ra du v ln ca sai lch (Uch tng ng vi mc chun Tch c nh sn m i tng cn c khng ch ). Sau khi c khuch i lng sai lch U = Ux - Uch c a ti khi chp hnh iu khin tng hoc gim Tx theo yu cu ty du v ln ca U. S c 3 kh nng:

14

Hnh 1.9. H t ng iu chnh Khi U = 0, ta c Tx = Tch. (Ux = Uch) i tng ang trng thi mong mun, nhnh thng tin ngc khng hot ng. Khi U > 0 (Ux > Uch) Tx > Tch h iu chnh lm gim Tx . Khi U < 0 Tx < Tch h iu chnh lm tng Tx. qu trnh iu chnh Tx ch

ngng khi U = 0. c) mn (chnh xc) khi iu chnh ph thuc vo: chnh xc ca qu trnh bin i t Tch thnh Uch phn di ca phn t so snh ( nh ca U) chnh xc ca qu trnh bin i Tx thnh Ux Tnh cht qun tnh ca h.

d) C th iu chnh lin tc theo thi gian (analog) hay gin on theo thi gian min sao t c gi tr trung bnh mong i. Phng php digital cho php, tit kim nng lng ca h v ghp ni vi h thng t ng tnh ton. e) Ch rng, thng thng nu chn mt ngng Uch ta nhn c kt qu l h iu khin c hnh ng hay khng ty theo Ux ang ln hn hay nh hn Uch (v do tham s vt l cn theo di ang ln hn hay nh hn gi tr ngng nh sn t trc). Khi chn c hai mc ngng Uchl v Uch2 h s hnh ng mi khi Ux nm lt vo trong khong hai gi tr ngng hoc ngc li, iu ny mang ngha thc t hn ca mt h t ng iu chnh. Trng hp vi mt mc ngng, h mang ngha dng iu khin trng thi (hnh vi) ca i tng.

15

Chng 2

K THUT TNG T
2.1. CHT BN DN IN - PHN T MT MT GHP P-N
2.1.1. Cht bn dn nguyn cht v cht bn dn tp cht
a - Cu trc vng nng lng ca cht rn tinh th Ta bit cu trc nng lng ca mt nguyn t ng c lp c dng l cc mc ri rc. Khi a cc nguyn t li gn nhau, do tng tc, cc mc ny b suy bin thnh nhng di gm nhiu mc st nhau c gi l cc vng nng lng. y l dng cu trc nng lng in hnh ca vt rn tinh th. Ty theo tnh trng cc mc nng lng trong mt vng c b in t chim ch hay khng, ngi ta phn bit 3 loi vng nng lng khc nhau: - Vng ha tr (hay cn gi l vng y), trong tt c cc mc nng lng u b chim ch, khng cn trng thi (mc) nng lng t do. - Vng dn (vng trng), trong cc mc nng lng u cn b trng hay ch b chim ch mt phn. - Vng cm, trong khng tn ti cc mc nng lng no in t c th chim ch hay xc sut tm ht ti y bng 0. Ty theo v tr tng i gia 3 loi vng k trn, xt theo tnh cht dn in ca mnh, cc. cht rn cu trc tinh th c chia thnh 3 loi (xt 00K) th hin trn hnh 2.1. Vng dn Vng dn 0 < Eg 2eV Vng ha tr b) c) Vng dn

Vng cm Eg Vng ha tr a)

Vng ha tr

Hnh 2.1: Phn loi vt rn theo cu trc vng nng lng al Cht cch in Eg > 2eV ; b) Cht bn dn in 0 < Eg 2eV; c) Cht dn in Chng ta bit, mun to dng in trong vt rn cn hai qu trnh ng thi: qu trnh to ra ht dn t do nh c kch thch nng lng v qu trnh chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht dn in ny di tc dng ca trng. Di y ta xt ti cch dn in ca cht bn dn nguyn cht (bn dn thun) v cht bn dn tp cht m im khc nhau ch yu lin quan ti qu trnh sinh (to) cc ht dn t do trong mng tinh th.

16

b- Cht bn dn thun Hai cht bn dn thun in hnh l Gemanium (Ge) v Silicium (Si) c cu trc vng nng lng dng hnh 2.1b vi Eg = 0,72eV v Eg = 1,12eV, thuc nhm bn bng tun hon Mendeleep. M hnh cu trc mng tinh th (1 chiu) ca chng c dng hnh 2.2a vi bn cht l cc lin kt ghp i in t ha tr vnh ngoi. 0K chng l cc cht cch in. Khi c mt ngun nng lng ngoi kch thch, xy ra hin tng ion ha cc nguyn t nt mng v sinh tng cp ht dn t do: in t bt khi lin kt ghp i tr thnh ht t do v li 1 lin kt b khuyt (l trng). Trn th vng nng lng hnh 2.2b, iu ny tng ng vi s chuyn in t t 1 mc nng lng trong vng ha tr ln 1 mc trong vng dn li 1 mc t do (trng) trong vng ha tr. Cc cp ht dn t do ny, di tc dng ca 1 trng ngoi hay mt Gradien nng c kh nng dch chuyn c hng trong lng tinh th to nn dng in trong cht bn dn thun.

Si

Si +

Si

Vng dn ni
1,12eV

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

pi Vng ho tr
b)

a)

Hnh 2.2: a) Mng tinh th mt chiu ca Si. b) Cu trc vng nng lng Kt qu l: 1) Mun to ht dn t do trong cht bn dn thun cn c nng lng kch thch ln Ekt Eg 2) Dng in trong cht bn dn thun gm hai thnh phn tng ng nhau do qa trnh pht sinh tng cp ht dn to ra (ni = Pi). c - Cht bn dn tp cht loi n Ngi ta tin hnh pha thm cc nguyn t thuc nhm 5 bng Mendeleep vo mng tinh th cht bn dn nguyn cht nh cc cng ngh c bit, vi nng khong 1010 n 1018 nguyn t/cm3. Khi cc nguyn t tp cht tha mt in t vnh ngoi, lin kt yu vi ht nhn, d dng b ion ha nh mt ngun nng lng yu to nn mt cp ion dng tp cht in t t do. Ngoi ra, hin tng pht sinh ht dn ging nh c ch ca cht bn dn thun vn xy ra nhng vi mc yu hn. Trn th vng nng lng, cc mc nng lng tp cht loi ny (gi l tp cht loi n hay loi cho in t - Donor) phn b bn trong vng cm, nm st y vng dn ( khong cch vi % eV).

17

Vng dn Mc tp cht loi n

Vng dn

Mc tp cht loi p

Vng ho tr a)
b)

Vng ho tr

Hnh 2.3: th vng nng lng a) bn dn loi n; b) bn dn loi p Kt qu l trong mng tinh th tn ti nhiu ion dng ca tp cht bt ng v dng in trong cht bn dn loi n gm hai thnh phn khng bng nhau to ra: in t c gi l loi ht dn a s c nng l nn, l trng - loi thiu s c nng Pn (chnh nhau nhiu cp: nn >>pn). d - Cht bn dn tp cht loi p Nu tin hnh pha tp cht thuc nhm 3 bng tun hon Mendeleep vo tinh th cht bn dn thun ta c cht bn dn tp cht loi p vi c im ch yu l nguyn t tp cht thiu mt in t vnh ngoi nn nn lin kt ha tr (ghp i) b khuyt, ta gi l l trng lin kt, c kh nng nhn in t, khi nguyn t tp cht b ion ha s sinh ra ng thi 1 cp : ion m tp cht - l trng t do. Mc nng lng tp cht loi p nm trong vng cm st nh vng ha tr (Hnh 2.3b) cho php gii thch cch sinh ht dn ca cht bn dn loi ny. Trong mng tinh th cht bn dn tp cht loi p tn ti nhiu ion m tp cht c tnh cht nh x tng vng v dng in trong cht bn dn loi p gm hai thnh phn khng tng ng nhau: l trng c gi l cc ht dn a s, in t ht thiu s, vi cc nng tng ng l pp v np (pp >>np). e- Vi hin tng vt l thng gp Cch sinh ht dn v to thnh dng in trong cht bn dn thng lin quan trc tip ti cc hin tng vt l sau: Hin tng ion ha nguyn t (ca cht tp cht) l hin tng gn lin vi qu trnh nng lng ca cc ht. R rng s ht sinh ra bng s mc nng lng b chim trong vng dn hay s mc b trng trong vng ha tr. Kt qu ca vt l thng k lng t cho php tnh nng cc ht ny da vo hm thng k Fermi Dirac:

n=

E max

EC

N(E)F(E)dE

p=

EV

Emin

N(E)F(E)dE

(2-1)

vi n,p l nng in t trong vng dn v l trng trong vng ha tr.

18

Ec l mc nng lng ca y vng dn, Ev l mc nng lng ca nh vng ha tr, Emax l trng thi nng lng cao nht c in t, Emin l trng thi nng lng thp nht ca l trng, N(E) l hm mt n trng thi theo nng lng, F(E) l hm phn b thng k ht theo nng lng. Theo ngi ta xc nh c: n = Nc exp( E c - EF ) KT p = NV exp( EF - E V ) KT (2-2)

vi Nc, Nv l mt trng thi hiu dng trong cc vng tng ng EF l mc th ha hc (mc Fermi). Kt qu phn tch cho php c ct kt lun ch yu sau: trng thi cn bng, tch s nng hai loi ht dn l mt hng s (trong bt k cht bn dn loi no) (2-3)

nn . Pn = Ppnp = ni pi = ni2 = NCNVexp( - Eg/KT ) = const

ngha l vic tng nng 1 loi ht ny lun km theo vic gim nng tng ng loi ht kia. Trong cht bn dn loi n c nn > > ni >>pp do s in t t do lun bng s lng ion dng tp cht: nn = ND+. Tng t, trong cht bn dn loi p c pp >> ni >> np) do s l trng lun bng s lng ion m tp cht: pp = NA- Hin tng ti hp ca cc ht dn Hin tng sinh ht dn ph hy trng thi cn bng nhit ng hc ca h ht (n.pni2). Khi ngi ta thng quan tm ti s gia tng nng ca cc ht thiu s v chng c vai tr quyt nh ti nhiu c ch pht sinh dng in trong cc dng c bn dn. Hin tng ti hp ht dn l qu trnh ngc li, lin quan ti cc chuyn di in t t mc nng lng cao trong vng dn v mc thp hn trong vng ha tr. Hin tng ti hp lm nht i ng thi 1 cp ht dn v a h ht v li 1 trng thi cn bng mi. Khi , trong cht bn dn loi n, l s ti hp ca l trng vi in t trong iu kin nng in t cao: t p(t) = p(0)exp - p y: Dp(t) l mc gim ca l trng theo thi gian. Dp(0) l s lng l trng lc t = 0 (c c sau 1 qu trnh sinh ht) tp l thi gian sng ca l trng trong cht bn dn loi n (l khong thi gian trong nng l trng d gim i e ln) (2-4)

19

Dn(t) = Dn(o)exp(-t/tp )

(2-5)

Cc thng s tp v tn quyt nh ti cc tnh cht tn s (tc ng nhanh) ca cc dng c bn dn. Di tc dng ca in trng, ht dn t do chuyn ng nh hng c gia tc to nn 1 dng in (gi l dng tri) vi vn tc trung bnh t / vi cng E ca trng: vtb =mE Suy ra vtbn = - nmnE vtbp = mpE Trong mp, mn l cc h s t l gi l linh ng ca cc ht dn tng ng (vi cht bn dn tp cht ch to t Ge c ,mn = 3800 cm2 / V.s ; mp = 1800 cm2/V.s, t Si c mn = 1300 cm2/V.s ; mp = 500cm2/V.s). T , mt ng tri gm hai thnh phn: Itrin = - q . n . vtbn vi q l in tch cc ht. Itrip = q . p . vtbp hay dng tri ton phn Itri = Itrin + Itrip Itri = qE(mnn + mpp) - Chuyn ng khuch tn ca cc ht dn Do c s chnh lch v nng theo khng gian, cc ht dn thc hin chuyn ng khuch tn t lp c nng cao ti lp c nng thp. Mt dng khuch tn theo phng gim ca nng c dng: Iktn = q . Dn ( - dn/dx ) = q . Dn . dn/dx Iktp = q . Dp ( - dp/dx ) = - q . Dp. dp/dx Ngi ta chng minh c cc tnh cht sau: D = mKT/q = UT. m (h thc Einstein) . Trong UT l th nhit (UT 25mv nhit phng T = 296oK) Dn tn = Ln2 ; Dp tp = Lp2 Trong Ln Lp l qung ng khuch tn ca ht (l khong cch trong nng ht khuch tn gim i e ln theo phng khuch tn) cng chnh l qung ng trung bnh ht dch chuyn khuch tn c trong thi gian sng ca n. (2-9) (2-10) (2-8) (2=7) (2-6)

vi Dn v Dp l cc h s t l gi l h s khuch tn ca cc ht tng ng.

20

2.1.2. Mt ghp p-n v tnh chnh lu ca t bn dn

a Mt ghp p-n khi cha c in p ngoi Khi cho hai n tinh th bn n tp cht loi n v loi p tip cng ngh vi nhau, cc hln tng vt l xy ra ti ni tip xc l c s cho hu ht cc dng c bn dn in hin i. Hnh 2.4 biu din m hnh l tng ha mt mt ghp p-n khi cha c in p ngoi t vo. Vi gi thit nhit phng, cc nguyn t tp cht b ion ha hon ton (nn = N+D; pp = N -A). Cc hin tng xy ra ti ni tip xc c th m t tm tt nh sau:

n Ikt

Itr Etx

utx

Ant

K tt

Hnh 2.24a: Mt ghp p- n khi cha c in trng ngoi Do c s chnh lch ln v nng (nn >>np v pp >>pn) ti vng tip xc c hin tng khuch tn cc ht a s qua ni tip gip, xut hin 1 dng in khuch tn Ikt hng t p sang n. Ti vng ln cn hai bn mt tip xc, xut hin mt lp in tch khi do ion tp cht to ra, trong ngho ht dn a s v c in tr ln (hn nhiu cp so vi cc vng cn li), do ng thi xut hin 1 in trng ni b hng t vng N (lp ion dng ND) sang vng P (lp ion m NA ) gi l in trng tip xc Etx . Ngi ta ni xut hin 1 hng ro in th hay mt hiu th tip xc Utx. B dy lp ngho l(0) ph thuc vo nng tp cht, nu NA = ND) th l(0) i xng qua mt tip xc : lon = lop; thng NA >>ND nn lon >>lop v phn ch yu nm bn loi bn dn pha tp cht t hn (c in tr sut cao hn). in trng Etx cn tr chuyn ng ca ng khuch tn v gy ra chuyn ng gia tc (tri) ca cc ht thiu s qua min tip xc, c chiu ngc li vi dng khuch tn. Qu trnh ny tip din s dn

21

ti 1 trng thi cn bng ng: Ikt = Itr v khng c dng in qua tip xc p-n. Hiu th tip xc c gi tr xc lp, c xc nh bi Utx = KT pp KT nn ln = ln q p n q np (2-11)

Vi nhng iu kin tiu chun, nhit phng, Utx c gi tr khong 0,3V vi tip xc p-n lm t Ge v 0,6V vi loi lm t Si, ph thuc vo t s nng ht dn cng loi, vo nhit vi h s nhit m (-2mV/K). b Mt ghp p-n khi c in trng ngoi Trng thi cn bng ng nu trn s b ph v khi t ti tip xc p-n mt in trng ngoi. C hai trng hp xy ra (h. 2.5a v b).

p Et p Eng Ikt n

n Et p Eng Ikt n

Hnh 2.5: Mt ghp p-n khi c in p phn cc Khi in trngngui (Eng) ngc chiu vi Etx (tc l c cc tnh dng t vo p, m t vo n) khi Eng ch yu t ln vng ngho v xp chng vi Etx nn cng trng tng cng ti vng lo gim i do lm tng chuyn ng khuch tn Ikt - ngi ta gi l hin tng phun ht a s qua min tip xc p-n khi n c m. Dng in tri do Ext gy ra gn nh gim khng ng k do nng ht thiu s nh. Trng hp ny ng vi hnh 2.5a gi l phn cc thun cho tip xc pn. Khi b rng vng ngho gim i so vi lo. Khi Eng cng chiu vi Etx (ngun ngoi c cc dng t vo n v m dt vo p, tc dng xp chng in trng ti vng ngho,dng I kt gim ti khng, dng Itr c tng cht t v nhanh n mt gi tr bo ha gi l dng in ngc bo ha ca tip xc p-n. B rng vng ngho tng ln so vi trng thi cn bng. Ngi ta gi l s phn cc ngc cho tin xc pn. Kt qu l mt ghp p-n khi t trong 1 in trng ngoi c tnh cht van: dn in khng i xng theo 2 chiu. Ngi ta gi l hiu ng chnh lu ca tip xc p-n: theo chiu phn cc thun (UAK > 0), dng c gi tr ln to bi dng ht a s phun qua tip gip p-n m, theo chiu phn cc ngc (Usk< 0) dng c gi tr nh hn vi cp do ht thiu s tri qua tip gip p-n khi. y l kt qu trc tip ca hiu ng iu bin in tr ca lp ngho ca mt ghp p-n di tc ng ca trng ngoi.

22

c c tuyn Von Ampe v cc tham s c bn ca it bn dn it bn dn c cu to l mt chuyn tip p-n vi hai in cc ni ra pha min p l ant, pha min n l katt.

ImA Ge 1 Si

UAK (V)

mA

3
Hnh 2.6: c tuyn Von Ampe ca it bn dn Ni tip it bn dn vi 1 ngun in p ngoi qua 1 in tr hn ch dng, bin i cng v chiu ca in p ngoi, ngi ta thu c c tuyn Von-Ampe ca t c dng hnh 2.6. ay l 1 ng cong c dng phc tp, chia lm 3 vng r rt: Vng (1) ng vi trng hp phn cc thun vng (2) tng ng vi trng hp phn cc ngc v vng (3) c gi l vng nh thng tip xc p-n. Qua vic phn tch c tnh Von-Ampe gia l thuyt v thc t ngi ta rt c cc kt lun ch yu sau: Trong vng (1) v (2) phng trnh m t ng cong c dng:

U IA = IS(T)exp AK -1 T m.U
trong

(2-12)

D .n D p IS = q.s. n po + p n L Lp n

gi l dng in ngc bo ha c gi tr gn nh khng ph thuc vo UAK, ch ph

23

thuc vo nng ht thiu s lc cn bng, vo di v h s khuch tn tc l vo bn cht cu to cht bn dn tp cht loi n v p v do ph thuc vo nhit . UT = KT/q gi l th nhit; T= 300 0K vi q = 1,6.10 19 C, k = 1,38.10-23 J/K UT c gi xp x 25,5mV; m = (1 2) l h s hiu chnh gia l thuyt v thc t - Ti vng m (phn cc thun): UT v Is c ph thuc vo nhit nn dng ng cong ph thuc vo nhit vi h s nhit c xc nh bi o hm ring UAK theo nhit . UAK T
IA =const

-2

mV K

ngha l khi gi cho ng in thun qua van khng i, in p thun gim t l theo nhit vi tc -2mV/K. - Ti vng kha (phn cc ngc) gi tr dng bo ha Is nh (10- 12 A/cm2 vi Si v 10-6 A/cm2 vi Ge v ph thuc mnh vo nhit vi mc +10% gi tr/0k: DIs (DT = 100K) = Is tc l ng in ngc tng gp i khi gia s nhit tng IOOC - Cc kt lun va nu i vi Is v UAK ch r hot ng ca it bn dn ph thuc mnh vo nhi v trong thc t cc mch in t c s dng ti it bn dn hoc tranzito sau ny, ngi ta cn c nhiu bin php nghim ngt duy tr s n nh ca chng khi lm vic, chng (b) li cc nguyn nhn k trn do nhit gy ra. - Ti vng nh thng (khi UAK < 0 v c tr s ln) dng in ngc tng t ngt trong khi in p gia ant v katt khng tng. Tnh cht van ca it khi b ph hoi. Tn ti hai ang nh thng chnh: nh thng v nhit do tip xc p-n b nung nng cc b, v va chm ca ht thiu s c gia tc trong trng mnh. iu ny dn ti qu trnh sinh ht t (ion ha nguyn t cht bn dn thun, c tnh cht thc l) lm nhit ni tip xc tip tc tng. Dng in ngc tng t bin v mt ghp p-n b ph hng. nh thng v in do hai hiu ng: ion ha do va chm gia ht thiu s c gia tc trong trng mnh c 105V/cm vi nguyn t ca cht bn dn thun thng xy ra cc mt ghp p-n rng (hiu ng Zener) v hiu ng xuyn hm (Tuner) xy ra cc tip xc p-n hp do pha tp cht vi nng cao lin quan ti hin tng nhy mc trc tip ca in t ha tr bn bn dn p xuyn qua ro th tip xc sang vng dn bn bn dn n. Khi phn tch hot ng ca it trong cc mch in c th, ngi ta thng s dng cc i lng (tham s) c trng cho n. C hai nhm tham s chnh vi mt it bn dn l nhm cc tham s gii hn c trng cho ch lm vic gii hn ca it v nhm cc tham s nh mc c trng cho ch lm vic thng thng. - Cc tham s gii hn l: in p ngc cc i it cn th hin tnh cht van (cha b nh thng): Ungcmax (thng gi tr Ungcmax chn khong 80% gi tr in p nh thng Ut) Dng cho php cc i qua van lc m: IAcf. Cng sut tiu hao cc i cho php trn van cha b hng v nhit: PAcf.

24

Tn s gii hn ca in p (dng in) t ln van n cn tnh cht van: fmax. Cc tham s nh mc ch yu l: in tr 1 chiu ca it: Rd = UAK UT IA = ln + 1 I IA IA S (2-13)

in tr vi phn (xoay chiu) ca it: r = UAK UT = IA IA + IS (2-14)

UT rdth do IA ln nn gi tr rd nh v gim nhanh theo mc tng IA U ca IA; vi nhnh ngc T rdngc ln v t ph thuc vo dng gi tr rth v rngc IS cng chnh lch nhiu th tnh cht van cng th hin r. in dung tip gip p-n: lp in tch khi l0 tng ng nh 1 t in gi l in dung ca mt ghp p-n: Cpn = Ckt + Cro. Trong Cro l thnh phn in dung ch ph thuc vo in p ngc (vi phn chc pF) v Ckt l thnh phn ch ph thuc vo in p thun (vi pF). Vi nhnh thun

Hnh 2.6a: K hiu v dng ng gi thc t ca it nhng tn s lm vic cao, ngi ta phi ti nh hng ca Cpn ti cc tnh cht ca mch in. c bit khi s dng it ch kha in t ng m vi

25

nhp cao, it cn mt thi gian qu hi phc li tnh cht van lc chuyn t m sang kha. in p m van UD l gi tr in p thun t ln van tng ng dng thun t c gi tr 0,1Imax. Ngi ta phn loi cc it bn dn theo nhiu quan im khc nhau: Theo c im cu to c loi it tip im, it tip mt, loi vt liu s dng: Ge hay Si. Theo tn s gii hn fmax c loi it tn s cao, it tn s thp. Theo cng sut pAcf c loi it cng sut ln, cng sut trung bnh hoc cng sut nh (IAcf < 300mA) Theo nguyn l hot ng hay phm vi ng dng c cc loi it chnh lu, it n nh in p (it Zener), it bin dung (Varicap), it s dng hiu ng xuyn hm (it Tunen). Chi tit hn, c th xem thm trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh v dng c bn dn in.

Hnh2.6b: it pht quang ( light emitting diode: LED) Khi xt it trong mch thc t, ngi ta thng s dng s tng ng ca it tng ng vi 2 trng hp m v kha ca n (xem h.2.7)

Hnh 2.7: S tng ng ca it bn dn lc m (a) v lc kha (b)

26

T ta c:

Ith = Ingc

Uth - E th rth U = IS + ngc rngc

Vi rth rB in tr phn baz ca it hay dc trung bnh ca vng (1) c tuyn Von-Ampe. V rngc l dc trung bnh ca nhnh ngc (2) ca c tuyn Von-Ampe.

2.1.3. Vi ng dng in hnh ca it bn dn

27

Hnh 2.8: Cc mch chnh lu cng sut nh v m phng hot ng Trong phn ny, chng ta xt ti mt s ng dng in hnh ca it trong cc mch chnh lu, hn ch bin , n nh in p. a- B chnh lu cng sut nh S dng tnh cht van ca it bn dn, cc mch chnh lu in hnh nht (cng sut nh), c cho trn hnh 2.8a,b,c,d. n gin cho vic phn tch hot ng v rt ra cc kt lun chnh vi cc mch trn, chng ta xt vi trng hp ti ca mch chnh lu l in tr thun, sau c lu cc c im khi ti c tnh cht in dung hay in cm v vi gi thit cc van it l l tng, in p vo c dng hnh sin ph hp vi thc t in p mng 110V/220V xoay chiu, 50Hz. - Mch chnh lu hai na chu k: Nh bin p ngun, in p mng a ti s cp c bin i thnh hai in p hnh sin U2.1 v U2.2 ngc pha nhau trn th cp. Tng ng vi na chu k dng (U21 > 0, U22 <0) D1 m D2 kha. Trn Rt dng nhn c c dng 1 chiu l in p na hnh sin do U21 qua D1 m to ra. Khi in p vo i du (na chu k m) (U21 < 0, U22 > 0) D1 kha D2 m v trn Rt nhn c dng do D2 to ra (h.2.9). Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti c xc nh theo h thc (1.13): Uo = 1 2 2 2U2sinint = U2 = 0,9U2 0

(2-15)

Vi U2 l gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn 1 cun ca th cp bin p. Gi tr trung bnh ca dng trn ti i vi trng hp ti thun tr It = Uo/Rt (2-16)

28

Hnh 2.9: Gin in p ca mch chnh lu Khi dng qua cc it D1 v D2 l Ia1 = Ia2 = It/2 (2-17) V dng cc i i qua it l Iamax = p, Ia = pIt / 2 (2-18) nh gi bng phng ca in p trn ti sau khi chnh lu, thng s dng h s p mch (gn sng), c nh ngha i vi thnh phn sng bc n; qn = Unm / Uo (2-19) Trong Unm l bin sng c tn s nw; U0 l thnh phn in p 1 chiu trn ti q1 = U1m / U o = 2 / (m2 1) vi m l s pha chnh lu q1 = 0,67 (vi mch hai na chu k m = 2). in p ngc cc i t vo van kha bng tng in p cc i trn 2 cun th cp ca bin p Ungcmax = 2 2U2 = 3,14U0 Khi cn chn van D1, D2 c in p ngc cho php (2-20)

29

Ungccf > Ungcmax = 3,14Uo Khi dng ti l t lc C (ng t nt trn hnh 2.8a) ch xc lp, do hin tng np v phng in ca t C mch lc lm vic ch khng lin tc nh trng hp vi ti in tr. Trn hnh 2.9b vi trng hp ti in dung, ta thy r khc vi trng hp ti in tr lc ny mi van ch lm vic trong khong thi gian q1 q2 (vi van D2) v q3 q4 (vi van D1) nh hn na chu k v thng mch np cho t t ngun U2.2 v U2.1. Trong khong thi gian cn li, cc van u kha (do in p trn t np ln hn gi tr tc thi ca in p pha tng ng U2.2 v U2.1). Lc t C phng in v cung cp in p ra trn Rt. Cc tham s chnh ca mch trong trng hp ny c thay i, khi Uo = 1,41 U2 (2-21) V q1 0,02 (khi chn hng s thi gian mch phng ca t t = RC ln) cn Ungcmax khng i so vi trc y. Nu xt mch hnh 2.8a vi tng na cun th cp bin p ngun lm vic vi 1 van tng ng v mch ti ta c 2 mch chnh lu mt na chu k l dng s n gin nht ca cc mch chnh lu. Da vo cc kt qu phn tch trn, d dng suy ra cc tham s ca mch ny tuy nhin chng ch c s dng khi cc yu cu v cht lng ngun (hiu sut nng lng, ch tiu bng phng ca Ut) i hi thp. - Mch chnh lu cu

Hnh 2.10: S nguyn l mch chnh lu cu Mch in nguyn l ca b chnh lu cu cho trn hnh 2.8b, trong ca gm 4 van it c k hiu thu gn: nu v y cu chnh lu ta c hnh 2.10. Trong tng na chu k ca in p th cp U2, mt cp van c ant dng nht v katt m nht m, cho dng mt chiu ra Rt, cp van cn li kha v chu mt in p ngc cc i bng bin U2m. V d ng vi na chu k dng ca U2, cp van D1D3 m, D2D4 kha. R rng in p ngc cc i t ln van lc kha c gi tr bng mt na so vi trng hp b chnh lu hai na chu k xt trn, y l u im quan trng nht ca s cu. Ngoi ra, kt cu th cp ca bin p ngun n gin hn. Cc tham s chnh ca mch l:

30

in p 1 chiu lc vo h mch Rt. (2-22) Urao = 2U2 - 2UD Vi UD l in p thun trn cc van m. in p 1 chiu lc c ti Rt: Ura = Urao 1 - Ri /2R v (2-23) Vi Ri l ni tr tng ng ca ngun xoay chiu Ri = [(U2o /U2) 1] U2/ I2 cc gi tr U2I2 l in p v dng in cun th cp bin p. RV l in tr tng ng ca ti Rv = Ura / Ira Cng sut danh nh ca bin p ngun Pba = 1,2 Ira ( Ura + 2UD) (2-24)

(2-15) Khi c ti in dung, mch lm vic ch xung lin quan ti thi gian phng ca t C lc cc van u kha v thi gian np lc mt cp van m ging nh phn tch vi mch chnh lu hai na chu k. Lc , dng in xung qua cp van m np cho t C l: U - Ura Urao (2-26) ID = rao = Ri 2.R iR v C ph thuc vo ni tr Ri ca ngun xoay chiu v cng ln khi Ri cng nh. in p ra ti thiu lc ny xc nh bi: Uramin = Ura - 2U gs max / 3 (2-27) Trong Ugsmax l in p gn sng cc i: Ri / 2 Rv ) (2-28) Mch hnh 2.8c cho php nhn c 1 in p ra 2 cc tnh i xng vi im chung, c th phn tch nh hai mch hnh 2.8a lm vic vi 2 na th cp ca bin p ngun c im gia ni t. Mch hnh 2.8d cho php nhn c in p 1 chiu c gi tr gp i in p ra trong cc mch xt trn v c tn l mch chnh lu bi p. na chu k u (na chu k m) ca U2, van D1 m np cho t C1 ti in p Uc1 U2m = 2 U2. na chu k tip sau (na chu k dng) D2 m v in p np cho t C2 c gi tr nh: Uc2 Uc1 + U2m U2m = 2 2 U2 Nu cc iu kin thc t (khi ln ca C1, hu hn) gi tr in p 1 chiu sau b chnh lu bi p c ln c hai ln gi tr ny b chnh lu cu ti in dung. Ngoi ng dng trong cc mch chnh lu nh k trn, it cn c s dng trong lnh vc chnh lu cng sut ln. b- Cc mch ghim Mt ng dng in hnh khc ca it bn dn l s dng trong cc mch ghim (mch hn ch bin ).
4

in p ngc cc i trn van kha: Ungcmax = 2U2 = (/2)Ura0

U gs max = Ira ( 1-

31

Hnh 2.11: Cc mch hn ch ni tip Hnh 2.11 l cc mch hn ch ni tip (it hn ch mc ni tip vi mch ti). Xt trong trng hp n gin khi Uvo l mt in p hnh sin khng c thnh phn 1 chiu v gi thit it l l tng (ngng m kha xy ra ti gi tr in p gia 2 cc ca n bng khng U = 0). Khi Ud 0 it m v in p ra bng: R th + Rng R Ura1 = Uv + E (2-30) R + R th + R ng R + R th + Rng Vi Rth l gi tr trung bnh ca in tr thun it, Rng l in tr trong ca ngun U vo Khi U < 0 it kha in p ra bng: Rngc + Rng R Ura2 = Uv + E (2-31) R + Rngc + R ng R + Rngc + R ng Vi Rngc l gi tr trung bnh ca in tr ngc it. Nu thc hin iu kin Rth + Rng << R << Rngc + Rng th R R + R ngc + Rng 0 v R 1 R + R th + Rng

Do Ura1= Uvo , Ura2 E iu kin U = 0 xy ra khi Uvo = E nn ngng hn ch ca mch bng E. Tc l vi mch hn ch trn (a) thc hin iu kin: Khi Uv E , U < 0 c Ura2 = E khi Uv < E , U > 0 c Ura1 = Uvo mch hn ch di (c) c: Khi Uv E , U > 0 c Ura1 = Uvo khi Uv < E , U < 0 c Ura2 = E Khi thay i gi tr E ngng hn ch s thay i trong mt di rng t - Uvmax < E < Uvmax vi Uvmax v bin ca in p vo.

32

Trng hp ring khi chn E = 0 ta c mch hn ch mc 0 (mch ghim ly 1 cc tnh ca tn hiu vo hay mch chnh lu na chu k xt trc). Cng c th mc it song song vi mch ra nh hnh 2. 12 lc ta c mch hn ch kiu song song. T iu kin: Rth Ro Rt Rngc c Vi mch hnh 2.12a mch hn ch 2.12b c: Khi Uv E , U > 0 c Ura = E khi Uv < E , U < 0 c Ura = Uvo Khi Uv E , U < 0 c Ura = Uvo khi Uv < E , U > 0 c Ura = E

Hnh 2.12: Cc mch hn ch trn (a) v mch hn ch di (b) Lu rng nu n ngng m ca it thc th (loi Si c + 0,6V v loi Ge c + 0,3V) thi ngng hn ch ca cc mch trn b thay i i 1 gi tr tng ng vi cc mc ny. c - n nh in p bng it Zener it n p lm vic nh hiu ng thc l ca chuyn tip p-n khi phn cc ngc. Trong cc it thng thng hin tng nh thng ny s lm hng it, nhng trong cc it n nh do c ch to c bit v khi lm vic mch ngoi c in tr hn ch dng ngc (khng cho php n tng qu dng ngc cho php) nn it lun lm vic ch nh thng nhng khng hng. Khc vi it thng dng, cc it n nh cng tc ch phn cc ngc. Nhng tham s k thut ca it Zener l: - in p n nh Uz (in p Zener) l in p ngc t ln it lm pht sinh ra hin tng nh thng. Trn thc t i vi mi it n p ch c mt khong rt hp m n c th n nh c. Khong ny b gii hn mt mt bi khong c tuyn ca it t phm vi dng bo ha sang phm vi nh thng lm dng tng t ngt, mt khc bi cng sut tiu hao cho php. Hay dng cc i cho php. - in tr ng rdz ca it Zener c nh ngha l dc c tuyn tnh ca it ti im lm vic. rdz = dU2 dIz (2-32)

33

Hnh 2.13: Kho st n p bng dit Zener Cn c vo (2-32) c th thy rng c ca c tuyn phn nh thng c tc dng quyt nh n cht lng n nh ca it. Khi in tr ng bng khng (lc phn c tuyn nh thng song song vi trc tung) th s n nh in p t ti mc l tng. Nh hnh 2.13a, thc hin chc nng n nh ngi ta thng mc ni tip vi it Zener mt in tr v tc dng n nh c chng minh bng th trn hnh 2.13b. C th thit lp quan h hm s gia in tr ng v in p n nh ca it. V d i vi lt Zener Si, cng sut tiu hao 0,5W c dng th nh hnh 2.13c. T th ny thy in tr ng cc tiu khi in p vo khong 6 n 8V. Trong khong in p ny xut hin ng thi hin tng nh thng Zener v nh thng thc l lm cho dng ngc tng ln t ngt. it. in tr tnh Rt c tnh bng t s gia in p t vo v dng in i qua Rt = UZ / IZ (2-33)

Dng in v in p k trn c xc nh t im cng tc ca it (h.2.13b). in tr tnh ph thuc rt nhiu vo dng chy qua it.

34

H s n nh c nh ngha bng t s gia cc bin i tng i ca dng in qua it v in p ri trn it do dng ny gy ra: Z = (dIz / Iz) (dUz / Uz) = R / rdz = Rt / rdz (2-34)

I V

Hnh 2.14:B nhit dng hai it

Hnh 2.15: c tuyn b nhit

Chng ta thy h s ny chnh bng t s gia in tr tnh v in tr ng ti im cng tc ca it. t h s n nh cao, vi mt s bin i ng in qua it cho trc, in p ri trn it (do dng ny gy ra) phi bin i nh nht. Cc it n nh Si thng c Z 100. Tr khng ra ca mch n nh cng l mt thng s ch yu nh gi cht lng ca mch: Rra = DUra / DIra y DUra l gia s ca in p ra, gy ra bi gia s DIra ca dng ti. R rng t s v phi cng nh th cht lng mch n nh cng cao, v th cc mch n nh dng it Zener c in tr ra cng nh cng tt. (iu ny ph hp vi vai tr mt ngun in p l tng). - H s nhit ca in p n nh qt, h s ny cho bit s bin i tng i ca in p n nh khi nhit thay i 1oC : qt =(1 / Uz)(duz / dt) | lz = const (2-35) H s ny xc nh bi h s nhit ca in p nh thng chuyn tip p-n. S ph thuc ca in p n nh vo nhit c dng Uz = Uzo [1 + qT (T - To)] Trong : Uzo l in p n nh ca it Zener nhit To H s nhit qt c gi tr m nu hin tng nh thng ch yu do hiu ng Zener gy ra. N c gi tr dng nu hin tng nh thng ch yu do hin tng thi l gy ra. (2-36)

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H s nhit dng ca lt Zener c th b tr cho h s nhit m ca it chnh lu nhit thng thng v c h s nhit ca c t hp c th t n 0,0005%/OC. Cn ch l h s nhit ca in p n nh ti mt gi tr in p no trong khong t 5 n 7V, bng 'khng. S d nh vy l v trong khong nhit ny tn ti c hai hin tng nh thng l Zener v thc l m h s nhit ca hai hiu ng ny li ngc du cho nn c ch chng trit tiu ln nhau. y l mt c im rt ng qu, ch xut hin ti m cng tc ca tng it Zener trong khong t 5 n 7V. Trn hnh 2.15 trnh by c tuyn ca 3 it o hai nhit khc nhau. Nhng vng trn nh u im cng tc ca it ti h s nhit bng khng.

Thc hin bi thc tp v Kho st mch chnh lu qua m phng

36

2.2. PHN T HAI MT GHP P-N

Nu trn cng mt bn dn ln lt to ra hai tip gip cng ngh p-n gn nhau th ta c mt dng c bn dn 3 cc gi l tranzito bipolar, c kh nng khuch i tn hiu in. Nguyn l lm vic ca tranzito da trn c tnh in ca tng tip gip p-n v tc dng tng h gia chng.

2.2.1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic, c tuyn v tham s ca tranzito bipolar

a) Cu to: tranzito c cu to gm cc min bn dn p v n xen k nhau, ty theo trnh t sp xp cc min p v n m ta c hai loi cu to in hnh l pnp v npn nh trn hnh 2.16. cu to ra cc cu trc ny ngi ta p dng nhng phng php cng ngh khc nhau nh phng php hp kim, phng php khuch tn, phng php epitaxi... p E JE B JC n p C E JE B JC n p n

a)

b)

Hnh 2.16 : M hnh l tng ha cng k hiu ca tranzito pnp (a) v npn (b) min bn dn th nht ca tranzito l min emit vi c im l c nng tp cht ln nht, in cc ni vi min ny gi l cc emit. Min th hai l min baz vi nng tp cht nh v dy ca n nh c mm, in cc ni vi min ny gi l cc baz. Min cn li l min colect vi nng tp cht trung hnh .v in cc tng ng l colect. Tip gip p-n gia min emit v baz gi l tip gip emit (JE) tip gip pn gia min baz v min colect l tip gip colect (JC) V k hiu tranzito cn ch l mi tn t gia cc emit v baz c chiu t bn dn p sang bn dn n. V mt cu trc, c th coi tranzito nh 2 it mc i nhau nh hnh 2.17. (iu ny hon ton khng c ngha l c mc 2 t nh hnh 2-17 l c th thc hin c chc nng ca tranzito. Bi v khi khng c tc dng tng h ln nhau ca 2 tip p-n. Hiu ng tranzito ch xy ra khi khong cch gia 2 tip gip nh hn nhiu so vi di khuch tn ca ht dn).

37

n E

Hnh 2.17: Phn tch cu to tranzito thnh hai it v mch tng h b) Nguyn l lm vic: tranzito lm vic, ngi ta phi a in p 1 chiu ti cc in cc ca n, gi l phn cc cho tranzito. i vi ch khuch i th JE phn cc thun v JC phn cc ngc nh hnh 2-18.

Hnh 2.18: S phn cc ca tranzito npn (a) v pnp (b) ch khuch i phn tch nguyn l lm vic ta ly tranzito pnp lm v d. Do JE phn cc thun cc ht a s (l trng) t min p phun qua JE to nn dng emit (IE). Chng ti vng baz tr thnh ht thiu s v tip tc khuch tn su vo vng baz hng ti JC. Trn ng khuch tn m t phn nh b ti hp vi ht a s ca baz to nn dng in cc baz (IB). Do cu to min baz mng nn gn nh ton b cc ht khuch tn ti c b ca JC v b trng gia tc (do JC phn cc ngc) cun qua ti c min colect to nn dng in colect (IC) Qua vic phn tch trn rt ra c h thc c bn v cc dng in trong tranzito (h thc gn ng do b qua dng ngc ca JC) IE = IB + IC (2-37) nh gi mc hao ht dng khuch tn trong vng baz ngi ta nh ngha h s truyn t dng in a ca tranzito. a = IC / IE (2-38) h s a xc nh cht lng ca tranzito v c gi tr cng gn 1 vi cc tranzito loi tt.

38

 nh gi tc dng iu khin ca dng in IB ti dng colect IC ngi ta nh ngha h s khuch i dng in b ca tranzito. b = IC / IB (2:39) b thng c gi tr trong khong vi chc n vi trm. T cc biu thc (2-37), (238), (2-39) c th suy ra vi h thc hay c s dng i vi tranzito: IE = IB (1 + b) a = b / (1+ b) c) Cch mc tranzito v tham s ch tn hiu nh Khi s dng v nguyn tc c th ly 2 trong s 3 cc ca tranzito l u vo v cc th 3 cn li cng vi mt cc u vo lm u ra. Nh vy c tt c 6 cch mc mch khc nhau. Nhng d mc th no cng cn c mt cc chung cho c u vo v u ra. Trong s 6 cch mc y ch c 3 cch l tranzito c th khuch i cng sut l cch mc chung emit (EC), chung baz (BC), chung colect (CC) nh hnh 2.19. Ba cch mc cn li khng c ng dng trong thc t. (240) (2-41)

U1 (vao)

U2 (ra) Echung

U1 (vao)

U2 (ra) Bchung

U2 (ra) U1 (vao) Cchung

Hnh 2.19: Phng php mc tranzito trong thc t T tri sang phi : Chung emit, chung baz, chung colect T cch mc c dng trong thc t ca tranzito v mt s c th coi tranzito l mt phn t 4 cc gn tuyn tnh c 2 u vo v 2 u ra (h.2.20). U1 (vao) T U2 (ra)

Hnh 2.20: Tranzito nh mng bn cc C th vit ra 6 cp phng trnh m t quan h gia u vo v u ra ca mng 4 cc trong dng in v in p l nhng bin s c lp. Nhng trong thc t tnh ton thng dng nht l 3 cp phng trnh tuyn tnh sau: Cp phng trnh tr khng c c khi coi cc in p l hm, cc dng in l bin c dng sau: U1 = f(I1 , I2) = r11 I1 + r12 I2 U2 = f(I1 , I2) = r21 I1 + r22 I2

39

Cp phng trnh dn np c c khi coi cc dng in l hm ca cc bin in p I1 = f(U1 , U2) = g11 . U1 + g12 . U2 I2 = f(U1 , U2) = g21 . U1 + g22 . U2 Cp phng trnh hn hp U1 = f(I1 , U2) U2 = f(I1 , U2) h11 h12 h21 h22 I1 U2

trong rij , gij , v hij tng ng l cc tham s tr khng dn np v hn hp ca tranzito. Bng cch ly vi phn ton phn cc h phng trnh trn, ta s xc nh c cc tham s vi phn tng ng ca tranzito. V d : r22 = g22 = r11 = U2 I2 I 2 U 2
I2 I1 = const

= =

1 gi l in tr ra vi phn h22 1 = S c gi l h dn truyn t r12

(2-42) (2-43) (2-44) (2-45)

U2 =

const

U1 I1 I 2 I2

=const

= h11 l in tr vo vi phn = l h s khuch i dng in vi phn

h21 =

U2

=const

Khi xc nh c tuyn tnh (ch cha c tn hiu a ti) ca tranzito, dng h phng trnh hn hp l thun tin v khi d dng xc nh cc tham s ca h phng trnh ny. d) c tuyn tnh da vo cc h phng trnh nu trn c th a ra cc tuyn tnh ca tranzito khi coi mt i lng l hm 1 bin cn i lng th 3 coi nh mt tham s. Trong trng hp tng qut c 4 h c tuyn tnh: c tuyn vo c tuyn phn hi c tuyn truyn t c tuyn ra U1 = f(I1) |U2=const U1 = f(U2) |I1=const I2 = f(I1)U2=const I2 = f(U2) I1=const (2-46)

Ty theo cch mc tranzito m cc quan h ny c tn gi c th dng in v in p khc nhau, v d vi kiu mc EC : c tuyn vo l quan h IB = f(UBE)UCE = const hay c tuyn ra l quan h IC = f(UCE)IB = const Bng (2.1) di y cho cc phng trnh ca h c tuyn tng ng suy ra t h phng trnh hn hp trong cc trng hp mc mch BC, EC v CC.

40

Bng 2.1. Quan h hm xc nh h c tuyn tnh ca tranzito Tng qut U1= f(I1)U2=const U1= f(U2)I1=const I2 = f(I1)U2=const I2 = f(U2)I1=const BC UEB = f(IE)UCB UEB = f(UCB)IE IC= f(IE)UCB IC = f(UCB)IB EC UBE = f(IB)UCE UBE = f(UCE)IB IC = f(IB)UCE IC = f(UCE)IB CC UBC = f(IB)UEC UBC = f(UEC)IB IE = f(IB)UEC IE = f(UEC)IB

C th xy dng s tng ng xoay chiu tn hiu nh ca tranzito theo h phng trnh tham s hn hp U1 = h11I1 + h22U2 (2-47) I2 = h2I1 + h22U2 Dng nh trn hnh 2.21.

Hnh 2.12: S tng ng mng 4 cc theo tham s h Ch : i vi cc s EC, BC, CC cc i lng I1, U1, I2, U2 tng ng vi cc dng vo (ra), in p vo (ra) ca tng cch mc. Ngoi ra cn c th biu th s tng ng ca tranzito theo cc tham s vt l. V d vi cc kiu mc BC c s 2.22

Hnh 2.22: S tng ng mch BC

41

 y: - rE l in tr vi phn ca tip gip emit v cht bn dn lm cc E. - rB in tr khi ca vng baz. - rC(B) in tr vi phn ca tip gip colect. - CC(B) in dung tip gip colect. - aIE ngun dng tng ng ca cc emit a ti colect. Mi lin h gia cc tham s ca hai cch biu din trn nh sau khi U2 = 0 vi mch u vo ta c : U1 = I1 [rE + (1- a)rB] hay h11 = U1/I1 = [rE + (1- a)rB ]

vi mch u ra : I2 = a.I1 do a = h21 khi I1 = 0 Dng mch ra I2 = U2 /(rC(B)+ rB) U2 /tC(B) do h22 = 1/r c(B) v U1 = I2.rB nn ta c h12 = rB / rC(B) U2 = I2.rC(B)

2.2.2. Cc dng mc mch c bn ca tranzito a - Mch chung emit (EC)

Trong cch mc EC, in p vo c mc gia cc baz v cc emit, cn in p ra ly t cc colect v cc emit. Dng vo, in p vo v dng in ra c o bng cc miliampe k v vn k mc nh hnh 2.23. T mch hnh 2.23, c th v c cc h c tuyn tnh quan trng nht ca mch EC :

IB mA UCE (ra) 10

UCE = 2V UCE = 6V

UBE (vao)

E Hnh 2.23: S Ec

UBE V 1 Hnh 2.24: H c tuyn vo Ec

42

 xc nh c tuyn vo, cn gi nguyn in p UCE, thay i tr s in p UBE ghi cc tr s IB tng ng sau dng th quan h ny, s thu c kt qu nh hnh 2.24. Thay i UEC n mt gi tr c nh khc v lm li tng t s c ng cong th hai. Tip lm tc nh vy s c mt h c tuyn vo ca tranzito mc chung emit. T hnh 2.24, c nhn xt c tuyn vo ca tranzito mc chung emit ging nh c tuyn ca chuyn tip p-n phn cc thun, v dng IB trong trng hp ny l mt phn ca dng tng IE chy qua chuyn tip emit phn cc thun (h 2.23). ng vi mt gi tr UCE nht nh dng IB cng nh khi UCE cng ln v khi tng UCE tc l tng UCB ( y gi tr in p l gi tr tuyt i) lm cho min in tch khng gian ca chuyn tip colect rng ra ch yu v pha min baz pha tp yu. Din p UCB cng ln th t l ht dn n colect cng ln, s ht dn b ti hp trong min baz v n cc baz to thnh dng baz cng t, do dng baz nh i. v c tuyn ra ca tranzito mc CE, cn gi dng IB mt tr s c nh no , thay i in p UCE v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca dng IC kt qu v c dng cong s ph thuc ca IC vo UCE vi dng IC coi dng IB l tham s nh hnh 2.25. T h c tuyn ny c nhn xt sau : Ti min khuych i dc ca c tuyn kh ln v trong cch mc ny dng IE khng gi c nh khi tng UCE rng hiu dng min baz ho li lm cho ht dn n min colect nhiu hn do dng IC tng ln. Klhi UCE gim xung 0 th IC cng gim xung 0 (cc c tuyn u qua gc ta ). S d nh vy v in p ghi trn trc honh l UCE= UCB + UBE nh vy ti im un ca c tuyn, UCB gim xung 0, tip tc gim UCE s lm cho chuyn tip colect phn cc thun. in p phn cc ny y nhng ht dn thiu s to thnh dng colect quay tr li min baz,kt qu khi UCE = 0 th IC cng bng 0. ngc li nu tng UCE ln qu ln th dng IC s tng ln t ngt (ng t on trn hnh 2.25), l min nh thng tip xc (it) JC ca tranzito.(Tng t nh c tuyn ngc ca it, khi UCE tng qu ln tc l in p phn cc ngc UCB ln ln ti mt gi tr no , ti chuyn tip colect s sy ra hin tng nh thng do hiu ng thc l v hiu ng Zener lm dng IC tng t ngt ). Bi v khi tranzito lm vic in p UCE ln cn c bin php hn ch dng IC phng trnh tranzito b hy bi dng IC qu ln. UCE = 6V IC mA

UCE = 2V 4 IB mA 100

IB =60mA IB =40mA IB =20mA 5 UCE V

Hnh 2.25: c tuyn ra v c tuyn truyn t ca tranzito mc Ec

43

c tuyn truyn t biu th mi quan h gia dng ra (IC) v dng vo IB khi UCE c nh. c tuyn ny c th nhn c bng cch gi nguyn din p UCE, thay i dng baz IB ghi li gi tr tng ng IC trn trc ta , thay i cc gi tr ca UCE lm tng t nh trn c h c tuyn truyn t, cng c th suy ra h c tuyn ny t cc c tuyn ra (h 2.25). Cch lm nh sau : ti v tr UCE cho trc trn c tuyn ra v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct h c tuyn ra nhng im khc nhau. Tng ng vi cc giao im ny tm c gi tr IC. Trn h to IC, IB c th v c nhnh im tho mn cp tr s IC, IB va tm c, ni cc im ny vi nhau s c c tuyn truyn t cn tm. b - Mch chung baz Tranzito ni mch theo kiu chung baz l cc baz dng chung cho c u vo v u ra. Tn hiu vo c t gia hai cc emit v baz, cn tn hiu ra ly t cc colect v baz. o in p u ra v u vo t xc nh cc h c tuyn tnh c bn ca tranzito mc chung baz (BC) ngi ta mc nhng vn k v miliampe k nh hnh 2.26. IE mA UEB (vao) UCB(ra) 3 B -1 Hnh 2.26: S Bc Hnh 2.27: H c tuyn vo Bc UCB = 6V UCB = 1V

UBEV

Dng c tuyn vo trong trng hp ny l xc nh quan h hm s IE =f(UEB) khi in p ra UCB c nh. Mun vy cn gi UCB mt gi tr khng i, thay i gi tr UBE sau ghi li gi tr dng IE tng ng. Biu din kt qu ny trn trc ta IE (UEB) s nhn c c tuyn vo ng vi tr UCB bit. Thay i cc gi tr c nh ca UCB lm tng t nh trn s c h c tuyn vo nh hnh 2.27. V chuyn tip emit lun phn cc thun cho nn c tuyn vo ca mch chung baz c bn ging nh c tuyn thun ca it. Qua hnh 2.26 cn thy rng ng vi in p vo UEB c nh dng vo IE cng ln khi in p UCB cng ln, v in p UCB phn cc ngc chuyn tip colect khi n tng ln lm min in tch khng gian rng ra, lm cho khong cch hiu dng gia emit v colect ngn li do lm dng IE tng ln. c tuyn ra biu th quan h IC= f(UCB) khi gi dng vo IE mt gi tr c nh. Cn c vo hnh 2.26, gi dng IE mt gi tr c nh no bin i gi tr ca UCB ghi li cc gi tr IC tng ng, sau biu din kt qu trn trc ta IC UCB s c c tuyn ra. Thay i cc gi tr IE s c h c tuyn ra nh hnh 2.28. T hnh 2.28 c nhn xt l i vi IE c nh, IC gn bng IE. Khi UCB tng ln IC ch tng khng ng k iu ny ni ln rng hu ht cc ht dn c phun vo min baz t min emit u n c colect. D nhin dng IC bao gi cng phi nh

44

hn dng IE. Khi UCB tng lm cho rng min in tch khng gian colect ln ln, rng hiu dng ca min baz hp li, s ht dn n c min colect so vi khi UCB nh hn, nn dng IC ln ln. Cng t hnh 2.28 cn nnhn xt rng khc vi trng hp c tuyn ra mc CE khi in p to ra UCB gim ti 0. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau : Khi in p ngoi UCB gim n 0, bn thn chuyn tip chuyn tip colect vn cn in th tip xc, chnh in th tip xc colect cun nhng ht dn t baz sang colect lm cho dng IC tip tc chy. lm dng hn IC th chuyn tip colect phi c phn cc thun vi gi tr nh nht l bng in th tip xc, khi y in th trn chuyn tip colect s bng 0 hoc dng ln,lm cho cc ht dn t baz khng th chuyn sang colect (IC= 0). UCB = 6V IC mA

UCB = 2V

IE =3mA 3 IE =2mA IE =1mA

IE mA 3 5 UCB V

Hnh 2.29: c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra ca s Bc Min c trng trong chyn tip colect phn cc thun gi l min bo ha. Nu tng in p ngc UCB n mt gi tr nht nh no (gi l in p nh thng ) dng IC tng ln t ngt c th dn n lm hng tranzito hin tng nh thng ny do mt trong hai nguyn nhn : Hoc l do hiu ng thc l hoc hiu ng Zener nh trnng hp it, hoc l do hin tng xuyn thng (do in p ngc UCB ln lm min in tch khng gian ca min chuyn tip colect m rng ra ti mc tip xc vi min in tch khng gian chuyn tip emit, kt qu lm dng IC tng ln t ngt ). c tuyn truyn t ch r quan h hm s gia dng ra v dng vo IC=f(IE) khi in p ra gi c nh. v c tuyn ny c th lm bng hai cch : hoc bng thc nghim p dng s (2.25), gi nguyn in p UCB thay i dng vo IE, ghi li cc kt qu tng ng dng IC, sau biu din cc kt qu thu c trn to IC IE s c c tuyn truyn t. Thay i gi tr c nh UCB s c h c tuyn truyn t nh hnh 2.29. Hoc bng cch suy ra t c tuyn ra : t im UCB cho trc trn c truyn ta v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny s ct h c tuyn ra ti cc im ng vi IE khc nhau t cc giao im ny c th tm c trn

45

trc tung cc gi tr IC tng ng. Cn c vo cc cp gi tr IE, IC ny c th v c tuyn truyn t ng vi mt in p UCB cho trc, lm tng t vi cc gi tr UCB khc nhau s c h c tuyn truyn t nh hnh 2.29. c - Mch chung colect (CC) Mch chung colect c dng nh hnh 2.30, cc colect dung chung cho u vo v u ra. o in p vo, dng vo, dng ra qua xc cc c tuyn tnh c bn ca mch CC dung cc vn k v miliampe k c mc nh hnh 2.30. IB mA 100 UEC(ra) UBC(vao) C -4 Hnh 2.30: S Cc Hnh 2.31: H c tuyn vo Cc UBC V UEC = 21V UEC =41V

c tuyn vo ca mch chung colect (CC) IB= f(UCB) khi in p ra UCE khng i c dng nh hnh 2.31 n c dng khc hn so vi cc c tuyn vo ca hai cch mc EC v BC xt trc y. l v trong kiu mc mch ny in p vo UCB ph thuc rt nhiu vo in p ra UCE (khi lm vic ch khuych i in p UCB i vi tranzito silic lun gi khong 0.7V, cn tranzito Gecmani vo khong 0.3V trong khi in p UCE bin i trong khong rng ). V d trn hnh 2.31 hy xt trng hp UEC = 2V ti IB = 100mA UCB = UCE UBE = 2V 0.7 V =1,3V UEC = 6V IE mA IB =60mA UEC = 2V 4 IB mA 100 5 UEC V IB =40mA IB =20mA

Hnh 2.29: c tuyn truyn t v c tuyn ra ca s Cc

46

Khi in p vo UCB tng in p UBE gim lm cho IB cng gim. c tuyn ra ca tranzito mc CC m t quan h gia dng IE v in p UCE khi dng vo IB khng i. c tuyn truyn t trong trng hp ny m t quan h gia dng ra IE v dng vo I B khi in p UCE khng i. Trong thc t c th coi IC IE cho nn c tuyn ra v c tuyn truyn t (trng hp mc chung colect ) tng t nh trng hp mc chung emit (h 2.32).

2.2.3. Phn cc v n nh nhit im cng tc ca tranzito

a Nguyn tc chung phn cc tranzito Mun tranzito lm vic nh mt phn t tch cc th cc phn t ca tranzito phi tho mn iu kin thch hp. nhng tham s ny ca tranzito nh mc trc bit, ph thuc rt nhiu vo in p phn cc cc chuyn tip colect v emit. Ni mt cch khc cc gi tr tham s ph thuc vo im cng tc ca tranzito. Mt cch tng qut, d tranzito c mc mch theo kiu no, mun n lm vic ch khuych i cn c cc iu kin sau: - Chuyn tip emit baz lun phn cc thun. - Chuyn tip baz colect lun phn cc ngc. C th minh ha iu ny qua v d xet tranzito, loi pnp (h.2.33). Nu gi UE, UB, UC ln lt l in th ca emit, baz, colect, cn c vo cc iu kin phn cc k trn th gia cc in th ny phi tho mn iu kin: UE > UB >UC Hy xt iu kin phn cc cho tng loi mch. -T mch chung baz hnh 2.34 vi chiu mi tn l hng dng ca in p v dng in, c th xc nh c cc tnh ca in p v dng in cc cc khi tranzito mc CB nh sau: UEB = UE UB > 0 UCB = UC UB > 0 IE > 0 IC < 0 (2-49) (2-48)

Cn c vo iu kin (2-48) in p UCB m, dng IC cng m c ngha l hng thc t ca in p v dng in ny ngc vi hng mi tn trn hnh 2.34. - T mch chung emit hnh 2.35, l lun tng t nh trn, c th xc nh c cc tnh ca in p v dng in cc cc nh sau: UBE = UB UE < 0 UCE = UC UE < 0 IB < 0 IC < 0 (2-50)

- Vi mch chung colect hnh 2.36, cn c vo chiu qui nh trn s v i kin 2-48 c th vit: UB UC > 0 UCE = UC UE < 0 IB < 0 IE < 0 (2-51)

47

i vi tranzito npniu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuych i l UE < UB < UC (2-52)

T bt nh thc (2-52) c th thy rng hng dng in v in p thc t trong tranzito pnp. b - ng ti tnh v im cng tc tnh ng ti tnh c v trn c tuyn ra tnh ca tranzito nghin cu dng in v in p khi n mc trong mch c th no (khi c ti ). im cng tc (hay cn gi l im tnh, im phn cc) l im nm trn ng ti tnh xc nh dng in vo trn in p tranzito khi khng c tn hiu t vo, ngha l xc nh iu kin phn cc ca tranzito. hiu r v ng ti tnh v im cng tc tnh, ta hy xt trng hp tranzito loi npn mc chung emit nh hnh 2.37. Phng trnh quan h dng v p mch c dng: UCE = ECC -ICRt (2-53)

Nu nh in p phn cc UBE lm cho tranzito kha, khi y IC = 0 v UCE = ECC (0.Rt) = ECC = 20V. Nh vy im c ta (IC = 0, UCE= 20V) l im A trn c tuyn ra. Gi thit rng UBE tng lm cho tranzito m v IC= 0,5mA khi y UCE = 20V 0,5mA.10k = 20V 5V = 15V, trn c tuyn ra l im B c ta (0,5mA ; 15V) Bng cch tng UBE, lm tng t nh trn c th v c v d ng vi cc ta sau : im C ng vi IC = 1mA ; UCE = 10V im D ng vi IC = 1,5mA ; UCE =5V im E ng vi IC = 2 mA ; UCE = 0V Ni cc im trn y vi nhau ta s c mt ng thng l ng ti tnh vi Rt =10 kW. C th v c bng cch chn 2 im c bit, im ct trc tung E (UCE = 0 ; IC= UCC/Rt =2mA) v im ct trc honh A (UCE= UCC =20V ; IC=0A). Qua nhng im phn tch trn thy rng ng ti chnh l ng bin thin ca dng IC theo in p UCE ng vi in tr ti Rt v in p ngun ECC nht nh. Trong ba gi tr IB, IC v UCE ch cn bit mt ri cn c vo tng gi tr ti xc nh hai gi tr cn li. Cn nhn mnh l ng ti v hai trng hp trn ch ng trong trng hp UCC = 20V v Rt = 10kW. Khi thay i cc iu kin ny phi v cc ng ti khc. Khi thit k mch, im cng tc tnh l im c chn trn ng ti tnh. Nh trn ni, im ny xc nh gi tr dng Ic v in p UCE khi khng c tn hiu t vo. Khi c tn hiu t vo, dng IB bin i theo s bin i ca bin tn hiu, dn

48

ti dng Ic bin i, kt qu l in p ra trn ti bin i ging nh quy lut bin i ca tn hiu u vo. IC mA ECC/ Rc//Rt IBmax M P IC0 N IB =0mA IB0

UC0

UCE V ECC

Hnh 2.38: Chn im cng tc tnh Vi s nguyn l nh hnh 2.37a trn ng ti tnh 10kW gi thit chn im cng tc tnh Q nh hnh 2.38. ng vi im Q ny IB = 20mA ; Ic = 1mA v UCE = 10V. Khi IB tng t 20mA n 40mA, trn hnh 2.38 thy Ic c gi tr bng l,95mA v UCE = Ucc - ICRT = 20V - l,95mA . 10kW = 0,5V. C th thy rng khi DIB = + 20mA dn ti DUCE = -9,5V. Khi IB gim t 20mA xung 0 th Ic gim xung ch cn O,05mA v UCE = 20V - (0,05mA.10kW) = 19,5V, tc l khi IB gim i mt lng l DIB = 20mA lm cho Uc tng ln mt lng DUc = + 9,5V. Tm li, nu chn im cng tc tnh Q nh trn th u ra ca mch c th nhn c s bin i cc i in p DUc = + 9,5V. Nu chn im cng tc tnh khc. V d Q' ti c Ic . = 0,525 mA ; UCE = 14,75V. Tnh ton tng t nh trn ta c DIB = 10mA v DUc = 14,75V. Ngha l bin bin i cc i ca in p ra m bo khng mo dng lc ny ch l 4,75V.

49

Nh vy vic chn im cng tc tnh trn hoc di im Q s dn ti bin thin cc i ca in p ra trn ti (m bo , khng mo dng) u nh hn 9,5v, hay c bin in p ra cc i, khng lm mo dng tn hiu, im cng tc tnh phi chn gia ng ti tnh. Cng cn ni thm l khi in p ra khng yu cu nghim ngt v mo th im cng tc tnh c th chn nhng im thch hp trn ng ti.

Mch th nghim: Kho st ba cch mc tranzito

c - n nh im cng tc tnh khi nhit thay i Tranzito l mt linh kin rt nhy cm vi nhit v vy trong nhng s tay hng dn s dng ngi ta thng cho di nhit lm vic cc i ca tranzito. Ngoi gii hn nhit k trn tranzito s b hng hoc khng lm vic. Ngay c trong khong nhit cho php tranzito lm vic bnh thng th s bin thin nhit cng nh hng n tham s ca tranzito. Hai i lng nhy cm vi nhit nht l in p emit-baz UBE v dng ngc ICBO (Xem phn 2.1). V d i vi tranzito silic, h s nhit ca UBE (DUBE/DT) l 2,2mV/OC, cn i vi tranzito gecmani l -l,8mV/OC. i vi ICBO ni chung khi nhit tng ln 10OC gi tr dng ngc ny tng ln hai ln.

50

Khi tranzito lm vic, dng ngc ICBO chy qua chuyn tip ny nh bit rt nhy cm vi nhit , khi nhit tng s pht x cp in t, l trng tng, dng ICBO tng, t quan h gia ICBO v IC nu phn trc: IC=IB + ( + 1)ICBO C th thy rng ICBO tng lm cho IC tng (d cho gi thit rng IB v a khng i). Dng IC tng ngha l mt cc ht dn qua chuyn tip colect tng ln lm cho s va chm gia cc ht vi mng tinh th tng. Nhit tng lm cho ICBO tng chu k li lp li nh trn lm dng IC v nhit ca tranzito tng mi. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng qu nhit. Hiu ng qu nhit a ti : Lm chay i im cng tc tnh v nu khng c bin php hn ch th s tng nhit c th lm hng tranzito. S thay i nhit cng lm cho UBE thay i v do lm thay i dng IC dn ti thay i im cng tc tnh. Trong nhng iu kin thng thng nh hng ca ng ICBO n IC nhiu hn so vi UBE. Bi vy khi ni nh hng ca nhit n im cng tc thng ch quan tm n dng ICBO' Nh vy s n nh nhit y hm ch s thay i dng IC khi dng ICBO thay i c th nh ngha h s n nh nhit ca tranzito nh sau : IC (2-54) S= ICBO trong : IC = h21e IB + (1 + h21e) .ICBO (2-55)

T nh ngha ny thy rng S cng nh th tnh n nh nhit cng cao, trong trng hp l tng S = 0, (trong thc t khng c s n nh nhit tuyt i). xc nh h s n nh nhit S vi mt s tranzito cho trc, gi thit do nhit thay i, dng ICBO bin i mt lng l DICBO, IB bin i mt lng l DIB v IC bin i mt lng l DIC. Qua mt s bin i t biu thc (2-55) ta c : S= IC h21e + 1 ICBO 1 h21e (IB / ) C (2-56)

Khi bit cc gia s dng in cn c vo (2-56) c th tnh c h s n nh nhit. Biu thc (2-56) l biu thc tng qut tnh h s n nh nhit chung cho cc loi mc mch. d-Phn cc tranzito bng dng c nh Nu tranzito c mc nh hnh 2.39, dng IB t ngun mt chiu cung cp cho tranzito s khng i, bi vy ngi ta gi iu kin phn cc ny l phn cc bng dng khng i. C th c hai cch to ra dng c nh, trng hp th nht nh hnh 2.39a dng mt ngun mt chiu Ecc. Dng IB c c nh bng Ecc v RB T hnh 2.39a tnh c: IB = E cc - UBE RB (2-57)

51

Hnh 2.39: Mch phn cc dng khng i a)Mch mt ngun; Mch hai ngun Trng hp th hai nh hlnh 2.39b. Ngi ta dng hai ngun mt chiu. Hai mch ny hon ton tng ng nhau. Nu Ecc = UBB c th thay bng 2.39a Cn c vo s nguyn l hlnh 2.39a, c th suy ra nhng biu thc cho vic tnh ton thit k mch phn cc dng c nh p dng nh lut Kickhp (Kirchhoff) cho vng mch baz v ch rng y UBB = Ecc c th vit E cc = IB .R B + UBE (2-58) Khi lm vic chuyn tip emit lun phn cc thun cho nn UBE thng rt nh (t 0,2v n 0,7V) v trong biu thc (2-58)c th b qua, nh vy c th vit: Ecc=IB.RB V Trong mch colect c th vit: Ecc = IcRt + UcE (2-61) Biu thc (2-61) thng gi l phng trnh ng ti, y gi tr Ecc v Rt c nh, t (2-61) c th thy rng Ic tng th UcE gim v ngc li Ic gim th UcE tng. T cc biu thc trn c th tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh khi bit h s khuch i dng tnh h21e v gi tr cc phn t ca mch. By gi xt ti tnh n nh nhit ca loi s phn cc hnh 2.39. Nh bit theo kiu mc mch ny th IB lun lun khng i cho nn: IB =0 IC T ng thc (2-62) tnh c h s n nh nhit bng (2-62) IB E cc RB (2-59) (2-60)

52

S = h21e + 1 T biu thc (2-63), rt ra kt lun sau:

(2-63)

S phn cc tranzito bng dng c nh c h s n nh nhit S ph thuc vo h s khuch i dng tnh h21e, ngha l khi dng loi mch ny mun thay i n nh nhit ch c mt cch l thay i tranzito thng ln cho nn h s S ca loi mch ny ln v do n nh nhit km.Trong thc t cch phn cc cho tranzito nh hnh 2.39 ch dng khi yu cu n nh nhit khng cao. e - Phn cc cho tranzito bng in p phn hi (phn cc colect - baz) trn bit mch phn cc tranzito bng dng n nh c n nh nhit khng cao, ngoi ra khi dng Ic tng lm in p UcE gim. C th li dng hin tng ny lm cho dng IB gim do n nh c dng Ic. Tht vy dng Ic ph thuc vo hai yu t ICBO v IB do nh hng ca nhit dng ICBO tng ln khin Ic cng tng ln. Nhng nu li dng s tng ca dng Ic ny lm gim dng IB khin dng Ic gim bt th kt qu l dng Ic tr li gi tr ban u.

Hnh 2.40: Phn cc bng in p phn hi in p colect-baz Vic mc tranzito nh hnh 2.40 s tha mn iu kin trn. Cch phn cc tranzito nh vy gi l phn cc bng colect. Nh thy trn s , in tr RB c ni trc tip gia cc colect v cc baz. S khc nhau c bn gia mch phn cc bng in p phn hi v ng dng phn cc c nh l : trong mch phn cc bng in p phn hi bao hm c ch dng lB cm bin theo in p (hoc dng in) mch ra, cn trong mch phn cc dng c nh th khng c iu ny. im cng tc tnh c xc nh nh sau: T hnh 2.40, quan h in p trong mch ra c dng. Ecc = (Ic + IB) Rt + UcE cn quan h in p trong mch baz c th vit dng: (2-64)

53

Ecc = (Ic + IB)Rt + IB.RB + UBE Nu coi UBE nh, c th b qua th Ecc = (Ic + IB)Rt + UBE T 2-64 v 2-66 c th suy ra: UcE IBRB Thay Ic = h21e.IB vo biu thc (2-66) ta tm c Ecc = (h21e + 1)IB.Rt + IBRB rt ra: IBQ = E cc (h21e + 1)R t + RB

(2-65)

(2-65)

(2-67)

(2-68)

(2-69)

Sau tnh dng colect ng vi im cng tc tnh Q IcQ = h21e.IBQ (2-70)

V in p gia colect v emit ng vi im cng tc tnh Q cn c vo (2-67) tnh c: UcEQ = IBQ.RB (2-71)

Nu bit h21e ca tranzito c th p dng biu thc (2-70) v (2-71) tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh tranzito. By gi hy xc nh c tnh n nh nhit ca mch phn cc dng in p phn hi. T biu thc (2-66), tm c IB = E cc Rt - Ic RB + R C RB + R t (2-72)

Ly vi phn biu thc (2-72) theo Ic c: Rt dIB =dIc RB + R t Thay biu thc (2-73) vo (2-56), c; S= h21e + 1 1+ [h 21eR t (RB + R t )] (2-74) (2-73)

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C th bin i (2-74) v dng thun li cho vic tnh ton hn. S= (h21e + 1)(RB + R t ) (h21e + 1)R t + RB (2-75)

T biu thc (2-75) c nhn xt rng h s n nh S trong mch phn cc bng in p phn hi khng c nh m ph thuc vo gi tr cc in tr R B v R t . Trong trng hp RB << Rt th S gn ti mt n v, iu ny ni ln rng d c mnh Rb th h s n nh nhit S khng gim xung nh hn 1. in p phn hi m qua in tr RB trong mch phn cc lm tng tc n nh nhit ng thi li lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu (xem mc 2.3). Nh trn ni tng tnh n nh nhit , phi lm gim in tr Rb nhng khi h s khuch i ca mch cng gim i, y c mu thun gia n nh nhit ca mch v h s khuch i. C mt cch cho php t c n nh nhit cao m khonng phi tr gi v h s khuch i l cch mc mch nh hnh 24.1. in tr Rb trong trng hp ny c chia lm hai thnh phn R1 v R2, im ni 2 in tr ny c ni t qua t C. i vi in p v dng mt chiu th t C coi nh h mch do khng nh hng g n ch 1 chiu. Ngc li vi tn hiu xoay chiu th t C coi nh ngn mch xung t khng cho phn hi ngc li u vo.

Hnh 2.41: Phng php loi tr phn hi tn hiu xoay chiu Qua phn tch trn thy rng mch phn cc in p phn hi c n nh tt hn mch phn cc dng c nh, tuy nhin hai phn cc ny khng th tng n nh nhit cao v im cng tc tnh v n nh nhit ca mch ph thuc ln nhau, chnh l mt nhc im ln l kh khn cho vn thit k mch loi mch ny.

55

g. Phn cc tranzito bng dng emit (t phn cc) Mch phn cc tranzito bng dng emit c dng nh hnh 2.42. in R1, R2 to thnh mt b phn p c nh to UB t vo Baz tranzito t in p ngun Ecc. in tr RE mc ni tip vi cc emit ca tranzito c in p ri trn n l UE = IERE Vy: Nu tha mn iu kin IE = (UB UBE)/RE UB UBE th IE UBE/RE (2-76) (2-77)

v rt n nh. tin cho viejc phn tch tip theo c th v s tng ng ca hnh 2.42 nh hnh 2.43 bng cch p dng nh l tevenin trong : RB = R1.R 2 R1 + R 2 R1.Ecc R1 + R 2 (2-78)

UB =

(2-79)

Hnh 2.42: Phn cc bng dng IE

Hnh 2.43: S tng ng tnh

Vn y l phi chn R1 v R2 th no m bo cho UB n nh. T hnh 2.42 thy r phi chn R1 v R2 sao cho RB khng ln hn nhiu so vi RE, nu khng s phn cc ca mch li tng t nh trng hp phn cc dng c nh. c UB n nh cn chn R1 v R2 cng nh cng tt, nhng m bo cho in tr vo ca mch ln th R1 v R2 cng ln cng tt. dung ha hai yu cu mu thun ny trong thc t thng chn RB= RE.

56

Cn c vo s tng ng (h.2.43) phn tch mch phn cc dng emit. Tng in p ri trong mch baz bng: UB= IBRB + UBE + (IC + IB)RE Trong thay IE = Ic + IB nu nh bit h21e c th bin i (2-80) thnh UB = IB[ RB+(h21e + 1)RE] + UBE + ICO(h21e + 1) . RE (2-81) Trc khi phn tch hy ch l in p UBE trong trng hp phn cc ny khng th b qua nh nhng trng hp khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic chuyn tip emit lun phn cc thun cho nn tng in p mt chiu u vo ca mch ny l UB. Trong hu ht cc trng hp UB nh hn Ecc nhiu ln. Trc y c th b qua UBE v n qu nh so vi Ecc , nhng trong trng hp ny UBE ln vo c UB cho nn khng th b qua c. S hng cui cng trong (2-81) cha Ico thng c b qua v trong thc t dng ngc rt nh (vi tranzito silic dng ny ch c vi nano ampe ). Cng t s tng ng hnh 2.43 c in p gia emit v t bng IE. RE. Dng emit IE = IC + IB = (h21e +1)IB (b qua c dng ngc Ico). Nh vy in p gia emit v t c th vit UE = (h21e +1)IB.RE. i lng (h21e +1) l i lng khng th nguyn nn c th lin h vi IB to thnh dng (h 21e + 1) hoc lin hp vi RE to thnh in tr (h21e +1)IB. Nu quan nim nh vy th c th ni rng in p gia emit v t l in p do dng (h21e +1)IB ri trn in tr RE hay do dng IB ri trn in tr (h21e+1)RE. Nu thnh phn in p gy ra bi Ico trong biu thc (2-81) c th b qua th biu thc ny c th minh ha bng s tng ng hnh 2.44. y in tr RE trong nhnh emit bin thnh in tr (h21e +1)RE trong mch baz. Mt cch tng qut, bt k mt in khng no trong mch emit u c th bin i sang mch baz bng cch nhn n vi (h21e +1). T hnh 2.44 v biu thc (2-81) c th tm thy dng baz ti im phn cc. IBQ = T tnh ra c ICQ = h21e.IBQ T s tng ng hnh 2.44 trong mch colect c th vit : Ecc = Ic.Rt + UE + IERE (2-86) Bit rng Ic thng ln hn IB rt nhiu ln cho nn y c th b qua thnh phn in p do IB gy ra trn RE. Nh vy (2-86) c vit thnh : Ecc = (Rt + RE). Ic + UCE (2-87) (2-83) UB UBE RB + (h21e + 1)RE (2-82) (2-80)

57

Hnh 2.44: S tng ng mch Bc Biu thc (2-87) chnh l biu thc ng ti tnh ca mch phn cc bng dng emit. Nu dng EcQ v UcEQ l dng in v in p ng vi im cng tc tnh th c th vit (2-87) thnh dng : UECQ = Ecc - (Rt + RE). IcQ (2-88) Cn c vo biu thc (2-88) c th tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh ca tranzito khi bit h s khuch i h21e v loi tranzito. Sau y xt n nh nhit ca mch phn cc bng dng emit, c th vit li (280) dng : IC = Do IB = UB UBE R B + RE IC RB RB + R E (2-89) UB UBE IB (RB + RE ) RE

Ly o hm ring biu thc ny theo Ic v mt ln na ch rng UBE khng i s c : IB RE 1 = = IE RB + RE k2 Theo nh ngha ca h s n nh nhit th trong trng hp ny: S= h21e + 1 1+ (h21e k 2 ) (2-91) (2-90)

58

T (2-91) thy rng h s n nh nhit tin ti cc tiu ( n nh cao nht) khi k2 c gi tr nh nht. iu y c ngha l cho mch n nh, phi thit k sao cho RE c gi tr cng ln cng tt, v gi tr RB cng nh cng tt. H s k2 khng bao gi nh hn 1, gi tr ny ch dn ti 1 (ng vi trng hp RE rt ln v RB rt nh ) t suy ra rng h s n nh S ch c th gim nh ti gii hn l 1. Mt nhn xt quan trng na l h s n nh S khng ph thuc vo Rt ngha l khng ph thuc vo im cng tc.

Hnh 2.45:Dng t ngn hi tip m trn Re a) Ngn mch hon ton b) Ngn mch mt phn

Hnh 2.46: Dng it b nhit

59

 trn ni vn nng cao n nh nhit ca loi mch ny bng cch tng RE v gim RB. Bn cht ca s n nh nhit trong loi mch ny chnh l dng phn hi m qua in tr RE. Tng RE c ngha l tng phn hi m do lm gim tn hiu khuch i xoay chiu ca mch. khc phc mu thun ny trong thc t c th dung hai mch nh hnh 2.45a,b. Dng kiu mch ny c th loi tr hoc nh tc dng phn hi m i vi tn hiu xoay chiu (xem phn 2.3), do khng lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu ca mch. Gi tr CE phn mch y phi chn ln sao cho i vi tn hiu xoay chiu th tr khng ca n gn nh bng 0. ngc li vi dng mt chiu th coi nh h mch. Thc t thng gp trng hp phi thit k mch phn cc khi bit cc iu kin phn cc cng nh h s khuch i ca tranzito. nhng phn trn ch xt nh hng ca nhit n dng Ico. Sau y s trnh by nh hng ca nhit n dng UBE v h s khuch i h21e. i vi c hai loi tranzito, lm t silic v gecmani, khi nhit tng UBE gim, cn h21e li tng. nh hng ca nhit n cc tham s ca tranzito silic cng tc trong khong 61C n +175C cn tranzito th t -63C n +75C. S khc nhau na l tr s ICO v UBE ca tranzito silic v tranzito gecmani bin thin ngc nhau khi nhit thay i. Bng (2-4) lit k nhng gi tr in hnh ca ICO, UBE v h21e ca tranzito silic v gecmani nhng nhit khc nhau. Bng 2 4 Gi tr in hnh ca mt tham s chu nh hng ca nhit Vt liu lm tranzito Si Ge Si Ge Si Ge ICO(A) 10 -6 10
-3

UBE(V) 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.25 0.51

h21e 20 15 50 50 100 95

t,C -6.5 -6.5 +25 +25 +175 +75

10 -2 1 30 30

T bng 2- 4 c nhn xt: nhit phng i vi tranzito silic Ico ch c nano ampe, cho nn nu c thay i th cng khng nh hng ng k n Ic v nh hng ca nhit n im cng tc tnh ca tranzito ch yu thng qua UBE. khc phc nh hng ny trn thc t thng mc ni tip emit mt it silic phn cc thun c chiu ngc vi chuyn tip emit nh hnh 2.46. Bng cch mc nh vy c th thy rng s thay i in p thun trn 2 cc it c th b tr s bin i UBE ca tranzito do nhit gy ra. it b nhit s ny lun c phn cc thun bi ngun EDD cho nn in tr thun ca n rt nh. S ny hon ton tng ng vi s phn cc bng dng emit xt phn trn. i vi tranzito gecmani th ngc li, ti nhit phng Ico kh ln cho nn khi nhit thay i nh hng ca dng Ico n tham s ca tranzito chim u th. n nh nhit

60

 cho s , ngi thit k phi ch ch yu n vic gim h s n nh nhit S. Qua bng (2-4) trn y c th thy rng h s khuch i dng h21e ph thuc vo rt nhiu vo nhit . Hn na ngay cng mt nhit , tranzito c cng loi k hiu (c ch to nh nhau) nhng h s h21e ca tng chic c th hn km nhau vi ba ln. Nh bit h s h21e nh hng nhiu n im cng tc tnh ca tranzito. Bi vy n nh im cng tc tnh, ngi thi k phi ch n s thay i h s h21e c th c ca loi tranzito dng trong mch in. nh lng s ph thuc ca Ic vo h21e, gi thit rng cc gi tr ca Ucc v Rt bit h s khuch i dng ca tranzito bin thin t h21e1 n h21e2 b qua Ico (gi Ic1 l dng ng vi trng hp h s khuch i h21e1 v Ic2 ng vi h21e2) tnh c : Ic1 = h21e1 Ic2 = h21e2 UB UBE RB + (h21e1 + 1)RE UB UBE RB + (h21e1 + 1)RE (2-92) (2-93)

Ly hiu s ca (2-92) v (2-93), c: IC = (UB UBE )(h21e 2 h21e1 )(RB + RE ) [RB + (h21e1 + 1)RE ][RB + (h21e2 + 1)RE ] (2-94)

em chia biu thc (2-94) cho (2-92) s c biu thc cho s bin thin tng i ca dng Ic. IC = IC1 h21e1 - h21e 2 h .R h21e1(1+ 21e1 E ) RB + R E (2-95)

Nhn xt biu thc (2-95) thy n c cha s hng gn ging nh biu thc nh ngha v s n nh S ; c th bin i v phi ca (2-95) thnh: h +1 h IC -h = 21e 2 21e1 . 21e 2 IC1 h21e1(h21e 2 + 1) (1+ h21e 2 )K IC h21e .S 2 = IC1 h21e1(h21e1 + 1) Trong h21e = (h21e2 h21e1) thng gi l sai lch ca h21e. Biu thc (2-97) cho thy s bin i dng colect ph thuc trc tip vo sai lch h s khuch i h21e k trn. Ngoi ra biu thc ny cn cho php ngi thit k tnh c gi tr ca in tr cn thit gi cho dng Ic bin i trong mt phm vi nht nh khi h21e thay i. (2-96)

Nu gi S2 l n nh nhit khi h21e = h21e1, th (2-95) c th vit thnh : (2-97)

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2.2.4. Tranzito trng (FET)

Khc vi tranzito lng cc xt phn trn m c im ch yu l dng in trong chng do c hai loi ht dn (in t v l trng t do) to nn, qua mt h thng gm hai mt ghp p-n rt gn nhau iu khin thch hp, tranzito trng (cn gi l tranzito n cc FET) hot ng da trn nguyn l ng trng, iu khin dn in ca n tinh th bn dn nh tc dng ca 1 in trng ngoi. Dng in trong FET ch do mt lai ht dn to ra. Cng ngh bn dn, vi in t cng tin b, FET cng t r nhiu u im quang trng trn hai mt x l gia cng tn hiu vi tin cy cao v mc tiu hao nng lng cc b. Phn ny s trnh by tm tt nhng c im quang trng nht cu FET v cu to, ngyun l hot ng v cc tham s c trng i vi hai nhm chng loi: FET c cc ca l tip gip p-n (JFET) v FET c cc ca cch li (MOSFET hay IGFET). a- Tranzito trng c cc ca tip gip (JFET) - Cu to v k hiu qui c: D Drain GGate G Sin p S Source D Knh n S D G+ S Knh p

Hnh 2.47: Cu tp JFET v k hiu quy c Hnh 2.47a a ra mt cu trc JFET kiu knh n : trn tinh th bn dn Si-n ngi ta to xung quanh n 1 lp bn dn p (c tp cht nng cao hn so vi ) v a ra 3 in cc l cc ngun S (Source), cc mng D (Drein) v cc ca G (Gate). Nh vy hnh thnh mt knh dn in loi n ni gia hai cc D v S, cch li vi cc ca G (dng lm in cc iu khin) bi 1 lp tip xc p-n bao quanh knh dn. Hon ton tng t, nu xut pht t bn dn loi p, ta c loi JFET knh p vi cc k hiu quy c phn bit cho trn hnh 2.47b. Nguyn l hot ng: phn cc JFET, ngi ta dng hai ngun in p ngoi l UDS > 0 v UGS < 0 nh hnh v (vi knh P, cc chiu in p phn cc s ngc li, sao cho tip gip p-n bao quanh knh dn lun c phn cc ngc). Do tc dng ca cc in trng ny, trn knh dn xut hin 1 dng in (l dng in t vi knh n) hng t cc D ti cc S gi l dng in cc mng ID. Dng ID c ln tu thuc vo cc gi tr UDS v UGS v dn in ca knh ph thuc mnh c hai in trng ny. Nu xt ring s ph thuc ca ID vo tng in p khi gi cho

62

in p cn li khng i (coi l mt tham s) ta nhn c hai h hm quan trng nht ca JFET l : ID = f1(UDS)U GS = const ID = f2(UGS)U GS = const

ID mA UDS = 10V 10 UGS= 0V UGS= -1V UGS= -2V UDS V -4 10 Hnh 2.48: H c tuyn ra v c tuyn truyn t U -2 UGS V Tng UDS ID mA 8

GS0

Biu din f1 ng vi vi gi tr khng i ca UGS ta thu c h c tuyn ra ca JFET. ng biu din f2 ng vi mt gi tr khng i ca UDS cho ta h c tuyn truyn t ca JFET. Dng in hnh ca cc h c tuyn ny c cho trn hnh 2.48 a v b. c tuyn ra ca JFET chia lm 3 vng r rt: - Vng gn gc, khi UDS nh, ID tng mnh tuyn tnh theo UDS v t ph thuc vo UGS. y l vng lm vic JFET ging nh mt in tr thun cho ti lc ng cong b un mnh (im A trn hnh 2.48 a ng vi ng UGS = 0V). - Vng ngoi im A c gi l vng tht (vng bo ho) khi UDS ln, ID ph thuc rt yu vo UDS m ph thuc mnh vo UGS. y l vng JFET lm vic nh mt phn t khuch i, dng ID c iu khin bng in p UGS. Quan h ny ng cho ti im B. - Vng ngoi im B gi l vng nh thng, khi UDS c gi tr kh ln, ID tng t bin do tip gip p-n b nh thng thc l xy ra ti khu vc gn cc D do in p ngc t ln tip gip p-n ti vng ny l ln nht. Qua th c tuyn ra, ta rt ra my nhn xt sau: - Khi t tr s UGS m dn, im un A xc nh ranh gii hai vng tuyn tnh v bo ho dch gn v pha gc to . Honh im A (ng vi 1 tr s nht nh ca

63

UGS) cho xc nh 1 gi tr in p gi l in p bo ho cc mng UDS0 (cn gi l in p tht knh). Khi UGS tng, UDS0 gim. - Tng t vi im B : ng vi cc gi tr UGS m hn, vic nh thng tip gip p-n xy ra sm hn, vi nhng gi tr UDS nh hn. c tuyn truyn t ca JFET (h.2.48b) ging ht cc c tuyn anot-li ca n 5 cc chn khng, xut pht t 1 gi tr UGS0, ti ID = 0, gi l in p kho (cn k hiu l UP). ln UGS0 bng UDS0 ng vi ng UGS = 0 trn h c tuyn ra. Khi tng UGS, ID tng hu nh t l do dn in ca knh tng theo mc gim phn cc ngc ca tip gip p-n. Lc UGS = 0, ID = ID0 . Gi tr ID0 l dng tnh cc mng khi khng c in p cc ca. Khi c UGS < 0, ID < ID0 v c xc nh bi ID = ID0 (1- UGS / UGS0 (2-98a)

C th gii thch tm tt cc c tuyn ca JFET bng gin cu to hnh 2.49 trong 3 trng hp khc nhau ng vi cc gi tr ca UGS v UDS. Khi UGS c gi tr m tng dn v UDS = 0, b rng vng ngho ca chuyn tip p-n rng dn ra, ch yu v pha knh dn n v tp cht pha yu hn nhiu so vivng p, lm knh dn b tht li u dc theo phng DS (h.2.49a). Ngc li khi cho UGS = 0 v tng dn gi tr ca in p mng ngun UDS , knh b co li khng u v c hnh phu, pha cc D tht mnh hn do phn b trng dc theo knh t D ti S, cho ti lc UDS = UDS0 knh b tht li ti im A. Sau , tng UDS lm im tht A dch dn v pha cc S (h.2.49b). Qu trnh trn s xy ra sm hn khi c thm UGS < 0 nh hnh 2.49c lm gi tr in p tht knh gim nh. R rng dn in ca knh dn ph thuc c hai in p UGS v UDS, cn sau khi c hin tng tht knh, dng cc mng do cc ht dn (in t) phun t knh qua tip gip p-n ti cc mng ph thuc yu vo UDS v ph thuc ch yu vo tc dng iu khin ca UGS ti chuyn tip p-n phn cc ngc, qua ti dng in cc mng ID.

Hnh 2.49a: Gii thch vt l c tuyn ca JFET trn cu trc 3D

64

Hnh 2.49b: Gii thch vt l c tuyn ca JFET trn cu trc 2D - Cc tham s ch yu ca JFET gm hai nhm: Tham s gii hn gm c: Dng cc mng cc i cho php IDmax l dng in ng vi im B trn c tuyn ra (ng ng vi gi tr UGS = 0) ; Gi tr IDmax khong 50mA; in p mng - ngun cc i cho php v in p ca ngun UGSmax UDSmax = UB/(1,2 l,5) (c vi chc Vn) y UB l in p mng ngun ng vi im B. in p kha UGSO (hay Up) (bng gi tr UDSO ng vi ng UGS = 0)

65

Tham s lm vic gm c: in tr trong hay in tr vi phn u ra ri = UDS/ID |UGS = const (c 0,5 MW) ri th hin dc ca c tuyn ra trong vng bo ha. H dn ca c tuyn truyn t: S= ID | UDS = const UGS

cho bit tc dng iu khin ca in p cc ca ti dng cc mng, gi tr in hnh vi JFET hin nay l S = (7 - 10)mA/V. Cn ch gi tr h dn S t cc i S = So lc gi tr in p UGS ln cn im 0 (xem dng c tuyn truyn t ca JFET hnh 2.48b) v c tnh bi So = 2IDO/UGSO. in tr vi phn u vo: rvo = UGS IG

r vo do tip gip p-n quyt nh, c gi tr khong 109W. tn s lm vic cao, ngi ta cn quan tm ti in dung gia cc cc CDS v CGD (c pf).

b - Tranzito trng c cc ca cch li (MOSFET) - Cu to v k hiu quy c: c im cu to ca MOSFET c hai loi c bn c th hin trn hnh 2.50 a v 2.50 b. K hiu quy c ca MOSFET trong cc mch in t c cho trn hnh 2.51 a, b, c v d. Trn nn l n tinh th bn n tp cht loi p (Si-p), ngi ta pha tp cht bng phng php cng ngh c bit (plana, Epitaxi hay khuch tn ion) to ra 2 vng bn dn loi n+ (nng pha tp cao hn so vi ) v ly ra hai in cc l D v S. Hai vng ny c ni thng vi nhau nh mt knh dn in loi n c th hnh thnh ngay trong qu trnh ch to (loi knh t sn hnh 2.50a) hay ch hnh thnh sau khi c 1 in trng ngoi (lc lm vic trong mch in) tc ng (loi knh cm ng - hnh 2.50 b). Ti phn i din vi knh dn, ngi ta to ra in cc th ba l cc ca G sau khi ph ln b mt knh 1 lp cch in mng SiO2. T MOSFET cn c tn l loi FET c cc ca cch li (IGFET). Knh dn c cch li vi nh tip gip pn thng c phn cc ngc nh 1 in p ph a ti cc th 4 l cc .

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Hnh 2.50: Cu to MOSFET a) Loi knh t sn; b) Loi knh cm ng. - Nguyn l hot ng v c tuyn Von-Ampe phn cc MOSFET ngi ta t 1 in p UDS > 0. Cn phn bit hai trng hp: Vi loi knh t sn, xut hin dng in t trn knh dn ni gia S v D v trong mch ngoi c dng cc mng ID (chiu i vo cc D), ngay c khi cha c in p t vo cc ca (UGS = 0). Nu t ln cc ca in p UGS > 0, in t t do c trong vng (l ht thiu s) c ht vo vng knh dn i din vi cc ca lm giu ht dn cho knh, tc l lm gim in tr ca knh, do lm tng dng cc mng ID. Ch lm vic ny c gi l ch giu ca MOSFET. Knh t sn Knh cm ng

Knh N

Knh P

Hnh 2.51: K hiu quy c ca MOSFET Nu t ti cc ca in p UGS < 0, qu trnh trn s ngc li, lm knh dn b ngho i do cc ht dn (l in t) b y xa khi knh. in tr knh dn tng ty theo mc tng ca UGS theo chiu m s lm gim dng ID. y l ch ngho ca MOSFET.

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Nu xc nh quan h hm s ID = F3(UDS) ly vi nhng gi tr khc nhau ca UGS bng I thuyt thay thc nghim, ta thu c h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET loi knh n t sn nh trn hnh v 2.52a.

Hnh 2.52: c tuyn ra ca MOSFET Vi loi knh cm ng, khi t ti cc ca in p UGS < 0, khng c dng cc mng (ID = 0) do tn ti hai tip gip p-n mc i nhau ti vng mng - v ngun , do khng tn ti knh dn ni gia mng - ngun. Khi t UGS > 0, ti vng i din cc ca xut hin cc in t t do (do cm ng tnh in) v hnh thnh mt knh dn in ni lin hai cc mng v ngun. dn ca knh tng theo gi tr ca UGS do dng in cc mng ID tng. Nh vy MOSFET loi knh cm ng ch lm vic vi 1 loi cc tnh ca UGS v ch ch lm giu knh. Biu din quan h hm ID= F4(UDS), ly vi cc gi tr UGS khc nhau, ta c h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET knh n cm ng nh trn hnh 2.52b. T h c tuyn ra ca MOSFET vi c hai loi knh t sn v knh cm ng ging nh c tuyn ra ca JFET xt, thy r c 3 vng phn bit : vng gn gc ID tng tuyn tnh theo UDS v t ph thuc vo UGS, vng bo ha (vng tht) lc ID ch ph thuc mnh vo UGS, ph thuc yu vo UDS v vng nh thng lc UDS c gi tr kh ln. Gii thch vt l chi tit cc qu trnh iu ch knh dn in bng cc in p UGS v UDS cho php dn ti cc kt lun tng t nh i vi JFET. Bn cnh hin tng iu ch dn in ca knh cn hin tng m rng vng ngho ca tip

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gip p-n gia cc mng - khi tng n in p UDS. iu ny lm knh dn c tit din hp dn khi i t cc ngun ti cc mng v b tht lai ti 1 im ng vi im un ti ranh gii hai vng tuyn tnh v bo ha trn c tuyn ra. in p tng ng vi im ny gi l in p bo ha UDSO (hay in p tht knh). Hnh 2.53a v b l ng biu din quan h lD = f5(UGS) ng vi mt gi tr c nh ca UDS vi hai loi knh t sn v knh cm ng, c gi l c tuyn truyn t ca MOSFET.

Hnh 2.53: c tuyn truyn t ca MOSFET Cc tham s ca MOSFET c nh ngha v xc nh ging nh i vi JFET gm c: h dn S ca c tnh truyn t, in tr trong ri ,in tr vo rv v nhm cc tham s gii hn: in p kha UGSO (ng vi 1 gi tr UDS xc nh), in p tht knh hay in p mng - ngun bo ha UDSO (ng vi UGS = 0) dng IDmaxCf, UDSmaxCF.

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Khi s dng FET trong cc mch in t, cn lu ti mt s c im chung nht sau y: - Vic iu khin in tr knh dn bng in p UGS trn thc t gn nh khng lm tn hao cng sut ca tn hiu, iu ny c c do cc iu khin hu nh cch li v in vi knh dn hay in tr li vo cc ln (109 1013 W so vi loi tranzito bipolal dng in d u vo gn nh bng khng, vi cng ngh CMOS iu ny gn t ti l tng. Nhn xt ny c bit quan trng vi cc mch in t analog phi lm vic vi nhng tn hiu yu v vi mch in t digital khi i hi cao v mt tch hp cc phn t cng vi tnh phn ng nhanh v chi ph nng lng i hi thp ca chng. - a s cc FET c cu trc i xng gia 2 cc mng (D) v ngun (S). Do cc tnh cht ca FET hu nh khng thay i khi i ln vai tr hai cc ny. - vi JFET v MOSFET ch ngho, dng cc mng t cc i ID IDmax, lc in p t vo cc ca bng khng UGS = 0. Do vy chng c gi chung l h FET thng m. Ngc li, vi MOSFET ch giu, dng ID =0 lc UGS = 0 nn n mi c gi l h FET thng kho. Nhn xt ny c ngha khi xy dng cc s kho ( mch lgic s ) da trn cng ngh MOS. -Trong vng gn gc ca h c tuyn ra ca FET khi UDS 1,5V, dng cc mng ID t l vi UGS. Lc , FET tng ng nh mt in tr thun c gi tr thay i c theo UGS. Dng ID cng nh khi khi UGS cng m vi loi knh n, hoc ngc li ID cng nh khi UGS > 0 cng nh vi loi knh p. Hnh 2.54 m t h c tuyn ra ca FET trong vng gn gc. ID UGS

UDS

Hnh 2.54a: c tuyn ra vng gn gc

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Hnh 2.54b: Dng ng v MOSFET trong thc t S dng tnh cht ny ca FET, c th xy dng cc b phn p c iu khin n gin nh hnh 2.55. Khi h s chia p l: = Ura r (U ) = DS dK Uvao R + rDS (UdK ) (2-98b)

ph thuc vo in p iu khin UdK, thng chn R>> rDS0 di rng. Lu l khi UDS > 1V tnh cht tuyn tnh gia ID v UDS( vi cc UGS khc nhau ) khng cn ng na. Nu s dng cvng xa gc hn 1V, cn tuyn tnh ho theo mch hnh 2.55b. in tr R2 a mt phn in p UDS ti cc ca b sung cho UGS b li phn cong ca rDS. Khi chn R2= R3 >> rDS th UGS = 1 (UdK + UDS) 2 (2-99)

v h c tuyn ra c tuyn tnh ho trong mt on UDS t 1V ti 1,5V.

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Hnh 2.55: Nguyn l b phn p c iu khin dng JFET -Tng t nh vi tranzito lng cc, tn ti 3 kiu mc FET trong cc mch khuch i l mng chung MC, ngun chung NC v ca chung. Tuy nhin mch ca chung rt t gp trong thc t. Hai dng MC v NC cho trn hnh 2.56 vi cc tham s tm tt ca tng loi trong ngha l mt tng khuch i in p (xem thm mc 2.3).

Mch ngun chung H s khuch i in p in tr vo in tr ra Ku = 1 1+ [S(R S // rDS )]

Mch mng chung Ku = -S(RD//rDS) = -SRD Rvo= rGS Rra = RS//(1/S) (2-101)

Rvo= rGS Rra= (RD//rDS) (2-100)

-Khi thay th cc FET knh n bng loi FET knh p trong cc mch in, cn thay i cc tnh cc in p ngun cng nh cc tnh cc it v t ho c s dng trong . Lc cc chc nng ch yu ca mch khng thay i, cng ging nh vi hai loi tranzito lng cc npn v pnp tng ng xt.

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Hnh 2.56: Nguyn l mch Sc v Dc 2.3. KHUCH I 2.3.1. Nhng vn chung

a Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i Mt ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzito l s dng n trong cc mng lm tng cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu (m thng gi l mch khuch i). Thc cht khuych i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng ca ngun cung cp 1 chiu (khng cha ng thng tin) c bin i thnh dng nng lng xoay chiu (c quy lut bin i mng thng tin cn thit).Ni cch khc, y l mt qu trnh gia cng x l thng tin dng analog. Hnh 2.57 a ra cu trc nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i.Phn t c bn l phn t iu khin (tranzito) c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t ti cc iu khin baz ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i dng in ca mch ra bao gm tranzito v in tr Rc v ti li ra v d ly gia 2 cc colect v emit, ngi ta nhn c mt in p bin thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin, gi thit in p vo cc iu khin c dng hnh sin. T s hnh 2.57, ta thy rng dng in v in p mch ra(t l vi dng in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi nh l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu(dng in v in p) trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu Io v Uo (h.2.57). Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh phn xoay chiu khng vtj qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l Io Im v Uo Um. Nu iu kin khng c tho mn th dng in mch ra trong tng khong thigian nht nh s bng khng v s lm mo tn hiu dng ra.

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Hnh 2.57: Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i m bo cng tc cho tng khuch i mch ra ca n phi c thnh phn dng mt chiu Io v in p mt chiu Uo. Tng t, mch vo, ngoi ngun tn hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta t thm in p mt chiu Uvo(hay l dng in mt chiu Ivo). Thnh phn dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch tnh ca tng khuch i. Tham s ca ch tnh theo mch vo (Ivo, Uvo) v theo mch ra (Io, Uo) c trng cho trng thi ban u ca s khi khng c tn hiu vo. b Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i nh gi cht lng ca 1 tng khuych i, ngi ta nh ngha cc ch tiu v tham s c bn sau: H s khuch i K= i lng u ra / i lng u vo Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc: K= K exp(j j k ) Phn mun K th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra v u vo, phn gc pha j k th hin dch pha gia chng v nhn chung ln ca K v j k ph thuc vo tn s w ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu din K = f1( w ) ta nhn c ng cong gi l c tnh bin - tn s ca tng khuch i. ng biu din j k =f2( w ) c gi l c tnh pha - tn s ca n. Thng ngi ta tnh K theo n v logarit gi l n v exiben (dB)

74

K (dB) = 20lg K

(2-103)

Khi ghp lin tip n tng khuch i vi cc h s khuch i tng ng l k1kn th h s khuch i tng cng ca b khuch i xc nh bi: K= k1,k2,,kn Hay K (dB) = k 1 (dB) + + k n (dB) (2-104)

Hnh 2.58: c tuyn bin - tn s v pha ca tng khuch i c tnh bin ca tng khuch i l ng biu din quan h Ura =f3(Uvo) ly mt tn s c nh ca di tn s tn hiu Uvo. Dng in hnh ca K = f1( w ) v Ura = f3(Uvo) i vi mt b khuch i in p tn s thp cho trn hnh 2.58: Tr khng li vo v li ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha: Zvo= Uvao U ; Zra = ra Ivao Ia (2-105)

Ni chung chng l cc i lng phc : Z= R + jX Mo khng ng thng do tnh cht phi tuyn cc phn t nh tranzito gy ra th hin trong thnh phn tn s u ra l tn s l(khng c mt u vo). Khi Uvo ch c thnh phn tn s w , Ura ni chung c cc thnh phn n w (n = 0,1,2) vi cc

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bin tng ng l Unm lc h s mo khng ng thng do tng khuch i gy ra c nh gi l:

2 2 (U2 + U3m + ... + Unm ) g = 2m U1m 1 2

(2-106)

Trn y nu mt s ch tiu quan trng nht ca 1 tng hay(mt b khuch i gm nhiu tng ). Cn c vo cc ch tiu ny, ngi ta c th phn loi cc b khuch i vi cc tn gi v c im khc nhau.V d theo h s K c b khuch i in p (vi yu cu c bn l c Kumax, Zvo >> Zngun v Zra<< Zti, b khuch i cng sut (Kpmax,Zvo Zngun, Zra Zti ) hay b khuch i dng in (vi Kimax,Zvo << Zngun, Zra >> Zti ). Cng c th phn loi theo dng c tnh K = f1( w ), t c cc b khuch i 1 chiu, khuch i tn s thp, b khuch i tn s cao , b khuch i chn lc tn s hoc theo cc phng php ghp tng c Cc ch lm vic c bn ca mt tng khuch i phn t khuch i (tranzito) lm vic bnh thng, tin cy mt ch xc nh cn hai iu kin c bn: Xc lp cho cc in cc baz, colect v emit ca n nhng in p 1 chiu c nh, gi l phn cc tnh cho phn t khuch i. iu ny t c nh cc phng php phn cc kiu dng hay kiu nh p nh trnh by phn 2.2.3 khi ni ti tranzito. n nh ch tnh c xc lp trong qu trnh lm vic, ch ca phn t khuch i ch hon ton ph thuc vo in p iu khin a ti li vo. iu ny thng c thc hin nh cc phng php hi tip m thch hp (s ni ti phn tip sau). Khi tho mn hai iu kin trn, im lm vic tnh ca tranzito s c nh 1 v tr trn h c tuyn ra xc nh c bng cch sau : T hnh v 2.57 c phng trnh in p cho mch ra lc Uvo =0 l: UCeo= IcoRc= Ec Khi Uvo 0 UCE + IcEc (2-107) (2-108)

Phng trnh (2-107) cho ta xc nh 1 ng thng trn h c tuyn ra ca tranzito gi l ng ti 1 chiu ca tng khuch i. Phng trnh (2-108) cho xc nh ng thng th hai gi l ng ti xoay chiu c tuyn ra ng ca tng khuych i (h.2.59). im lm vic tnh P xc nh bi cc ta (Ico UCEO) hay (UCEO, UBEO) ty theo v tr ca P trn ng thng ti, ngi ta phn bit cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca mt tng khuch i nh sau:

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 Nu P nm khong gia hai im M v N, trong M v N l nhng giao im ca ng thng ti vi cc ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi cc ch ti hn ca tranzito UBEmax (hay IBmax) v UBE = 0 (hay IB = 0) trn hnh 2.59, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch A. Ch ny c hai c im c bn l: vng lm vic gy ra mo g nh nht v hiu qu bin i nng lng ca tng khuch i l thp nht. IC mA ECC/ Rc//Rt IBmax M P N IB =0mA IB0

IC0

UCE V UC0 ECC

Hnh 2.59: c tuyn ra ng (ng ti xoay chiu) ca tng khuch i (EC) v cch xc nh im lm vic tnh P Khi P dch dn v pha im N, tng khuch i s chuyn dn sang ch AB v lc P trng vi N, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch B. c im ch yu ca ch B l c mo ln (do mt phn tn hiu mch ra b ct lc mch vo dng IB 0) v hiu sut bin i nng lng ca tng tng i cao (v dng tnh nh). khi P nm ngoi N v ln cn di M, ta ni tng khuch i lm vic ch kha vi hay trng thi ti hn phn bit ca tranzito: m bo ha (lc P nm gn M) hay kha dng (lc P nm di N). Ch ny thng s dng cc mch xung d - Hi tip trong cc tng khuch i Hi tip l thc hin vic truyn tn hiu t u ra v u vo b khuch i. Thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng ca n v lm cho b khuch i c mt s tnh cht c bit. Di y ta s phn tch nhng quy lut chung thc hin hi tip trong b khuch i. iu ny cng c bit cn thit khi thit k b khuch i bng IC tuyn tnh. Hnh 2.60 l s cu trc b khuch i c hi tip. Mch hi tip c h s truyn t b, ch r mi quan h gia tham s (in p, dng in) ca tn hiu ra

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mch vi tham s (in p, dng in) li vo ca n (trong trng hp hnh 2.61 chnh l li ra ca b khuch i).

Hnh 2.60: S khi b khuch i c hi tip H s khuch i K v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip ni chung l nhng s phc. K = kexpjjK = bexpjjb Ngha l phi ch n kh nng di pha min tn cao v tn thp do tn ti cc phn t in khng trong mch khuch i cng nh trong mch hi tip nu b khuch i lm vic tn s trung bnh, cn trong mch hi tip khng c thnh phn in khng, th h s K v b l nhng s thc. Nu in p ra ca b khuch i l tham s thc hin hi tip th ta c hi tip in p, nu l dng in mch ra th ta c hi tip dng in. C th hi tip hn hp c dng in v in p. Khi in p a v hi tip ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo th ta c hi tip ni tip. Khi in p hi tip t ti u vo b khuch i song song vi in p ngun tn hiu th c hi tip song song. Hai c im trn xc nh mt loi mch hi tip c th: hi tip in p ni tip hoc song song, hi tip dng in ni tip hoc song song, hi tip hn hp ni tip hoc song song. Hnh 2.61 minh ha mt s th d v nhng mch hi tip ph bin nht trong khuch i. Nu khi hi tip ni tip nh hng n tr s in p vo bn thn b khuch i Uy, th khi hi tip song song s nh hng n tr s dng in vo b khuch i. Tc dng ca hi tip c th lm tng khi jK + jb = 2np hoc gim khi jK + jb = (2n+1)p vi n l s nguyn dng, tn hiu tng hp u vo h khuch i v tng ng c gi l hi tip dng v hi tip m. Hi tip m cho php ci thin mt s ch tiu ca b khuch i, v th n c dng rt rng ri. nh gi nh hng ca hi tip n cc ch tiu ca b khuch i ta hy xt th d hi tip in p ni tip (h. 2.61a). H s khuch i khi c hi tip

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K ht = Ur / Uv Uy = Uv + Uht Chia c hai v ca (2-109) cho Ur ta c: Uy Ur hay 1 K

(2-109)

Uv Ur

Uht Ur

1 K ht

(2-110)

y: T (2-110) ta tm c

Uht Ur

l h s truyn t ca mch hi tip.

K ht =

K 1- K

(2-111)

n gin vic phn tch ta a vo tr s thc K v K ht =

K 1 - K

(2-112)

Theo (2-112) khi 1> Kb > 0 th h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip Kht ln hn h s khuch i ca bn thn b khuch i K. chnh l hi tip dng, Uht a ti u vo b khuch i cng pha vi in p vo Uv tc l Uy = Uv + Uht. Ur = K(Uv + Uht)) > K Uv v do Kht > K Trng hp Kb 1 (khi hi tip dng) c trng cho iu kin t kch ca b khuch i. Lc ny u ra b khuch i xut hin mt ph tn s khng ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo. Vi tr s phc K v bt ng thc | Kb | 1 tng ng vi iu kin t kch mt tn s c nh v tn hiu u ra gn vi dng hnh sin. B khuch i trong trng hp ny lm vic nh mt mch to dao ng hnh sin (xem phn 2.5). Khi Kb < 0 th Kht = K / (1+ Kb) < K (2-113)

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a)

b)

c)

Hnh 261: Mt s mch hi tip thng dng a) Hi tip ni tip in p, b) Hi tip dng din, c) Hi tip song song in p in p ra ca b khuch i khi c hi tip ng l l hi tip m (Uht ngc pha vi Uv) v Uy = Uv - Uht, ngha l h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip m Kht nh hn h s khuch i khi khng hi tip. nh gi n nh h s khuch i khi c hi tip, thc hin vi phn biu thc (2-113) c:

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dK ht =

dK (1+ K) - dK . K dK = 2 (1+ K) (1+ K)2

(2-114)

Bin i (2-114) v ch n (2-113) ta nhn c biu thc c trng cho s thay i tng ng ca h s khuch i. dK kt dK / K = K ht 1 + K (2-115)

T (2-115) ta thy s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c hi tip m nh hn (1 + Kb) ln so vi khi khng hi tip. n nh h s khuch i s tng khi tng su hi tip, v d, gi thit s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i dK/K = 20% v 1 + Kb = 100 th s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip l dKht/Kht = 0,2%. Tnh cht ny c bit qu gi trong iu kin h s khuch i thay i do s thay i ca tham s theo nhit (nht l i vi tranzito) v s ha gi ca chng. Nu h s khuch i K ln v hi tip m su th thc t c th loi tr s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo s thay i cc tham s trong b khuch i. Khi trong mu s ca (2-113) c th b qua 1 v h s khuch i ca n do h s truyn t ca mch hi tip quyt nh: Kht 1/b ngha l thc t khng ph thuc vo K v mi s thay i ca n. V d, K = I04 v b = 10-2 th Kht 100 ngha vt l ca vic tng n inh ca h s khuch i c hi tip m l ch khi thay i h s khuch i K th in p hi tip s b thay i dn n thay i in p Uy (h.2.61a) theo hng b li s thay i in p ra b khuch i. (Gi s khi gim K do s thay i tham s b khuch i s lm cho Uht gim v Ur gim (h.2.61a), in p Uy = Uv - Uht tng, dn n tng Ur chnh l ngn cn s gim ca h s khuch i K). Tng n nh ca h s khuch i bng hi tip m c dng rng ri ci thin c tuyn bin tn s (h.2.62) ca b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung v min tn s thp v cao h s khuch i b gim. Tc dng ca hi tip m min tn s k trn s yu v h s khuch i K nh v s dn n tng h s khuch i bin di tn v m rng di thng ca b khuch i (h.2.62). Hi tip m cng lm gim mo khng ng thng ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu trong b khuch i. K (2-116a)

Df Dfht

Hnh 2.62: nh hng ca hi tip m n c tuyn bin - tn s

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Di y ta s kho st nh hng ca hi tip m n in tr vo b khuch i Rv = Uv / Iv Hnh 2.61a thc hin hi tip m ni tip Uv = Uy + Uht Mt khc ta c Uht = Uy. V vy Rvht = (1 + Kb) Uy/Iv = Rv(1 + Kb) Nh vy, thc hin hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo ca b khuch i ln (1 + Kb) ln. iu ny rt cn thit khi b khuch i nhn tn hiu t b cm bin c in tr trong ln hoc b khuch i dng tranzito lng cc. Tng t, in tr ra b khuch i l : Rrht = Rr / (1 + Kb) (2-116b)

ngha l gim i (1 + Kb) ln. iu ny m bo in p ra b khuch i t ph thuc vo s thay i in tr ti Rt. T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l: Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i (Uy hay Iy) v do lm gim h s khuch i lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i.

Hnh 2.63: S cc mch hi lip m a) Hi tip dng in trn RE ; b) Hi tip in p nh thm khu RC

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Ngoi ra, hi tip m ni tip (h.2.61a, b) lm tng in tr vo. Hi tip in p ni tip (h.2.61a) lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra Rrht. Cn hi tip dng in ni tip (h.2.61b) lm n nh ng in ra Im tng in tr ra Rrht Hi tip m song song (h.2.61c) lm tng dng in vo v lm gim in tr vo cng nh in tr ra Rrht. Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th xut hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v vo ca b khuch i. Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i do lm tng h s khuch i cc on ring bit ca di tn hoc thm ch c th lm cho b khuch i b t kch, ngha l xut hin dao ng mt tn s xc nh. loi b hin tng trn c th dng cc b lc thot (mch Rt, C1) dng dy dn bc kim, v b tr cc linh kin hp l. Di y l th d v nhng mch hi tip m thng gp (h.2.63). Mch hnh 2.63 c ni ti phn 2.2.3. Trong mch hnh 2.63b, ta thy nu xt ring bit tng tng th in tr RE1, RE2 u thc hin hi tip m dng ni tip, ging nh trng hp hnh 2.63a. Ta xt thm trng hp mch hi tip t colect ca tranzito T2 v emit ca tranzito T1 qua C v R. Theo nh ngha th y l mch hi tip in p ni tip. Xt v pha ca tn hiu th l mch hi tip m. Nh vy trn in tr Rc1 c c hai loi hi tip m dng in v in p. Kt qu l h s khuch i ca ton mch s b gim.

2.3.2. Khuch i dng tranzito lng cc

Di y s trnh by phng php phn tch tng khuch i dng tranzito lng cc theo ba cch mc mch: emit chung (EC), clect chung (CC) v baz chung (BC). Gi thit tn hiu vo l hnh sin tn s trung bnh v vy tr khng ca t coi nh bng khng, nh hng in dung k sinh cng nh s ph thuc h s a ca tranzito vo tn s coi nh khng ng k. a - Tng khuch i (EC) Mch in nguyn l 1 tng khuch i EC cho trn hlnh 2.64. Trong s ny Cp1 Cp2 l cc t phn ng (ni tng). T Cp1 loi tr tc dng nh hng ln nhau ca ngun tn hiu v mch vo v dng mt chiu. Mt khc n m bo cho in p Ubo trong ch tnh khng ph thuc vo in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu Rn. T Cp2 ngn khng cho thnh phn 1 chiu v ch cho thnh phn in p xoay chiu ra ti. in tr R1 R2 xc nh ch tnh ca tng. Bi v tranzito lng cc iu khin bng dng, nn dng in tnh ca PK (trong trng hp ny l dng Ico) c to thnh do dng tnh emit IE thng qua s iu khin c dng baz IB in tr RE xt 2.2.3 v hnh 2.45.

83

Hnh 2.64: Tng khuch i E chung v kt qu m phng xc nh cc tham s tn hiu v pha Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: Khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo, xut hin dng xoay chiu baz ca tranzito mch ra ca tng. H p trn in tr Rc to nn in p xoay chiu trn colect. in p ny qua t Cp2 c c a n u ra ca tng tc l ti mch ti. C th thc hin bng hai phng php c bn l phng php th v phng php gii tch (s tng ng) i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu nh. Phng php th da vo cc c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d dng tm c mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu (in p ra v dng in ra Icm) v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c tuyn hnh 2.65a, v ng ti mt chiu (a-b) nh m t phn 2.2.3.b. S ph thuc UCEO= f(Ico) c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p mch ra ca ca tng: UCEO = EC ICORC IEORE = EC ICORC ICORE/a V h s a gn bng 1, nn c th vit UCEO = EC - ICO (RC + RE) (2-118) (2-117)

84

Biu thc l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng. Da vo c tuyn c (baz) IB = f(UBE) ta chn c dng baz tnh cn thit IBO chnh l xc nh c ta im P l giao im ca ng IB = IBO vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra hnh 2.65a.

IC mA ECC/ Rc//Rt

PC.CP

IBmax M P IC0 N UCE V UC0 ECC IB =0mA IB0

Hnh 2.65: Xc inh ch tnh ca tng EC trn h c tuyn ra xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng colect ca tranzito phi dng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch emit ca tranzito bng khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE) cn ti c mc vo mch colect v in tr xoay chiu ca t Cp2 rt nh. Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp Ec bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca tng gm hai in tr Rc v Rt mc song song, Ngha l Rt~=Rt/RC. T thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca tng Rt= = Rc + RE ln hn in tr ti xoay

85

chiu Rt~. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P, (h 2.65a). dc ca ng ti xoay chiu s ln hn dc ca ng ti mt chiu. Xy dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s gia s ca in p v dng in UCE = Ic (RC//Rt). Khi cung cp in p Uv vo u vo ca tng (hnh 2.64) th trong mch baz s xut hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu Ib~ c lin quan n in p Uv theo c tuyn ca tranzito (h:2.65b). V dng colect t l vi dng baz qua h s b, trong mch colect cng c thnh phn dng xoay chiu IC~ (h.2.65a) v in p xoay chiu Ur lin h vi dng IC~ bng ng ti xoay chiu. Khi ng t ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng colect IC v in p trn tranzito UCO hay l ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. Nu chn tr s tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng khuch i s khng b mo dng (xem mc 2.2.3b). Mun vy, cc tham s ca ch tnh phi tha mn nhng iu kin sau (h.2.65a). Uco > Urm + Uco Ico > Icm + ICO(E) (2-119) (2-120)

y: Uco l in p colect ng vi on u ca c tuyn ra tranzito (cn gi l in p UCE bo ha) ; I CO(E) l dng in coleet ban u ng vi nhit cc i chnh l cao ca ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi dng IB = 0, Urm v Icm l bin p v dng ra. Quan h dng Icm vi in p ra c dng Icm = U Urm = rm R c // R t R t (2-121)

tng h s khuch i ca tng, tr s Rc phi chn ln hn Rt t 3 5 ln. Da vo dng Ico chn, tnh dng baz tnh: IBO = (ICO I CO(E)) / b (2-122)

t da vo c tuyn vo ca tranzito hnh 2.65b, ta c in p UBEO ng vi lBO tnh c. Dng emit tnh c quan h vi dng Ibo v Ico theo biu thc: IEO (1 + b)IBO + ICO(E) = (lCO - ICO(E) (1+ b) / b + ICO(E) = ICO Khi chn Ec (nu nh khng cho trc), cn phi theo iu kin Ec = Uco + ICORC + UEO y: UEO = IEO RE Khi xc nh tr s UEO phi xut pht t quan im tng in p UEO s lm tng n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng (v khi RE ln s lm tng su hi tip m mt chiu ca tng), tuy nhin lc cn tng in p ngun cung cp Ec. V vy m EEO thng chn bng (0,1 n 0,3) Ec. (2-124) (2-123)

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Ch n biu thc (2-124) ta c EC = UCO + ICOR C 0,7 0,9 (2-125)

in tr RE c th tnh t RE = UEO / ICO (2-126)

Khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p u vo, ngoi nhng im d ni mc 2.2.3g cn lu : vi quan im n nh nhit cho ch tnh ca tng th s thay i ca dng baz tnh IBO ( do khng n nh nhit ca in p UEBO) phi t nh hng n s thay i in p UBO. Mun vy, th dng IP qua b phn p R1 v R2 phi ln hn dng IBO qua in tr R1. Tuy nhin, vi iu kin Ip>>IBO th R1, R2 s phi nh v chng s gy ra mc r mch n mch vo ca tranzito. V th khi tnh cc phn t ca b phh p vo ta phi hn ch theo iu kin: RB = R1 // R2 = (2 5) rV IP = (2 5) IBO (2-127) (2-128)

y, rV l in tr vo ca tranzito, c trng cho in tr xoay chiu ca mch baz emit (rV = DUBE / DIB). in tr R1, R2 ( h.2.64) c th tnh theo: R2 = UBO UEO + UBEO = IP IP (2-129)

R2 =

E C - UBO IP -IBO

(2-130)

Khi chn tranzito cn ch cc tham s gii hn nh sau: di tn s cng tc (theo tn s fa hay fb) cng nh cc tham s v dng in, in p v cng sut. Dng in cho php cc i IC.CP phi ln hn tr s tc thi ln nht ca dng colect trong khi lm vic, ngha l ICmax = ICO + ICm < IC.CP (h2.65.a). V mt in p ngi ta thng chn tranzito theo UCO.CP > EC. Cng sut tiu hao trn colect ca tranzito PC = UCO.ICO phi nh hn cng sut cc i cho php ca tranzito PC.CP. ng cong cng sut gii hn cho php l ng hypecbol. i vi mi im ca n ta c UCOCf . ICCf = PC.CP. Tm li, vic tnh ch mt chiu ca tng khuch i l gii quyt nhim v chn hp l cc phn t ca s nhn c nhng tham s cn thit ca tn hiu ra trn ti. Cc h s khuch i dng in KI v in p KU v cng sut KP cng nh in tr vo RV v in tr ra Rr l nhng ch tiu quan trng ca tng khuch i. Nhng ch tiu c th xc nh c khi tnh ton tng khuch i theo dng xoay chiu. Phng php gii tch da trn thay th tranzito v tng khuch i bng s tng

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ng dng xoay chiu ch tn hiu nh. S thay th tng EC v trn hnh 2.66, y tranzito c thay th bng s thay th tham s vt l. Tnh ton theo dng xoay chiu cng c th thc hin c khi s dng s thay th tranzito vi cc tham s h, r hay g. n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l hnh sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng, n c quan h vi tr s bin qua h s h, r hay g.

Hnh 2.66: S thay th tng EC bng tham s vt l n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l hnh sinv in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng, n c quan h vi tr s bin qua h s 1/ 2 in tr vo ca tng : Rv = R1// R2//rv (2-131)

V in tr trong ca ngun l IB hnh 2.66 rt ln cn rc(E) + Rc//Rt >> rE nn UBE = IBrB + IErE hay l UBE = IB [rB + (1 + b)rE] chia c hai v ca phng trnh (2-132) cho IB ta rV = rB + (1 + b)rE Tnh gn ng bc 1 ca Rv theo rv v gi tr c th ca rB, b, rE vi iu kin R1//R2 (2 3)rv ta s c Rv ca tng EC khng vt qu 1 3 kW. (2-132)

88

Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca tng Ki = It/lv, t s 2.66 c : IB = Ir RV rV (2-133)

Khi xc nh dng It qua IB th khng tnh n rE v n rt nh so vi in tr ca cc phn t mch ra. It = .IB rc (E ) // R c // R t Rt (2-134)

n biu thc (2-133) tha c It = Iv R v rc (E ) // R c // R t . rv Rt (2-135)

v h s khuch i dng xc inh bi Ki = R v rc (E ) // R c // R t . rv Rt (2-136)

H s khuch i dng Ki t l vi b ca tranzito v ph thuc vo tc dng mc r ca b phn p v in tr Rc Rt. Biu thc (2-136) cho thy cn phi chn R1//R2 > rv v Rc > Rt. Nu ta coi Rv rv v rc(E) >> RC//Rt th biu thc tnh h s khuch i dng gn ng s c dng: Ki = R c // R t Rt (2-137)

Nh vy, tng EC s c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu Rc >> Rt th h s khuch i dng in Ki->b.

xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng. Ku = Ur/En Ku = It .R t Rt = k i. Iv (Rn + R v ) Rn + R v (2-138)

Thay (2-137) vo (2-138) ta c : K u = . R c //R t Rn + R v (2-139)

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T (2-139) ta thy nu b cng ln, v in tr mch ra ca tng cng ln so vi in tr mch vo th h s khuch i cng ln. c bit, h s khuch i in p s tng khi in tr trong ngun tn hiu gim. H s khuch i in p trong s EC khong t 20 100. Tng khuch i EC thc hin o pha i vi in p vo. Vic tng in p vo (chiu dng) s lm tng dng baz v dng colect ca tranzito, h p trn Rc tng, s lm gim in p trn colect (hay l xut hin u ra ca tng na chu k m in p). Vic o pha ca in p ra trong tng EC i khi c biu th bng du "-" trong biu thc Ku.

H s khuch i cng sut Kp = Pr/ Pv = Ku.Ki trong s EC khong (0,2 n 5)103 ln. in tr ra ca tng Rr = Rc // rc(E) Rc (E) > > Rc nn Rr = Rc

b Tng khuch i colect chung CC (lp emit) Hnh 2.67a l s mt tng khuch i CC, cn gi l tng lp E v in p ra ca n ly E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p vo (Ur = Uv +UBE Uv ) v trng pha vi in p vo. in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh Rc trong s EC. T Cp2 c nhim v truyn ra ti thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu ra.

Hnh 2.67: S tng khuch i CC v kt qu m phng

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in tr R1, R2 dng xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo, c th khng mc in tr R2. Vic tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh lm vi tng EC. kho st cc tham s ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s thay th. in tr vo ca tng Rv = R1//R2//rv. Ta c Chia Uv cho IB ta c rv = rb + (1 + b)(re + Re // Rt) (2-141) T biu thc (2-141) nhn thy rv ca tranzito trong s CC ln hn trong s EC. V re thng rt nh hn RE//Rt, cn rb nh hn s hng th hai v phi ca biu thc (2-141),nn in tr ca tng lp li E bng: Rv R1//R2 (1 + b)( Re // Rt) (2-142) Nu chn b phn p u vo c in tr ln th in tr vo ca tng s ln. V d, b = 50 ; Re // Rt = 1kW th Rv = 51kW. Tuy nhin khi in tr vo tng, th khng th b qua c in tr rc(E) mc r vi mch vo ca tng (h.2.67b). Khi in tr vo ca tng s l : Rv = R1//R2 // [(1 + b)( Re // Rt)] rc(E) (2-143) in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng CC, dng lm tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln. Vic xc nh h s khuch i dng Ki cng theo phng php ging nh s Ec. Cng thc (2-133) ng i vi tng CC. V dng It y ch l mt phn ca dng IE nn biu thc (2-134) s c dng It = (1 + )IB v xt n (2-134) ta c It = Iv (1 + ) R v RE //R t . rv Rt R v RE //R t . rv Rt (2-145) RE //R t Rt (2-144) Uv = IB[ rB + (1 + b)(re + Re // Rt)]

H s khuch i dng trong s CC K i = (1+ ). (2-146)

ngha l n cng ph thuc vo quan h Rv v rv, RE v Rt, gi thit Rv = rv th K i = (1 + ). RE //R t Rt (2-147)

Khi RE = RC v in tr Rt ging nhau, th h s khuch i ng in trong s CC v EC gn bng nhau. H s khuch i in p Ku theo (2-138) ta c :

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K u = (1+ ).

RE //R t Rn + R v

(2-148)

tnh h s Ku, ta coi Rv >> Rn v Rv tnh gn ng theo (2.142): Rv (1+b)(RE // Rt), khi Ku 1. Tng CC dng khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p ca n. V Ku = 1 nn h s khuch i cng sut Kp xp x bng Ki v tr s. in tr ra ca tng CC c gi tr nh (c W), c tnh 'bi r + Rn //R1//R 2 = RE //rE Rr = RE // rE + B 1+ (2-149)

Tng CC c ng bin i, tr khng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch i vi ti c in tr nh, c vai tr nh 1 tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra. c Tng khuch i bazo chung (BC) Hnh 2.68a l s tng khuch i BC. Cc phn t Ee, Re xc nh dng tnh lE. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc nng ging s EC. V nguyn l thc hin s BC ta c th ch dng mt ngun EC.

Hnh 2.68: a) S khuch i BC v kt qu m phng

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Hnh 2.68: b) S thay th kho st cc tham s ca tng khuch i BC theo dng xoay chiu ta s dng s tng ng hnh 2.68b. Rv = RE // [ rE + ( 1 - a )rB] (2-150) T (2-150) ta thy in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr rE v vo khong (10 50)W. in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti ln i vi ngun tn hiu vo. i vi thnh phn xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng in s l a = IC/ IE v a < l. H s khuch i dng in Ki tnh theo s hnh 2.68b s l K i = . H s khuch i in p K u = . R c //R t Rn + R v (2-152) R c //R t Rt (2-151)

T (2-152) ta thy khi gim in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu vo s lm tng h s khuch i in p. in tr ra ca tng BC Rr = Rc // rc(B) Rc (2-153) cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c vng tuyn tnh rng nht nn tranzito c th dng vi in p colect ln hn s EC (khi cn c in p u ra ln). Trn thc t tng khuch i BC cd th dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i, cn tng CC ng lm tng trc cui. Khi tng CC s l ngun tn hiu v c in tr trong nh (in tr ra) ca tng BC. d Tng khuch i o pha Tng o pha (tng phn ti) dng nhn c hai tn hiu ra. lch pha nhau 180o. S tng o pha v trn hnh 2.69a. N c th nhn c t s EC hnh

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2.64 khi b t CE v mc ti th hai Rt2 vo RE qua Cp3. Tn hiu ra ly t colect v emit ca tranzito. Tn hiu ra Ur2 ly t emit ng pha vi tn hiu vo Uv (h.2.69b,c) cn tn hiu ra Url ly t colect (h.2.69c) ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu v trn hnh 2.69b, c, d

Hnh 2.69: S tng o pha v biu thi gian in tr vo ca tng o pha tnh tng t nh tng CC: Rv = R1 // R2 // [ rB + ( 1 + b )(rE + RE// Rt2)] hoc tnh gn ng Rv ( 1 + b) ( rE + RE // Rt2) ra 2 xc nh tng t nh s CC. K u1 -. Rc //R t1 Rn + R v RE //R t2 Rn + R v (2-156) (2-157) (2-155) H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc inh tng t nh s EC, cn u (2-154)

K u2 (1 + ).

Nu ( 1 +b)(RE// Rt2)= b(Rc//Rt1 ) thi hai h s khuch i ny s ging nhau. Tng o pha cng c th dng bin p, s nguyn l nh hnh 2.70.

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Hnh 2.70: S tng o pha dng bin p Hai tn hiu ra ly t hai na cun th cp c pha lch nhau 180o so vi im O. Nu hai na cun th cp c s vng bng nhau th hai in p ra s bng nhau. Mch o pha bin p c dng v d dng thay i cc tnh ca in p ra v cn c tc dng phi hp tr khng. 2.3.3. Khuch i dng tranzito trng (FET) Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i ng tranzito trng cng ging nh tng dng tranzito lng cc, im khc nhau l tranzito trng iu khin bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca tng dng tranzito trng cn a ti u vo (cc ca) mt in p mt chiu c tr s v cc tnh cn thit. a - Khuch i cc ngun chung (SC)

Hnh 2.71a: S tng Khuch i cc ngun chung (SC)

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ID mA IDmax d D

PDmax

ID0

UGS

UPmax UDS V UDS0 C

Hnh 2.71b: th xc nh ch tnh ca tng Khuch i cc ngun chung (SC) S khuch i SC dng MOSFET c knh n t sn cho trn hnh 2.71. Ti R c mc vo cc mng, cc in tr R1, RG, RS dng xc lp UGSO ch tnh. in tr Rs s to nn hi tip m dng mt chiu n nh ch tnh khi thay i nhit v do tnh tn mn ca tham s tranzito. T Cs kh hi tip m dng xoay chiu. T Cp1 ghp tng vi ngun tn hiu vo. Nguyn tc chn ch tnh cng ging nh s dng tranzito lng cc (h.2.64). Cng thc (2.119) v (2.120), y c th vit c dng. UDso > Urm + DUDS IDo > IDm (2-158) (2-159)

im lm vic tnh P dch chuyn theo ng ti mt chiu s qua im a v b (h.2.71). i vi im a, ID= 0, UPS = +ED, i vi im b, UDS = 0, ID = ED(RD + RS). ng ti xoay chiu xc nh theo in tr Rt~ = RD//Rt. Trong b khuch i nhiu

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tng th ti ca tng trc chnh l mch vo ca tng sau c in tr vo Rv ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ti xoay chiu ca tng xc nh ch yu bng in tr RD (c chn ti thiu cng nh hn RV mt bc na). Chnh v vy i vi tng tin khuch i th dc ca ng ti xoay chiu (ng c-d) khng khc lm so vi ng ti mt chiu v trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta coi chng l ch tnh c : UDSO = ED IDO(RD + RS) (2-160) trong IDO l dng mng tnh. UDSO l in p cc mng - ngun tnh. in p UGSO chnh l tham s ca c tuyn ra tnh (mng) i qua im tnh P (h.2.71). Da vo c tuyn ca FET ta thy ch tnh, in p phn cc c th c cc tnh dng hoc m i vi cc ngun v thm ch c th bng khng. Kho st trng hp UGSO < 0 in tr RS v RG (h.2.71) xc nh in p UGSO < 0 trong ch tnh. Tr s v cc tnh ca in p trn in tr RS l do dng in ISO = IDO chy qua n quyt nh, in tr RS c xc nh bi : RS = UGSO / IDO (2-161) in tr RG dn in p UGSO ly trn RS ln cc ca ca FET. in tr RG phi chn nh hn in tr vo vi bc na. iu ny rt cn thit loi tr nh hng ca tnh khng n nh theo nhit v tnh tn mn ca cc tham s mch vo n in tr vo ca tng. Tr s RS thng chn t 1 5MW. Ngoi vic m bo in p yu cu UGSO, in tr RS cn to ra hi tip m dng 1 chiu trong tng, ngn cn s thay i dng IDO do tc dng ca nhit v tnh tn mn ca tham s tranzito v v th n nh ch tnh ca tng. tng tnh n nh th cn tng RS nhng phi m bo gi tr UGSO.Trong trng hp ny phi b in p USO bng cch cung cp cho cc ca in p UGO qua in tr R1. UGSO = USO - UGO = IDO .R S - ED . R1 = ED .R G - RG USO - UGSO RG R G + R1 (2-162)

(2-163)

in p ngun cung cp ED = UDSO + USO + IDO.RD (2-164)

Tr s RD c nh hng n c tnh tn s ca tng, n c tnh theo tn s trn ca i tn. Vi quan im m rng di tn th phi gim RD. Sau khi chn in tr trong ca tranzito ri, th ta c th chn RD = (0,05 0,15)ri Vic chn in p USO cng theo nhng iu kin ging nh in p UEO trong tng EC, ngha l tng in p USO s lm tng n nh ca im lm vic tnh do RS

97

tng, tuy nhin khi cn tng ED. V th USO thng chn khong (0,1 0,3)ED. Cng tng t (2-125) ta c : ED = UDO + IDORD 0.7 0.9 (2-165)

Khi UGSO 0 phi mc in tr RS t yu cu v n nh ch tnh. Lc bt buc phi mc R1. Chn cc phn t da vo cc cng thc (2-162) n (2-165), khi cng thc (2-162), (2-163) cn phi hoc cho UGSO= 0, hoc l thay i du trc in p UGSO. Ch UGSO > 0 l ch in hnh cho MOSFET c knh cm ng loi n. V th nu thc hin vic i du trc UGSO trong cng thc (2-162), (2163) c th dng chng tnh mch thin p ca tng ngun chung. Chn loi FET phi ch n cc tham s tng t nh trong tng EC. Phi tnh n dng mng cc i IDmax, in p cc i UDSmax v Cng sut tiu tn cc i trong tranzito PDmax (h.271), v UDsmax. Ging nh s EC dng tranzito lng cc, tng ngun chung cng lm o pha tn hiu khuch i. V d t vo u vo na chu k in p dng (h. 2.71) s lm tng dng mng v gim in p mng ; u ra s nhn c na chu k in p cc tnh m. Di y ta s phn tch tng khuch i v mt xoay chiu. S thay th tng SC v trn hnh 2.72a c tnh n in dung gia cc in cc ca tranzito [6,8]. S thay th da trn c s s dng ngun dng mch ra. in tr RD, Rt mc song song mch ra xc nh ti Rt~ = RD // Rt. in tr R1 v RG cng c mc song song. V in tr vo thng ln hn in tr Rn nhiu, nn in p vo ca tng coi nh bng En. T phn ng Cp1, Cp2 v t CS kh ln nn in tr xoay chiu coi nh bng khng. V th trong s thay th khng v nhng t . H s khuch i in p tn s trung bnh Ku = hay l Ku = Sri .R t ~ ri + R t~ .R t~ ri + R t~ (2-167) Ut SUv (ri //R t~ ) = = S(ri //R t~ ) UV Uv (2-166)

Tch s S.ri gi l h s khuch i tnh m ca FET. Thay m = Sri vo (2.167) ta c : Ku = (2-168)

Da vo (2-168) c th v s thay th ca tng SC vi ngun in p mUv (h.2.72b). Trong trng hp nu tng SC l tng tin khuch i trong b khuch i nhiu tng th Rt~ =RD // RV = RD. Nu nh tnh n RD << ri th h s khuch i in p ca tng c tnh gn l :

98

Ku = SRD in tr vo ca tng SC l: in tr ra ca tng SC l: Rv = R1 // RG Rr = RD // ri RD

(2-169) (2-170) (2-171)

Khi chuyn sang min tn s cao th phi ch n in dung vo v ra ca tng, ngha l cn ch n in dung gia cc in cc CGS, CGD ca tranzito (h.2.72a), cng nh in dung lp rp mch vo CL (in dung ca linh kin v dy dn mch vo i vi cc m ca ngun cung cp).

a)

b)

Hnh .2.72: S thay th tng SC a) Ngun dng ; b) Ngun p tn s cao nhng in ung k trn s to nn thnh phn khng ca dng in mch vo. ICV = ICGS + ICGD + ICL (2-172) Dng ICGS, ICL xc nh bng in p vo Uv, cn dng ICGD xc nh bng in p cc mng - ca. V in p cc mng ngc pha vi in p vo, nn in p gia cc ca v mng s bng : UV + U = (1+ K u )UV Dng in vo in dung ca tng Icv = J w CGS .Uv + J wC GD (1+ K u ).UV + J wCL .Uv hay l IVC Jw Uv [CGS + (1+ K U )CGD + CL ] = JwC v .Uv y Cv l in dung vo ca tng Cv = CGS + ( 1+ Ku)CGD + CL (2-173)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99

in dung ra ca tng ph thuc vo in dung gia cc in cc khong mngngun v mng - ca, cng nh in dung lp rp mch ra. Tnh in dung ra cng theo phng php nh tnh i vi in dung vo, c kt qu : Cr = CDS + 1+ K U .CGD + CS KU (2-174)

e. Khuch i cc mng chung DC (lp li cc ngun) Hnh 2.73a l s DC dng FET c knh t sn. in tr R1, RG cng vi Rs dng xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tranzito.

Hnh 273 : S DC dng FET c knh t sn Vic chn v m bo ch tnh c tin hnh tng t nh tng SC. Ti mt chiu ca tng l RS cn ti xoay chiu l Rt~ = RS//Rt i vi tng DC th in p ti trng pha vi in p vo Ut = Uv UGS (2-175) Theo s thay th th Ut li l hm s ca UGS tc dng ln u vo ca tranzito Ut = SUGS (ri//rt~). hay UGS = Ut S(ri //R t~ ) (2-176)

H s khuch i in p ca tng tnh theo

100

KU = v ri >> Rt~ nn U =

Ut Uv
.

S( i //R t~ ) 1+ S( i //R t ~ )

(2-177)

S t~ 1 + Sh t~

(2-178)

H s khuch i Ku ph thuc vo h n S ca tranzito v ti xoay chiu ca tng. H s khuch i s tin ti 1 khi tng S v Rt~. V vy i vi tng DC nn dng tranzito c h dn ln. tm c cc tham s tng ng ca s thay th, bin i cng thc (2-177) sau khi thay vo n S = m/ ri v khai trin ta c : ri //R r ~ = V Ku = .R t~ ri + (1+ )R t ~ riR t ~ ri + R t ~ (2.179)

Chia c t s l mu s v phi ca cng thc (2-179) cho 1+m v thay Ku = Ut/Uv, ta c Ut = R t~ Uv . 1+ ri (1+ ) + R t~ (2-180)

Da vo (2-180) ta v c s thay th ca tng (h.2.73b). mch ra ca s thay th c ngun in p tng ng .UV 1+ vi in tr tng ng ri/(1 + m). Mch vo ca s thay th (h.2.73b) gm 3 phn t ging nhau nh s thay th SC. Da vo s hnh 2.73b xc nh c in tr ra ca tng DC. Rr = R s // 1 1 1+ S (2-181)

in tr ra ca tng DC nh hn tng SC, v vo khong 100 3000W. V in p gia cc ca v cc ngun ca tranzito trong s lp li cc ngun bng hiu Uv Ur, nn dng in vo bn thn ca tranzito s nh hn trong s SC, v khng n nh nhit ca in tr khong gia ca v ngun nh. Do cho php ta dng R1, RG ln. V vy tng DC c in tr vo Rv ln (ti vi MW) hn tng SC. in dung vo ca tng DC s nh hn ca tng SC.

101

i vi tng lp li cc ngun th cn thit phi tnh n thnh phn dng in dung vo mch ca - mng v ca - ngun ca tranzito, cng nh thnh phn dng in dung lp rp mch vo ca tng. V in p cc mng khng i, thnh phn dng in dung CGD v C1 c xc nh bng in p vo Uv. Thnh phn dng in in dung CGS ph thuc vo in p. GS = v Ut =(1 Ku)v Dng vo tng l Icv = jwUv[CGD + CGS( 1-Ku) + CL] t Cv = CGD + CGS (1 Ku) + CL (2-182) So snh (2-182) vi (2-173) thy in dung vo ca tng DC nh hn trong s SC T (2-182) trong tng DC nu Ku 1 th nh hng ca in dung CGS n in dung vo s gim. 2.3.4. Ghp gia cc tng khuch i Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip nhau nh hnh 2:74 (v thc t mt tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit), y tn hiu ra ca tng u hay tng trung gian bt k s l tn hiu vo cho tng sau n v ti ca mt tng l in tr vo ca tng sau n. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s c tnh theo tng u v tng cui.

Hnh 2.74: S khi b khuch i nhiu tng Theo h thc (2.104), h s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu tng bng tch h s khuch i ca mi tng (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng tng ca chng (tnh theo n v dB) Ku = Ut Url Ur2 UrN = . ... = K u1.K u2 ...K uN En En Uv2 UvN 2-138)

Ku(dB) = Ku1(dB)++KuN(dB)

Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p hay ghp trc tip.

102

Hnh 2.75: S b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung

103

a- Ghp tng bng in dung B khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung v trn hnh 2.75. Cc iu phn tchtrong 2.3.2 ng cho mt tng trung gian bt k nu thay Rt cho Rv. S tng trong b khuch i nhiu tng xc nh theo cng th (2-183) xut pht t h s khuch i yu cu vic tnh ton cc tng (chn v m bo ch lm vic tnh, tnh ton ch xoay chiu) phi theo th t t tng cui cng v tng u tin. Trc ht ta tnh tng cui cng. Tng ny phi m bo a ra ti Rt cng sut tn hiu yu cu. Da v h s khuch i tng cui, ngi ta xc nh cc tham s tn hiu vo ca n. V chnh l s liu ban u tnh tng trc cui, v v.v...cho ti tng u tin (tng vo) ca b khuch i. u tin ta tnh tn s trung bnh fo b qua nh hng ca t in trong b khuch i v khng tnh n s ph thuc ca cc tham s tranzito vo tn s. Trong trng hp cn thit phi ch n c tnh ca tranzito v nh hng ca t bin tn ca tn hiu cn khuch i, iu ny s lm cho in p u ra b khuch i thay i c bin ln pha kh tn s tn hiu vo thay i. min tn s thp, khi ti thun tr th nhng s ph thuc k trn l do t in trong s quyt nh, cn min tn s cao th ch yu l do cc tham s ca tranzito quyt nh. Trong thc t, thng ngi ta c th nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t trn mt cch c lp hai min tn s thp v cao. Di y ta xt c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn thp. Trong 2.3.2. khi tnh h s khuch i ca tng n gi thit in tr xoay chiu ca t bng khng. Nhng gi thit nh vy ch ng di tn trung bnh. Khi tn s gim th n in ca t ghp tng Cp s gim. Do h p trn t nn in p t ngun tn hiu t vo tng u tin hay in p ra tng trc t vo tng sau s b gim. H p trn t s lm gim bin tn hiu u ra mi tng v ca c b khuch i ni chung tc l lm gim h s khuch i min tn thp (h.2.76a). Anh hng ca t Cp th hin rt r rng trong b khuch i ghp in dung ch h s khuch i Ku0 khi khi f 0. Nh vy l tr s ca t Cp c nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. T in CE cng nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. V khi gim tn s s lm gim tc dng mc r ca t i vi in tr RE v do lm tng mc hi tip m dng xoay chiu trn RE v do lm gim h s khuch i. Vic gim m un h s khuch i min tn s thp Kt c c trng bng h s mo tn s thp ca b khuch i Mt = Ko/Kt chnh l tnh h s mo tn s ca mi t trong b khuchi Mt = Mt1.Mt2 ... Mtn (2-184) H s mo tn s ca t tnh theo 1 Mt = 1 + t t
2

(2-185)

104

Hnh 276: Dng tng qut c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i ghp in dung i vi t Cp (h.2.75) th hng s thi gian t = CPL(Rn + Rv1) trong Rv1 l in tr vo ca tng u tin. Tng t nh vy, ta xc nh c hng s thi gian cho nhng t khc trong s . Tn s thp nht ca di thng s c chn lm s liu ban u khi tnh b khuch i min tn thp. H s mo tn s ng vi tn s thp nht ca di thng c gi tr ty thuc vo nhim v ca b khuch i, v d i vi b khuch i m thanh thng chn bng 2 d Nh trn gi thit min tn s trung bnh, cc t in khng gy nh hng g v s dch pha ca tn hiu u ra b khuch i i vi tn hiu u vo s l np, y n l s tng khuch i lm o pha tn hiu. Tt nhin ch c tng EC ( hay SC ), cn tng BC v CC (hay GC v DC) khng lm o pha tn hiu.

105

 min tn thp v trong mch c t in nn ng in nhanh pha so vi in p. Nh vy s dch pha ca in p ra b khuch i so vi in p vo min tn thp c c tnh vt trc. Gc dch pha ca b khuch i bng tng gc dch pha ca mi t, v gc ch pha ca mi t l

j t = arctg

1 t t

(2-186)

c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s ca b khuch i min tn thp v trn hnh 2.77. ng nt lin l c tuyn khi xt n nh hng ca mt t cn ng cong nt t trn hnh 2.77 l c tuyn khi xt n nh hng ca tt c cc t trong b khuch i. KU0 2 a) t p/2 p/4 b) f Hnh 2.77: nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn a) Bin - tn s b) Pha tn s c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn cao l s ph thuc h s b ca tranzito vo tn s v s tn ti in dung mt ghp colect CC(E) (i vi tng EC) nhng nhn t ny nh hng n c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i min tn cao. min tn cao, s gim mun h s l ca tranzito cng nh tc dng mc r ca in dung CC(E) s lm gim h s khuch i. Xt v mc gim h s b ngi ta a ra khi nim v tn s gii hn fb tc l ti h s b b gim 2 ln so vi gi tr bo tn s trung bnh. H s mo tn cao MC = 1+ ( C )
2

(2-187)

y : tC c l hng s thi gian tng ng ca tng min tn cao. Gc dch pha do mt tng khuch i gy ra l

jc = -arctgr c

(2-188)

106

c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao v trn hnh 2.78. T th ta thy khi tn s tng thl h s mo tn s tng v h s khuch i gim. c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao ca mt tng khuch i biu th bng ng nt lin trn hnh 2.78, cn ca c b khuch i th c biu th bng ng nt t vi h s mo tn s tn cao bng tch h s mo ca mi tng : Mc = Mc1. Mc2Mcn KU (2-189)

a) c f

- p/4 b) - p/2 f Hnh 2.78: nh hng tnh cht tn s ca tranzito n c tuyn a) Bin - tn s; b) Pha tn s Cn gc dch pha cng bng tng gc dch pha ca mi tng

jc = j c1 + jc2 + ... + jcn

(2-190)

Tnh ton b khuch i min tn cao phi m bo tn s bin trn ca di thng b khuch i (h.2.76a). Vi mt di thng cho trc, v nguyn tc khng bt buc phi ly hai h s mo tn s bin di v bin trn bng nhau. Tnh ton dn ti vic chn loi tranzito theo tn s fb v xc nh t b m bo h s mo cn thit ca tng. Mo bin v pha ca b khuch i l loi mo tuyn tnh v n khng lm thay i dng ca tn hiu hnh sin c khuch i. Khi tn hiu cn khuch i c dng phc tp c trng bng ph cc thnh phn iu ha th mo bin v pha ca b khuch i l do s ph v tng quan t l gia cc thnh phn iu ha v bin v pha ca in p ra v vo. Di y ta kho st c tuyn bin ca b khuch i. c tuyn bin phn nh s ph thuc gia bin in p ra Um v s thay i bin in p vo Em. Dng in hnh ca c tuyn bin v trn hnh 2.79 (v vi tn hiu vo l hnh sin tn s trung bnh). c tuyn ny cho bit gii hn c th thay i tn hiu ra v vo ca b khuch i.

107

T th ta thy on 1-3 quan h in p ra v vo l t l thun. c tuyn bin khng i qua gc ta v u ra c in p nhiu v n ca bn thn b khuch i. on di im 1 ca c tuyn khng dng v y tn hiu c ch rt kh phn bit vi in p nhiu v n bn thn ca b khuch i. Da vo tr s Umin/Ko ngi ta nh gi mc in p tn hiu vo ti thiu ( nhy) ca b khuch i. Khi t c gi tr tn hiu vo Em no , ng vi im 3, th s ph thuc t l gia in p ra v vo b ph v. Nguyn nhn l s hn ch in p cc i ca mt hoc c hai na chu k tn hiu vo mt mc khng i. S hn ch ny thng tng cui b khuch i lm vic vi tn hiu vo ln nht. Mun c bin in p ra ln nht th phi chn im lm vic tnh ca tng ra gia ng ti xoay chiu.

Hnh 2.79: c tuyn bin ca b khuch i T s gia bin in p ra cho php cc i v cc tiu gi l di ng ca b khuch i, v c k hiu l : D = Umax/Umin Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th tn hiu u ra b khuch i khng th coi l hnh sin thun ty. Do tnh khng ng thng ca c tuyn V - A vo v ra ca tranzito s lm mo dng in p ra, gi l mo khng ng thng, (xem 2.3.1). b - Ghp tng bng bin p (1) phn trn ta trnh by b khuch i ghp tng bng in dung mt cch chi tit v l trng hp chung nht c s dng lng ri nht. phn ny chng ta ch nu ln nhng c im khc bit ca tng ghp bin p so vi tng ghp in dung. Hn na vn ghp bin p cn c cp ti phn khuch i cng sut. Hnh 2.80a l s b khuch i ghp bin p (linh kin ghp tng l bin p). Cun s cp ca n (W 1) c mc vo baz tranzito T2 qua t Cp2. Ghp tng bng bin p khng nhng cch li cc tng v dng mt chiu, m cn lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p (dng in) ty thuc vo bin p tng (hay gim) p. Do in tr mt chiu ca cun s cp bin p nh, h p 1 chiu trn n nh, ngha l hu nh ton b in p ngun cung cp c a ti colect ca tranzito. iu cho php dng ngun in p thp, ngoi ra tng ghp bin p d dng thc hin phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh ca in p tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong di tn. Trong ch phi hp tr khng gia cc tng th ti xoay chiu ca tng c tnh theo :

108

Rt = Rr1

(2-191)

c tnh thun tr (ng chm chm trn hnh 2.80a) trong khi cm khng ca cun s cp tn s tn hiu l wL1 >>Rt ( y L1 l in cm cun s cp). Mo tn s trong b khuch i ghp bin p v do cun dy bin p cc t Cp1 Cp2, CE, CCE gy ra. S tng ng ca b khuch i v trn hnh 2.80b nh hng tng u b khuch i c th hin trong s tng ng bng in dung CCE. Cn tng hai c th hin bng Rt l ti phn nh t th cp v s cp. Hnh 2.80c v c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i ghp bin p. min tn s trung bnh h s khuch i thc t khng ph thuc vo tn s v tr khng ca in cm d nh nn khng nh hng n vic truyn tn hiu ra ti. Ngoi ra dung khng CCE, C2 cng nh cm khng L1 ln, tc dng mc r ca chng i vi mch ra ca tng u v ti khng ng k, v vy c th khng tnh n chng.

|K| K0 Df Hnh 2.80: Tng khuch i ghp bin p S nguyn l, s tng ng v c tuyn tn s Vi nhng gi thuyt nh trn, ta c th chia s tng ng ca mch ghp tng thnh ba s ng vi ba khong tn s trung bnh, tn s thp v tn s cao (h.2.81). Theo s hnh 2.81a th tn s trung bnh tng tr ti RT = Rt + r1 + r2 (2-192) min tn s thp cm khng ca L1 b gim s gy tc dng mc r ng k vi Rt v lm cho h s khuch i gim. Ngoi ra dung khng ca CCE v C2 ln hn v cm khng ca Ls1 v Ls2 nh hn so vi tr s tng ng ca chng min tn f

109

s trung bnh. Cho nn s tng ng ca mch ghp c dng nh hnh 2.81b. Vi mt Mt v wt cho trc, ta c th tm c in cm L1 ti thiu theo
2 L1 R 0 / t Mt - 1

(2-193)

y : R0 = [(Rr1 + r1)(r'2 + R't)/(Rr1 + r1 + r'2 + R't)]

Hnh 2.81 : S tng ng ca tng khuch i ghp bin p a) tn s trung bnh; b) tn thp ; c) tn cao. min tn cao in cm d tng, nn in p tn hiu a ra ti R't b gim. Ngoi ra tn cao s lm gim ng k dung khng ca CCE v C'2 do lm gim in p xoay chiu trn eolect T1 v R't v h s khuch i gim. min tn cao s tng ng ca b khuch i v trn hnh 2.81. Vi mt Mc v wc cho, th in cm d tng xc nh theo. Ls
' Rr1 + r1 + r2 + R 't 2 . Mc - 1 c

(2-194)

Cn ch rng trong tng khuch i ghp bin p c Rt ln th mt tn s no min tn cao c th xut hin cng hng (ng 2 hnh 2.80c) do mch LSC'2 quyt nh, lm c tuyn vng ln. 2.3.5. Khuch i cng sut Tng khuch i cng sut l tng cui cng mc vi ti ngoi v nhn c cng sut ti u theo yu cu trn ti cn phi c bit ch n ch tiu nng lng. Tng khuch i cng sut c th dng tranzito lng cc hoc IC khuch i cng sut. Theo cch mc ti, ngi ta chia thnh tng khuch i c bin p ra v tng khuch i khng bin p ra. Ba ch lm vic thng dng trong tng khuch i cng sut l : ch A, ch B v ch AB (xem 2.3.1). Hnh 2.82 dng minh ha c im ca cc ch bng v d trn c tuyn ra ca tranzito theo s EC. Ch A c dng trong tng khuch i cng sut n, m bo : tn hiu ra mo t nht nhng hiu sut nh nht khong 20%, v cng sut ti khng vt qu vi W Trong ch B im lm vic tnh chn im mt phi ng ti mt chiu. Ch tnh tng ng vi in p UBE = 0. Khi c tn hiu vo, dng colect ch xut hin ng vi na chu k, cn na chu k sau tranzito ch kha. Khi hiu sut nng

110

lng ca tng ra cao (60 70%) v c kh nng cho 1 cng sut ra ti ln, tuy nhin mo g vi ch ny ln cn khc phc bng cch mc tranzito thch hp. Ch AB l trung gian gia ch A v B t c bng cch ch chuyn im tnh ln pha trn im B (h.2.82). Mo khng ng thng s gim khc nhiu so vi ch B. IC mA IBmax IC PA IB0

PAB

IB =0 PB EC UCE V

Hnh 2. 82: V tr im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn ra trong ch A, B, AB a- Tng khuch i cng sut c bin p ra lm vic ch A (h.2.83) Dng in mch ra kh ln v th phi lu khi chn in tr RE. in tr RE thng khng vt qu vi chc W nn kh khn trong vic chn CE kh hi tip m dng xoay chiu. Ta s kho st tng khuch i khi RE = 0. Phng php th gii tch c dng tnh ton tng khuch i cng sut. S liu ban u tnh ton l cng sut ra Pt v in tr ti Rt.

Hnh 2.83: Tng cng sut lm vic ch A ghp bin p

111

IC mA

Ic.j IBmax

O IC0

P UC

Pc.cp IB0

IB =0 EC UCE V

Hnh 2.84: th tnh ton tng khuch i lm vic ch A, ghp bin p T th hnh 2.84 ta thy ng ti mt chiu qua im EC hu nh thng ng v in tr ti mt chiu (h.2.83) tng i nh, (l in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p). in tr ti xoay chiu ca tng quy v cun s cp s l Rt~ = n2(Rt + r2) + r1 n2Rt Trong : n = W1/W 2 l h s bin p, vi W1, W 2 l s vng dy, cn r1, r2 l in tr thun tng ng ca cun s v th cp bin p. chn ta ca im tinh UCEO, ICo theo cng thc (2-119), (2-120) th cn phi xc nh tr s UcmIcm. Cc tham s c th tm nh sau : Cng sut xoay chiu ra Pr trn cun s cp bin p (cng sut trong mch colect ca tranzito) v cng sut a ra ti Pt c quan h : Pr = Pt b - a

y : hb - a l hiu sut ca bin p (khong 0,8 0,9). Trng hp tn hiu l hnh sin, th cng sut ra ca tng c quan h vi cc tham s Ucm, Icm theo

112

Pr = t ta c

2 Ucm .Icm U2 Ucm = cm = 2 2.R t ~ 2.n2 .R t

(2-195)

n=

2 2 Ucm Ucm .b. = 2Pr .Pt 2Pt .R t

(2-196)

Chn in p Ucm theo tr s UCEo (2-119) sao cho i vi tng ny UCEo gn bng Ec (h.2.82). Tr s Ucm v h s bin p n c th dng ng ti mt chiu hay l theo (2-120), trong Icm = Ucm /(n2Rt). Sau khi tm c im tnh, th qua n ta k ng ti xoay chiu nghing mt gc xc nh bng DUCE / DIC = Rt~. Chn loi tranzito cn phi ch n cc tham s gii hn ca n tha mn iu kin : Ic.cp > lc.max = Ico + Icm UCE.cp > UCEm = UCEo + Ucm = 2Ec Pc-cp > Pc = UCO.ICO (2-197) (2-198) (2-199)

Theo th hnh 2.84 thy tch s UcmIcm /2 l cng sut ra ca tng Pr, chnh l din tch tam gic cng sut PQR. Theo gi tr Ico tm c, xc nh IBo, sau theo cng thc (2-129), (2-130) tnh Rl, R2. Hiu sut ca tng xc nh bi : h = h c .h b-a y h c l hiu sut mch colect. Cng sut ra ca tng Pr = Ucm . Icm/2 Cng sut tiu th ca ngun cung cp Po = Ec. Ico = UCeo.ICo Hiu sut ca mch colect = U .I Pr = cm cm Po 2UCEo .ICo (2-202) (2-200) (2-200)

T (2-202) ta thy nu tn hiu ra tng th hiu sut tng v s tin ti gii hn bng 0,5 khi Icm = Ico ; Ucm = UCEo Cng sut tiu hao trn mt ghp colect 1 Pc = Po - Pr = UCEo .ICo - Ucm .Icm 2 (2-203)

T (2-203) ta thy cng sut Pc ph thuc vo min tn hiu ra, khi khng c tn hiu th Pc = Po, nn ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut Po.

113

b- Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p S tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ra v trn hnh 2.85, gm hai tranzito T1 v T2. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch colect ca mi tranzito c mc ti mt na cun s cp bin p ra. T s bin p l n2 = W 21 / W t = W 22 /W t Bin p vo BA1 c h s bin p l n1 = Wv/W 11 = Wv/ W 12 m bo cung cp tn hiu vo mch baz ca hai tranzito. Trong trng hp b khuch i nhiu tng th Uv ca bin p BA1 c mc vo mch colect ca tng trc theo s khuch i n ghp bin p (h.2.83). Tng y ko c th lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong ch AB thin p trn baz ca hai tranzito c ly t ngun Ec bng b phn p R1, R2. Trong ch B thin p ban u khng c, nn khng cn R1. Khi in tr R2 c dng m bo cng tc cho mch vo ca trnzito trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng. u tin hy xt s khi n lm vic ch B. Lc khng c tn hiu vo in p trn baz ca c hai tranzito i vi emit ca chng u bng khng. Nu khng tnh n dng in ngc colect th c th coi dng in trong tng khuch i bng khng. in p trn tii cng bng khng. Trn colect mi tranzito s c in p mt chiu bng in p ngun Ec. Khi c tn hiu vo, bt u t na chu k ng, lc trn cun th cp W 11 ca bin p BA1 s c na chu k in p m i vi im chung ca cc cun dy, cn trn cun W 12 s c na chu k in p dng. Kt qu l tranzito T2 vn tip tc kha ch c dng Ic1 = biB1 chy qua tranzito T1 m. Trn cun W 21 s to nn in p U21 = 2 c.Rt~ = Ic1. n2 . Rt. Trn ti s c na sng in p dng Ut = U21/n2.

Hnh 2.85:Tng y ko ghp bin p

114

IC

Icm

UCE

Ucm Hnh 2.86: th tnh tng cng sut Khi tn hiu vo chuyn sang na chu k m, cc tnh ca in p cc cun th cp bin p vo i du. Lc T1 kha, T2 m. Trn cun W22 s c dng in ic 2 = b .ib 2 chy qua (chn b1 = b2 = b ) to nn in p c cng tr s nhng cc tnh ngc li cun ti Wt. Trn ti s c na sng in p m. Nh vy qu trnh khuch i tn hiu vo c thc hin theo hai nhp na chu k : na chu k u ch c mt tranzito lm vic, na chu k th hai thi tranzito cn li lm vic. Qu trnh lm vic ca tng khuch i nh vy ch cn gii thch bng th hnh 2.86 i vi mt na chu k, v d i vi tranzito T1 ng ti mt chiu (h.2.86) xut pht t im c ta (0. Ec) hu nh song song vi trc dng in v in tr mch colect ch gm in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p ra BA2 rt nh. V trong ch tnh UBeo = 0 dng colect xc nh ch yu bng dng in ngc ca n. ng ti xoay chiu ct ng ti mt chiu ti im c ta (Ico, UCE = Ec). ng ti xoay chiu c 2 v vi Rt~ = n2 .R t cho xc nh cc quan h c trng cho ch tiu nng lng ca tng cng sut. Tn hiu cun s cp bin p ra xc nh bng din tch tam gic gch cho (h.2.86). Pr = Ucm .Icm/2 Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n .cng sut tn hao trong bin p Pt = b.a2 .Pr Tr s trung bnh ca ng tiu th t ngun cung cp (2-205) (2-204)

115

I0 =

1 2Icm Icmsinin = 0 2E c .Icm

(2-206)

Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp P0 = Hiu sut ca mch colect c = v hiu sut ca tng = b -a2 . Ucm . 4 Ec Pr Ucm = . Pt 4 E (2-208) (2-207)

Hiu sut ca tng s tng khi tng bin tn hiu ra. Gi thit Ucm = Ec v h b-a 2 = 1 th h=0.785. Ch rng gi tr bin Ucm khng vt qu Ec - DUCE v h b.a = 0.8 99 th hiu sut thc t ca tng khuch i cng sut y ko khong 0,6 0,7 v ln gp l,5 ln hiu sut ca tng n. Cng sut tiu th trn mt ghp colect ca mi tranzito. Pc = Po - Pr = hay Pc = 2E c Ucm 1 U2 . - . cm R t ~ 2 R t~ (2-210) 2E c .Icm 1 - Ucm .Icm 2 (2-209)

Theo (2-210) th cng sut Pc ph thuc v bin tn hiu ra Ucm. xc nh Pcmax, ly o hm Pc theo Ucm v cho bng khng. dPc 2E c Ucm = =0 dUcm .R t~ R t ~ t ta tm c tr s Ucm ng vi Pcmax
* Ucm = 2

Ec = 0.64E c
2 2 Ec . 2 .n2 R t 2

(2-211)

Thay (2-211) vo (2-210) ta tm c cng sut tiu hao cc i trong tranzito Pcmax = (2-212)

Vic chn tranzit theo in p cn phi ch l khi hnh thnh 1/2 sng in p trn 1/2 cun W 2 th 1/2 cun W 2 cn li cng s hnh thnh mt in p nh vy v c cng vi in p ngun Ec xc nh in p ngc cho tranzito kha. Tr s

116

in p ngc t trn tranzito khi l 2Ec. Xut pht t tr s ny chn tranzito theo in p. Trong ch B, dng in chy qua tranzito ch trong 1/2 chu k thch hp v chn tranzito dng in da vo Icm (h.2.84). Do vi cng mt loi tranzito th tng y ko m bo cng sut ti ln hn tng n. IB

T1

UBE

T2

Hnh 2.87: nh hng khng ng thng ca c tuyn vo tranzito n mo dng tn hiu trong ch IB T1

UBE

T2

Hnh 2.88: Gim mo khng ng thng trong ch AB Tuy nhin ch B, v thin p ban u bng khng nn mo khng ng thng ca in p ra ln. Nguyn nhn l tnh khng ng thng on u ca c tuyn vo tranzito khi dng baz nh, l hin tng mo gc v c v trn

117

hnh 2.87. y c tuyn vo ca c hai tranzito v chung mt th. T hnh 2.87 thy r khi Uv l hnh sin th dng iB1 v iB2 b mo phn gn gc ng vi dng IB nh. Do dng dng ic1,ic2 v in p ra cng b mo. Trong ch A nguyn nhn ny khng xut hin v dng baz tnh ln loi tr vng lm vic on u ca c tuyn vo ca tranzito. Mun gim mo trong mch baz ca hai tranzito, ngi ta a thm in tr ph (v d R2 trong hnh 2.85) chuyn ch cng tc ca ngun tn hiu gn ti ch ngun dng v chnh l lm gim nh hng khng tuyn tnh ca c tuyn vo tranzito. Tuy nhin v eo h p trn in tr ph do dng iB chy qua nn s lm gim h s khuch i ca tng. gim mo trit hn tng y ko c chuyn sang lm vic ch AB. Thin p ban u c xc nh nh cc in tr R1, R2 (h.2.85). c tuyn vo, ca hai tranzito c ch n thin p UBO v chung trn th hnh 2.88. Chn UBO v cc dng IBo, ICo khng ln lm, nn thc t chng khng nh hng n ch tiu nng lng ca s so vi tng lm vic ch B. V th cc cng thc dng trong ch B u ng cho ch AB. ' c - Nng khuch i cng sut y ko khng c bin p Tng cng sut y ko c th lm vic theo s khng bin p ra, nh s gim kch thc, trng lng, gi thnh, nng cao cc ch tiu cht lng cng nh d dng trong vic dng vi mch. S tng ra khng bin p cho trn hnh 2.89. C hai phng php mc ti v tng ng l hai phng php cung cp in p mt chiu ; Theo phng php th nht (h.2.89a, c) tng c cung cp bng hai ngun Ec1 v Ec2 c im chung gi l kiu cung cp song song, cn ti c mc gia im. ni E v C ca cc tranzito v im chung ngun cung cp. tranzito T1, T2 lm vic ch AB do cch chn cc in tr R1 R4 thch hp. iu khin cc tranzito bng hai ngun tn hiu vo ngc pha Uv1 v Uv2 ly t tng o pha trc cui. Theo phng php th hai (h.2.89 b,d), tng c cung cp bng mt ngun chung (gi l cung cp ni tip), cn ti c mc qua t c in dung ln. Khi khng c tn hiu th t C c np in ti tri s 0,5Ec. Nu T1 lm vic, T2 tt th t C ng vai tr ngun cho ti. Cn khi T2 lm vic th dng ti chy qua ngun cung cp Ec. Khi dng ic2 chy qua t C tch tr nng lng cho n v b li phn nng lng a vo ti trong na chu k trc. Trong cc s (h.2.89c, d), ngi ta dng hai tranzito khc loi pnp v npn, nn khng cn hai tn hiu vo ngc pha nhau. ng vi 1/2 chu k dng ca tn hiu th T1 lm vic, T2 kha, cn ng vi 1/2 chu k m ca tn hiu th ngc li. Nu so snh vi s tng cng sut c bin p ra, th thy rng trong hnh 2 2.85 cng sut ra l (UcmIcm)/2 gn bng tr s U cm / 2n2 Rt . Ni khc i, y bng cch thay i h s bin p, mt cch tng i n gin, ta c th nhn c cng sut yu cu cho trc trn ti chn. Cn trong cc s (h.2.89) iu kh 2 thc hin v cng sut trn ti xc nh bng U cm / (2 Rt ) Kh nng duy nht c cng sut yu cu vi in tr Rt cho trc, trong trng hp ny l do Ucm quyt nh,

118

ngha l phi ch n in p ngun cung cp. Khi Rt nh th khng ti v in p cn khi Rt ln th khng ti v dng in.

Hnh 2.89: Mch y ko khng bin p ra Tt c cc s tng ra y ko yu cu chn cp tranzito c tham s ging nhau, c bit l h s truyn t b. Vi cc mch hnh 2.89 c) v d), cn ch ti vi nhn xt thc t quan trng sau : p ch AB cho cp tranzito T1, T2 cn c hai ngun in p ph 1 chiu U1 v U2 phn cc cho chng nh trn hnh 2.90. Cc in p ny c to ra bng cch s dng hai in p thun ri trn 2 it 1 v 2 loi silic c tng in p gia im B1B2 l UB1B2 = + (1,1 1,2)V v c h s nhit m (-1mV/0C). Vic duy tr ng in tnh IBO n nh ( ch AB) trong 1 di nhit rng t c nh tc dng b nhit ca cp 12 vi h s nhit dng ca dng tnh T1 v T2 v nh s dng thm cc in tr hi tip m R1, R2 < Rt. Ngoi ra, do in tr vi phn lc m ca 12 nh nn mch vo khng lm tn hao cng sut ca tn hiu, gp phn nng cao hiu sut ca tng.

119

Hnh 2.90: Tng ra y ko khng bin p ch AB dng cc it n nh nhit Khi cn c cng sut ra ln, ngi ta thng s dng tng ra l cc cp tranzito kiu Darlingtn nh hnh 2.91 (a) v (b). Lc , mi cp Darlingtn c coi l mt tranzito mi, chc nng ca mch do T1 v T2 quyt nh cn T1 T2 c tc dng khuch i dng ra. Cc thng s c bn ca mch hnh 2.91a l : H s khuch i dng in b = b1 .b1' in tr vo rBE = 2rBE1 in tr ra rCE = 2/3rCE1. ca mch hnh (2.91b) l : b = b 2 .b 2' ; rBE = 2rBE2; rCE = 1/2rCE2 y in tr R a vo c tc dng to 1 st p UR 0,4V iu khin m T1, T2 lc dng ra ln v chuyn chng t m sang kha nhanh hn.

Hnh 2.91 : Cc cp tranzito mc kiu Darlingtn (a) Dng s Darlingtn thng ; (b) Dng s Darlingtn b

120

 bo v cc tranzito cng sut trong iu kin ti nh hay b ngn mch ti, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php t ng hn ch dng ra khng qu 1 gii hn cho trc I ra max (c hai ca tnh). Hnh 2.92 a ra v d mt mch nh vy thng gp trong cc IC khuch i cng sut hin nay. Bnh thng, cc tranzito T3 v T4 ch kha cho ti lc dng in ra cha t ti gi tr ti hn I ra max . Khi dng in mch ra qua R1 v R2 t ti gii hn ny, gim p trn R1 v R2 do n gy ra y ti ngng m ca T3 v T4 (c 0.6V) lm T3 v T4 m ngn s gia tng tip ca Ira nh tc dng phn dng IB1, IB2 ca T3 v T4.

Hnh 2.92 : Mch bo v qu dng cho tng ra ca cc IC khuch i cng sut T c th chn R1 v R2 theo iu kin R1 = + 0.6V ; + Iramax R2 = - 0.6V Iramax

Cc in tr ra R3, R4 hn ch dng, bo v T3 v T4. Thc t lc Ura ln, R5R6 khng c tc dng vi T3T4, khi Ura gim nh, cc phn p c R5 v R6 s nh hng ti gi tr ngng Iramax

121

Iramax =

R3 0.6V (E - Ura ) R1 R1.R 5

tc l gi tr ngng dng in hn ch s ln nht khi in p ra t ti gi tr xp x in p ngun cung cp. 2.3.6. Khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm a- Khi nim chung. Mch khuch i ghp trc tip B khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm (tn hiu mt chiu) lm vic vi nhng tn hiu c tn s gn bng khng v c c tuyn bin tn s nh hnh 2.93. Vic ghp gia ngun tn hiu vi u vo b khuch i v gia cc tng khng th dng t hay bin p v khi c tuyn bin tn s s c dng nh hnh 2.76a, tc l f = 0 khi K = 0. Ku f Hnh 2.93: c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i mt chiu truyn t tn hiu bin i chm cn phi ghp trc tip theo dng mt chiu gia ngun tn hiu vi mch vo b khuch i v gia cc tng vi nhau. V ghp trc tip nn vic chn im lm vic im ring so vi cc b khuch i kho st trc y. Chng hn, trong b khuch i ghp in ung th ch mt chiu ca mi tng (ch tnh) c xc nh ch do nhng phn t ca tng quyt nh v cc tham s ca n c tnh ring bit i vi tng tng. T in ghp tng s cch ly thnh phn lnt chiu theo bt k mt nguyn nhn no ca tng ny s khng nh hng n ch mt chiu ca tng kia. Trong b khuch i ghp trc tip, khng c chn t cch ly thnh phn mt chiu. V vy, in p ra khng nhng ch c xc nh bng tn hiu ra c ch m cn c tn hiu gi do s thay i ch mt chiu ca cc tng theo thi gian, theo nhit hay 1 nguyn nhn l no khc. Tt nhin, cn c bit quan tm n nhng tng u v s thay i ch mt chiu y s c cc tng sau khuch i tip tc. S thay i mt cch ngu nhin ca in p ra trong b khuch i mt chiu khi tn hiu vo khng i DUvo = 0 gi l s tri im khng ca b khuch i. Nguyn nhn tri l do tnh khng n nh ca in p ngun cung cp, ca tham s tranzito v in tr theo nhit v thi gian. Gia s ca in p tri u ra DUtr.r c xc nh khi gn mch u vo b khuch i (en = 0). Cht lng b khuch i mt chiu c nh gi theo in p tri quy v u vo ca n: DUtr.v = DUtr.r .K, y K l h s khuch i ca b khuch i. tri quy v u vo c trng cho tr s tn hiu l u vo b khuch i c h s khuch i l K. Khi xc nh di bin i ca in p vo en phi ch n DUtr.r sao

122

cho DUtr.r l mt phn khng ng k so vi tn hiu ra c ch. Ty thuc vo yu cu ca b khuch i m tr s nh nht cng phi ln hn DUtr.v hng chc hoc hng trm ln.

Hnh 2.94: Khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm Vic ghp trc tip cc tng trong b khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm quyt nh nhng c im tnh ton ch tnh ca n (in p v dng in khi en = 0). Tnh ton tham s ch tnh ca tng phi ch n cc phn t thuc v mch ra ca tng trc v mch vo ca tng sau. Di y ta s kho st mch khuch i mt chiu hnh 2.94 gm 3 tng ghp trc tip. Trong s ny clect ca Tranzito trc c ni trc tip vi baz ca tranzito sau. Khi in tr RE nh dng IEO to nn in p cn thit UBEO cho ch tnh ca mi tng. iu t c bng cch tng in th m trn emit ca mi tranzito. Chng hn, i vi tng th hai UBEO2 = Uc01 - UEO2 = Uco1 IEO2 RE2 (2-213) mch vo b khuch i (h.2.94a) ngi ta lc mt ngun in p b u vo ebv ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo sao cho khi en = 0, dng qua ngun bng khng. Mun th phi chn in p b ebv bng UBO1.

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C th to ra in p b UBV nh RB1 v RB2 theo s (h: 2.94b) y UBV = UBo1 = EC .RB 2 RB1 + RB2

Tng t trn mch ra, ti Rt (h: 2.94a) mc vo ng cho mt mch cu gm cc phn t mch ra tng cui v cc in tr R3 R4. Khi s m bo iu kin Ut = 0 khi en = 0 in tr R3 R4 ng vai tr mt b phn p to nn in p b bng Uco3 cho mch ra ca tng khi en = 0. Ubr = E C .R 4 = UCO3 R3 + R 4 (2-214)

Di y s kho st cc ch tiu c trng cho b khuch i v dng xoay chiu (i vi gia s in p tn hiu vo). Nu chn R1 v R2 ln, th in tr vo ca tng c th tnh c t: Rv = rb + (1 + b) (rE + RE) b1RE (2-215)

xc nh h s khuch i ca mi tng ta gi thit Rc // Rv = Rc ; Rv1 > Rn khi cc h s khuch i tng ng ca mi tng s l: K 1 = 1 R R R C1 // R V 2 = 1 C1 = C1 1.RE1 RE1 R V1 R R R C 2 // R V 3 = 2 C 2 = C2 2RE 2 RE2 RV2 R C3 //(R t + R 3 // R 4 ) R C3 //(R t + R 3 // R 4 ) = RE3 R V3 (2-216)

K 2 = 2

(2-217)

K 3 = 3

(2-218)

R rng h s khuch i ca tng tng t l nghch vi in tr emit ca n. in tr RE1 tnh theo ch n nh nhit ca tng u c tr s t vi trm n vi kW. in tr RE ca nhng tng sau va n nh nhit , va m bo tr s UBEO yu cu tng ng trong ch tnh. Khi ghp trc tip (h.2.94a) th in p trn emit cng nh trn colect ca mi tng sau phi tng dn ln (v tr s tuyt i trong trng hp dng tranzito pnp). iu dn ti phi tng RE mi tng sau c c UEO yu cu v do theo cc h thc (2-216) + (2-218) lm gim h s khuch i ca chng (K3 < K2 < Kl) v h s khuch i chung. Thiu st ca s hnh 2.94a c th khc phc bng cch dng cc s (94c,d). Trong s (h.94c) in tr RE c th chn nh i v in tr Rp, to thm mt dng in ph chy qua RE. Theo cng thc (2-213) ta c (h.2.94a).

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RE 2 = i vi s (h.2.94c) RE 2 =

Uc 01 - UBE02 IE02 Uc 01 - UBE02 IE02 + IP

(2-219)

(2-220)

Cng c th thc hin theo s (h.2.94d) bng cch mc vo mch emit mt it n p mc Uz khi : RE 2 = Uc 01 - UBE02 - UD IE02 (2-221)

Cc mch khuch i mt chiu ghp trc tip c c im l n gin, nhng h s khuch i khng cao (khong vi chc ln) ch dng khi tn hiu vo tng i ln 0,05 + 0,1V v tri i hi khng cht ch. Mun c h s khuch i ln hn (hng trm v hng nghn ln) th cch ghp tng nh trn khng th c v s xut hin tri khng cho php v vic b nhit cng kh khn. Cc mch khuch i vi sai xt di y s khc phc c cc nhc im va nu. b- Tng khuch i vi sai Hnh 2.95a l cu trc in hnh ca 1 tng khuch i vi sai lm vic theo nguyn l cu cn bng song song. Hai nhnh cu l hai in tr Rcl v Rc2 CN hai nhnh kia l cc tranzito T 1 v T2 c ch to trong cng 1 iu kin sao cho Rc1 = Rc2 v T1 v T2 c cc thng s ging ht nhau. in p ly ra gia hai colect (kiu ra i xng) hay trn mi colect i vi t (kiu ra khng i xng). Tranzito T3 lm ngun n dng gi n nh dng IE (l tng dng emit IEI v IE2 ca tranzito T1 v T2). Trong s ngun n dng cn c cc in tr R1, R2 R3 v ngun cung cp Ec2, T4 mc thnh it lm phn t b nhit n nh nhit cho T3. Mun xc nh ng IE cn xc nh in p gia im 1-2 trong s . Nu b qua dng IB3 rt nh hn dng IE v coi IE3 IC3 = IE th c th vit : UBE3 + IE . R3 = I1 . R2 + UBE4 y I1 = E C2 - UBE4 EC2 R1 +R 2 R1 + R 2 (2-222)

T phng trnh 2-222 tm c IE = I1.R 2 + (UBE 4 - UBE3 ) R3 (2-223)

Tr s I1R2 trong t s ca (2-223) rt ln hn hiu in p U be ca cc tranzito T4 v T3. V th dng IE c xc nh ch yu bng in tr R1 R2 R3 v dng I1. V UBE4 v UBE3 trong cng thc (2-223) ph thuc vo nhit dng hiu s nn ph thuc nhit ca dng IE l rt nh.

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Trong s rt gn (h.2.95b) phn ngun n dng dng T3 c thay bng ngun dng IE.

Hnh 2.95: Khuch i vi sai a) Mch nguyn l; b) S n gin ha; c,d) Phng php a tn hiu vo Tn hiu vo tng vi sai c th t hai ngun ring bit (Uv1 v Uv2) hoc t mt ngun (h.2.e5c,d). Trong trng hp sau tn hiu vo t ln baz ca mt trong hai tranzito hay gia hai baz ca chng. Cc u vo Uv1 v Uv2 ni theo s nh hnh 2.95c,d c gi u vo vi sai. in p mt chiu cung cp cho tng vi sai l hai ngun Ec1 v Ec2 c th khc nhau hay bng nhau v tr s. V hai ngun ni tip nn in p cung cp tng l Ec = Ec1 + Ec2. Do c Ec2 nn in th emit ca tranzito T1, T2 gim nhiu so vi trong s hnh 2.94a v iu ny cho php a tn hiu ti u vo b khuch i vi sai m khng cn thm mch b in p u vo. Hy xt c th trong mt s trng hp in hnh sau: S tng vi sai yu cu dng tranzito T1, T2 c tham s ging nhau v Rc1 = Rc2 (h.2.94b), do khi tn hiu vo bng khng (h.2.96a). Cu cn bng, in p trn colect ca hai tranzito bng nhau v in p ra ly trn ng cho cu Ur= Ur1-Ur2 = 0. S c n nh cao i vi s tay i in p cung cp, nhit v cc yu t khc v tri theo hai nhnh ging nhau, in p trn cc colet thay i cng mt gia s v tri u ra gn nh b trit tiu. (Trong thc t, do tnh tn mn ca cc tham s tranzito hay s thay i ca chng khng ging nhau theo thi gian nn

126

u ra vn c mt tri no , nhng nh hn kh nhiu so vi nhng s trc v tr s tri y c xc nh bng hiu tri ca hai nhnh c tham s gn ging nhau.

Hnh 296:a) S khuch i vi sai khi tn hiu vo bng 0; b) Biu ca tn hiu ra Dng emit - IE chia u gia hai tranzito ngha l IE1= IE2 = IE/2 v c xc nh bi dng baz tnh: IBO1 = IBO2 = IE/ 2(1+b) = lvo Dng baz l mt phn dng emit chy trong mch c ngun n ng IE v in p Ec2. Cc dng colect bng nhau v cc dng emit bng nhau: Ic1 = Ic2 = aIE/2 IE/2 v in p trn colect l Uc1 = Uc2 = Ec1 - IERC /2 y Rc1 = Rc2 = Rc Trng thi ny ca s c trng cho ch cn bng ca tng v gi l ch cn bng tnh. - Khi c tn hiu a ti 1 trong cc u vo, (gi s Uv1 > 0; Uv2 = 0)

127

Hnh 2.97: a) S tng vi sai khi c tn hiu vo vi Uv1 > 0; Uv2 = 0; b) Biu in th Do tc dng ca tn hiu vo, xut hin dng in vo ca hai tranzito. Vi gi thit Uv1 > 0, Uv2 = 0, dng vo ny lm tng dng baz ca tranzito T1 v lm gim dng baz ca tranzito T2. Khi ng IE1 v lc1 tng, cn dng IE2 v Ic2 gim. S thay i dng in ca cc tranzito xy ra ngc chiu nhau v vi cng mt gia s, v th tng dng in IE1 + IE2 = lE gi nguyn khng i. in p trn colect ca tranlito T1 l Uc1 = Ec1 - ICLRC1 gim, mt lng DUc1 ngc du (o pha) vi in p vo. in p Uc2 tng v to ra gia s in p +DUc2 cng du (khng o pha) vi in p tn hiu vo. Nh vy vi cch a tn hiu vo nh s ang kho st u ra ca tng ly trn colect T1 (Ur1) gi l u ra o, cn u kia ly trn colect T2 (Ur2) gi l u ra khng o. Tn hiu ly gia hai colect gi l tn hiu vi sai. Ur = Uc2 - Uc1= +DUc2 + +DUc1 = 2+DUc = 2|+DIc| . Rc Ta s xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng vi sai. Khi hai tranzito c tham s ging nhau th dng in vo ca tng l.

128

Iv =

en en en = = Rn + rv1 + rv 2 Rn + 2rv Rn + 2[rB + (1+ )rE ]

(2-224)

y rv l in tr vo ca tranzito. Dng in vo to gia s dng in colect DIc = bIv v gia s in p trn colect. DU r12 = DIc.Ic = bIv . Rc (2-225) Sau khi thay IV t (2-224) vo (2-225) v chia cho en ta s xc nh c h s khuch i in p ca tng (theo hai u ra Ur1 v Ur2 ring r). K 1,2 = Khi Rn = 0 th K 1,2 = Ur1,2 R C R C = = R n + 2rv 2[rB + (1+ )rE ] en (2-227) Ur1,2 R C R C = = en Rn + 2rv Rn + 2[rB + (1+ )rE ] (2-226)

H s khuch i ca tng theo u ra vi sai (Ur) khi Rt -> l K v .s = Nu tnh n Rt th K v .s = 2(R C // R t ) Rn + 2rv (2-229) 2Ur1,2 2R C 2R C = = Rn + 2rv Rn + 2[rB + (1+ )rE ] en (2-228)

Rt ; Rn 0 K v .s = R c R C = rv rB + (1+ ).rE (2-230)

Cng thc (2-228), (2-230) dng tnh h s khuch i ca tng vi sai. H s khuch i theo u ra Ur1 v Ur2 khi Rn = 0 v Rt = S gn bng K/2 v h s khuch i in p theo u ra vi sai Kvs gn bng tr s h s khuch i K ca tng n mc EC. Tn hiu cung cp cho tng khuch i vi sai c th thc hin ng thi trn hai u vo (h.295b). Khi tn hiu v Uv1 Uv2 c cc tnh khc nhau th. in p vo vi sai s l Uv =Uv1 + Uv2 cn in p ra vi sai l: Ur = KVS(UV1 - Uv2) - Ta s kho st trng hp tn hiu vo c cc tnh ging nhau, ngha l hai tn hiu vo ng pha. Tt nhin, trong trng hp ny th in p vi sai s t l vi hiu (UV1 - Uv2):

129

Ur = Kvs (UV1 - Uv2)

(2=231)

Xt trng hp Uv1 v Uv2 ng pha v bng nhau v ln, khi mch khuch i hon ton i xng th in p ly ra trn hai colect ca tng vi sai s bng khng v h s khuch i i vi tn hiu ng pha K s bng khng. Tuy nhin, khng th c mch i xng l tng v ngun dng in l tng nn h s khuch i ng pha lun khc khng, v thng rt nh hn 1. Cht lng ca tng vi sai c c trng bng t s K/KVS, ch r kh nng ca tng khuch i phn bit tn hiu vi sai nh trn nn in p ng pha ln. y ngi ta a ra khi nim h s nn tn hiu ng pha ca tng vi sai c k hiu l N v c tnh nh sau: N = 20 lg (K/Kvs) (dB) Trong cc tng khuch i vi sai hin nay, tr s N c gi tr t - 60 100 dB.

Hnh 2.98: Khuch i vi sai c ti kiu gng dng in - Trong tng khuch i vi sai ca IC thut ton, ngi ta thng thay in tr Rc ng tranzito thc hin chc nng, ti ng ca tng. S ny c h s khuch i Kvs ln hn nhiu ln so vi s kho st c ti l Rc. iu ny rt quan trng khi thit k b khuch i mt chiu nhiu tng. Mt trong nhng s nh vy v trn hnh 2.98. Tranzito T5, T6 dng lm ti ng ca tng c tham s ging nhau, T5

130

c mc thnh it. Cch mc nh vy cn c gi l s gng dng in (xem thm 2.6.4.b). Dng Ic1 ca tranzito T1 cng chy qua T5 to nn in p UBE5 xc nh in p vo UBE6. V T5 v T6 c tham s ging nhau nn I c6 ging Ic1 Tn hiu vi sai ly t colect ca T2 . Ic6 Khi en = 0 s trong ch tnh (cn bng). Dng Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic6 = IE/2. Dng

chy qua T2, dng ti It = 0 v Ur = 0. Gi thit tn hiu vo c cc tnh nh hnh 2.98. Di tc dng ca ngun en dng in vo s lm tng dng IB1 v lm gim dng IB2 S thay i dng baz lm thay i dng colect: Ic1 = IE/2 + bIv Ic2 = IE/2 - bIv Bi v dng Ic6 = Ic1 nn Ic6 = I E/2 + bIv. Khi dng ti It = Ic6 - lc2 = 2Iv. in p u ra Ur = 2bIv Rt. Nu tn hiu vo i du th s lm i chiu dng in IV, It v cc tnh in p ra Ur. H s khuch i in p ca tng K= Khi Rn 0 th K= R t rB + (1+ )rE (2-233) 2R t 2R t Ur = = en Rn + 2rv Rn + 2[rB + (1+ )rE ] (2-232)

Trong t s ca (2-230) c in tr Rc (h. 295a) cn trong t s (2-233) c in tr ti Rt Trong b khuch i nhiu tng th Rt l in tr vo ca tng sau. S hnh 2.98 c u im c bn l kh nng chu ti cao v ti c im ni t, thm vo h s khuch i Kvs trong tng vi sai ti l Rc khong ti chc, Cn trong tng c di ng khong vi trm. V c tuyn vo ca tranzito khng tuyn tnh nn nu chn ch thch hp, c th t c in tr vo hng chc hoc hng trm k. Tng in tr vo (ti hng chc M) c th t c khi chn T1 v T2 l FET (h.2.99) v nguyn l s ny khng khc s (h.2.95). c - Khuch i mt chiu c bin i trung gian Hnh 2.100a l s khi mt phng php khc xy dng b khuch i mt chiu (kiu gin tip). in p mt chiu Uv c a ti b iu ch lm bin i nhng thng s ca mt in p xoay chiu (bin hay tn s) theo quy lut ca mnh (thng thc hin theo nguyn l iu bin, t dng nguyn l iu tn v iu pha). Lc ti u ra ca b iu ch ta c in p xoay chiu vi bin t l vi in p vo Uv bin i chm.

131

Hnh 2.99: Khuch i vi sai dng tranzito trng Tn hiu iu bin c da ti b khuch i xoay chiu 2 c h s khuch i ln. Trong b khuch i ny th thnh phn mt chiu ca mi tng c cch li bng cc phn t in khng (in dung, in cm), v th tri im 0 khng c. in p ra sau khi khuch i dc tch sng bng b gii iu ch 3 v lc khi in p tn s mang. Nh vy u ra b khuch i ta c in p mt chiu c khuch i mang quy lut bin i ca in p vo Uv. B iu ch l khi ch yu c th gy ra tri im khng trong b khuch i mt chiu loi ny. B iu ch c th dng phn t c in, t in hay bn dn. V d mt b iu ch n gin dng kho bn dn cho trn hnh (2.101). in p Uv c truyn ti im A, nu nh tranzito tt, v bng 0, nu nh tranzito m. V th khi t ti u vo tranzito mt xung in p ch nht, th im A cng c in p xung c bin t l vi Uv. in p ny qua t C t ti u vo b khuch i xoay chiu.

132

AC 1

K 2

AC

Hnh 2.100a: Khuch i mt chiu c bin i trung gian

K K AC

AC 1

K 2

Hnh 2.100b: Khuch i mt chiu hai ng c bin i trung gian C th dng nguyn l hnh 2.100b khi thit k b khuch i mt chiu c bin i trung gian. in p vo mt chiu Uv ng thi t ln hai nhnh song song. Mt trong cc nhnh l b khuch i mt chiu theo s hnh 2.100a cn nhnh kia l b khuch i mt chiu ghp trc tip c h s khuch i K1. in p ra ca hai b khuch i c c a vo b cng v sau a vo mt b khuch i chung tip sau. Nu tnh n in p tri U do b khuch i mt chiu ghp trc tip gy ra, th in p a vo b cng s l : 234) Ur = K2Uv + K1(Uv + U) = (K1 + K2)Uv + K1U Khi tri im khng tng i ca c b khuch i mt chiu l : h= K 1. K1 = .h (K1 + K 2 )Uv K1 + K 2 (2-

y : h = U/Uv l tri ca nhnh khuch i mt chiu trc tip. T biu thc trn ta thy rng n nh ca b khuch i mt chiu cng cao khi t s K2/K1 cng ln. V tham s ca b khuch i mt chiu hai nhnh c bin i trung gian tt hn nhiu so vi b khuch i mt chiu loi tng t khc, cho nn chng c dng

133

trong nhng trng hp khi cn h s khuch i cao vi tri im khng nh nht, v d nh trong my tnh tng t v cc thit bi o lng khc.

Hnh 2.101: B iu ch dng tranzito

2.4 KHUCH I DNG VI MCH THUT TON

2.4.1 Khi nim chung
Danh t : khuch i thut ton (operational amplifier) thuc v b khuch i dng mt chiu c h s khuch i ln, c hai u vo vi sai v mt u ra chung. Tn gi ny c quan h ti vic ng dng u tin ca chng ch yu thc hin cc php tnh cng, tr, tch phn v.v Hin nay cc b khuch i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v c ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuch i, to tn hiu hnh sin v xung, trong b n p v b lc tch cc v.v

Hnh 2.102: Cc kiu IC khuch i thut ton K hiu quy c mt b khuch i thut ton (OA) cho trn hnh 2.102 vi u vo Uvk (hay Uv+) gi l u vo khng o v u vo th hai Uvd (hay Uv-) gi l u vo o. Khi c tn hiu vo u khng o th gia s tn hiu ra cng du (cng pha) so vi gia s tn hiu vo. Nu tn hiu c a vo u o th gia s tn hiu ra ngc du (ngc pha) so vi gia s tn hiu vo. u vo o thng c dng thc hin hi tip m bn ngoi vo cho OA.

134

Cu to c s ca OA l cc tng vi sai dng lm tng vo v tng gia ca b khuch i. Tng ra OA thng l tng lp emit (CC) m bo kh nng ti yu cu ca cc s . V h s khuch i tng emit gn bng 1, nn h s khuch i t c nh tng vo v cc tng khuch i b sung mc gia tng vi sai v tng CC. Tu thuc vo h s khuch i ca OA m quyt nh s lng tng gia. Trong OA hai tng (th h mi) th gm mt tng vi sai vo v mt tng b sung, cn trong OA ba tng (th h c) th gm mt tng vi sai vo v hai tng b sung. Ngoi ra OA cn c cc tng ph, nh tng dch mc in p mt chiu, tng to ngun n dng, mch hi tip.

Hnh 2.103: S nguyn l mch khuch i thut ton S nguyn l ca OA ba tng v trn hnh 2.103, c cung cp t hai ngun Ec1 v Ec2 c th khng bng nhau hoc bng nhau v c im chung. Tng khuch i vo dng T1 v T2, tng hai dng T5 v T6 mc theo s vi sai (h.2.195a). Tng th ba gm T7 v T8. u ra ca n ghp vi u vo ca T9 mc theo tng CC. iu khin T7 theo mch baz bng tn hiu ra tng hai, iu khin T8 theo mch emit bng in p trn in tr R12 do dng emit T9 chy qua n. T8 tham gia vo vng hi tip dng m bo h s khuch i cao cho tng ba. Tc dng ng thi ca T7 v T8 hoc l lm tng, hoc l lm gim (tu thuc vo tn hiu vo T6) in p tng CC. Tng in p trn baz T9 l do s gim in p mt chiu T7 cng nh do s gim in tr ca T8 v ngc li.

135

Tranzito T3 ng vai tr ngun n dng, cn tranzito T4 c mc thnh it to in p chun, n nh nhit cho T3 c ni ti 2.3.6b. Khi in p vo A Uvk = Uvd = 0 th in p u ra ca OA Ur = 0. Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo (h.2.103) c dng na sng +,in p trn colect ca T6 tng, s lm dng IB v IE ca T9. in p trn R12 s tng lm gim dng IB v IE ca T8. Kt qu l u ra OA c in p cc dng Ur > 0. Nu tn hiu vo ng vi na sng - th u ra OA c in p cc tnh m Ur < 0. c tuyn quan trng nht ca OA l c tuyn truyn t in p (h.2.104), gm hai ng cong tng ng vi cc u vo o v khng o. Mi ng cong gm mt on nm ngang v mt on dc. on nm ngang tng ng vi ch tranzito tng ra (tng CC) thng bo ho hoc ct dng. Trn nhng on khi thay i in p tn hiu t vo, in p ra ca b khuch i khng i v c xc nh bng cc gi tr U+r max, U-r max, gi l in p ra cc i, (in p bo ho) gn bng Ec ca ngun cung cp (trong cc IC thut ton mc in p bo ho ny thng thp hn gi tr ngun Ec t 1 n 3V v gi tr). on dc biu th ph thuc t l ca in p ra vi in p vo, vi gc nghing xc nh h s khuch i ca OA (khi khng c hi tip ngoi). K = Un/Uv Tr s K tu thuc vo tng loi OA, c th t vi trm n hng trm nghn ln ln hn. Gi tr K ln cho php thc hin hi tip m su nhm ci thin nhiu tnh cht ca OA. ng cong l tng (h.2.104) i qua gc to . Trng thi Ur = 0 khi Uv = 0 gi l trng thi cn bng ca OA, tuy nhin i vi nhng OA thc t thng kh t c cn bng hon ton, ngha l khi Uv = 0 th Ur c th ln hn hoc nh hn khng. Nguyn nhn mt cn bng l do s tn mn cc tham s ca nhng linh kin trong khuch i vi sai (c bit l tranzito). S ph thuc vo nhit ca tham s OA gy nn tri thin p u vo v in p u ra theo nhit . V vy cn bng ban u cho OA ngi ta a vo mt trong cc u vo ca n mt in p ph thch hp hoc mt in tr iu chnh dng thin p mch vo. Ur Uv o Uv

Uv khng o

Hnh 2.104: c tuyn truyn t ca IC thut ton

136

in tr ra l mt trong nhng tham s quan trng ca OA. OA phi c in tr ra nh (hng chc hoc hng trm ) m bo in p ra ln khi in tr ti nh, iu t c bng mch lp emit u ra OA. Tham s tn s ca OA xc nh theo c tuyn bin tn s ca n (h.2.105a) b gim min tn s cao, bt u t tn s ct fc vi dc u (-20dB) trn mt khong mi (1 cc) ca trc tn s. Nguyn nhn l do s ph thuc cc tham s ca tranzito v in dung k sinh ca s OA vo tn s. Tn s f1 ng vi h s khuch i ca OA bng 1 gi l tn s khuch i n v. Tn s bin fc ng vi h s khuch i ca OA b gim i 2 ln, c gi l gii thng khi khng c mch hi tip m, fc thng thp c vi chc Hz. Khi dng OA khuch i tn hiu, thng s dng hi tip m u vo o. V c s dch pha tn hiu ra so vi tn hiu vo tn s cao nn c tuyn pha tn s ca OA theo u vo cn c thm gc lch pha ph v tr nn ln hn 180o (h.1.105b). mt tn s cao f* no , nu tng gc dch pha bng 360o th xut hin hi tip dng theo u vo o tn s lm mch b mt n nh (xem 2.5.1) tn s ny. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta mc thm mch hiu chnh pha RC ngoi chuyn tn s f* ra khi di thng ca b khuch i. Tham s mch RC v v tr mc chngtring s IC kh t kch do ngi sn xut ch dn. Di y ta kho st mt s mch ng dng c bn dng OA ch lm vic trong min tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t v c s dng hi tip m iu khin cc tham s c bn ca mch.

Hnh 2.105: Kho st IC thut ton bng m phng

137

2.4.2.

B khuch i o

Hnh 2.106: Khuch i o dng IC thut ton B khuch i o cho trn hnh 2.106, c thc hin hi tip m song song in p ra qua Rht. u vo khng o c ni vi im chung ca s (ni t). Tn hiu vo qua R1 t vo u o ca OA. Nu coi OA l l tng th in tr vo ca n v cng ln Rv , v dng vo OA v cng b I0 = 0, khi ti nt N c phng trnh nt dng in : Iv Iht. T ta c : Uv - U0 U0 - Ura = R1 Rht Khi K , in p u vo U0 = Ur/K 0, v vy (2-235) c dng : Uv/R1 = -Ur/Uht (2-236) (2-325)

Do h s khuch i in p K ca b khuch i o c hi tip m song song c xc nh bng tham s ca cc phn t th ng trong s : K = Ur/Uv = Rht/R1 (2-237)

Nu chn Rht = R1, th K = 1, s (h.2.106) c tnh cht tng o lp li in p (o tn hiu). Nu R1 = 0 th t phng trnh Iv Iht ta c Iv = Ura/Rht hay Ura = Iv.Rht tc l in p ra t l vi dng in vo (b bin i dng thnh p). V U0 0 nn Rv = R1, khi K th Rr = 0.

138

2.4.3.

B khuch i khng o

B khuch i khng o (h.2.107) gm c mch hi tip m in p t vo u o, cn tn hiu t ti u vo khng o ca OA. V in p gia cc u vo OA bng 0 (U0 = 0) nn quan h gia Uv v Ur xc nh bi :

Hnh 2.107: Khuch i khng o dng IC thut ton Uv = Ur. R1 R1 + Rht

H s khuch i khng o c dng : Kk = Ura Rht + R1 R = = 1+ ht Uvao R1 R1 (2-238a)

Lu khi n v tr gia li vo v li ra tc l thay th Ura bng Uvo v ngc li trong s (2.107a), ta c b suy gim in p : Ura = Uvao .R (Rht + R1 ) 1 (2-238b)

Khi Rht = 0 v R1 = th ta c s b lp li in p (h.2.107b) vi Kk = 1. in tr vo ca b khuch i khng o bng in tr vo OA theo u vo o v kh ln, in tr ra Rr 0.

2.4.4.

Mch cng

a - Mch cng o: S hnh 2.108 c dng b khuch i o vi cc nhnh song song u vo bng s lng tn hiu cn cng. Coi cc in tr l bng nhau : Rht = R1 = R2 = = Rn < Rv.

139

Khi Iv = 0 th Iht = I1 + I2 + + In hay Ur = (U1+U2+ +Un) = U i

i =1 n

(2-239)

Hnh 2.108 Mch cng o

Hnh 2.109: Mch cng khng o

Cng thc (2-239) phn nh s tham gia ging nhau ca cc s hng trong tng. Tng qut : Khi R1 Rn c : R R R Ur = ht U1 + ht U2 + ... + ht Un R R2 Rn 1
n R U U U = Rht 1 + 2 + ... + n = - iUi vi i = ht R R Ri Rn i =1 1 2

(2-240)

b - Mch cng khng o : S nguyn l ca mch cng khng o v trn hnh 2.109. Khi U0 = 0, in p hai u vo bng nhau v bng Uv+ = Uv = R1 .Ur R1 + Rht

Khi dng vo u khng o bng khng (Rv = ), ta c :

140

U1 - Uv - U2 - Uv U - Uv + + ... + n =0 R R R hay U1 + U2 + + Un = n. R1 Ur R1 + Rht

Ur =

R + Rht R1 + Rht .(U1 + U2 + ... + Un ) = 1 n.R n.R1 1

U
i =1 i

(2-241)

Chn cc tham s ca s thch hp s c tha s u tin ca v phi cng thc (2-240) bng 1 (R1 + Rht)/(n.R1) = 1 v Ura = U1 + U2 + + Un =

U
i =1

2.4.5.

Mch tr

Khi cn tr hai in p, ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 2.110. Khi in p u ra c tnh theo : Ur = K1U1 + K2U2 (2-242)

C th tm K1 v K2 theo phng php sau : Cho U2 = 0, mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o, tc l Ura = aU1 vy K1 = a. Khi U1 = 0, mch ny chnh l mch khuch i khng o c phn p. Khi Urb = Rb .U2 Rb + Rb /b

Ra/aa

Rb/ab

Hnh 2.110: Mch tr

141

H s khuch i ca mch lc l Vy:

b 1 + b

Ur = Ura + Urb = [b / (1+ b )](1+ a )U2 - aU1

Nu in tr trn c hai li vo l nh nhau, tc l a = b = th K2 = , K1 = Vy Ura = (U2 U1) (2-243)

Tng qut, s tr vn nng dng ng thi ly tng v ly hiu ca mt s in p vo bt k c th thc hin bng mch hnh 2.111. rt ra h thc cn thit, ta s dng quy tc nt i vi ca vo A ca b khuch i :

(R / ) +
i =1 a i

U1 - Ua

Ua - U =0 Ra

Rt ra : n iUi - Ua 'i + 1 + Ua = 0 i =1 i=1

n

Tng t i vi ca vo B ca b khuch i

U
' i i =1

'

n - Ub 'i + 1 = 0 i=1

nu Ua = Ub v tho mn thm iu kin :

=
i =1 i i =1

'

th sau khi tr i hai biu thc trn ta s c : Ua =

'iU'i - iUi
i =1 i =1

(2-244)

142

Hnh 2.111: Hiu cc tng tn hiu

2.4.6.

B tch phn

S b tch phn c m t trn hnh 2.112. Vi phng php tnh nh trn, t iu kin cn bng dng nt A, iR = iC ta c C dUr Uv = dt R

Hnh 2.112: B tch phn Ur = 1 Uv dt + Uro CR 0

t

(2-245)

143

 y: Uro l in p trn t C khi t = 0 (l hng s tch phn xc nh t iu kin ban u). Thng khi t = 0, Uv = 0 v Ur = 0. Nn ta c Ur = 1 Uv dt 0
t

(2-246)

y: t = RC gi l hng s tch phn ca mch. Khi tn hiu vo tng nc, tc thay i ca in p ra s bng: Ur U =- v t RC ngha l u ra b tch phn s c in p tng (hay gim) tuyn tnh theo thi gian. i vi tn hiu hnh sin, b tch phn s l b lc tng thp, quay pha tn hiu hnh sin i 90o v h s khuch i ca n t l nghch vi tn s .

2.4.7.

B vi phn

Hnh 2.112: B vi phn B vi phn cho trn hnh 2.113. Bng cc tnh ton tng t cc phn trn c in p ra ca n t l vi tc thay i ca in p vo: Ur = RC dUv dt (2-247)

y t = RC gi l hng s vi phn ca mch. Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin, b vi phn lm vic nh mt b lc tn cao, h s khuch i ca n t l thun vi tn s tn hiu vo [4] v lm quay pha Uvo 1 gc 90o. Thng b vi phn lm vic km n nh tn cao v khi

144

1 0 lm h s hi tip m gim nn khi s dng cn lu c im ny v wc b sung 1 in tr lm nht R1. zc =

2.4.8.

Cc b bin i hm s

Trong thc t thng cn to ra mt in p U2 l hm s no ca in p U1, tc l U2 = F(U1). y F l mt quan h hm nh hm logarit, hm m, hm lng gic, sin, cos, ca U1. Di y hy xt mt v d vi F c dng hm logarit, tc l cn nhn c mt s ph thuc c dng U2 = 1ln(2U1 )

Hnh 2.114 Mch Logarit dng it Hnh 2.114 Mch Logarit dng tranzito ni kiu it mun vy, c th dng biu thc dng ca it c phn 2.1: ID = Is eUak /mUT - 1

(Trong : Is : dng ngc tnh UT : in th nhit KT/eo M : h s iu chnh (1 < m < 2) Uak: in p trn it). Trong min lm vic (tho mn iu kin ID >> Is) c th coi : ID n= Is. eUak /mUT T ta c Uak = mUTln(ID/Is) (2-248)

145

chnh l hm logarit cn tm. thc hin quan h ny, c th s dng mch nh hnh 2.114. Nu coi vi mch khuch i thut ton l l tng ta c th tnh c nh sau : ID = U1 R

Ur = Uak. Rt ra : Ur = mUTln(U1/IsR) = mUTln10lg(U1/IsR) nhit phng s c : Ur = (1 2)60lg(U1/IsR)

[mV ]

Di in p lm vic c th ca mch bhn ch bi hai tnh cht c bit ca it. Do c in tr k sinh nn vi dng ln, trn c st p v dn n mo c tnh logarit. Ngoi ra h s m cn ph thuc vo dng in. V vy, chnh xc cn thit ch c th nhn c mch ny khi thay i in p vo trong phm vi 2 ecac. C th loi tr nh hng ca h s m v m rng di ra phm vi 6 8 ecac bng cch thay iot D bng mt tranzito T (h.2.115). i vi dng cc colet tranzito (UCB = 0) nghim ng vi h thc : Ic = IE = IES eUBE /mUT - 1

y s ph thuc ca cc hm s v m vo dng c b nhau, v vy c th vit : Ic = IES eUBE /UT - 1

Lc ny g ph thuc ch yu vo dng v tr s ca n gn bng 1. Khi UBE>0 c th vit Ic IES eUBE /UT hay Ur = UBE = UTln(U1/IES.R) (2-250)

Cht lng s logarit s c nng cao, c bit vi n nhit khi dng hai s 2.115 mc kiu s khuch i vi sai, l cu trc c bn cc IC ly logarit.

2.4.9.

Cc mch lc

Mch lc l mt mng bn cc, dng tch t mt tn hiu phc tp nhng thnh phn c tn s nm trong mt di nht nh v loi i nhng thnh phn ngoi di tn s . Di tn s m mch lc cho tn hiu i qua c gi l di thng ca n. Mch lc c ng dng ht sc rng ri trong mi di tn s. Chng thng c dng tch tn hiu hu ch khi tp nhiu. Ph thuc vo v tr ca di thng trong c di tn s ngi ta thng dng cc mch lc sau :

146

- Mch lc tn thp c di thng t ) n mt tn s w 2 no y (h.2.116a). - Mch lc tn cao c di thng t gi tr w1 n v hn (h.2.116b). - Mch lc thng di c di thng nm trong khong tn s t w1 n w 2 (h.2.116c). - Mch lc chn di c di thng chia lm hai vng: 0 w1 v t w 2 , (trong w 2 > w1 ) cn vng tn s t w1 w 2 tn hiu b trit tiu (h.2.116d). KL KL

w KL

KL

Hnh 2.116: c tuyn cc dng b lc Gi KL l h s truyn t ca mch lc tc l KL = Ur/Uv trong Ur l tn hiu u ra, Uv l tn hiu u vo mch lc, c tuyn bin tn s KL (w ) ca bn loi trn dng l tng cho trn hnh 2.116a, b, c, d. Mch lc c th xy dng t cc linh kin th ng RLC. Tuy nhin loi ny thng c suy gim ln, v vic s dng cun cm L lm cho mch lc tr nn cng knh kh ch to di dng vi mch, c bit l di tn thp. V vy trong di tn s di vi trm KHz ngi ta thng s dng mch lc c xy dng da trn cc linh kin th ng RC kt hp vi cc phn t tch cc (thng thng l cc vi mch thut ton) v lai ny c gi l mch lc tch cc. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc mch lc c hm truyn t bc hai v chng coa nhiu u im nh tng i n gin, h s phm cht c th t c ti vi trm, d iu chnh, lm vic n nh. Hm truyn t bc hai c vit di dng sau:

147

Hnh 2.117: Cc dng mch lc K(P) = b2p 2 + b1p + b0 a2p 2 + a1p + a0 (2-251)

y p = jwRC l bin phc chun ho. i vi bn loi mch lc trn, nu s dng loi mch lc bc hai th hm truyn t ca chng c dng c th nh sau : mch lc tn thp bc hai (b1 = b2 = 0) K(P) = b0 a 2p + a1p + a0
2

(2-252)

mch lc tn cao bc hai (b1 = b0 = 0) K(P) = b 2p 2 a 2p 2 + a1p + a0 (2-253)

mch lc thng di bc hai (b2 = b0 = 0) K(P) = b1p a 2p + a1p + a0

2

(2-254)

mch lc chn di bc hai (b1 = 0)

148

K(P) =

b 2p 2 + b0 a 2p 2 + a1p + a0

(2-255)

Trn hnh 2.117 a ra v d v dng mch lc tch cc c th tng ng vi cc dng mch lc tn thp, tn cao v thng di.

2.5.
2.5.1.

TO DAO NG IU HA
Nguyn l chung to dao ng iu ho
C ba phng php chnh to ra tn hiu hnh sin l:

- Dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh. - Bin i mt tn hiu tun hon t mt dng khc thnh dng hnh sin. - Dng b bin i s tng t (DAC). Phng php th nht c ng dng kha rng ri trong cc my to dao ng hnh sin c in. Phng trnh vi phn ca mt h dao ng c m t nh sau: d2 x dx + F x, + 2 x = 0 2 dt dt dx Trong F x, l mt hm phi tuyn m l h s nh, ng f th tho mn iu dt ' dx kin F x, dt 0 . My to dao ng hnh sin loi ny thng c xy dng da trn cc mch chn lc RLC. Loi my pht ny n gin, c h s mo nh. S khi ca chng c dng nh hnh 2.118. y AE l phn t tch cc c h s khuch i K ; W l l mch hi tip tuyn tnh c h s truyn t l b ph thuc vo tn s. Mch ny xc nh tn s dao ng ca h. B l mch hi tip phi tuyn dng n nh bin dao ng. b I AE/K R

W/b

Hnh 2.118: S khi mch dao ng

Hnh 2.119: My pht a tn hiu

149

Phng php th hai c s dng trong cc loi my pht a chc nng (my pht hm). Loi my pht ny cng lc c th cho nhiu dng tn hiu cc u ra khc nhau nh tn hiu hnh tam gic, tn hiu xung hnh ch nht.v.v.. Tn hiu hnh sin hn c nh mt b bin i xung tam gic-hnh sin. Loi my pht ny gn ay c s dng rng ri nh tnh a nng ca n. Tuy nhin tn hiu hnh sin y thng c h s mo ln hn so vi phng php trn. Mt trong nhng s khi in hnh ca loi my pht ny c m t trn hnh 2.117, trong : I l b tch phn, R l phn t rle, F l b bin i xung tam gic-hnh sin. Mch kn IR to nn mt h t dao ng, sinh ra hai dng tn hiu c dng xung tam gic v xung ch nht. X(t) t

Hnh 2.120: Xp x ha tn hiu hnh sin Da trn tin b k thut ca nhng nm sau ny, c bit trong lnh vc k thut s, ngi ta c th xy dng my pht tn hiu hnh sin da trn nguyn tc xp x ho tng on kt hp vi ly mu u theo thi gian (h.2.120). S khi my to dao ng hnh sin bng phng php s c m t trn hnh 2.221. Trong Tx l khi to xung nhp; C l b m thun nghch dng m theo thi gian gi tr tc thi ca i s; DFC l b bin i s hm to cc gi tr ca tn hiu hnh sin ( dng s); DAC l b bin i s tng t bin tn hiu t dng s (u ra ca DFC) thnh tn hiu tng t (hnh sin). mo tn hiu hnh sin ph thuc vo s lng mu ly trong mt chu k. Nu s ly mu cng ln (c xc nh bi tn s xung nhp) th hnh sin c chnh xc cng cao. Tuy nhin iu ny ph thuc vo gii hn tn s lm vic ca cc b DFC v DAC. V vy phng php ny khng th ng dng tn s cao tn hiu hnh sin vi h s mo nh c. Trong ba phng php nu trn, hai phng php u c s dng rng ri hn. V vy di y kho st k hn hai phng php ny. Tn hiu hnh sin TX RC DFC DAC

Hnh 2.121: To tn hiu hnh sin bng phng php s

150

2.5.2. My pht dao ng hnh sin dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh
My pht dao ng hnh sin thc hin bin i nng lng ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c tn s yu cu. Chng c cu to trn c s b khuch i c hi tip dng m bo ch t kch n nh tn s yu cu. Nu khng xt n phn mch phi tuyn dng n nh bin , s khi my pht dao ng hnh sin v li trn hnh 2.122. H s khuch i ca b khuch i v h s truyn t ca mchca mch hi tip l s phc, ngha l c tnh nswj ph thucca chng vo tn s. Tn hiu vo s my pht l mt phn ca in p ra c truyn theo mch hi tip dng. s lm vic trong ch pht sng th cn c hai iu kin: iu kin cn l tng cc gc dch pha ca tn hiu trong b khuch i k v trong mch hi tip (theo mt vng kn) l bi s ca 2. k + = 2n y : n = 0,1,2 Cng thc (2256) xc nh iu kin cn bng pha trong b khuch i c hi tip dng. iu kin th hai gi l iu kin v bin c xc nh bi bt ng thc |K|.|| 1 (2257) (2-256)

Mun u ra ca my pht c in p dng hnh sin th cng thc (2-256), (2 257) ch ng mt tn s. ngha vt l ca bt ng thc (2257) l: Tn hiu c khuch i ln |K| ln v b suy gim mch hi tip || ln, khi tho mn iu kin (2157) th tn hiu xut hin u vo b khuch i cng pha nh trc, nhng bin ln. Ni cch khc i, bt ng thc |K|.|| > 1 xc nh iu kin cn my t kch khi c nhng thay i u tin ca dng in v in p trong s khuch i. ng thc |K|.|| =1 tng ng vi vic chuyn my pht sang ch cng tc xc lp, khi c s tng ca bin dao ng ko theo h s khuch i K gim do c tuyn ca tranzito khng tuyn tnh (vi bin tn hiu ln). Trong ch xc lp th th tn hiu u ra v vo my pht tng ng vi mt gi tr n nh no . l v do suy gim do mch hi tip gy ra c b hon ton nh b khuch i (iu kin cn bng bin ). Gi tr in p xc lp tu thuc vo h s khuch i ca b khuch i K i vi tn hiu nh cng nh vo khng tuyn tnh ca dc tuyn tranzito. S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo nhit v in tr ti l nguyn nhn gy ra khng n nh bin in p ra. n nh bin ny, ngi ta mc thm vo mch mt phn t n nh khng tuyn tnh, cng nh thc hin hi tip m phn thc.

151

Hnh 2.123: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp bin p My pht dao ng hnh sin thng dng mch dao ng LC v mch RC ph thuc tn s. My pht dng LC to ra tn hiu cao tn (tn s cao hn vi chc kHz), cn my pht dng RC to ra tn hiu tn thp (ti vi Hz). to ra dao ng hnh sin, cc biu thc (2-256)(2-257) c tho mn i vi tn hiu iu chun f0 v tr khng ca mch dao ng phi l thun tr. S thay i gc di pha ca b khuch i khi lch khi tn s cng hng l iu kin hon thnh biu thc (2-256) i vi tn s f0, v tr khng ca mch s khng phi l thun tr, m mang tnh cht in khng (in cm hay in dung). Tnh cht ng n ca biu thc (2-257) i vi tn s cng hng c xc nh bng tr s cc i ca h s khuch i tn s f0. Mch in ca my pht LC rt a dng. Chng c th khc nhau do phng php mc mch dao ng LC trong b khuch i v thc hin hi tip dng. S my pht v trn hnh 2.123 thc hin hi tip dng nh cch ghp tip bin p thch hp.

152

Cc tham s ca mch dao ng ny l in dung C v in cm L cu b s cp bin p. Trong s khuch i mt tng ti thun tr th tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hin vo. V th m bo iu kin cn bng pha (2-156) th mch hi tip dng tn s cng hng phi thc hin o pha tn hiu a ti u vo b khuch i. Tn hiu hi tip dng ly t cun W 2 qua t phn ng Cpt t ti u vo tranzito. S di pha cn thit ca mch hi tip thc hin bng cch mc mc u dy cun th cp thch hp. V in p hi tip nh hn in p ra nn t s vng dy n = 2/1 < 1.

Hnh 2.124: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp t bin p Tn s dao ng to ra gn vi tn s cng hng ca mch dao ng f= 1 2 LC (2-258)

Tn hiu hi tip cng c th ly trc tip t colect mch dao ng bng cch lm cun dy hay t c nhiu u ra. Vi cc s pht sng nh th, mch dao ng c ba im ni vi b khuch i, v vy gi l mch ba im. Trong s pht sng hnh 2.124 (ba im in cm), nhnh in cm qun hai cun W1, W 2. Tn hiu hi tip ly t cun W2 in p ly ra t colect qua t Cp2. in p trn cun W 1, W 2 i vi im chung (t) ngc pha nhau. Tn hiu t cun W 1 qua t Cp1 (Cp1<<C) c a ti u vo tranzitor. Trong s hnh 2.125 (ba im in dung), mch dao ng gm in cm L v hai t ni tip C1, C2 c mc

153

song song vi mch ra ca tng. in p hi tip ly t t C2 t ti u vo tranzito qua t Cp1. in p trn t C1 v C2 i vi im chung (t) ngc pha nhau v th s to nn hi tip dng. iu kin t kch c m bo theo quan h: CL r (B) = v C 2 R c //R t y: rv (B) - in tr vo ca tranzito theo s BC; Rt - in tr ti mch ngoi. tnh ton tn s ta dng cng thc (2-258) y C=C1C2/(C1+C2) V tr s ca L, C trong mch dao ng v tham s ca tranzito ph thuc vo nhit nn tn s f ca my pht to ra cng s ph thuc vo nhit . Mun tng n nh tn s th phi tng n nh theo nhit cho ch tnh ca tranzito, cng nh dng bin php b s thay di ca tn s theo nhit . Mt trong nhng phng php b l mc thm vo mch dao ng nhng t in c in dung ph thuc vo tn s. Trong nhng my pht c cht lng cao, ngi ta dng b cng hng thch anh, khi n nh tn s l ln nht. (2.259)

Hnh 2.125: M phng hot ng ca mch dao ng ghp ba im in dung

154

 di tn s thp (di vi chc kHz), ngi ta dng mch pht sng RC. y khng dng mch LC v n lm tng kch thc v trng lng ca cc phn t trong mch dao ng. Mch pht sng RC da trn c s dng mch ph thuc tn s gm in tr v t in c s khi tng t nh my pht sng LC cho hnh 2.122. Trong khi khuch i, tn hiu ra c th ngc pha hoc ng pha vi tn hiu vo. Trong trng hp u, mch hi tip RC ph thuc tn s phi dch pha tn hiu 1800 tn s pht sng, cn trng hp th hai th khng cn dch pha tn hiu. Gii quyt hai nhim v ny bng nhiu s mch RC khc nhau. Hnh 2.126a l s loi thang R song song thc hin dch pha tn hiu 1800. S ny c h s truyn t v pha tn hiu ca mch RC ph thuc vo tn s. V s dch pha cc i ca mt khu RC tn s gn bng khng l vo khong 900, nn c gc dch pha l 1800, cn c t nht ba khu RC ni tip (thng ngi ta dng mch c ba khu RC l ). S ph thuc |b| v jb vo tn s i vi mch ba khu RC khi C1 = C2 = C3 = C v R1 = R2 = R3 v trn hnh 2.126b vi biu thc: r =

[(1- 5 ) + (6 - ) ]
2 2 2

1/2 2 2

j = arctg

6 - 2 vi a = 1/wRC 1- 52

Tn s f0 ng vi gc di pha bng 1800 c xc nh theo [4] (t c lc a2=6) f0 = 1 2 RC (2-260)

Ta thy tn s f0 mun ca h s truyn t ca mch hi tip l b = 1/29. Do my pht ch c th t kch nu h s khuch i ca b khuch i tho mn K 29. Hnh 2.127 v s my pht RC dng khuch i thut ton. Mch hi tip ph thuc vo tn s c mc gia u ra v u vo o. Mun c h s khuch i theo yu cu (K 29) th phi chn t s Rht/Rtd 29 y Rtd= R3//R0. in tr vo b khuch i o bng R0 cng vi R3 xc nh thnh phn thun tr ca khu cui cng trong mch hi tip ph thuc tn s. V th tnh f0 theo (2260) cn phi chn R1 = R2 = R3 // R0 = R. Trn thc t mun c bin dao ng cn thit th phi hiu chnh in tr Rht.

155

Hnh 2.127: To dao ng hnh sin kiu RC dng IC thut ton Hnh 2.128a v mch hi tip RC khng lm dch pha tn hiu tn s f0. chnh l cu Vin. c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s cho trn hnh 2.128b vi cc biu thc dng: 1
2 1 9 + - 1/2

1 - 1 ;j = arctg ; = 3 RC

Ti a = 1 hay f0 = 1/2pRC c jb = 0 nn khi xy dng b to sng dng khuch i thut ton (h.2.129) th mch hi tip ph thuc tn s (h.2.128a) c mc gia u ra v u vo khng o ca khuch i thut ton. V tn s f0 h s truyn t ca mch cu Vin l 1/3 nn my pht ch t kch khi K 3, ngha l phi chn t s Rht/R0 2. Tn s ca my pht xc nh theo f0 = 1 1 = 2 R1R 2C1C 2 2R (2-216)

y: R1 = R2 = R v C1 = C2 = C Bin dao ng cn thit t c bng cch hiu chnh in tr Rht hay R0 trong qu trnh iu chnh s .

156

Cn lu mt im l nu chn t s Rht/R0 = 2 th ti tn s f0, in p hi tip ly trn ng cho cu gia 2 u vo o v khng o ca OA bng 0, tc l mch khng th dao ng c. V l do ny ngi ta thng s dng loi cu Vin c ci bin bng cch chn quan h Rht/R0 = 2 + e vi e l 1 lng v cng b (mt vi %) mch d dao ng c n nh tn s cao nh c tnh jb dc hn ln cn f0. T s Rht/Ro = 2 + e l 1 hm ca bin in p ra to kh nng t ng n nh bin dao ng hnh sin ti u ra ca my pht. Dng khuch i thut ton c hi tip m su s lm n nh tham s ca b pht sng RC. V vy khng n nh tn s theo nhit trong b pht sng RC ch yu l do s ph thuc ca mch RC vo nhit . n nh ca n nm trong khong 0.1 3%.

2.5.3.

To tn hiu hnh sin bng phng php bin di t mt dng tn hiu hon ton khc

Hnh 2.119 m t s khi ca phng php ny. y l dng my pht vn nng hn, c nhiu u im v hin nay c s dng kh rng ri. S cu trc ca mt my pht loi ny (my pht hm) c trnh by trn hnh 2.130a. H kn gm mt mch tch phn I, (mt mch khuch i thut ton v hai phn t R1C1), phn t rle R (mch khuch i thut ton gm 1 khu hi tip dng R1R2) to thnh mt h t dao ng v cho ra hai dng tn hiu: tn hiu tam gic (U1) v tn hiu xung ch nht (U2) (xem thm phn 3.6). Hm truyn t ca phn t rle U2 = f1(U1) c m t trn hnh 2.130b. Cn hm truyn t ca b bin i xung tam gic hnh sin U3 = f2(U1) c dng nh hnh 2.130c. Nguyn tc lm vic ca c h thng ny c th gii thch s b nh sau: Nu tn hiu vo c dng tuyn tnh i xung (h.130d) cho n khi t ti mc U1 s lm lt mch rle thnh + U2 cn ch |U2| > |U1|. T thi im ny ti u ra ca mch tch phn tn hiu c dng tuyn tnh i ln cho n khi t ti gi tr U1 lm cho rle chuyn v trng thi ban u (-U2). Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy v u ra ca rle c dng xung ch nht ln U2 v u ra ca mch tch phn c dng xung tam gic bin U1(h.2.130d). Cc tn hiu ny cng tn s v cc khong cch xung ( dy, rng). Nu c tuyn tr ca rle i xng qua trc X v trc Y c ngha l ngng lt mch nh nhau U1 v mc tn hiu ra U2 cng l nh nhau th tn s dao ng c tnh bng cng thc sau: xut pht t phng trnh: IC1 = C1 suy ra Dt=C1DUC1/I hay f = 1/ 2Dt do : UC1 t I

157

f=

.U2 4R1C1U1

Trong =R/Rf, R l phn di ca in tr Rf (h.2.130a); R1C1: hng s thi gian ca mch tch phn. Tn s ca mch c th iu chnh nh thay i Rf, y t l rng xung.

Hnh 2.130: S my pht hm Tn hiu hnh sin nhn c nh mt b bin i c bit c cj tuyn truyn t phi tuyn nh hnh 2.130c. nhn c hnh sin l tng, khi u vo c dng xung tam gic, c tnh truyn t ca phn t ny phi c dng chu k hnh sin tc l U3 = asinU1. Trong a l hng s. Dng ca tn hiu trn c m t trn hnh 2.130d. Yu cu i vi phn t rle trong my pht hm c di tn s rng (t di 1Hz n 10MHz) l c tc truyn mch rt phi rt nhanh. thc hin n, c th dng mch so snh (comparator) (xem thm 1.3.3). Nhnng cc mch so snh hin nay thng c thi gian chuyn mch tng i ln (0,03 4)s nn ch s dng chng tn s khng qu 100kHz. V vy trong trong my pht hm phn t rle thng c xy dng trn c s mch ri rc dng cc tranzito cao tn (tranzito xung). (Thi gian chuyn mch khng qu 2030ns). nhn bit c tn hiu hnh sin t xung tam gic, b bin i xung tam gic hnh sin cn c hm truyn t U3 = asinU1. thc hin hm ny, c hai phng php chnh l phng php xp x tng on tuyn tnh v phng php xp x tng on khng tuyn tnh.

158

Phng php xp x bng nhng on tuyn tnh l chia khong hnh sin thnh 4n phn nh v thay th mi phn bng mt on thng c nghing khc nhau (h.2.231).

1.........n

Hnh 2.131: Xp x dng hnh sin S n cng ln th chnh xc cng cao v h s mo ca hnh sin nhn c cng nh. Mt trong nhng s thc hin phng php ny c m t trn hnh 2.321. y n = 6. Cc it D1 D10 trng thi ban u l kho bng cc mc in p cho trc: |U1| <<|U5| < Uvm y Uvm l bin xung tam gic li vo. Khi Uv tng dn th ln lt cc it m v sau kho (nhm it l lm vic na dng v nhm it chn lm vic na m ca in p tam gic) to thnh tng on tn hiu tuyn tnh c dc khc nhau. dc ca tng on ny c xc nh bi in dn tc ng ln tng khong thi gian tng ng. Xt trong chu k u, khi s th t ca tng on cng cao (1,2,, n n) th dc s cng gim. Nu gi in dn ban u (khi tt c cc it u kho) l Yo=1/R v dn ca tng mch c it m l Y1=1/R1 v Y2 = 1/R2 th dc ca tng on bt k l: tg a n = Y0 (Y1 + Y2 + + Yn) = 1 1 1 1 + + ... + ' R 0 R1 R 2 Rn

Trong an l gc nghing ca on th n. Phng php xp x ho bng nhng on khng tuyn tnh l chia hnh sin ra lm nhiu on v mi on thay bng cc hm phi tuyn. Th d: ng c tuyn Von ampe ca it c dng a thc bc hai y = ax2 + bx + c (xp x tng on bng hm bc hai) thay c tuyn Vnampe ca in tr bn dn (Varistor) c dng a thc: y = ai x n i
i=0 n

Xp x bng on cong hoc dng tranzito trng (FET) m c tuyn Vnampe ca it c dng y = asinx trong khong 0 /2. So vi phng php xp x tng on tuyn tnh, phng php xp x tng on khng tuyn tnh cho chnh xc cao hn. (H s mo hnh sin nh hn nu cng s lng chia on n) nhng thc hin phc tp hn.

159

Hnh 2.132: Bin i xung tam gic thnh hnh sin bng phng php xp x tng on tuyn tnh tn s fmax 1Mhz, ngi ta c th s dng FET bin i xung tam gic thnh hnh sin do c tnh ca loi ny nh ni trn. S b bin i ny c m t trn hnh 2.133. tn hiu hnh sin khng b mo cn m bo cc iu kin sau: Uv = 1,33Uc RD = Rs = rDSO y : Uv bin in p tam gic. UC in p ct ca tranzito trng T; rDSO in tr knh ca JFET khi in p trn cc ca bng khng. Tuy nhin cc tham s ca tranzito trng ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . V vy m bo cho b bin i ny lm vic tt cn c cc bin php n nh nhit hay b nhit bng cc phn t mc thm.

160

Hnh 2.133: B bin i xung tam gic thnh hnh sin dng JFET

2.6.
2.6.1.

NGUN MT CHIU
Khi nim chung

Ngun mt chiu c nhim v cung cp nng lng mt chiu cho cc mch v cc thit b in t hot ng. Nng lng mt chiu ca n tng qut c ly t ngun xoay chiu ca li in thng qua mt qu trnh bin i c thc hin trong ngun mt chiu.

U1~

Bin p

Chnh lu

B lc

n p (n dng)

Ti

Hnh 2.134: S khi ngun mt chiu Hnh 2.134 biu din s khi ca mt b ngun hon chnh vi chc nng cc khi nh sau: Bin p bin i in p xoay chiu U1 thnh in p xoay chiu U2 c gi tr thch hp vi yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng trc tip U1 khng cn bin p. Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn in p xoay chiu U2 thnh in p mt chiu khng bng phng Ut (c gi tr thay i nhp nh). S thay i ny ph thuc c th vo tng dng mch chnh lu (xem 2.1.3). B lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu p mch Ut thnh in p mt chiu U01 t nhp nh hn.

161

 B n p mt chiu (n dng) co nhim v n nh in p (dng in) u ra ca n Uo2 (It) khi Uo1 b thay i theo s mt n nh ca Uo1 hay It. trong nhiu trng hp nu khng c yu cu cao th khng cn b n p hay n dng mt chiu. Tu theo iu kin v yu cu c th m b chnh lu c th mc theo nhng s khc nhau v dng cc loi van chnh lu khc nhau. B chnh lu cng sut va v ln thng dng mch chnh lu ba pha. Di y kho st tng khi nu trn trong b ngun mt chiu. Ring phn mch chnh lu xem (2.1.3) v (2.4).

2.6.2.

Lc cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in ra ti

Trong cc mch chnh lu ni trn in p hay dng in ra ti tuy c cc tnh khng i, nhng gi tr ca chng thay i theo thi gian mt cch chu ki, gi l s p mch ca in p hay dng in sau khi chnh lu. Mt cch tng qut khi ti thun tr, dng in tng hp ra ti l: it = Io + A nsinni + Bncosnt
n =1 n =1

Trong Io l thnh phn mt chiu v

A sinni + B cosnt
n=1 n n=1 n

l tng cc sng hi xoay chiu c gi tr, pha v tn s khc nhau ph thuc vo loi mch chnh lu. Vn t ra l phi lc cc sng hi ny cho it t p mch, v cc sng hi gy s tiu tn nng lng v ch v gy ra nhiu lon cho s lm vic ca ti. Trong mch chnh lu chu k thnh mt chiu Io tng gp i so vi chu k, thnh phn sng hi c bn (n=1) b trit tiu, ch cn cc sng hi c bc n=2 tr ln. Vy mch chnh lu chu k c tc dng lc bt sng hi. Ngi ta nh ngha h s p mch Kp ca b lc: Kp= Bin sng hi ln nht ca it (hay Ut) / Gi tr trung bnh ca it (hay Ut) Kp cng nh th cht lng ca b lc cng cao. Ngi ta tnh ton rng khi chnh lu chu k K=1,58 , khi chnh lu hai na chu k K=0,667. thc hin nhim v lc ni trn, cc b lc sau y thng c dng: a- B lc bng t in Trng hp ny c nu trong phn b chnh lu ti dung tnh 2.1.3. Nh c t ni song song vi ti, in p ra ti t nhp nh hn. Do s np v phng ca t qua cc l/2 chu k v do cc sng hi bc cao c r qua mch C xung im chung, dng in ra ti ch cn thnh phn mt chiu v mt lng nh sng hi bc thp. Vic tnh ton h s p mch ca b lc dng t dn ti kt qu:

162

Kp =

2 CR t

(2-265)

Ngha l tc dng lc cng r rt khi C v Rt cng ln (Rt tiu th dng in nh). Vi b chnh lu dng in cng nghip (tn s 50Hz hay 60 Hz), tr s t C thng c gi tr t vi mF n vi nghn mF (t ha). b - Lc bng cun dy L (cun chn) Mch lc bng cun L c cho hnh 2.135b. Cun L mc ni tip vi ti Rt nn khi dng in it ra ti bin thin p mch, trong cun L s xut hin sc in ng t cm chng li. Do lm gim cc sng hi (nht l cc sng hi bc cao). V mt in khng, cc sng hi bc n c tn s cng cao s b cun L chn cng nhiu. Do dng in ra ti ch c thnh phn mt chiu Io v mt phn lng nh sng hi. chnh l tc dng lc ca cun L. H s p mch ca b lc dng cun L l : Kp = Rt/3wL (2-266)

Hnh 2.135: S cc b lc a) Lc bng t in; b) Lc bng cun chn; c) Lc hnh L ngc; d) Lc hnh

163

Ngha l tc dng lc ca cun L cng tng khi Rt cng nh (ti tiu th dng in ln). V vy, b lc ny thch hp vi mch chnh lu cng sut va v ln. Gi tr cun L cng ln th tc dng chn cng tng; tuy nhin cng khng nn dng L qu ln, v khi in tr mt chiu ca cun L ln, st p mt chiu trn n tng v hiu sut b chnh lu gim. c - B lc hnh L ngc v hnh p Cc b lc ny s dng tng hp tc dng ca cun L v t C lc (h.2.135c v 2.135d), do cc sng hi cng b gim nh v dng in ra ti (hay in p trn ti) cng t nhp nh. tng tc dng lc c th mc ni tip 2 hay 3 mt lc hnh p vi nhau. Khi dng in v in p ra ti gn nh bng phng hon ton. Trong mt s trng hp tit kim v gim kch thc, trng lng ca b lc, ta c th thay cun L bng R trong cc mt lc hnh L ngc hay hnh p (h.2.135c). Lc R gy st p c thnh phn mt chiu trn n dn ti hiu sut v cht lng b lc thp hn khi dng cun L. Thng ngi ta chn gi tr R sao cho st p mt chiu trn n bng (10-20)% Uo khong vi W n vi kW. d - B lc cng hng Hnh 2.136a biu th b lc cng hng dng mch cng hng song song Lk Ck mc ni tip vi ti Rt nh vy s chn sng hi c tn s bng tn s cng hng ca n. Ngoi ra t C1 cn c tc dng lc thm. Hnh 2.136b biu th b lc cng hng dng mch cng hng ni tip LKCK mc song song vi ti Rt. tn s cng hng ni tip ca mch LKCK tr khng ca n rt nh nn n ngn mch cc sng hi c tn s bng hay gn bng tn s cng hng.

Hnh 2.136: Mch in cc b lc cng hng

164

2.6.3.

c tuyn ngoi ca b chnh lu

Trong mch chnh lu do c in tr thun ca cc cun dy bin p ca cc it v ca cc phn t b lc mc ni tip vi ti nn khi dng in ti Io tng, in p 1 chiu ra ti Uo gim. ng biu th quan h gia Uo v Io gi l c tuyn ngoi ca b chnh lu. Ta c th biu th gi ca in p ra Uo nh sau: Uo = Eo (SDUD + Iarb-a + IORL) (2-267)

UD l gi tr trung bnh ca in p h trn cc it ca mt v chnh lu: Iarb-a l gi tr trung bnh ca st p trong cc cun s cp v th cp bin p khi c dng in qua 1 v, I0RL l st p trn phn t lc mc ni tip. Hnh 2.137 biu th cc c tuyn ngoi ca b chinh lu hai 1/2 chu k vi cc b lc khc nhau. so snh cc trng hp trn, c th cn c vo: - in p ra khi khng ti Eo - dc ca c tuyn v dng ca chng: Trng hp khng lc, in p khng ti bng tr s hiu dng ca dng mt na hnh sin tn s 100Hz. Trong cc trng hp khc, do in tr trong ca van ph thuc vo dng in ti nn c tuyn hi cong, dc ca c tuyn ph thuc in tr ra ca b chnh lu. ng 2 ng vi trng hp t lc C. Do c t lc nn in p khng ti tng ln khi dng Io tng, ngoi ra nh hng ca van, bin p, s phng nhanh ca t C qua ti cng lm cho Uo gim nhanh hn khi gim gi tr t lc.

Uo Lc C Lc hnh p Khng lc Lc RC

Io Hnh 2.137: c tuyn ngoi ca b chnh lu

165

ng 3 ng vi trng hp lc RC. Khi Io tng, st p trn in tr lc R tng nhanh nn in p ra ti Uo gim nhanh nht so vi cc trng hp nu y. ng 4 ng vi trng hp lc LC (hnh L ngc). Phn c tuyn gim nhanh do dng t ha cho cun L cha gy st p cm tnh. Sau cng vi s tng ca dng t ha cun L, st p cm tnh trn cun L v nh hng ca n tng ln lm cho Uo gim chm nhng vn c dc ln hn khi khng lc do cun L c in tr 1 chiu. ng 5 ng vi b lc hnh P gn ging vi trng hp lc t C do c tuyn chu nh hng ch yu ca t C. Nhn chung, dc ca c tuyn ngoi phn nh in tr ra (in tr trong) ca b chnh lu. Do yu cu chung i vi mt ngun p, chng ta mong mun in tr ny cng nh cng tt.

2.6.4.

n nh in p v dng in

a - n nh in p Nhim v n nh in p (gi tt l n p) mt chiu ra ti khi in p v tn s li in thay i, khi ti bin i (nht l i vi bn dn) rt thng gp trong thc t. in tr ra ca b ngun cung cp yu cu nh, hn ch s ghp k sinh gia cc tng, gia cc thit b dng chung ngun chnh lu. Vic n nh in p xoay chiu bng cc b n p xoay chiu c nhiu hn ch nht l khi in p li thay i nhiu. Dng b n p mt chiu bng phng php in t c s dng ph bin hn c bit khi cng sut ti yu cu khng ln v ti tiu th trc tip in p 1 chiu. Cc ch tiu c bn ca mt b n p l: - H s n p xc nh bng t s gia lng bin thin tng i ca in p u vo v in p u ra khi gi ti mt gi tr khng i. K . = dUvo / Uvo R t = const dUra / Ura (2-268)

Phn bit h s n p theo ng dy: K dy = y Ura1 Ura2 % l h s n p theo ti K tai = % Ura Ura

DUra1 c xc nh khi dUvo/ Uvo = 10% DUra2 c xc nh khi DIti = Itmax.

- in tr ra c trng cho s bin thin ca in p ra khi dng in ti thay i (ly gi tr tuyt i v thng DUra > 0 khi DIt > 0)

166

R ra =

dUra U = const dt t v

(2-269)

- Hiu sut: o bng t s cng sut ra ti v cng sut danh nh u vo: = Ura .It UvoIv (2=270)

- Lng tri (lng khng n nh) ca dng (in p) mt chiu ra ti: DUtri = DUvo / K. Cc dng b n p trn thc t c chia thnh ba loi chnh: n p kiu tham s, n p kiu b tuyn tnh v n p kiu b xung. n p kiu tham s. Nguyn I v c tuyn ca b n p kiu tham s dng it zener c nu 2.l.3. y, ch cn nhc li vi nhn xt chnh sau: + Khi in p vo U1 bin i lng DU1 kh ln, t c tuyn it n p silic, ta thy in p n nh bin i rt t v dng in qua it I tng ln kh ln. Vy ton b lng tng gim ca U1 hu nh h trn Rhc in p ra ti hu nh khng i. + Trng hp nu nh U1 = const v ch c dng ti t tng s gy nn s phn phi li dng in. Khi Io gim xung. Kt qu l ng in Ir hu nh khng thay i v U2 gi khng i.

Hnh 2.138: Mch dng nhiu it n p mc ni tip cho nhiu mc theo yu cu + H s n nh ca mch t l vi t s Rhc/ri (ri l in tr trong ca phn t n nh lc lm vic) ngha l ri cng nh cng tt v gii hn trn ca Rhc do dng Imin ca phn t n nh quyt inh. Khi cn n nh in p cao qu in p n nh ca it c th mc ni tip 2 hay nhiu it n p, khi c th nhn c nhiu mc in p n nh (h. 2.138).

167

B n p tham s c u im l mch n gin, tit kim, khuyt im ca n l cht lng n p thp v khng thay i c mc in p ra U2 theo yu cu. n p loi b dng b khuch i c iu khin (phng php b tuyn tnh). nng cao cht lng n nh, ngi ta dng b n p kiu b (cn gi l n p so snh hoc n p c hi tip). Ty theo phng php cu trc, b n p b c hai dng c bn l kiu song song v kiu ni tip. S khi b n p kiu song song c c nguyn l lm vic ca loi ny tng t b n p tham s. Trong phn t n p mc song song vi ti c thay bng phn t iu chnh iu tit dng in trong gii hn cn thit qua iu chnh gim p trn in tr Ro theo xu hng b li: U2 = U1 - URd, do , in p ra ti c gi khng i. B to in p chun a Ech vo so snh vi in p ra U2 b so snh v lch gia chng c khuch i nh khi Y. in p ra ca Y s khng ch phn t iu chnh D. S bin i dng in ti t 0 Itmax s gy nn s bin i tng ng dng in qua phn t iu chnh t Idmax 0. Hnh 2.139a, b biu th s khi b n p b mc ni tip, trong phn t iu chnh D c mc ni tip vi ti, do dng in qua ti cng gn bng dng qua D. Nguyn l hot ng ca b n p da trn s bin i in tr trong ca n iu chnh D theo mc sai lch ca in p ra (sau khi c so snh v khuch i) V d, do nguyn nhn no lm cho U2 bin i, qua mch so snh v khuch i Y tn hiu sai lch s tc ng vo n iu chnh D lm cho in tr ca n bin i theo chiu hng l U/c trn hai cc ca n b li s bin i ca U1. Ta c: U2 = U1 U/c (h. 2.189a,b) do c s bin i cng chiu gia U1 v U/c, U2 s n nh hn.

Hnh 2.139: a) S khi b n p ni tip dng, a*) S khi b n p mc ni tip m

168

Trong hai s trn, phn t iu chnh gy ra tn hao ch yu v nng lng trong b n p v lm hiu sut ca b n p khng vt qu c 60%. Trong s mc song song, cng sut tn hao ch yu xc nh bng cng sut tn hao trn R v trn n iu chnh D l: Pth = (U1 - U2)(It + ID) + U2ID = (Ut - U2)It + U1ID Trong s mc ni tip, cng sut tn hao ch do phn t iu chnh quyt nh Pth = (Ut - U2)It Vy s ni tip c tn hao t hn s song song mt lng l UtI nn hiu sut cao hn v n c dng ph bin hn. u im ca s song song l khng gy nguy him khi qu ti v n lm ngn mch u ra. S ni tip yu cu phi c thit b bo v v khi qu ti, dng qua n iu chnh v qua b chnh lu s qu ln gy hng n hoc bin p.

Hnh 2.140 : Mch n p kiu b v kt qu m phng

169

Hnh 2.140 a ra mch nguyn l ca mt b n p cc tnh m b mc ni tip cu to theo s khi 2.139a nu trn. Gi thit U1 gim, tc thi U2 gim, gy nn s gim ca Uht. in p so snh Ui = Uht - Ech = UBE1 ca T1 gim. V vy Urc gim, Ub2 m hn nn UBE2 tng, dng T2 tng. Do Uc gim. Ta c U2 = U1 Uc Nu gia s gim ca Ut v Uc bng nhau, th U2 = const Nu dng ti tng dn n in p U2 gim tc thi th mch hot ng tng t trn s gi n nh U2. Cc t C1 v C3 lc thm v kh dao ng k sinh, C2 nng cao cht lng n nh i vi cc thnh phn mt n nh bin i chm theo thi gian. R2 thay i mc in p ra (dch im trt xung th |U2| tng). Lu : Khi mun n nh in p cc tnh dng, cn thay i cc tranzito l loi npn, i chiu it Dz v cc t ha trong s 2.140. H s n nh ca mch c tnh theo cng thc: K = Rc r R // R 2 rv .A + R c B ( 1+ 1 ) rE rB (2-271)

Trong rv, rb, rE l in tr vo, in tr baz v in tr colect T2 A = 1+ r R1 // R 2 + r 2 rv

l h s iu chnh, trong : r - in tr ng ca Dz; R1 v R2 - in tr b phn p; b2 - h s khuch i dng in ca T2. H s A nu ln nh hng ca it n p, ca T2 n cht lng n nh: A thng c gi tr l,5 2. in tr ra ca b n p: R ra = Trong . B = 1+ R1 // R 2 rB rE .R c .rv .A R c rBB + rv rc A (2-272)

H s n nh c th t vi trm. Rra t phn chc n phn trm m. nng cao cht lng n nh c th dng nhng bin php sau y:

170

+ Tng h s khuch i bng cch dng 2 hay 3 tng khuch i hoc thay T2 bng tranzito mc t hp c b ln c 103 104. + Kh tri in p do vic dng b khuch i ghp trc tip bng cch dng s khuch i vi sai c b nhit nh hnh 2.141a. .in p n nh do D to ra c a vo B1 ca T1: in p hi tip a vo B2 ca T2, in p ra ca mch khuch i vi sai ly trn colect ca T2 (u ra khng i xng) a vo khng ch T3. Do mch vi sai c tri theo nhit rt nh nn cht lng n nh c tng ln.

Hnh 2.141: Cc b n p cht lng cao a) S dng khuch i cn bng; b) S dng ngun n nh ph + Dng ngun 1 chiu n nh ph cung cp cho T1 ngun ny n nh theo s bin thin ca ti v ngun nn cht lng n nh tng ln. + Dng b khuch i thut ton. C th dng vi mch mA 741 thay cho n khuch i T1. Do vi mch c h s khuch i ln, n nh cao nn cht lng b n p tng. Trong s , D2 n nh in p mt chiu cho u vo khng o 3. in p ra ca mA741 ly chn 6 c a vo khng ch T. D1 l n n p c tc dng nh mc in p t u ra ca mA741 vo baz ca tranzito T. u im chung ca cc b n p theo phng php b lin tc l cht lng n nh cao v cho php thay i c mc in p ra trong 1 di nht nh. Tuy nhin, hiu sut nng lng thp (di 50%) do tn hao cng sut ca ngun 1 chiu trn b n nh tng i ln. nng cao cht lng n p c bit l di iu chnh in p ra, n nh ca in p ra cng nh nng cao hiu sut nng lng, hin nay ngi ta s dng phng php n p b khng lin tc (hay thng gi l n p xung).

171

- n p xung + Nguyn l chung: c im quan trng nht ca b n p b tuyn tnh l s sai lch in p ra c t lin tc ln mt tranzito cng sut iu khin, b li sai lch ny v gi tri in p ra sau b n nh: U ra = Un nh Uvo min vi Uvo min l gi tr nh nht ca in p a ti b n nh. cc b n p xung, ngi ta thay tranzito iu khin bng mt b chuyn mch xung. Tr s trung bnh (1 chiu) ca in p li ra c iu chnh nh vic ng hay m chuyn mch theo 1 chu k xc nh v vi thi gian ng hay m c th iu chnh c theo mc sai lch ca Ura. Nu t b chuyn mch in t mch th cp ca bin p ngun, ta nhn c b n p xung th cp. Trong trng hp ngc li, nu mch s cp, ta c b n p xung s cp. gim nh cng sut tn hao ca bin p, ngi ta chn tn s lm vic ca chuyn mch cao (vi kHz n vi chc kHz). Bng cch , kch thc, trng lng bin p gim vi ln v hiu sut nng lng chung ca b n p c th t ti trn 80%. Cp chuyn mch in t l cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch ng xung (hoc cc tranzito). Vic iu khin ng m tranzito c thc hin nh 1 xung vung gc a ti baz, c chu k xung khng i. Tn ti 3 kh nng iu khin tranzito chuyn mch l:

Thay i xung vung (tng ng vi thi gian m hay ni mch ca tranzito) theo mc sai lch ca Ura nh iu chnh c in p ra mt mc n nh.
Thay i trng ca xung vung (tng ng vi thi gian kha hay ngt mch ca tranzito.

Thay i ng thi c rng v trng ca xung iu khin. Tng ng 3 kh nng trn c 3 dng mch nguyn l thc hin nh sau (kiu th cp). + Phng php thay i rng xung: S khi ca phng php ny cho trn hnh 2.142. c im kt cu ca phng php ny l tranzito chuyn mch T, cun chn L v ti mc ni tip nhau, it mc song song vi ti.

Tranzito T lm vic nh 1 kha in t m hoc kha vi tn s khng i (khong 20 khz) do khi to xung nhp ca phn iu khin to ra. Phn iu khin thc hin vic so snh in p ra Ura vi 1 in p chun Ucb (do khi to in p chun to ra), kt qu sai lch c khi K khuch i sau iu ch rng xung to ra xung vung c rng thay i (ti khi to xung iu khin) trc khi a ti kha tranzito iu tit khong thi gian m ca n. Trong khong thi gian ngh ca xung iu khin, dng in ra c m bo nh t lc C v cun chn L. it D dng ngn nga vic xut hin in p t cm trn cun L qu ln lc chuyn

172

mch tranzito chuyn t m sang kha v do bo v tranzito khi qu p nh thng UCEngcmax.

Hnh 2.142: n p xung th cp theo phng php iu chnh rng xung iu khin

Mt trong nhng phng n n gin iu ch rng xung l dng xung tam gic c chu k v bin khng i so snh vi in p cn n nh nh minh ha trn hnh 2.143.

Vic phn tch chi tit s khi hnh 2.142 qua gin in p v ng in (tm phng trnh UL(t) v IL(t) qua xc nh dng tuyn tnh IL(t) v DIL) cho php rt ra cc kt lun chnh i vi phng php ny l:

+ T s Ura/Uvo t l vi tm/T v do 0 tm T nn 0 Ura Uvo . Tc l di iu chnh ca in p ra n nh nm trong gii hn 0 Uvo. in p ra sau b n p lun khng ln hn in p vo.

173

+ Dng trung bnh qua tranzito chuyn mch (l dng in vo) lun lun nh hn dng ra ti: Iv < Ira .

U.khin

Hnh 2.l43: Mt phng php iu ch rng xung nh 1xung chun dng tam gic + B n p nhn nng lng ca mch vo (Uvo di dng khng lin tc v chuyn nng lng 1 chiu ra ti di dng lin tc theo thi gian). - Phng php iu chnh rng xung S khi ca phng php ny c cho trn hnh 2.144. c im kt cu ca phng php ny l cun chn L it bo v D v ti mc ni tip nhau. Tranzito chuyn mch T mc song song vi ti phn cch qua it. Vic phn tch nguyn l hot ng tng t nh trn, qua c th rt ra cc nhn xt chnh sau :

Hnh 2.144: Phng php iu chnh rng xung

174

+ Do s dng tnh cht t cm ca cun chn L, c kh nng nhn c Ura > Uvo t s Ura/Uvo ty l vi T/tkha . V Uo tkha T nn Uvo Ura tc l phng php ny cho php nhn c in p ra ln hn in p vo b n nh hay di iu chnh rng hn. iu ny c th gii thch tm tt do c hin tng tch ly nng lng t trng trong cun L lc tranzito m (tng ng vi khong thi gian tm = tx ca xung) khi D kha, ngt ti khi mch vo. Khi tranzito kha (tng ng vi khong thi gian tngh = tkha nng lng ca Uvo kt hp vi nng lng ca UL qua it (lc ny m) np cho t C v cung cp Ura cho ti. + Nng lng ca ngun Uvo lin tc cung cp cho b n p (trn cun L) v vic truyn nng lng ra ti xy ra di dng xung khng lin tc. - Phng php iu chnh ng thi rng xung v rng xung S khi thc hin phng n ny cho trn hnh 2.145. c im kt cu y l tranzito chuyn mch v it mc ni tip vi ti, cun chn L mc song song vi ti phn cch qua it. Khi tranzito m, dng do Uvo cung cp cho cun L tch ly nng lng t trng. it lc ny kha ngt phn trc n khi mch ti, t C c np y t trc, phng in qua mch ti, cung cp Ura. Khi tranzito kha (ng vi khong thi gian khng c xung iu khin), trn L xut hin sc in ng t cm, chiu ngc li vi Uvo lm it D m gii phng nng lng t cun L np cho C v cung cp cho mch ti. Qua vic phn tch c my nhn xt sau: + in p UL v UC ngc cc tnh vi Uvo do ti u ra ta nhn c in p trn ti ngc cc tnh vi Uvo hay b n p c tc dng o du in p vo cn n nh. + in p ra c xc nh theo h thc: Ura / Uvo= - tm / tkha

Hnh 2.145: Phng php iu chnh ng thi tm v tkha

175

V tm v tkha lun bin i t l ngc (do chu k T l hng s) di cho php nhn in p ra l 0 |Ura| hay phng php ny cho php iu chnh Ura rng nht trong 3 phng php trnh by. + Nng lng t mch vo cung cp cho b n p di dng xung vo b n p truyn nng lng ra ti cng di dng xung. - Phng php n p xung s cp S khi thc hin phng php n nh s cp cho trn hnh 2.146.

Hnh 2.146: Phng php n p xung kiu s cp Mch hnh 2.146 hot ng nh sau: in p li c chnh lu trc tip bng mt mch cu to nn ngun mt chiu i xng c 150V cung cp cho hai tranzito T1 v T2 c iu khin theo kiu y ko nh hai dy xung iu khin ngc pha nhau c tn s khong 5 50 kHz. Cc xung iu khin c rng thay i theo quy lut ca in p sai lch ca in p Ura (ging nh phng php n nh kiu th cp ni trn). Nh T1 v T2 in p Uo ln lt c a ti 1 bin p xung v ti th cp ca n qua mt mch chnh lu hai na chu k, v 1 khu lc LC, ta nhn c in p ra c n nh. c im chnh ca phng php ny l y s dng bin p xung lm vic tn s cao nn kt cu gn v tn hao nh. Mch cch ly phn cch in th gia mch th v s cp bo v khi iu khin khi nh hng ca n p (thng dng ghp bin p hay ghp option). im lu cui cng l trong tt c cc phng php nu, c th thay kha chuyn mch tranzito bng cc kha tiristo (xem phn 2.7 tip sau). Khi , ch cn iu chnh thi im xut hiu xung iu khin m cho tiristo (thay v iu khin rng ca xung vung iu khin kha tranzito) nh cc mch to xung iu khin thch hp. b n nh dng in Trong nhng thit b in t c chnh xc, n nh cao, ngoi yu cu n nh in p ra ti cn c yu cu n nh dng in qua mt mch ti no . Phn di y cp ti mt vi phng php n dng.

176

- n nh dng in qua mt mch ti (khi in p ngun hay khi tr s ti thay i) ta c th dng phn t n dng nh barette. Dng c ny gm c mt si dy st hay vnfram t trong bng thy tinh cha hir. Khi c ng in qua barette, si dy c nung nng lm cho in tr ca n bin i. c tuyn ca barette c v trn hnh 2.147a. Khu vc lm vic ca barette l on AB trong khi im lm vic ca barette bin i th dng qua n hu nh khng i.

Hnh 2.147: c tuyn V-A v mch dng Barette v mch n dng Hnh 2.147b biu th mch in dng barette n nh dng qua Rt gi s Uv tng th in tr ca B cng tng (do n b nung nng hn), st p trn B tng b li s tng ca Uv dng ni tip qua B v Rt gi n nh. Barette m bo s n nh dng in vi chnh xc 1% khi in p ngun bin i (10-15%) cc tham s ca phn t barette l cc cp gi tr in p v dng ng vi cc im A, B, C trn hnh 2.147a. - Tranzito nh mt ngun dng in

Hlnh 2.148: Mch n dng dng tranzito ch khng bo ha Mt phng php ph bin hn n nh dng in l s dng tranzito lm vic on nm ngang ca c tuyn ra ca n. Khi , in tr vi phn ca tranzito

177

kh ln (l yu cu cn thit i vi 1 ngun dng gn vi l tng) trong khi in tr 1 chiu li nh. Hnh 2.148 a ra mt mch n dng n gin dng tranzito mc theo s EC c hi tip m dng in trn RE , in tr ti c mc ni tip vi tranzito mch colect. Khi UCE > UC bo ha, dng in mch ra Ic = Ira IE gn nh khng thay i cho ti khi tranzito b bo ha :

Ira IE =

UE UB - UBEO = RE RE

(2-273)

in tr trong ca ngun dng khi c xc inh bi ri = V d vi dUra RE = rcE 1+ (R1 // R2 )+ rBE + RE dIra rCE = 100kW b = 300 (2-274)

Ira = 1mA RE = 5kW UE = 5V rBE =

UT 25mV 300. mA 7.5k Ic 1

R1 // R2 = 10kW ta nhn c gi tr ni tr ngun l ri = 7,6 MW

trnh nh hng ca R1 // R2 lm gim ri, R2 c thay bng it n p 2 n nh in p UB v c tc dng b nhit cho UBE (h. 2.148b).

C th dng FET loi thng m (JFET) lm phn t n dng nh trn hnh 2.148 c, d khi ni tr ngun dng c xc nh bi : ri = rDS + M.Rs = rDS(1 + SRs) (2-275)

vi rDS l in tr mng - ngun lc UGS = 0 v S l dc (h dn) ca c tnh truyn t, ca FET. Thng gi tr ni tr ca ngun dng loi ny thp hn 12 cp so vi loi dng BST.

nng cao cht lng n nh ca dng in trn Rt ngi ta s dng cc mch n dng kiu "gng dng in" nh biu th trn hnh 2.149 a v b. Vi mch 2.149 (a) tng t nh trn, dng in ra c xc nh bi:

178

Ira = IE =

UB - UBEO Iv .R 2 = RE RE

(2-276)

Do UE tng 2mV/0C nn vic a thm it vo nhnh c R2 s b in p UB ln 1 lng tng ng (theo nhit ), hay lc UD UBEO, rt ra : Ira = R2 Iv RE (2-277)

Ngha l dng in mch ra t l vi ng Iv mch vo (cng t l do ny mch c tn l gng dng in".

Hnh 2.149: S gng dng in n gin Trong mch 2.149 b, it D c thay th bng T1 ni theo kiu it. Ch ca T1 l bo ha v UCE1 = UBE1 = UCEbha V UBE1 = UBE2 nn IB1 = IB2 = IB suy ra : Iv = b1IB + 2 IB Ira = b2IB v vi b1= b2 =b ta c Ira = Iv I v +2 (2-278)

179

ngha l trn 2 nhnh vo v ra c s cn bng dng in; mch cho kh nng lm vic c khi RE = 0. Tuy nhin vic c thm RE s b sai lch gia T1 v T2 cng nh lm tng ni tr ca ngun dng. - Ngun n:dng dng IC tuyn tnh Mt phng php khc n nh dng in c s dng IC tuyn tnh tnh c cho trn hnh 2.150.

Hnh 2.150: Ngun n dng IC tuyn tnh Mch hnh 2.150 cho dng in I2 ra ti khng ph thuc vo in p ra U2 m ch c iu chnh bi in p vo U1 nu chn U1 = Uchun th I2 n nh. Ta hy xc nh dng I2 . Ti nt N c: Ura - Un Un =0 R2 R3 Ti nt P c U1 - Up R2 + U2 - Up R =0

Ti nt A c

Ura - U2 Up - U2 + - I2 = 0 R1 R2

t iu kin Un =Up vi ch khuch i ca IC, Ura = U2 + UR1 gii tm I2 c

180

 1 R2 + R3 I2 = 2R + 2R R 2 1 3 bng cch chn R3 = c I2 = R2 2 (R1 + R 2 )

R + R 3 R1 + 2R 2 U1 + 1 2R R - 2R R U2 1 3 1 2

(2-279a)

(2-279b)

U1 tc l I2 khng ph thuc vo U2 R1/R 2 I2 U1 R1 (2-280)

Nu chn R2 >> R1 th t (2.279b) c : R2 = R3

Khi , iu chnh chnh xc R3 c th t c tr khng ra rt ln v dng in ra I2 khng ph thuc vo in p ra U2. Tuy nhin I2 c ph thuc yu vo Rt v khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta dng cc mch phc tp c s dng 2 hay nhiu IC tuyn tnh, hoc kt hp vic dng IC v tranzito ngun dng:

2.6.5.

B n p tuyn tnh IC

thu nh kch thc cng nh chun ha cc tham s ca cc b n p mt chiu kiu b tuyn tnh ngi ta ch to chng di dng vi mch, nh vit s dng cng d dng hn. Cc b IC n p trn thc t cng bao gm cc phn chnh l b to in p chun, b khuch i tn hiu sai lch, tranzito iu chnh, b hn ch dng (trong phn ln cc n p u c b hn ch dng). Cc IC n p thng bo m dng ra khong t 100mA n 1A in p ti 50V, cng sut tiu tn khong 500 - 800 mw Hin nay ngi ta cng ch to cc IC n p cho dng ti 10A, in p t 2-50V. Cc loi IC n p in hnh thng dng l: LM105, LM309, mA723, LM323, LM345, LM350, LM337, LM338, Seri 78Hxx Ty thuc vo yu cu v cc tham s k thut nh in p ra, dng ra, h s n nh in p, kh nng iu khin in p ra, di nhit lm vic, ngun cung cp, n nh theo thi gian v.v... M ngi ta ch to ra nhiu loi (c cu trc mch bn trong) khc nhau, vi 3 hoc 4 chn ra gip cho vic s dng n ht sc thun tin. a - Loi IC n p 3 chn ni (h.2.151 (u ra, u vo v t). Loi ny thng cho ra mt in p c nh. i din cho loi ny l Seri 7800 hay 7900. in p ra c ch bng 2 s cui cng ca k hiu. V d 7805 (n p 5v) ; 7812 (+ 12V) ; 7815 (+ 15V) ; 7818 (+ 18V) ; 7824 (+ 24V). T in C = 0,1 mF ci thin qu trnh qu v gi cho in tr ra ca mch nh tn s cao, dng in ra, ph bin 1A.

181

Hnh 2.151: S ngun n p dng IC loi 7805 (h IC78xx) Seri 79xx tng t nh Seri 78xx nhng cho in p ra m. b - Loi IC n p bn chn ni: (h. 2.152): Loi ny c thm mt u ra dng iu chnh (u Y). Loi lc n p ny thng dng trong nhng trng hp yu cu in p u ra c th thay i c, hoc cn tinh chnh cho tht chnh xc.

Hnh 2.152: S ngun n p 4 chn ni (loi ,mA 78G) c - Loi IC n p 3 chn ni ra c iu chnh (h. 2.153)

182

Hnh 2.153a: IC n p c iu chnh Loi ny cn dng khi in p ra c th iu chnh c. Loi IC ny th d nh LM 317 khng c chn ni t, m thay vo l chn Y. Nh c phn p R1, R2.Dng ra ti u Adj rt nh (50 100mA). in p trn R1 l 1,25V tc l dng qua R1 l 5mA. in p ra c th iu chnh trong khong

Hnh 2.153b: IC n p c th iu chnh

183

 R Ura = 1.251+ 2 V R 1

(2-281)

( y mc in p chun Uch = 1.25V l do 1 ng n p kiu ngun gng dng in to ra, nm bn trong cu trc ca LM317 c dng tng t nh LM113) Trong trng hp c th ny in p ra c th iu chnh trong phm vi t 1,25V n 25V. d tng dng ti u ra ngi ta c th mc thm tranzito iu chnh phi hp vi IC n p (h.2.154a) hoc nng cao in p u ra bng cch u thm z (h.2.154b) kh : Ura = Un + U2

Hnh 2.154: IC n p dng thm tranzito b tr tng dng s dng (a) hay dng it zener nng mc Ura (b) e - Cu trc in hnh bn trong ca IC n p c cho trn hnh 2.155 (loi mA7800, mA 78G). Vi loi cu trc 3 chn ra (khng c chn s 4) cc in tr hi tip R1, R2 c ch to ngay bn trong v IC (mA7800). Cn vi loi c cu trc 4 chn, cc baz ca T2 c ng a ra u R1, R2 t ngoi, khi c th chn (hoc iu chnh) mc in p ra ly tii chn 2 :' R Ura = Uch 1+ 2 (2-282) R 1 chng hin tng qu tii (ngn mch ti hay tng qu mc in p vo) ngi ta a vo cc khu mch bo v qu p (dng R5 Z2) v bo v qu dng (dng R3, R4) kt hp vi tranzito T3.

184

Hnh 2.155 : S cu trc in hnh IC n p Dng cc baz ca Cp tranzito iu chnh Daringtn T4 T4 c duy tr khng vt qu gii hn IBmax (c v mA) nh tc dng phn dng ca T3 lc qu p hay qu dng. T dng in li ra : Ira Iramax = bb4.Imax Bnh thng T3 trng thi kha nh vic chn R3 R4 thch hp. Khi st p trn R3 tng ln do qu dng t ti gi tr UR3 0,6v, T3 chuyn sang m, ngn nga s gia tng tip tc ca dng IB4.T mc hn ch dng ra xc nh bi : Iramax = 0.6V R3 (2 - 283)

(ch rng mc hn dng ny ch thch hp khi Ura nh, cn khi Ura ln n s gim i do nh hng ca R4 R5) Cng sut nhit tiu tn cc i trn T4 T4 xc nh t h thc Pt = Iramax (Uvo- - Ura ) V nhng nguyn nhn khng mong mun, mch ra b chp ( Ura 0) Ira - hay in p li vo tng qu cao u dn ti kh nng b qu nhit gy h hng cho T4 T4. Mch dng Z2 v R5 c tc dng bo v T4 khi cc nguyn nhn ny. - Nu Uvo - Ura < Uz (Uz l gi tr in p nh thng Zener ca Z2), s khng c dng qua R5 v ch mch hn ch R3R4T3 hot ng lc qu dng.

185

- Nu Uvo - Ura Uz nhnh Z2, R5 dn dng, qua phn p R4.T5 t 1 in p dng ln T3 lm n m ngay c khi dng trn R3 cha t ti tr Iramax (v nh lm gim dng ra k c khi iu kin Ira Iramax khng tha mn).

2.7.

PHN T NHIU MT GHP P-N

Mt ng dng quan trng khc l cc mch chnh lu c khng ch cu to t cc dng c nh nhiu mt ghp p-n. Cc dng c chnh lu c khng ch u c cu trc dng bn lp bn dn cng ngh p-n-p-n xp lin tip nhau.

2.7.1.

Nguyn l lm vic, c tuyn v tham s ca tiristo

a - Tiristo c ch to t bn lp bn dn p1-n1-p2-n2 t xen k nhau (trn N1 in tr cao, to ra 2 lp P1++ v P2+, sau tip N2++ ). Gia cc lp bn dn ny hnh thnh cc chuyn tip p-n ln lt l J1, J2,J3 v ly ra 3 cc l ant (A), katt (K) v cc khng ch G (h.2.156a). tin cho vic phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca tiristo hy tng tng 4 lp bn dn ca tiristo c th chia thnh hai cu trc tranzito p1n1p2 v n1p2n2 nh hnh 2.156b vi s ni thng cc min N1 v P2 gia chng. T c th v c s tng ng nh hnh 2.156c. K hiu quy c ca tiristo cho trn hnh 2.156d.

Hnh 2.156: Cu trc 4 lp p-n ca tiristo (a, b); S tng ng (c) v k hiu quy c ca tiristo (d) b c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tiristo c ang nh hnh 2.157 v chia thnh 4 vng r rt. Trc tin hy xit trng hp phn cc ngc tiristo vi UAK < 0. c tnh on ny c th coi nh ca 2 it phn cc ngc mc ni tip (J1 v J3). Dng qua tiristo chnh l dng d ngc ca it (ging ht nh dng ngc bo ha ca it). Nu tng in p ngc dn n mt gi tr nht nh th 2 chuyn tip J1 v J3 s ln lt b nh thng theo c ch thc l v c ch Zener, dng ngc qua tiristo tng

186

ln t ngt (dng ny do c ch nh thng J3 quyt nh). Nu khng c bin php ngn chn th dng ngc ny s lm hng tiristo. Vng c tuyn ngc ca tiristo trc khi b nh thng gi l vng chn ngc.

Hnh 2.157: c tuyn von-ampe ca tiristo Khi phn cc thun tiristo (vi UAK > 0), u tin hy xt trng hp cc G h mch (IG = 0), chuyn tip J1 v J3 lc ny c phn cc thun cn J2 phn cc ngc. Khi UAK cn nh, dng qua tiristo quyt nh ch yu bi dng ngc ca J2. Xt chung cho c tiristo th dng in chy qua tiristo lc ny l dng d thun Ifx. Gi tr in hnh ca dng d ngc (IRx) v d thun (Ifx) khong 100mA. Nu IG= 0 th dng d thun s gi nguyn gi tri ban u. Khi tng UAK ti gi tr xp x in p nh thng chuyn tip J2. in p thun ng vi gi tr ny gi l in p nh thng thun UBE. Ni mt cch khc, khi in p thun tng n gi tr ny, dng Ico trong tiristo ln dn ti lm cho Q1 v Q2 trong s tng ng (h.2.156c) m v lp tc chuyn sang trng thi bo ha. Tiristo chuyn sang trng thi m. Ni tr ca n t ngt gim i, in p st ln 2 cc A v K cng gim xung n gi tr UE gi l in p dn thun. Phng php chuyn tiristo t kha sang m bng cch tng dn UAK gi l kch m bng in p thun.

187

Nu IG khc 0, dng IG do UGK cung cp s cng vi dng ngc vn c trong tiristo Ico lm cho Q2 c th m ngay in p UAK nh hn nhiu gi tr kch m lc IG=0 Dng IG cng ln th UGK cn thit tng ng mt tiristo cng nh. ( y cng cn ni thm rng cho d ngay t u in p UGK cung cp mt dng IG ln hn dng m cc tiu ca Q2 nhng in p UAK vn cha ln phn cc thun Q1 v Q2 th tiristo cng vn cha m). Nh trn hnh 2.157 mc dng khng ch IG tng t IG1 n IG4 tng ng vi mc in p UAK gim xung t U1 ti U4. y l phng php kch m tiristo bng dng trn cc iu khin. in p dn thun UF c th vit UF = UBE1 + UBE2 = UBE2 + UCE1. i vi vt liu silic th in p bo ha ca tranzito silic vo c 0,2v cn UBE nh bit vo c 0,7v ; nh vy suy ra UF = 0.9V. Trn phn c tuyn thun, phn m tiristo cha m gi l min chn thun, min tiristo m gi l min dn thun (h.2.157). Quan st min chn thun v min chn ngc ca tiristo thy n c dng ging nh c tuyn ngc ca it chnh thng thng. Sau khi cc iu kin kch thch m kt thc, mun duy tr tiristo lun m th phi m bo cho dng thun IE ln hn mt gi tr nht nh gi l dng ghim I4 (l gi tr cc tiu ca dng thun IE). Nu trong qu trnh tiristo m; IG vn c duy tr th gi tr dng ghim tng ng s gim i khi dng lG tng (h.2.157). Trong cc s tay thuyt minh cc nh sn xut cn k hiu IHC ch dng ghim khi cc G h mch v IHX ch dng ghim c bit khi gia cc G v K c ni nhau bng in tr phn cc c bit. c - Hai cp tham s quan trng cn ch khi chn cc tiristo, ti l dng in v in p cc i m tiristo c th lm vic khng b nh thng ngc v nh thng thun trnh by trn. in p dn thun cc i m bo cho tiristo cha m theo chiu thun chnh l in p thun, in p ny thng , c k hiu l UOM hoc UFxM i vi trng hp G ni vi in tr phn cc. Vi ngha tng t, ngi ta nh ngha in p chn ngc cc i VRoM v VRxM dng in thun cc i. Cng sut tn hao cc i FaM l cng sut ln nht cho php khi tiristo lm vic, in p cc khng ch UG l mc in p ngng cn m tiristo khi UAK =6v Nhng tham s va nu trn y thung c cho trong cc s tay nhit 250C. Vi cc tiristo lm vic ch xung tn s cao cn phi quan tm n thi gian ng m tiristo tm l thi gian chuyn t trng thi ng sang trng thi m v td l thi gian chuyn t trng thi m sang trng thi ng ca tiristo.

2.7.2.

Cc mch khng ch in hnh dng tiristo

a - Mch chnh lu c khng ch kiu pha xung Mch khng ch xung n gin nht c trnh by trn hnh 2.158. Nu cc G ca tiristo trong mch k trn lun c phn cc cho tiristo thng th vai tr ca tiristo cng ging nh mt van chnh lu thng thng. Khi t vo cc G mt chui xung kch thch lm tiristo ch m ti nhng thi im nht nh (cng vi chu k dng ca in p ngun t vo ant) th dng in p ra trn ti ca tiristo khng phi l ton b cc na chu k dng nh cc mch chlnh lu thng thng m ty theo quan h pha gia xung kch v in p ngun, ch c tng phn ca na chu k dng nh hnh 2.158.

188

Hnh 2.158 : Mch khng ch xung n gin a) S nguyn l; b) Dng in p minh ha hot ng hy xt: V d : mch chnh lu c khng ch hnh 2.158a vi bin in p xoay chiu u vo l 30V, in tr ti l 15W, R1=1kW. Hy xc nh loi tiristo cn thit cho s , tnh dng in v in p m tiristo t vo cc G xc nh in p kch m t vo ant ca tiristo. Gii : xc nh tiristo thch hp cho mch, trc ht cn lu y tiristo phi m bo lun ng khi cha c xung kch thch t vo cc G. Ngha l in p chn thun ca n (UFxM) phi ln hn bin cc i ca in p ngun (UFxM >30V); chn tiristo c UFxM = 50V. By gi xt ti iu kin dng ti cc i (Ip). ng vi in p vo cc i, in p trn ti s l: UK = ev - UAK do Ip = E v - U AK Rt

khi tiristo m, in p gia cc ant v katt ca tiristo UAK in hnh l 1V, do c th tnh : Ip = (30V 1V)/15W = 1,93A

189

Gi tr hiu dng cc i cho php ca dng thun tiristo C6F l 1,6a. Nh vy dng tiristo C6F trong trng hp ny l thch hp. xc nh c in p v dng cc G, cn s dng c tuyn Vn-Ampe ngun kch thch cc G ng vi tng xung ca tiristo C6F cn c vo s tay tra cu bit ng vi rng xung 20ms th UG = 0,5v v IG = 0,1A. Dng kch m cc G cn c vo s nguyn l bng IT = IG + IRL v IRL = UG/R1 Do IT = IG + (UG/R1) = 001mA + (0,5V/kW = 0,51mA. Vy in p kch m cc G l UG 0,5V dng kch m cc G l IT : 0,51mA. Nh trn bit tiristo s ng khi dng ti IT nh hn dng IH theo s tay tra cu i vi C6F th IH = lmA. T s mch khng ch bit ev = UAK + IHR1 =1v + (1mA.15W) = 1,015V. Nh vy tiristo s ng khi ev h xung nh hn 1,015V. b - Mch khng ch pha 900 (h.2.159)

Hnh 2.159: Mch khng ch pha 900 Dng kch m cc G c ly t ngun cung cp qua in tr R1 Nu R1 c iu chnh n gi tr in tr nh th tiristo s m hu nh ng thi vi na chu k dng t vo ant. Nu R1 c iu chnh n mt gi tr ln thch hp th tiristo ch m na chu k dng lc ev n gi tr cc i. iu chnh in tr R1 trong khong 2 gi tr ny tiristo c th m vi gc pha t 0 900. Nu ti gc pha 900 m IG khng m tiristo th n cng khng th m c bt c gc pha no v ti gc pha 900 dng IG c cng ln nht. it 1 bo v tiristo khi na chu k m ca ngun in t vo cc G. T hnh 2.159 c th thy rng trong khong thi gian tiristo m, dng IG chy qua R1, D1 v Rt. Bi vy khi tiristo m c th vit: ev = IGR1 + UD1 + UG + IGR1 ; IGR1 = ev - UD1 - IGR1- UG

190

R1 =

1 (e v - UD1 - UG - IGR t ) IG

(2-284)

V d vi s nguyn l ca mch khng ph pha nh hnh 2-159, in p ngun xoay chiu c bin l 30V, in tr ti 15W. Xc nh khong iu chnh ca R1 c th m tiristo ti bt k gc no trong khong 5-900. Bit rng dng m cc G l 100mA, v in p cc G l 0,5V. Gii : ti 50 th ev = 30sin50 = 30. 0,0872 = 2,6V. p dng biu thc (2-370) tnh c : Rt = (2,6v - 0,7v - 0,5v - 100mA. 15)/1OOmA R1= R1min = 1,4V/100mA =14kW ti 90 th ev = 30 , sin900 = 30V tng t tnh c R1 = R1max = 288kW Nh vy gc m ca tiristo c th m t 50 900 th in tr R1 phi iu chnh t 14kW n 288kW. c - Mch khng ch pha 1800
0 0

Hnh 2.160: Mch khng ch pha 1800 Mch khng ch pha 1800 in hnh trnh by trn hnh 2.160. Mch ny tng t nh mch khng ch pha 900 bit hnh 2.15e ch khc l thm vo it 2 v t in C1. Khong na chu k m ca in p t vo, t C1 c np theo chiu m nh dng in p trnh by trn hnh 2.160: Qu trnh np tip din ti gi tr cc i ca na chu k m. Khi im cc i ca na chu k m i qua it 2 c phn cc m (v ant ca n c ni vi t in C1 c in th m so vi katt). Sau t C1 phng in qua in tr R1. Ty theo gi tr ca R1 m C1 c th phng ht (in p trn hai cc ca t bng 0), ngay khi bt u na chu k dng ca ngun t vo tiristo, hoc c th duy tr mt in p m nht nh trn cc ca n cho mi ti gc pha 1800 ca chu k dng tip sau t vo tiristo. Khi t C1 tch in theo chiu m

191

th D1 cng b phn cc ngc v xung dng khng th a vo kch m cho tiristo. Nh vy bng cch iu chnh R1 hoc C1 hoc c hai c th lm tiristo m bt c gc no trong khong t 0 -1800 ca na chu k dng ngun in p t vo tiristo.

Hnh 2.161: Mch khng ch pha vi it chnh lu Trn c s s nguyn l n gin hnh 2.160 c th thay i i cht v kt cu mch c dng in p ra trn ti theo mong mun (h.2.161). it D3 c mc thm vo lm cho trn ti xut hin c na chu k m ca in p ngun cung cp B khng ch ch thc hin i vi na chu k dng ca ngun.

Hnh 2162 : Mch khng ch o mc song song Trn hnh 2.162 trnh by s hai b chnh lu c khng ch dng tiristo mc song song ngc chiu. Bng cch mc mch nh vy c th thc hin khng ch c c na chu k dng ln chu k m. Trn y mi ch nu nhng v n gin ng dng tiristo cc mch chnh lu c khng ch.

192

2.7.3.
a Triac

Vi dng c chnh lu c cu trc 4 lp

A2 P1 N2 P2 N3 P3 N4 G N3 P3 a) A1 A1 A2 P1 N2 P2 N4

N1

N1

b)

c) Hnh 2.163: Cu trc (a) s tng ng (b) v c tuyn (c) ca TRIAC Cu to, s tng dng v c tuyn Vn -Ampe ca triac c trnh by trn hnh 2.163. T c th thy rng triac tng dng vi hai tiristo mc song song ngc chiu. Cc cc ca n gi l A1, A2 v G.A2 ng vai tr ant, A1 ng vai tr catt. Khi cc G v A1 c in th (+) so vi A2 tiristo tng ng Q1 v Q2 m, khi y A1 ng vai tr ant cn A2 ng vai tr catt. T thy rng TRIAC c kh nng dn in theo c hai chiu.

193

Hnh 2.164: Kho st mch khng ch dng TRIAC qua m phng S khng ch dng TRIAC c trnh by trn hnh 2.164. Ch rng k hiu quy c ca TRIAC l t hp ca hai k hiu tiristo. Trong khong na chu k dng ca in p t vo, it 1 c phn cc thun, it D2 phn cc ngc v cc G dng so vi A1. iu chnh R1 s khng ch c im bt u m ca TRIAC. b- V mt cu to IAC hon ton ging nh TRIAC nhng khng c cc khng ch G.IAC c kch m bng cch nng cao in p t vo hi cc. K hiu mch v c tuyn Vn -Ampe ca IAC c trnh by trn hnh 2.165.

194

Hnh 2.165: K hiu v dng ng v ca IAC; TRIAC c it bn lp it bn lp c gi l it SOV-lay, c cu to tng t nh tiristo nhng khng c cc khng ch G, c kch m bng cch nng in p trn hai cc it (vt qu in p m thun). K hiu mch v c tuyn Vn -Ampe ca it bn lp c trnh by trn hnh 2.166 ; in p m thun ca it 4 lp tng ng vi in p nh thng thun ca tinsto. Dng cc tiu chy qua it m gi l dng m (Is)

Hnh 2.166: K hiu mch v c tuyn ca it bn lp

Hnh 2.167: Mch dao ng dng it bn lp

195

Dng ghim (IH) v in p dn thun UF ca it bn lp cng tng t nh trong tiristo. Mt trong nhng ng dng ph bin nht ca it 4 lp l to ra dao ng rng ca (s nguyn l ca mch nh hnh 2.167). Trong t C1 c np in tr R1 t ngun E. Qu trnh np tip in cho n khi in p trn hai ca t in C1 vt qu gi tr in p kch m cho it 4 lp lm it m, t phng in nhanh qua ni tr nh ca it lm in p trn t C1 gim xung. in p t trn hai cc it cng gim. Khi t mc lm dng qua it nh hn dng ghim I H th it li kha v t C li bt u np. in p ra c dng rng ca hnh 2.167. in tr R1 trn s phi chn khi it m dng chy trong mch phi c cng bng dng m it Is (Nu nh hn Is th it s khng m). Nhng R1 cng phi ln ngn khng cho dng qua it gim xung di gi tr dng IH khi t C1 phng in. Ngha l ngn nga kh nng it ng ngay sau khi t phng in. V : S nguyn l to mch dao ng rng ca (h.2.167) it bn lp c tham s nh sau : Us = 10V ; Us = 1v, Is = 500mA v IH = 1,5mA ngun E =30V. Hy tnh gi tr cc i v cc tiu ca R1 mch lm vic bnh thng. Gii: Cn c vo mch c th vit : E = (IR1) + Uc v R1 = E - Uc I

Ti in p m m it c : Uc = Us v Imin = Is ta suy ra : R1max = E - Us 30V - 10V = 40k = 500.10 6 A Is

it m hon ton ta c Uc = U1 v Umax =IH. Vy: Nu c it 4 lp ghp song song v ngc chiu sau t chng vo mt v bc ta c it bn lp hai chiu. Nguyn l lm vic ca loi ny tng t nh it 4 lp mt chiu va k trn.

196

Chng 3

K THUT XUNG - S
"K thut xung - s'' l thut ng bao gm mt lnh vc kh rng v quan trng ca ngnh k thut in t - tin hc. Ngy nay, trong bc pht trin nhy vt ca k thut t ng ha, n mang ngha l khu then cht, l cng c khng th thiu gii quyt cc nhim v k thut c th hng ti mc ch gim cc chi ph v nng lng v thi gian cho mt qu trnh cng ngh hay k thut, nng cao tin cy hay hiu qu ca chng. Trong chng ny, do thi gian hn ch, chng ta ch cp ti mt s vn c tnh cht c bn, m u ca k thut xung - s. Vic nghin cu chi tit hn s c thc hin gio trnh K thut xung, K thut s v X l tn hiu s.

3.1.
3.1.1.

KHI NIM CHUNG

Tn hiu xung v tham s

Tn hiu in p hay dng in bin i theo thi gian (mang ni dung ca mt qu trnh thng tin no ) c hai dng c bn: lin tc hay ri rc (gin on). Tng ng vi chng, tn ti hai loi h thng gia cng, x l tn hiu c nhng c im k thut khc nhau mang nhng u, nhc im khc nhau l h thng lin tc (analog) v h thng ri rc (digital). Nhiu khi, do c im lch s pht trin v pht huy y u th ca tng loi ta gp trong thc t h thng lai ghp kt hp c vic gia cng x l hai loi tn hiu trn. i tng ca chng ny ch cp ti loi tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian gi l tn hiu xung. Dng cc tn hiu xung thng gp cho trn hnh 3.1. Chng c th l mt dy xung tun hon theo thi gian vi chu k lp li T, hay ch l mt xung n xut hin mt ln, c cc tnh dng, m hoc cc tnh thay i.

Hnh 3.1: Cc dng tn hiu xung a) Dy xung vung; b) Dy xung tam gic (rng ca); c) Dy xung hm m (xung kim)

197

Hnh 3.2 ch ra mt xung vung thc t vi cc on c trng: sn trc, nh v sn sau. Cc tham s c bn l bin , rng xung, rng sn trc v sau, st nh.

Hnh 3.2: Cc tham s ca mt tn hiu xung Bin xung Um xc inh bng gi tr ln nht ca in p tn hiu xung c c trong thi gian tn ti ca n. rng sn trc v sn sau (ttr v ts) xc inh bi khong thi gian tng v thi gian gim ca bin xung trong khong gi tr 0,l Um n 0,9Um rng xung tx xc nh bng khong thi gian c xung vi bin trn mc 0,1Um (hay mc 0,5Um ty theo chun quy c). st nh xung th hin mc gim bin xung on nh xung. Vi dy xung tun hon, cn c cc tham s c trng sau (c th xt vi dy xung vung). Chu k lp li xung T (hay tn s xung f = 1/T) l khong thi gian gia cc im tng ng ca hai xung k tip nhau. Thi gian ngh tng (h3.1a) l khong thi gian trng gia hai xung lin tip. H s lp y g l t s gia rng tx v chu k T. = tX T

t c h thc : T = tx + tng v g < 1 Trong k thut xung - s, ngi ta thng s dng phng php s i vi dng tn hiu xung vi quy c ch c hai trng thi phn bit:

198

Trng thi c xung (khong tx) vi bin ln hn mt mc ngng UH gi l mc cao hay mc "1', mc UH thng c chn c bng 1/2 in p ngun cung cp. Trng thi khng c xung (khong tng vi bin nh hn mt mc ngng UL) gi l mc thp hay mc "O". Mc UL c chn ty theo phn t kha (tranzito, IC).

Cc mc in p ra trong di UL < Ura < UH l cc trng thi cm. Vn ny s c cp k hn phn tip theo.

3.1.2.

Ch kha ca tranzito

Tranzito lm vic ch kha hot ng nh mt kha in t ng m mch vi tc nhanh (l0-9 + l0-6s), do c nhiu c im khc vi ch khuch i xt chng 2. a - Yu cu c bn vi mt tranzito ch kha l in p u ra c hai trng thi khc bit: Ura UH khi Uvo UL Ura UL khi Uvo UH (3-1)

Ch kha ca tranzito c xc inh bi ch in p hay dng in mt chiu cung cp t ngoi qua 1 mch ph tr (kha thng ng hay thng m). Vic chuyn trng thi ca kha thng c thc hin nh mt tn hiu xung c cc tnh thch hp tc ng ti u vo. Cng c trng hp kha t ng chuyn i trng thi mt cch tun hon nh mch hi tip dng ni b, khi khng cn xung iu khin (xem cc phn mch to xung tip sau). a ra nhng c im ch yu ca ch kha, hay xt mch c th hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3: Mch kha (o) dng Tranzito

199

S thc hin c iu kin (3-1) khi la chn cc mc UH, UL cng nh cc gi tr Rc v RB thch hp. Ban u (khi Uv = 0 hay Uv UL) tranzito trng thi ng, dng in ra Ic = 0, lc khng c ti Rt. Ura = +Ecc Lc in tr ti nh nht Rc = Rt (vi Rt l in tr vo ca mch tng sau ni vi u ra ca s ) Ura = 0,5Ecc l mc nh nht ca in p ra trng thi H, phn bit chc chn, ta chn UH < 0,5Ecc (chng hn UH = l,5V khi Ecc = 5V). Ph hp vi iu kin (3-1), in p vo phi nm di mc UL (c hiu l in p vo ln nht tranzito vn b kha chc chn UL=UVmax). Vi tranzito silic ngi ta chn UL = 0,4V. Khi c xung iu khin cc tnh dng a ti u vo Uvo UH tranzito chuyn sang trng thi m (bo ha), in p ra khi phi tha mn iu kin Ura UL. in tr Rc chn thch hp thi gian qu nh v dng Ic khng qu ln, chng hn Rc = 5kW. Xc nh RB khi Uv = UH = 1,5V th Ura UL = 0,4V. Mun vy Icbh = ECC/RC = 1mA, vi b = 100 khi dng baz IBbH = 10mA. tranzito bo ha vng, chn IB = 100mA (tc l c d tr 10 ln), lc lu UBE = 0,6V c RB = (1,5 - 0,6)V = 9k 1000

b - c tnh truyn t ca s vi nhng tham s trn cho hnh 3.4. nh gi mc tin cy ca kha, ngi ta nh ngha cc tham s d tr chng nhiu mc cao SH v mc thp SL: SH = Ura kha UH SL = UL - Ura m y, Ura kha v Ura m l cc in p thc t ti li ra ca tranzito lc kha hay m tng ng vi trng hp c th trn SH = 2,5V l,5V = 1V (lc Uv UL) (3-2)

SL = 0,4V 0,2V = 0,2V (lc Uv UH) T c nhn xt sau: - C th d ng t c mc SH ln bng cch chn Ecc v cc tham s Rc, RB thch hp. - Do SL thng nh, cn phi quan tm c bit ti vic nng cao tnh chng nhiu vi mc thp. V tr s in p ra Urabh = UCEbh thc t khng th gim c, mun SL tng, cn tng mc UL (xem biu thc 3.2).

200

Hnh 3.4: c tuyn truyn t ca tranzito kha

3.1.3.

Ch kha ca khuch i thut ton

Khi lm vic ch xung, mch vi in t tuyn tnh hot ng nh mt kha in t ng, m nhanh, im lm vic lun nm trong vng bo ha ca c tuyn truyn t Ura = f(Uvo) (h.2.104). Khi in p ra ch nm mt trong hai mc bo ha U+ramax v U-ramax ng vi cc bin Uv ln. minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca mt IC kha ta xt mt v d in hnh l mch so snh (comparator). a - Mch so snh (h.3.8) thc hin qu trnh so snh bin ca in p a vo (Uvo) vi mt in p chun (Ungng) c cc tnh c th l dng hay m. Thng thng gi tr Ungng c nh trc c inh v mang ngha l mt thng tin chun (tng t nh qu cn trong php cn trng lng kiu so snh), cn gi tr Uvo l mt lng bin i theo thi gian cn c gim st theo di, nh gi, mang thng tin ca qu trnh ng (thng bin i chm theo thi gian) cn c iu khin trong mt di hay mt trng thi mong mun. Khi hai mc in p ny bng nhau (Uvo= Ungng) ti u ra b so snh s c s thay i cc tnh ca in p t U+ramax ti U-ramax hoc ngc li. Trong trng hp ring, nu chn Ungng = 0 th thc cht mch so snh nh du lc i cc tnh ca UVo. Trong mch hnh 3.8a Uvo v Ungng c a ti hai u vo o v khng o tng ng ca IC. Hiu ca chng Uo = Uv - Ungng l in p gia hai u vo ca IC s xc nh hm truyn ca n: Khi Uv < Ungng th Uo < 0 do Ura = U+ramax Khi Uv Ungng th Uo > 0 v Ura = U-ramax (3-3)

Nh vy, in p ra i cc tnh khi Uvo chuyn qua gi tr ngng Ungng. Nu Uvo v Ungng trong hnh 3.8a i v tr cho nhau hay cng i cc tnh (kh v tr gi nguyn) th c tnh hnh 8.8b o ngc li (ngha l h.38c v d). Khi Uv < Ungng th Ura = - U-ramax Khi Uv Ungng th Ura = + U+ramax

201

b - Trong nhng trng hp bin ca Uvo v Ungng ln hn gi tr in p u vo ti a cho php ca IC, cn mc chng qua b phn p in tr trc khi a ti cc u vo ca IC. Ging nh kha tranzito, khi lm vic vi cc tn hiu xung bin i nhanh cn lu ti tnh cht qun tnh (tr) ca IC thut ton. Vi cc IC thut ton tiu chun hin nay, thi gian tng ca in p ra khong V/ms, do vic dng chng trong cc mch comparator c nhiu hn ch khi i hi chnh xc cao. Trong iu kin tt hn, vic s dng cc IC chuyn dng c ch to sn s c tc chuyn bin nhanh hn nhiu cp (c V/ns. v loi mA710, A110, LM310-339 hay NE521...). Hoc dng cc bin php k thut mch gim khong cch gia 2 mc Uramax

Hnh 3.8 : a), c) - B so snh dng IC thut ton vi hai kiu mc khc nhau v b), d) - Hm truyn t tng ng ca chng c - C th m rng chc nng ca mch so snh nh mch hnh 3.9a vi c tnh truyn t cho trn hnh 3.9b, gi l b so snh tng. T c tnh hnh 3.9b thy r b so snh tng s chuyn trng thi u ra lc tng i s ca hai in p vo (a ti cng mt u vo) t ti 1 gi tr ngng (a ti u vo kia). Nu chn Ungng = 0 (h.3.9a) th mch s lt lc c iu kin U1 + U2 = 0 (h.3.9b). Cc nhn xt khc, i vi mch hlnh 3.8a y u ng cho b so snh tng khi o li: t U1 v U2 ti u vo N v Ungung ti u vo P.

202

Hnh 3.9: B so snh tng (a) v c hm truyn t ca n (b)

3.2.

MCH KHNG NG B HAI TRNG THI N NH

Cc mch c hai trng thi n nh u ra (cn gi l mch trig) c c trng bi hai trng thi n nh bn theo thi gian v vic chuyn n t trng thi ny sang trng thi kia (xy ra tc thi nh cc vng hi tip dng ni b) ch xy ra khi t ti li vo thch hp ca n cc xung in p c bin v cc tnh thch hp. y l phn t c bn cu to nn mt nh (ghi, c) thng tin di dng s nh phn.

3.2.1.

Tri g i xng (RS-trig) dng tranzito

Hnh 3.11: Tri g i xng kiu RS dng tranzito

203

Hnh 3.11 a ra dng mch nguyn l ca mt tri g RS i xng. Thc cht y l hai mch o hnh 3.3 dng T1 v T2 ghp lin tip nhau qua cc vng hi tip dng bng cc cp in tr R1R3 v R2R4. a - Nguyn l hot ng : Mch 3.11 ch c hai trng thi n nh bn l: T1 m, T2 kha ng vi mc in p ra Q = 1, Q = 0 hay T1 kha T2 m ng vi trng thi ra Q = 0, Q =1. Cc trng thi cn li l khng th xy ra (T1 v T2 cng kha) hay l khng n nh (T1 v T2 cng m). T1 v T2 khng th cng kha do ngun +Ecc khi ng mch s a mt in p dng nht nh ti cc cc baz. T1 v T2 c th cng m nhng do tnh cht i xng khng l tng ca mch, ch cn mt s chnh lch v cng b gia dng in trn 2 nhnh (IB1 IB2 hay Ic1 Ic2) thng qua cc mch hi tip dng, chnh lch ny s b khot su nhanh chng ti mc s chuyn v mt trong hai trng thi n nh bn nu (chng hn thot u IB1 > IB2 t ICl > IC2, cc gim p m trn colect ca T1 v dng trn colect ca T2 thng qua phn p R2R4 hay R1R3 a v lm IB1 > IB2 dn ti T1 m T2 kha. Nu ngc li lc u IB1 < IB2 th s dn ti T1 kha T2 m). Tuy nhin, khng ni chc c mch s trng thi no trong hai trng thi n nh nu. u ra n tr, trng thi vo ng vi lc R=S=1 (cng c xung dng) l b cm. Ni khc i iu kin cm l R.S=0). (3-6). T vic phn tch trn rt ra bng trng thi ca Trig RS cho php xc nh trng thi u ra ca n ng vi tt c cc kh nng c th ca cc xung u vo bng 3.1. y ch s n th hin trng thi hin ti, ch s (n + l) th hin trng thi tng hai ca u ra, du cho th hin trng thi cm. u vo R gi l u vo xa (Reset). u vo S gi l u vo thit lp (Set). u vo Rn 0 0 1 1 Sn 0 1 0 1 u ra Qn+1 Qn 1 0 x n+1 n 0 1 x

Bng 3.1. Bng trng thi ca trigo RS

3.2.2.

Tri g Smit dang Tranzito

S tri g RS trn lt trng thi khi t vo cc baz ca tranzito ang kha mt xung dng c bin thch hp m n (ch xt vi quy c logic dng). C th s dng ch mt in p vo duy nht cc tnh v hnh dng ty (ch yu cu

204

mc bin ln) lm lt mch trig. Loi mch ny c tn l Trig Smit, c cu to t cc tranzito hay IC tuyn tnh (cn gi l b so snh c tr). a. Hnh 3.12 a ra mch nguyn l tri g Smit dng tranzito v c tuyn truyn t ca n.

Hnh 3.12: Trig Smit dng tranzito (a); c tuyn truyn t (b) v kt qu m phng bin tn hiu hnh sin thnh xung vung (c) Qua c tuyn hnh 3.12b thy r: Lc tng dn Uvo t mt tr s rt m th: khi Uv < Ung Khi Uv Ung ; ; Ura = Uramin Ura = Uramax (3-7)

Lc gim dn Uv t 1 tr s dng ln th: khi Uv > Ungt khi Uv Ungt ; ; Ura = Uramax Ura = Uramin (3-8)

b. C th gii thch hot ng ca mch nh sau: Ban u T1 kha (do B1 c t t 1 in p m ln) T2 m (do RC nh dng lm vic t Ec) lc Ura = UCE2 bo ha = Uramix. Khi tng Uv ti lc Uv Ung T1 m, qua mch hi tip dng ghp trc tip t colect T1 v baz T2 lm T2 b kha do t bin in p m t C1 a ti, qua mch R1R2 t bin in p dng ti C2 a ti baz T1... qu trnh dn ti T1 m bo ha, T2 kha v Ura = Uramax, phn tch tng t, mch s lt trng thi v T1 kha T2 m lc Uvo gim qua gi tr Ungt.

205

Cc gi tr Uvng v Uvngt do vic la chn cc gi tr RC, R1 ,R2 ca s 3.12a quyt nh. Hin tng trn cho php dng trig Smit nh mt b to xung vung, nh hi tip dng m qu trnh lt trng thi xy ra tc thi ngay c khi Uvo bin i t t Hnh 3.12 c) m t mt v d bin i tn hiu hnh sin thnh xung vung nh trig Smit.

3.2.3.

Trig Smit dng IC tuyn tnh

a - Vi trig Smit o (h.315a) khi tng n Uvo t 1 gi tri m ln, ta thu c c tnh truyn t dng hnh 3.15(b). Tc l:

Ura

Hnh 3.15: Trig Smit kiu o a) v kiu khng o (c) vi cc c tnh truyn t tng ng (b) v (d) - Khi Uv c gi tr m ln Ura = +Uramax trn li vo khng o (P) c UPmax = Uramax R = Uv ng t R1 + R 2 1 (3-9)

Tng dn Uvo trng thi ny khng i cho ti khi Uvo cha t ti Uvngt . Khi Uvo Uvngt , qua mch hi tip dng c UPmin = - Uramin R1 = Uv ng R1 + R 2 (3-10)

206

v tip tc gi nguyn khi Uv tng. - Khi gim Uvo t 1 gi tr dng ln, cho ti lc Uv = Uvng mch mi lt lm Ura chuyn t -Uramin ti + Uramax . - t c hai trng thi n nh cn c iu kin R1 .K 1 R1 + R 2 vi K l h s khuch i khng ti ca IC. Khi tr chuyn mch c xc nh bi: Utr = R1 (Uramax - Uramin ) = (Uramax - Uramin ) R1 + R 2 (3-12) (311)

b - Vi tri g Smit khng o (h.3.15c) c c tnh truyn t hnh 3.15d dng ngc vi c tnh hnh 3.15b. Thc cht s 3.15c c dng l mt b so snh tng 3.9a vi 1 trong s hai u vo c ni ti u ra (U2Ura). T phng trnh cn bng dng in cho nt P c: Uvo Ura = R1 R2 Suy ra ngng: Uvngn = Uvn = R1 Uramax R2 R1 Uramin R2 (3-13)

hay tr chuyn mch xc nh bi : Utr = R1 (Uramax - Uramin ) R1 (3-14)

Do cch a in p vo ti li vo khng o (P) nn khi Uv c gi tri m ln: Ura = -Uramin v khi Uv c gi tr dng ln: Ura = +Uramax. Cc phn tch khc tng t nh vi mch 3.15a xt. c - Tng t nh s trig Smit dng tranzito hnh 3.12a, c th dng cc mch 3.15a v 3.15c to cc xung vung gc t dng in p vo bt k (tun hon). Khi chu k xung ra Tra = Tvo. iu ny c bit c ngha khi cn sa v to li dng mt tn hiu tun hon vi thng s c bn l tn s ging nhau (hay chu k ng b nhau). Hnh 3.16a v b a ra v d gin minh ha bin i in p hnh sin li vo thnh xung vung li ra s dng trig Smit o (3.16a) v trig Smit khng o (3.16b). Cc h thc t (3-9) n (3-14) cho php xc nh cc mc ngng lt ca trig Smit v nhng thng s quyt nh ti gi tr ca chng. Trig Smit l dang mch c

207

bn t xy dng cc mch to dao ng xung dng IC tuyn tnh s c xt trong cc phn tip ca chng ny.

3.3.

MCH KHNG NG B MT TRNG THI N NH

y l loi mch c mt trng thi n nh bn. Trng thi th hai ca n ch n nh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh no (ph thuc vo tham s ca mch) sau mch li quay v trng thi n nh bn ban u. V th, mch cn c tn l trig mt trng thi n nh hay a hi i hay n gin hn l mch r le thi gian.

3.3.1.

a hi i dng tranzito

Hnh 3.17a ch ra mch in nguyn l v hnh 3.17b l gin ln p - thi gian minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca mch a hi i dng tranzito.

Hnh 3.17: Mch in nguyn l a hi i dng tranzito (a), gin thi gian qua bn im o Uvo; UB1; UB2; Ura (b) Thc cht mch hnh 3.17a l mt trig RS, trong mt trong cc in tr hi tip dng c thay bng mt t in. Trng thi ban u T2 m -T1 kha nh R, T2 m bo ha lm UCE2 = UBEI = 0 nn T1 kha, y l trng thi n nh bn (gi l trng thi i). Lc t = to c xung in p dng li vo m T1, in th cc colect ca T1 gim t +E xung gn bng 0. Bc nhy in th ny thng qua b lc tn s cao RC t ton b n cc baz ca T2 lm in th t bin t mc thng (khong +0,6v) n mc -E + 0,6v -E, do T2 b kha li. Khi T1 c uy tr trng thi m nh mch hi tip dng R1R2 ngay c khi in p vo bng 0. T C (u qua R n in th +E) bt u np in lm in th cc baz T2 bin i theo quy lut :

208

UB2 E [ 1 - 2exp( -t/RC )] Vi iu kin ban u: UB2(T = to) = -E v iu kin cui: UB2(T -> ) = E

(3-15)

T2 b kha cho ti lc t = t1 (h.3.17b) khi UB2 t ti gi trl +0,6 khong thi gian ny xc nh t iu kin UB2(t1) = 0 v quyt nh di xung ra tx: t1- to = tx = RCln2 = 0,7RC (3-16) Sau lc t = t1, T2 m v qu trnh hi tip dng qua R1, R2 a mch v li trng thi ban u, i xung vo tip sau (lc t = t2). Lu nhng iu trnh by trn ng khi T > tx > tx (3-17) (tx l rng xung vo v Tv l chu k xung vo) v khi iu kin (3-17) c tha mn th ta lun c chu k xung ra Tra = Tv.

3.3.2.

Mch a hi i dng IC thut ton

Hnh 3.18: Nguyn l mch a hi i dng IC. Khi ng bng cc tnh dng (a), cc tnh m (c), gin in p tng ng (b) v (d)

209

Hnh 3.18a a ra mt dng ca s nguyn l mch a hi i dng IC thut ton v hnh 3.18b l gin thi gian gii thch hot ng ca mch. n gin, gi thit IC c cung cp t mt ngun i xng E v khi Uramax = |Uramin| = Umax Ban u lc t < t1, Uv = 0; D thng ni t (b qua st p thun trn it) do Ura = -Umax t UN= Uc = 0. Qua mch hi tip dng R1 R2, -Umax a ti u vo P in p Up = -bUmax. R1 l h s phn p mch hi tip). y l trng thi n nh bn (trng R1 + R 2 thi i) ca mch. (vi = Lc t = t1 c xung nhn cc tnh dng ti u vo P. Nu bin thch hp vt hn gi tr -bUmax, s lt sang trng thi cn bng khng bn vi Ura = +Uramax= Umax v qua mch hi tip dng c Up = bUmax. Sau lc t1, in p ra Umax np cho t C lm cho Uc = UN dng dn cho ti lc t=t2 khi UN = bUmax th xy ra t bin do in th u vo vi mch UN- Up i du, in p ra i du ln th hai Ura= -Umax (lu trong khong t1 - t2, UN = Uc > 0 nn it b phn cc ngc v tch khi mch). Tip , sau lc t2 t C phng in qua R hng ti gi tr in p ra lc l Umax lc t = t3, Uc = Un 0 it tr nn m, ghim mc th u vo o gi tr 0, mch quay v trng thi i ban u. Nu xung khi ng Uvo cc tnh m, c th dng s hnh 3.18c vi tn s xung ra thay i c nh R. Hot ng ca mch c minh ha trn th hnh 3-18d. Vi 3.18a, b ta c nhn xt rng xung tx = t2-t1 c lin quan ti qu trnh np cho t C t mc 0 ti mc -bUmax . T , vi gi thit U+ramax=|U-ramin| = Umax ta c Uc (t) = UN (t) = Umax (1 - e t/RC ) thay gi tr Uc(t1) = 0, Uc(t2) = bUmax vo phng trnh (3-18) ta c (3-18)

t x = t 2 - t1 = RCln

R 1 = RCln1 + 1 R 1- 2

(3-19)

Gi t3 - t2 = thph l thi gian hi phc v trng thi ban u ca s , c lin quan ti qu trnh phng in ca t C t mc bUmax v mc 0 hng ti lc xc lp Uc() = -Umax xut pht t phng trnh: Uc(t) = Uc() - [Uc() - Uc(0)] exp ( -t / RC) c kt qu: thph = RCln (1 + b) = RCln[1+R1 / ( R1 + R2) (3-21) (3-20)

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So snh hai biu thc xc nh tx v thph thy do b < 1 nn tx >> thph . Ngi ta c gng chn cc thng s v ci tin mch thph gim nh, nng cao tin cy ca mch khi c dy xung tc ng u vo. Khi cn tun theo iu kin: tx + thph < Tvo = Tra (3-22) vi Tv l chu k dy xung khi ng ca vo. Cc h thc (3-19) v (3-21) cho xc nh cc thng s quan trng nht ca mch 3.18a.

3.4.
3.4.1.

MCH KHNG NG B HAI TRNG THI KHNG N NH (A HI T DAO NG)

a hi dng tranzito

Nu thay th in tr hi tip cn li trong mch hnh 3.17 bng 1 t in th 2 ta nhn c mch hnh 3.19 l mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito. Lc trng thi cn bng ca mch (mt tranzito kha, mt tranzito m) ch n nh trong mt thi gian hn ch no , ri t ng lt sang trng thi kia v ngc li. Hnh 3.19b cho biu thi gian ca mch a hi t dao ng 3.19a. Hai trng thi nu trn ca mch a hi t dao ng cn c gi l cc trng thi chun cn bng. nhng thay i tng i chm ca dng in v in p gia cc im trong s dn dn ti mt trng thi ti hn no , m ti y c nhng iu kin t ng chuyn t ngt t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Nu tc ng ti cc ca vo mt in p ng b no c chu k lp xp x nhng ngn hn chu k bn thn ca in p dao ng, qu trnh chuyn t ngt s xy ra sm hn, tng ng lc ta c ch lm vic ng b ca a hi t dao ng m c im chnh l chu k ca xung ra ph thuc vo chu k ca in p ng b, cn rng xung ra do cc thng s RC ca mch quy inh. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch hnh 3.19a c th tm tt nh sau: Vic hnh thnh xung vung ca ra c thc hin sau mt khong thi gian t1=t1 - to (i vi ca ra 1hoc t2=t2 t1 (vi ca ra 2) nh cc qu trnh t bin chuyn trng thi ca s ti cc thi im t0, t1, t2... Trong khong t1 tranzito T1 kha T2.m. T C1 c np y in tch trc lc to phng in qua T2 qua ngun Ec qua R1 theo ng +C1 -> T2 -> R1 -> -C1 lm in th trn gc baz ca T1 thay i theo hnh 3.19.b. ng thi trong khong thi gian ny t C2 c ngun E np theo ng +E -> Rc -> T2 -> -E lm in th trn cc baz T2 thay i theo dng 8.19b. Lc t = t1 th UB1 0,6V lm T2 m v xy ra qu trnh t bin ln th nht, nh mch hi tip dng lm s lt n trng thi T1 m T2 kha. Trong khong thi gian t2=t2 t1 trng thi trn c gi nguyn, t C2 ( c np trc lc t1) bt u phng in v C1 bt u qu trnh np tng t nh nu trn cho ti lc t = t2, UB2 = +0,6V lm T2 m v xy ra t bin ln th hai chuyn s v trng thi ban u: T1 kha T2 m...

211

Hnh 3.19: Mch nguyn l b a hi t dao ng(a) v biu thi gian (b) Cc tham s ch yu v xung vung u ra c xc nh da trn vic phn tch nguyn l va nu trn v ta thy r rng xung ra t1 v t2 lin quan trc tip vi hng s thi gian phng ca cc t in t h thc (3-16), tng t c kt qu: t1 = RCln2 0,7R1C1 t2 = R2C2ln2 = 0,7R2C2 Nu chn i xng RI = R2; C1 = C2, T1 ging ht T2 ta c t1 =t2 v nhn c s a hi i xng, ngc li ta c a hi khng i xng. Chu k xung vung Tra =t1 +t2 (3-23)

212

Bin xung ra c xc nh gn ng bng gi tr ngun E cung cp. ro ra cc xung c tnn s thp hn 1000Hz, cc t trong s cn c in dung ln. Cn to ra cc xung c tn s cao hn 10kHz nh hng c hi ca qun tnh cc tranzito (tnh cht tn s) lm xu cc thng s ca xung vung nghim trng. Do vy, di ng dng ca s hnh 3.19a l hn ch v vng tn s thp v cao ngi ta a ra cc s a hi khc to xung c u th hn m ta s xt di y.

3.4.2.

Mch a hi dng IC tuyn tnh

lp cc xung vung tn s thp hn 1000HZ s a hi (i xng hoc khng i xng) dng IC tuyn tnh da trn cu trc ca mt mch so snh hi tip dng c nhiu u im hn s dng tranzito nu. Tuy nhin do tnh cht tn s ca IC kh tt nn vi nhng tn s cao hn vic ng dng s IC vn mang nhiu u im (xt vi tham s xung). Hnh 3.20a v b a ra mch in nguyn l ca a hi i xng ng IC thut ton cng gin thi gian gii thch hot ng ca s . Da vo cc kt qu nu 3.2.3, vi trig Smit, c th gii thch tm tt hot ng ca mch 3:20(a) nh sau: Khi in th trn u vo N t ti ngng lt ca trig Smit th s chuyn trng thi v in p ra t bin gi tr ngc li vi gi tr c. Sau in th trn u vo N thay i theo hng ngc li v tip tc cho ti khi cha t c ngng lt khc (v d khong (t1 t2) trn hnh v 3.20b). S lt v trng thi ban u vo lc t2 khi UN = Ung = -bUmax . Qu trnh thay i UN c iu khin bi thi gian phng v np ca C bi Ura qua R. Nu chn th Uramax = Uramin = Umax Ung = -bUmax Ungt = -bUmax ; b = R1/(R1+R2)

Hnh 3.20: B a hi trn c s b khuch i thut ton

213

l h s hi tip dng ca mch. Cn lu in p vo ca N, chnh l in p trn t C, s bin thin theo thi gian theo quy lut qu trnh phng in v np in ca C t ngun Umax hay - Umax thng qua R trong cc khong thi gian 0 t1 v t1t2... lc phng trnh vi phn xc nh UN(t) c dng: U - UN dUN = max dt RC vi iu kin ban u UN (t = 0) = Ung = -bUmax c nghim UN(t) = Umax {1 [ 1 + bexp ( - t / RC)]} UN s t ti ngng lt ca trig Smit sau mt khong thi gian bng: t = RCln (1+ b)/(1-b) = RCln ( 1 + 2R1/R2) T chu k dao ng c xc inh bi: Tra = 2t = 2RCln ( 1 + 2R1/R2) Nu chn R1 = R2 ta c : Tra 2,2 RC (3-27) (3-28a) (3-26) (3-25) (3-24)

tc chu k dao ng to ra ch ph thuc cc thng s mch ngoi R1 v R2 (mch hi tip dng) v R, C (mch hi tip m). Cc h thc (3-26) v (3-27) cho x nh cc tham s c bn nht ca mch. Khi cn thit k cc mch a hi c n nh tn s cao hn v c kh nng iu chnh tn s ra, ngi ta s dng cc mch phc tp hn.

3.5.

B DAO NG BLOCKING

Blocking (b dao ng nght) l mt b khuch i n hay y ko c hi tip dng mnh qua mt bin p xung (h.3.22a), nh to ra cc xung c rng hp (c 10-3 10-6s) v bin ln. Blocking thng c ng to ra cc xung iu khin trong cc h thng s. Blocking c th lm vic ch khc nhau: ch t ao ng, ch i, ch ng b hay ch chia tn. Hnh 3.22a l mch nguyn l Blocking t dao ng gm 1 trazito T mc emit chung vi bin p xung Tr c 3 cun wk s cp, wB v wt (th cp). Qu trnh hi tip dng thc hin t wk qua wB nh cc tnh ngc nhau ca chng. T C v in tr R hn ch dng in cc baz. in tr R to dng phng in cho t C (lc T kha). it D1 loi xung cc tnh m trn ti sinh ra khi tranzito chuyn ch t m sang kha. Mch R1, D2 bo v tranzito khi b qu p. Cc h s bin p xung l nb v nt c xc nh bi: nb = wk / wB ; nt = wk / wt (3-29)

214

Hnh 3.22a: Mch nguyn l Blocking n (a) v tn hiu ra (b) Qu trnh dao ng xung lin quan ti thi gian m v c duy tr trng thi bo ha (nh mch hi tip dng) ca tranzito. Kt thc vic to dng xung l lc tranzito ra khi trng thi bo ha v chuyn t bin v tt (kha) nh hi tip dng. + Trong khong 0 < t < t1 T tt do in p np trn C: Uc > 0; t C phng in qua mch (wB-> C -> R -> RB -> - Ecc lc t1, Uc = 0 + Trong khong t1 < t < t2 khi Uc chuyn qua gi tr 0 xut hin qu trnh t bin Blocking thun nh hi tip dng qua wB dn ti m hn tranzito ti bo ha. + Trong khong t2 < t < t3 T bo ha su, in p trn cun wk gn bng tr s Ecc l giai on to nh xung, c s tch ly nng lng t trong cc cun dy ca bin p, tng ng in p hi tip qua wB l UwB= Ecc / nB v in p trn cun ti wt l UwB= Ecc / nt Lc ny tc thay i dng colect gim nh nn sc in ng cm ng trn wk , wB gim lm dng cc baz Ib gim theo, do lm gim mc bo ha ca T ng thi t C c Ib np qua mch t - tip gip emit - baz ca T - RC - wB t. Lc do Ib gim ti tr s ti hn Ib = IBgh = Ic = Icbh/b xut hin qu trnh hi tip dng theo hng ngc li (qu trnh Blocking ngc): T thot khi trng thi bo ha Ic gim v Ib gim ... a T t ngt v trng thi kha dng Ic = 0. Tuy nhin, do qun tnh ca cun dy trn cc colect xut hin s t cm chng li s gim t ngt ca dng in, do hnh thnh mt mc in p m bin ln (qu gi tr (3-30)

215

ngun Ecc) y l qu trnh tiu tn nng lng t trng tch ly trc, nh dng thun t chy qua mch D2R1, lc ny cun wt cm ng in p m lam D1 tt v tch mch ti khi s . Sau t C phng in duy tr T kha cho ti khi Uc = 0 s lp li mt nhp lm vic mi. rng xung Blocking tnh c l (3-31)

tx = t3 t1 =(R + rv) Cln B.R1/ nB(Rt + rv)

trong rv l in tr vo ca tranzito lc m Rt = nt2Rt l ti phn nh v mch cc colect (mch s cp) b l h s khuch i dng tnh ca T. Thi gian hi phc t4 t6 (h.3.22) do thi gian phng in ca t quyt nh v c xc nh bi: thph = t6 - t4 = C. RBln(1+1/nB) (3-32)

Nu b qua cc thi gian to sn trc v sn sau ca xung th chu k xung Tx tx + thph v tn s ca dy xung l: f= 1 t x + t hph (3-33a)

S Blocking c th xy dng t hai tranzito mc y ko lm vic vi mt bin p xung bo ha t to cc xung vung vi hiu sut nng lng cao v cht lng tham s xung tt. im lu sau cng l khi lm vic ch ng b cn chn chu k ca dy xung ng b Tv nh hn chu k ca Tx ca dy xung do Blocking to ra. Nu ch chia tn th cn tun theo iu kin Tx >>tv v khi c y xung u ra c chu k lp l Tra = nTvo (h.3.23a v b) vi n l h s chia.

3.6.
3.6.1.

MCH TO XUNG TAM GIC (XUNG RNG CA)

Cc vn chung

Xung tam gic c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng in t: Thng tin, o lng hay t ng iu khin lm tn hiu chun hai chiu bin (mc) v thi gian c vai tr quan trng khng th thiu c hu nh trong mi h thng in t hin i. Hnh 3.24 a ra dng xung tam gic l tng vi cc tham s ch yu sau:

216

U Umax

Uo tq T tng

Hnh 3.24: Xung tam gic l tng Bin Umax mc mt chiu ban u Uq (t = 0) = U0 chu k lp li T (so vi xung tun hon), thi gian qut thun tq v thi gian qut ngc tng (thng thng tng << tq), tc qut thun hay nghing vi phn ca ng qut. K= dUq (t) dt

nh gi cht lng Uq thc t so vi l tng c h s khng ng thng E c nh ngha l : = dUq /dt(t 0) - dUq /dt(t = t q ) dUq /dt(t = 0) = U'q (0) - U'q (t q ) U' q (0) % (3-33b)

Ngoi ra cn cc tham s khc nh: tc qut trung bnh KTB = Umax / tq v hiu sut nng lng: h = Umax / Engun T c h s phm cht ca Uq l Q = h / e. Nguyn l to xung tam gic da trn vic s dng qu trnh np hay phng in ca mt t in qua mt mch no . Khi quan h dng v p trn t bin i theo thi gian c dng ic (t) = C dUc (t) dt (3-34)

trong iu kin C l mt hng s, mun quan h Uc(t) tuyn tnh cn tha mn iu kin ic(t) = hng s. Ni cch khc s ph thuc ca in p trn t in theo thi gian cng tuyn tnh khi dng in phng hay np cho t cng n nh. C hai dng xung tam gic c bn l: trong thi gian qut thun tq, Uq tng ng thng nh qu trnh np cho t t ngun mt chiu no v trong thi gian qut thun tq, Uq gim ng thng nh qu trnh phng ca t in qua mt mch ti. Vi mi dng k trn c cc yu cu khc nhau, m bo tng <<tq, vi dng

217

tng ng thng cn np chm phng nhanh v ngc li vi dng gim ng thng cn np nhanh phng chm. . . , iu khin tc thi cc mnh phng np, thng s dng cc kha in t tranzito hay IC ng m theo nhp iu khin t ngoi. Trn thc t n nh dng in np hay dng in phng ca t cn mt khi to ngun dng in (xem 2.6) nng cao cht lng xung tam gic. V nguyn l c 3 phng php c bn sau: a - Dng mt mch tch phn n gin (h.3.25a) gm mt khu RC n gin np in cho t t ngun E. Qu trnh phng, np c mt kha in t K iu khin. Khi , Umax << E do phm cht ca mch thp v h s phi tuyn t l vi t s Umax/E; = Umax E (3-35)

Nu s dng phn tng ng thng ta c Uc(t) = E [1- exp( - 1/RnC)] vi RnC >>Rphng.C. Nu chn ngun E cc tnh m ta c Uc(t) l gim ng thng.

Hnh 3.25: Phng php Mille to Uq b - Dng mt phn t n nh dng kiu thng s c in tr ph thuc vo in p t trn n Rn=f(URn) lm in tr np cho t C. gi cho dng np khng i, in tr Rn gim khi in p trn n gim, lc e = Umax/Etd vi Etd = Inp . Ri (8-36)

Ri l in tr trong ca ngun dng nn kh ln, do vy Etd ln v cho php nng cao Umax vi mt mc mo phi tuyn cho trc. c - Thay th ngun E c nh u vo bng mt ngun bin i e(t) = E + K (Uc - Uo) hay e(t) = E + KUC (3-37)

vi K l hng s t l b hn mt: k = de(t)/dUc < l (vi hnh 3.26a) Ngun b sung KUC b li mc gim ca dng np nh mt mch khuch i c hi tip thay i theo in p trn t Uc khi mc mo phi tuyn xc nh bi:

218

e = (1-k)Umax/E

(3-38)

gi tr ny thc t nh v k 1 nn 1-k l VCB v v th c th la chn c Umax ln xp x E lm tng hiu sut ca mch m e vn nh.

3.6.2.

Mch to xung tam gic dng tranzito

Hnh 3.27 a ra cc s dng tranzito thng dng to xung tam gic trong (a) l dng n gin, (b) l mch dng phn t n dng (phng php Miller) v (c) l mch b c khuch i bm kiu Bootstrap.

Hnh 3.27: Cc mch to xung tam gic dng tranzito thng dng nht a. Vi mch (a): Ban u khi Uv = 0 (cha c xung iu khin) T m bo ha nh RB, in p ra Ura =Uc = UCEbh 0V. Trong thi gian c xung vung, cc tnh m iu khin a ti cc baz, T kha, t C c np t ngun +E qua R lm in p trn t tng dn theo quy lut Uc(t) = E (l - e-t/RC) (3-39) in p ny Uc(t) = Ura(t) gn ng bc nht tng ng thng theo t vi h s phi tuyn

219

= v i(t q ) =

i0 - i(t q ) i0 E Um R

Um vi i(0) = E/R E l cc dng np lc u v cui

(3-40)

Khi ht xung iu khin T m li, C phng in nhanh qua T; Ura=Uc0 mch v li trng thi ban u. T biu thc sai s e (3-40) thy r mun sai s b cn chn ngun E ln v bin ra ca xung tam gic Um nh. y l nhc im cn bn ca s n gin hnh 3.27a. b. Vi mch (b) tranzito T2 mc kiu baz chung c tc dng nh mt ngun n dng (c b nhit nh dng ngc qua ZD l it n p (xem 2.6) cung cp dng IE2 n nh np cho t trong thi gian c xung vung cc tnh m iu khin lm kha T1. Vi iu kin gn ng dng cc colect T1 khng i th: I 1 I Uc (t) = c2 dt = c2 t C0 C
tq

l quan h bc nht

(3-41)

Mch (b) cho php tn dng ton b E to xung tam gic vi bin nhn c l Um E. Tuy vy, khi c ti Rt ni song song trc tip vi C th c phn dng qua Rt v Um gim v do sai s e tng. s dng tt cn c bin php nng cao Rt hay gim nh hng ca Rt i vi mch ra ca s . c. Vi mch (c) T1 l phn t kha thng m nh RB v ch kha khi c xung vung cc tnh dng iu khin. T2 l phn t khuch i m ch ng m (k < 1). Ban u (Uv = 0) T1 m nh Rb, it D thng qua R c dng Io E/(R + Rd) vi Uc = UCE1bh 0. Qua T2 ta nhn c Ura 0. T Co c np ti in p UN - UE2 E vi cc tnh nh hnh 3.27. Trong thi gian c xung vo T1 b kha, C c np qua D v R lm in th ti M (cng l in th cc baz T2) m dn T2 m mnh, gia s Uc qua T2 v qua Co (c in dung ln) gn nh c a ton b v im N b thm vi gi tr sn c ti N (ang gim theo quy lut dng np) gi n nh dng trn R np cho C. Ch khi dng hi tip qua Co v N c tr s bng E/R th khng cn dng qua D dn ti cn bng ng, ngun E dng nh ct khi mch v C c np nh in th E c np trc trn Co. S (c) c u im l bin Um t xp x gi tr ngun E trong khi sai s gim i (1 - k) ln (vi k l h s truyn t ca T2 mc chung emit) v nh hng ca Rt mc ti cc emit ca T2 thng qua tng m phn cch T2 ti Uc(t) rt yu. Cc s 3.27 a b c c th s dng vi xung iu khin cc tnh ngc li khi chuyn mch T1 c thit k dng thng kha (khng c RB)

3.6.3.

Mch to xung tam gic dng vi mch thut ton

Hnh 3.28 a v b a ra hai s to xung tam gic dng IC thut ton.

220

Hnh 3.28: Cc mch to xung tam gic dng IC tuyn ttnh a) Dng mch tch phn n gin b) Dng mch phc tp c iu chnh hng qut v cc tnh a - Mch 3.28 a xy dng trn c s khuch i c o trong thay in tr Rht bng t C, khi in p ra c m t bi (gi thit Uo = 0) Q(t ) 1 = Ura (t ) = C C

I (t)dt + Q
c 0

(3-42)

vi Qo l in tch c trn t ti lc t = 0 vi Ic (t ) = Uvo (t ) ta c Ura (t ) = R 1 RC

U
0

vo

(t )dt + Ura

(3-43)

Thnh phn Urao xc nh t in kin ban u ca tch phn Urao = Ura (t = 0) = Q0 / C Nu Uvo(t) l mt xung vung c gi tr khng i trong khong 0 t th Ura(t) l mt in p ng thng Ura(t) = ( - Uvo/RC). t + Urao (3-44) chnh xc ca (3.44) l ty thuc vo gi thit gn ng Uo 0 hay dng in u vo IC gn bng 0, cc vi mch cht lng cao m bo iu kin ny kh tt.

221

b - Hot ng ca mch 3.28b c minh ha bng gin thi gian hnh 3.29 . Khi c xung iu khin cc tnh dng, T m bo ha, thng mch phng in cho t C trong khong thi gian to (to < tngh vi tngh = tvo l thi gian c xung iu khin). Trong khong tq (khng c xung iu khin) IC lm vic ch khuch i tuyn tnh, nu Uo = 0 th Up = UN = Uc (3-45)

Ta xc nh quy lut bin i ca Uc(t), t tm iu kin c quan h l tuyn tnh nh sau: Phng trnh dng in ti nt N vi mch hi tip m: E0 suy ra Ura = Uc R1 + R 2 R - E0 2 R1 R1 (3-46) UN R1 = UN Ura R2

Phng trnh dng ti ni P vi mch hi tip dng: dU U Ura E Uc =C c + c R4 dt R3 T hai h thc (346) v (3-47) rt ra phng trnh ca Uc(t) dUc Uc 1 = C R3 dt 1 E R2 = C R3 R1R 4 E0R 2 R1R 4 (3-48) (3-47)

Tnh cht bin i ca Uc(t) ph thuc vo h s ca s hng th hai v tri ca (348). Nu R3 > R1R4/R2 g (t) c t ng cong li. Nu R3<R1R4/R2 R2 ng Uc(t) c dng ng cong lm. Khi R1/R2=R3/R4 (3-49)

th Uc ph thuc bc nht vo t. Khi c: Uc = 1 E C R3 E0 R2 t R1R 4 (3-50)

Nu chn R1 = R3 v R2 = R4 ta c biu thc thu gn Uc = T : 1 (E E0 )t R3C (3-51)

222

Nu E > Eo c Ura l in p tng ng thng. Nu E < Eo c Ura gim ng thng. Nu chn Eo = 0 ta nhn c xung tam gic cc tnh dng, cn chn Eo l 1 ngun iu chnh c th Ura c dng c hai cc tnh vi bin gn bng 2Ec Trn thc t, thng chn E = Ec v Eo ly t Ec qua chia p. Bin cc i trn t C xc nh bi: Ucmax = (E - Eo)tq/ R3C (3-52)

Ngi ta c th to ra ng thi mt xung vung v mt xung tam gic nh ghp ni tip mt b tch phn sau mt trig Smit (h. 3.30). B tch phn IC2 ly tch phn in p ra n nh trn li ra (Ura1) ca trig Smit. Khi Ura2 t ngng tt ca trig th in p ra ca n i du t bin do Ura2 i hng qut ngc li. Qu trnh li tip din cho ti khi t ti ngng lt th hai ca trig Smit v s quay v trng thi u. Tn s ca dao ng thay i nh R hoc C. Bin Ura2 ch ph thuc ngng lt ca trig Smit, c xc nh bi: Ura2 = Umax R1/R2 (3-53)

(vi Umax l gi tr in p ra bo ha ca IC1). Chu k dao ng xc nh bi T= 4RCR1/R2 (3-54)

Hnh 3.30: S to ng thi xung vung (Ura1) v xung tam gic (Ura2)

223

3.7.
3.7.1.

C S I S LOGIC V CC PHN T LOGIC C BN

C s ca i s logic

a - H tin v nh l i s logic l phng tin ton hc phn tch v tng hp cc h thng thit b v mch s. N nghin cu cc mi lin h, (cc php tnh c bn) gia cc bin s trng thi (bin logic) ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr "1" (c) hoc ''0" (khng c). Kt qu nghin cu ny th hin l mt hm trng thi cng nhn ch cc tr s "0" hoc "1. Ngi ta xy ng 3 php tnh c bn gia cc bin logic l: Php ph nh logic (o), l k hiu bng du "-" pha trn k hiu ca bin Php cng logic (tuyn), k hiu bng du "+" Php' nhn logic (hi), k hiu bng du "." Kt hp vi hai hng s "O" v "1" c nhm cc quy tc sau: Nhm 4 quy tc ca php cng logic: x + 0 = x, x + 1 = 1, x+x=x x+ x =1 (3-55)

Nhm 4 quy tc ca php nhn logic x . 0 = 0, x . 1 = x, x.x =x x. x=0 (3-56)

Nhm hai quy tc ca php ph nh logic. ( x) = x

(x ) = x

(3-57)

C th minh ha tnh hin nhin ca cc quy tc trn qua v d cc kha mch in ni song song (vi php cng) v ni tip (vi php nhn) v hng s 1ng vi kha thng ng ni mch, "0" kha thng m ngt mch. - Tn ti cc inh lut hon v, kt hp v phn b trong i s logic vi cc php cng v nhn. Lut hon v: x + y = y + x; xy = yx (3-58)

Lut kt hp: x + y + z = (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) xyz = (xy)z = x(yz) Lut phn b: x(y + z) = xy + xz (3-59) (3-60)

- xut pht t cc quy tc v lut trn c th a ra mt s inh l thng dng sau: x . y + x y = x; x + xy = x; x( x + y) = xy (x + y)(x + z) = x + yz

224

x(x + y) = x;

xy + y = x + y

(3-61)

nh l emorgan: F(x, y, z,...+,.) = F(x, y, z,...,.,+ ) V d:

(x + y + z) = x.y.z

v (x.y.z ) = x + y + z

(3-62)

b - Hm logic v cch biu din chng C 3 cch biu din hm logic tng ng nhau - Biu din gii tch vi cc k hiu hm, bin v cc php tnh gia chng. C hai dng gii tch c s dng l dng tuyn: hm c cho di dng mt tng ca cc tch cc bin v dng hi - di dng mut tch ca cc tng cc bin. Nu mi s hng trong dng tuyn cha mt cc bin ta gi l mt mintec k hiu l m v c dng tuyn y , tng t vi dng hi y l tch cc maxtec (M). Mi hm logic c th c v s cch biu din gii tch tng ng ngoi hai dng trn. Tuy nhin, ch tn ti mt cch biu din gn nht, ti u v s bin v s s hng hay tha s v c gi l dng ti thiu. Vic ti thiu ha hm logic, l a chng t mt dng bt k v dng ti thiu, mang mt ngha kinh t k thut c bit khi tng hp cc mch logic phc tp. ' V d: Dng tuyn y F = x.y. z + x yz + x y z : m1 + m2 + m3 Dng hi y F = (x + y + z)( x + y + z )(x + y + z) = M1. M2 . M3 - Biu din hm logic bng bng trng thi trong lit k ton b s t hp bin c th c c v gi tr hm tng ng vi mi t hp k. V d: Vi F(x, y, z) = x y z + xy z + x.y.z = m1 + m6 + m7 (3-63)

3.7.2.

Cc phn t togic c bn

Cc php ton c bn ca i s logic c th c thc hin bng cc mch kha in t (tranzito hoc IC) nu phn 3.1. Nt c trng nht y l hai mc in th cao hoc thp ca mch kha hon ton cho mt s tng ng n tr vi hai trng thi ca bin hay hm logic. Nu s tng ng c quy c l in th thp - tr ''0'' v in th cao - tr ''1" ta gi l logic dng. Trong trng hp ngc li, vi quy c mc th thp tr ''1" v mc th cao - tr ''0'', ta c logic m. n gin, trong chng ny, chng ta ch xt vi cc logic dng. a - Phn t ph nh logic (phn t o - NO) - Phn t ph nh c 1 u vo bit v 1 u ra thc hin hm ph nh logic: FNO = x (3-70)

tc l FNO = 1 khi x = 0 hoc ngc li FNO = 0 khi x = 1. Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian minh ha c cho trn hnh 3.31a, b v c tng ng.

225

a) X 0 1

FNO 1 0 b)

x FNO c)

t t

Hnh 3.31: Bng trng thi (a), k hiu (b), gin ca phn t NO (c) thc hin hm FNO, c th dng mt trong cc s mch kha (tranzito hay IC) nu 3.1.2 da trn tnh cht o pha ca mt tng Ec i vi tranzito hay u vo N ca IC thut ton. Mch n thc t c phc tp hn nng cao kh nng lm vic tin cy v kh nng chnh xc. Hnh 3.32 a ra mt s o kiu TTL (Tranzito-Tranzito-Logic) hon thin trong mt v IC s. Mch ra ca s gm 2 tranzito T3 v T4 lm vic ngc pha nhau ( ch kha) nh tn hiu ly trn cc li ra phn ti ca T2. Mch vo ca s dng tranzito T1 mc kiu BC v tn hiu vo (x) c a ti cc emit ca T1 th hin l cc xung in p cc tnh dng (lc x = 1) c bin ln hn mc UH hoc khng c xung (lc x = 0) iu khin x1 kha (lc x = 1) hay m (lc x = 0). Ngha l khi x = 0 T1 m, in th Uc1 = UB2 mc thp l T2 kha, iu ny lm T3 kha (v UE2 mc thp) v T4 m (v Uc2 mc cao), kt qu l ti u ra, in th ti im A mc cao hay FNO = l. Nh T4 m mc th ti A c nng ln xp x ngun +E (u im hn so vi vic dng mt in tr Rc3) nn T4 c gi l tranzito ''ko ln", iu ny cn lm tng kh nng chu ti nh hay dng ln cho tng ra. Khi x = 1, tnh hnh s ngc li T1 kha, T2 m lm T4 kha v T3 m dn ti FNO = 0. Nhn xt: - Kt cu mch hnh 3.32 khng cho php u chung cc li ra ca hai phn t o kiu song song nhau (3.32b) v khi nu FNO1 =1 v FN02 =0 s xy ra ngn mch T4mch1 vi T3mch2 hoc ngc li. Lc cn s dng cc phn t NO kiu h colect T3 (khng c T4) v dng in tr Rc3 mch ngoi. - C th kt cu phn t NO t 1 cp MOSFET knh n v knh p (mt loi thng m v mt loi thng kha) nh hnh 3.33. Khi x = 0 (Uvo= 0) T2 m T1 kha Ua = UDD hay FNO = 1. Khi x = 1 (Uvo =UDD) T2 kha T1 m Ura0 hay FNO = 0. FAND = x1x2x3 ... xn (3-71)

226

Hnh 3.32: B o TTL c u ra hai trng thi kt cu di dng mt vi mch s (a). Kiu mc chung sai u ra cho hai phn t NO b)

Hnh 3.33: S NO kiu CMOS

227

S hnh 3.33 c ch to theo cng ngh CMOS v c u im cn bn l dng tnh li vo cng nh li ra gn bng 0. b - Phn t v (AND) l phn t c nhiu u vo bin v mt u ra thc hin hm nhn logic, tc l hm FAND . FAND = 1 khi v ch khi tt c cc bin xi nhn tri 1 FAND = 0 khi t nht 1 trong cc bin xi c tr 0 Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian, minh ha ca FAND cho hnh 3.34 (vi n = 2). Mch in thc hin FAND loi n gin nht da trn cc kha it cho trn hnh 3.35, bnh thng khi x1 = x2 = 0 nh E qua phn p R 1 R2 c UA > 0 cc it D1 D2 u m, in p ra mc thp (c bng st p thun ca it) FAND = 0. Tnh hnh trn khng thay i khi ch x1 = 0 hoc x2 = 0.

a) X1 0 0 1 1 X2 0 1 0 1 FAND 0 0 0 1

X1 t X2 t

FAND t

Hnh 3.34: Bng trng thi (a), k hiu (b), gin ca phn t AND (c) Khi x1 = x2 = 1 (ng vi trng thi cc u vo c xung vung bin ln hn UA) cc it u kha cc nhnh u vo, lc UA=ER2/(R1+R2) th cao FAND =1 (khi R2 > > R1) Lu khi s lng u vo nhiu hn s bin, cc u vo khng dng cn ni vi +E nhnh tng ng tch khi mch (it kha) trnh c nhiu vi cc u khc ang lm vic.

228

Hnh 3.35: S nguyn l mch AND da trn it c - Phn t hoc (OR) l phn t c nhiu u vo bin, mt u ra thc hin hm cng logic: FOR = x1 +x2+x3+...+Xn FOR = 1 khi t nht mt trong cc bin xi nhn tr 1. FOR = 0 khi tt c cc bin nhn tr 0: x1 = ... xn = 0 X1 t X1 0 0 1 1 X2 0 1 a)0 1 FOR 0 1 1 1 b) FOR c) X2 t t (3-72)

Hnh 3.36: Bng trng thi (a) k hiu quy c b) v gin thi gian (c) ca phn t OR Bng trng thi k hiu quy c v th thi gian minh ha ca FOR cho trn hnh 3.36 (cho vi n = l). C th dng kha it thc hin hm FOR (3-37). Bnh

229

thng khi x1 = x2 = 0 cc it u kha trn R khng c dng in Ur = 0. FOR = 0 khi t nht mt u vo c xung dng it tng ng m to dng trn R do UA mc cao hay FOR=1. Khi s u vo nhiu hn s bin. u vo khng dng c ni t chng nhiu.

Hnh 3.37: S nguyn l mch OR dng it d - Phn t v ph nh (NAND) l phn t nhiu u vo bin mt u ra thc hin hm logic v - ph nh: FNAND= x1.x 2 .x 3 ...x n FNAND = 0 khi tt c cc u vo cc bin c tr 1 FNAND = 1 trong cc trng hp cn li. (3-73)

Hnh 3.38 a ra bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v th thi gian minh ha trong trng hp n = 2. X1 X1 0 0 1 1 X2 0 1 a)0 1 FNAND 1 1 1 0 b) X2 t t t

FNAND c)

Hnh 3.38: Bng trng thi (a) k hiu quy c b) v gin thi gian (c) ca phn t NAND

230

- Cng nh cc phn t NO, OR, AND, c th thc hin phn t NAND bng nhiu cch khc nhau da trn cc cng ngh ch to bn dn: loi in tr tranzito - logic (RTL) loi it tranzito - logic (DTL), loi tranzito - tranzito - logic (TTL) hay cng ngh CMOS. minh ha, hnh 3.39 a ra mt phn t NAND da trn cng ngh TTL, s dng loi tranzito nhiu cc emit, c u im l bo m mc logic, tc ng nhanh v kh nng ti ln.

Hnh 3.39 : Nguyn l xy dng phn t NAND loi TTL

Hnh 3.40: Phn t logic NAND TTL thc t c u vo iu khin (loi 3 trng thi ra n nh)

231

Vi mch 3.39 khi tt c cc li vo c in p cao (x1 = x2 = x3 = 1) T1 kha UCM = UB2 mc cao lm T2 m FNAND = 0. Nu ch mt trong cc li vo c mc in p thp tip gip emit - baz tng ng ca T1 m lm mt dng IB2 nn T2 kha: FNAND = 1. Thc t T2 c thay bng 1 mch ra (h.3.40) dng y ko tng t hnh 3.32 cho dng ra ln tng kh nng ti v chng nhiu. Khi T2 kha T3 cng kha (do UE2 = 0) FNAND = 1 nh b lp li cc emit T4 tr khng ra thp tng kh nng chu ti cho ton mch. Khi T2 m T3 m T4 kha, D tch nhnh T4 khi mch ra FNAND = 0 (mc ra c + 0,1V). - iu khin tng ra, c th dng mt li vo c bit khi Uk = 0 (mc thp) T3 T4 u b kha (trng thi n nh th 3 ca s cn gi l trng thi tr khng cao). Khi Uk mc cao it D1 kha, s lm vic bnh thng nh phn tch trn vi hai trng thi n nh cn li. Tn hiu Uk c gi l tn hiu chn v (CS) to kh nng cho php (lc CS = 1) hay khng cho php (lc CS = 0) mch NAND lm vic, iu ny c bit thun li khi phi iu khin nhiu NAND lm vic chung vi 1 li ra. e - Phn t hoc - ph nh (NOR) gm nhiu u vo bin, mt u ra thc hin hm logic hoc - ph nh FNOR = x1 + x 2 + x 3 + ... + x n (3-74)

FNOR = 1 khi mi bin vo c tr s "0" v FNOR = 0 trong cc trng hp cn li. Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian minh ha ca FNOR (vi n = 2) cho trn hnh 3.41. X1 X1 0 0 1 1 X2 0 1 a)0 1 FNOR 1 0 0 0 b) X2 t t t

FNOR c)

Hnh 3.41: Bng trng thi (a) k hiu quy c b) v gin thi gian (c) ca phn t NOR Hnh 3.42 cho kt cu thc hin FNOR trn cng ngh RTL. Khi t nht mt trong cc ca vo c xung dng m, in p ra mc thp FNOR = 0, cn khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0, do cc tranzito c thit k ch thng kha. Tt c cc tranzito kha FNOR = 1 (lu : nu thit k cc tranzito thng m th mch hot ng nh 1 phn t NAND vi cc xung vo cc tnh m iu khin kha cc tranzito).

232

- C th thc hin phn t NOR da trn cng ngh MOS hoc CMOS (tng cp MOSN v MOSP vi mi u vo) vi nhiu u im ni bt: thi gian chuyn bin nhanh, khng c dng d v tiu th cng sut cc b.

Hnh 3.42 : Phn t NOR vi cc colect h

3.7.3.

Cc thng s c trng ca phn t IC logic

nh gi c tnh k thut v kh nng s dng ca IC logic, ngi ta thng s dng cc tham s c bn sau: Tnh tc ng nhanh (phn ng v thi gian ca phn t vi s bin i t bin ca tn hiu vo) th hin qua thi gian tr trung bnh khi xung qua n:

t tr =

t+ + t2

(3-75)

t+ l th gian tr sn trc khi chuyn mc logic 0 ln 1. t- l thi gian tr sn sau khi chuyn "1" v "0 Nu ttr < 10-8s ta c loi phn t cc nhanh Nu ttr < 3.10-8s loi nhanh Nu ttr < 3. 10-7s loi trung bnh Nu ttr 0,3 s loi chm

233

- Kh nng s dng th hin qua s lng u vo m v h s phn ti n u ra (s u vo ca cc phn t logic khc c th ghp vi u ra ca n). Thng n = 4 n 10, nu c cc mch khuch i m u ra c th tng n = 20 n 50; m = 2 n 6. - Ngi ta quy nh vi nhng phn t logic loi TTL, cc mc in p (vi logic dng - mc logic cao v thp) nh sau: Di m bo mc 1 u ra Di m bo mc 0 u ra Di cho php mc 1 u vo Di cho php mc 0 u vo +E Ura 2,4V 0,4V Ura.0 0V +E Uv1 2V 0,8V Uvo 0V

Nh vy, d tr chng nhiu mc 1 l 2 n 2,4 V Nh vy, d tr chng nhiu mc 0 l 0,4 n 0,8 V - Tnh tng h gia cc phn t logic khi chuyn logic dng thnh logic m: NO -> NO OR -> AND NOR -> NAND

234

Mc lc
Chng 1: M U ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. CC I LNG C BN ........................................................................... 1 1.1.1 in p v dng in .............................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Tnh cht in ca mt phn t .............................................................. 2 1.1.3. Ngun in p v ngun dng in......................................................... 5 1.1.4. Biu din mch in bng cc k hiu v hnh v (s )....................... 7 1.2. TIN TC V TN HIU................................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Tin tc ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3. Tn hiu ................................................................................................... 8 1.2.4. Cc tnh cht ca tn hiu theo cch biu din thi gian .....................10 1.3. CC H THNG IN T IN HNH ........................................................12 1.3.2. H thng thng tin thu - pht ..................................................................12 1.3.3. H o lng in t ...............................................................................13 1.3.4. H t iu chnh .....................................................................................14 Chng 2: K THUT TNG T ..........................................................................16 2.1. CHT BN DN IN - PHN T MT MT GHP P-N ...........................16 2.1.1. Cht bn dn nguyn cht v cht bn dn tp cht .............................16 2.1.2. Mt ghp p-n v tnh chnh lu ca t bn dn ....................................21 2.1.3. Vi ng dng in hnh ca it bn dn...............................................27 2.2. PHN T HAI MT GHP P-N ....................................................................37 2.2.1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic, c tuyn v tham s ca tranzito bipolar .37 2.2.2. Cc dng mc mch c bn ca tranzito...............................................42 2.2.3. Phn cc v n nh nhit im cng tc ca tranzito ...........................47 2.2.4. Tranzito trng (FET) ............................................................................62 2.3. KHUCH I ................................................................................................73 2.3.1. Nhng vn chung..............................................................................73 2.3.2. Khuch i dng tranzito lng cc ......................................................83 2.4 KHUCH I DNG VI MCH THUT TON ...........................................134 2.4.1 Khi nim chung...................................................................................134 2.4.2. B khuch i o................................................................................138 2.4.3. B khuch i khng o.....................................................................139 2.4.4. Mch cng............................................................................................139 2.4.5. Mch tr...............................................................................................141 2.4.6. B tch phn .........................................................................................143 2.4.7. B vi phn ............................................................................................144 2.4.8. Cc b bin i hm s........................................................................145 2.4.9. Cc mch lc .......................................................................................146 2.5. TO DAO NG IU HA ......................................................................149 2.5.1. Nguyn l chung to dao ng iu ho ..............................................149 2.5.2. My pht dao ng hnh sin dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh .............................................................................................151 2.5.3. To tn hiu hnh sin bng phng php bin di t mt dng tn hiu hon ton khc.....................................................................................157

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2.6. NGUN MT CHIU ..................................................................................161 2.6.1. Khi nim chung...................................................................................161 2.6.2. Lc cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in ra ti............................162 2.6.3. c tuyn ngoi ca b chnh lu ........................................................165 2.6.4. n nh in p v dng in ..............................................................166 2.6.5. B n p tuyn tnh IC..........................................................................181 2.7. PHN T NHIU MT GHP P-N .............................................................186 2.7.1. Nguyn l lm vic, c tuyn v tham s ca tiristo............................186 2.7.2. Cc mch khng ch in hnh dng tiristo .........................................188 2.7.3. Vi dng c chnh lu c cu trc 4 lp ...............................................193 Chng 3: K THUT XUNG - S...........................................................................197 3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG ....................................................................................197 3.1.1. Tn hiu xung v tham s .....................................................................197 3.1.2. Ch kha ca tranzito .....................................................................199 3.1.3. Ch kha ca khuch i thut ton ...............................................201 3.2. MCH KHNG NG B HAI TRNG THI N NH ............................203 3.2.1. Tri g i xng (RS-trig) dng tranzito ..............................................203 3.2.2. Tri g Smit dang Tranzito.....................................................................204 3.2.3. Trig Smit dng IC tuyn tnh ..............................................................206 3.3. MCH KHNG NG B MT TRNG THI N NH ..........................208 3.3.1. a hi i dng tranzito .......................................................................208 3.3.2. Mch a hi i dng IC thut ton .....................................................209 3.4. MCH KHNG NG B HAI TRNG THI KHNG N NH (A HI T DAO NG) ..........................................................................................................211 3.4.1. a hi dng tranzito .............................................................................211 3.4.2. Mch a hi dng IC tuyn tnh............................................................213 3.5. B DAO NG BLOCKING .......................................................................214 3.6. MCH TO XUNG TAM GIC (XUNG RNG CA)..................................216 3.6.1. Cc vn chung ................................................................................216 3.6.2. Mch to xung tam gic dng tranzito..................................................219 3.6.3. Mch to xung tam gic dng vi mch thut ton ................................220 3.7. C S I S LOGIC V CC PHN T LOGIC C BN ....................224 3.7.1. C s ca i s logic ..........................................................................224 3.7.2. Cc phn t togic c bn .....................................................................225 3.7.3. Cc thng s c trng ca phn t IC logic.......................................233

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Ti liu tham kho [1]. Nguyn Bnh (2000), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H ni. [2]. Xun Th (ch bin) (2005), K thut in t, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H ni. [3]. Work Bench 5.12 [4]. www.nano.physik.uni-muenchen.de

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