MN HC:

NHIT NG LC HC K THUT

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MT S KHI NIM C BN V PHNG TRNH TRNG THI CA KH L TNG

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Mt s khi nim c bn

1. H THNG NHIT NG Ngun nng Gn lin vi 3 yu t: Cht mi gii Ngun lnh Nhit lng Cng

V trao i vi mi trng xung quanh:

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Mt s khi nim c bn
Thit b ngng t

H thng nhit ng kn

Van tit lu My nn Thit b bay hi

H thng nhit ng h

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Mt s khi nim c bn

H thng nhit ng on nhit Q=0

L h thng nhit ng khng trao i nhit lng vi mi trng xung quanh

Q=0 L=0
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H thng nhit ng c lp

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Mt s khi nim c bn

2. TRNG THI Cn bng

c trng c ho 1 v tr no trong h thng nhit ng Khng cn bng

3. QU TRNH -Tp hp 1 s trng thi lm vic theo cng mt nguyn tc. - Trng thi u v cui l cn bng
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Thun nghch

Khng thun nghch

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Thng s trng thi

Cc i lng c trng cho trng thi ca cht mi gii c gi l thng s trng thi Cc thng s trng thi thng dng l: Nhit : T p sut: p Th tch ring: v Ni nng: u Entanpy: i Entropy: s
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Thng s trng thi c bn

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Thng s trng thi

1. NHIT L thng s biu th mc nng lnh ca vt. Dng c o: nhit k Nhit k thy ngn: Da trn s gin n ca cht lng Nhit k in tr: Da trn s thay i in tr Thermocouple: Da trn s thay i dng in Nhit k hng ngoi: Da trn hiu ng bc x nhit di dng hng ngoi ca vt nng
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Thng s trng thi

Trong k thut thng dng cc thang nhit sau: Thang nhit Celcius: K hiu: t n v:
0C

Thang nhit Fahrenheit: K hiu: t n v:

0F

Thang nhit Kelvin: (Nhit tuyt i) K hiu: T n v: K

Thang nhit Rankine: (Nhit tuyt i) K hiu: T n v:

0R

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Thng s trng thi

K
iem soi cua nc iem ong bang cua nc

373 273

100

671 491

212 32

Mi quan h gia cc thang nhit : K = 0C + 273

0R 0F

Rankine

Fahrenheit

= 1,8 K = 1,8 0C + 32

Mc khong cua thang nhiet o tuyet oi

Celcius

Kelvin

- 273

- 459

Ch
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Ch c nhit tuyt i mi l thng s trng thi

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Thng s trng thi

2. P SUT L lc tc dng ln mt n v din tch b mt ranh gii theo phng php tuyn vi b mt . C cc loi p sut sau: p sut kh quyn: pkq p sut d: pd p sut chn khng: pck p sut tuyt i: pt
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F ,N/m2 p= A

Xc nh bng dng c o

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Thng s trng thi

V d v p sut

F1 A 1 p1 = p 2 = F2 A 2
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Thng s trng thi

p sut kh quyn: pkq L p lc ca khng kh tc ng ln cc vt th nm trong n v ln b mt tri t. Gi tr trung bnh ca pkq ti mc nc bin l 760 mmHg Trong tnh ton k thut cho php ly pkq = 1 bar Dng c o: Barometer

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Thng s trng thi

p sut d: pd Khi p sut mi trng kho st ln hn p sut kh quyn, ta gi chnh lch gia p sut mi trng vi p sut kh quyn l p sut d. Dng c o: Manometer

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Thng s trng thi

p sut chn khng: pck Khi p sut mi trng kho st nh hn p sut kh quyn, ta gi chnh lch gia p sut mi trng vi p sut kh quyn l p sut chn khng. Dng c o: Vacumeter

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Thng s trng thi

p sut tuyt i: pt Khi pt > pkq: 1bar = 105 N/m2 = 750 mmHg 1at = 0,981 bar = 1 kgf/cm2 = 10 mH2O 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa 1 psi = 6895 N/m2 Ch c p sut tuyt i mi l thng s trng thi
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pt = pkq + pd
Khi pt < pkq:

pt = pkq pck

Ch
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Thng s trng thi

Ap suat moi trng khao sat ln hn ap suat kh quyen Ap suat d Ap suat kh quyen o chan khong Ap suat moi trng khao sat nho hn ap suat kh quyen Ap suat tuyet oi Chan khong tuyet oi

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Ap suat tuyet oi

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Thng s trng thi

3. TH TCH RING Th tch ring: Khi lng ring:

V v= G

G 1 = = V v

Trong : G Khi lng ca khi cht mi gii ang kho st, kg V Th tch chon ch ca khi cht mi gii , m3 Ch c th tch ring mi l thng s trng thi
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Ch
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Thng s trng thi

4. NI NNG Tng bin thin nng lng ca mt h thng:

E = E + E t + U
Trong phm vi nhit ng lc hc, h thng hu nh khng c s thay i v tr E = U Trong phm vi vi m ca h thng:

U = U + Ut
Nu G = 1 kg:
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u = u + ut
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Thng s trng thi

Trong bi ton v nhit ng, bin thin ni nng ca h thng c xc nh nh sau: - Khi G = 1 kg:

u = c v (T2 T1 )

, kJ/kg

- Khi G 1 kg: U = G.u = Gc v (T2 T1 ) , kJ Trong : cv Nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch, kJ/kgK T1,T2 Nhit u v cui ca qu trnh kho st, K

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Thng s trng thi

5. ENTANPY Entanpy c nh ngha bng biu thc:

i = u + pv
Trong bi ton v nhit ng, bin thin entanpy ca h thng c xc nh nh sau: - Khi G = 1 kg: - Khi G 1 kg:

i = c p (T2 T1 )

, kJ/kg

I = G.i = Gc p (T2 T1 ) , kJ

Trong : cp Nhit dung ring khi lng ng p, kJ/kgK T1,T2 Nhit u v cui ca qu trnh kho st, K
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Thng s trng thi

6. ENTROPY Entropy c nh ngha bng biu thc:

q ds = T
Khi G 1 kg: hoc

, kJ/kgK , kJ/K , kJ/K

Q dS = T
dS = G.ds

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Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng

KH L TNG Mt cht kh c xem l kh l tng nu n tha 2 iu kin sau: Th tch bn thn cc phn t bng khng Lc tng tc gia cc phn t bng khng Nhng cht kh khng phi l kh l tng c gi l kh thc

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Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng

PHNG TRNH TRNG THI - Khi G = 1 kg: - Khi G 1 kg:

pv = RT

pV = GRT

Trong : p p sut tuyt i ca khi kh, N/m2 v th tch ring ca khi kh, m3/kg V th tch khi kh, m3 G Khi lng khi kh, kg T Nhit tuyt i ca khi kh, K
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Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng

PHNG TRNH TRNG THI (tt) V R hng s cht kh , J/kgK

8314 = R=
R hng s ph bin ca cht kh , J/kmolK phn t lng ca cht kh, kg/kmol nh lut Avogadro: cng iu kin p sut v nhit tiu chun (p = 101,325kPa v T = 273,15K) th tch 1 kmol ca tt c cc kh l tng u bng nhau v bng 22,4 m3
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Hn hp kh l tng

Hn hp kh l tng: Cc kh l tng c trn ln theo kiu c hc, khng xy ra phn ng ha hc vi nhau. Hn hp ca cc kh l tng c xem l mt kh l tng tng ng. C th s dng phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng cho hn hp kh l tng. Mi thnh phn kh l tng trong hn hp u c nhit ca hn hp v chim ton b th tch ca hn hp.
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Hn hp kh l tng

PHN P SUT (p sut ring phn) Khi mt thnh phn ca hn hp chon ton b th tch ca hn hp v nhit ca hn hp th p sut tng ng ca thnh phn trong hn hp c gi l phn p sut ca n.
p, V, T pab a b a a a b a b a b a b a b a b a b b b b

p = pa + pb
nh lut Dalton:
b b pb

pa

a a

a a

V, T

p = pi
i =1
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Hn hp kh l tng

PHN TH TCH (Th tch ring phn) Phn th tch l th tch chon ch ca mt thnh phn kh l tng khi thnh phn p sut v nhit ca hn hp.
p, V, T Vab a b a a a b a b a a a b a b a b a b a b b b b b b b

V = Va + Vb
nh lut Amagat:
Vb

Va

a a

p, T

V = Vi
i =1
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Hn hp kh l tng

THNH PHN KHI LNG - gi

Gi gi = G

G = G 1 + G 2 + ... + G n = G i
i =1
n

g1 + g 2 + ... + g n = g i = 1
i =1

Trong : G Khi lng hn hp kh Gi Khi lng ca cht kh th i trong hn hp

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Hn hp kh l tng

THNH PHN TH TCH - ri

Vi ri = V

V = V1 + V2 + ... + Vn = Vi
i =1
n

r1 + r2 + ... + rn = ri = 1
i =1

Trong : V Th tch hn hp kh Vi Phn th tch ca cht kh th i trong hn hp

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Hn hp kh l tng

Tnh hng s cht kh ca hn hp kh l tng

R hh = g i R i =
i =1

R hh

8314 = , J/kgK hh
, kg/kmol

hh

1 = g1 g 2 g 3 gn + + + ... + 1 2 3 n

hh = r11 + r2 2 + r3 3 + ... + rn n

, kg/kmol

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Hn hp kh l tng

Mi quan h gia thnh phn khi lng v thnh phn th tch

i .ri gi = hh
Xc nh gi tr phn p sut ca tng kh trong hn hp

p i = p.ri
Trong : p p sut ca hn hp

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