MN HC:

NHIT NG LC HC K THUT

CBGD: NGUYN TH MINH TRINH

CHNG 3:

NH LUT NHIT NG TH HAI

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Chng 3

Tng qut

1. HN CH CA NH LUT 1 V S RA I CA NH LUT 2 nh lut nhit ng th nht ch ra rng: 2 dng nng lng c bn l nhit lng v cng c th bin i qua li ln nhau. Nhng nh lut ny khng ch r c: Chiu hng din bin ca qu trnh iu kin cn v qu trnh xy ra Mc bin ha nng lng ca qu trnh V trong thc t: cng c th bin i hon ton thnh nhit lng nhng nhit lng khng th bin i hon ton thnh cng.
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Chng 3

Tng qut

1. HN CH CA NH LUT 1 V S RA I CA NH LUT 2 (tt) T nghin cu thc tin cc nh khoa hc tm ra mt s quy lut v gi n l nh lut nhit ng th 2 nh lut nhit ng th 2 ch ra c: Chiu hng din bin ca qu trnh Thit lp gii hn ti a ca s bin ha nng lng ca qu trnh iu kin thc hin cc qu trnh xy ra ngc vi chiu t nhin.

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Chng 3

Chu trnh nhit ng

2. CHU TRNH NHIT NG Thun chiu Ngc chiu

Tt c cc loi ng c nhit: ng c t trong, tuabin hi, tuabin kh,

Tt c cc loi my lnh v bm nhit

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Chng 3

Chu trnh nhit ng

Chu trnh thun chiu

p T 3 q1
sinh cong

3 q1 2 4 q2 1 1
sinh cong

4 q2

q2 w q1 q 2 = = 1 Hiu sut nhit: = q1 q1 q1

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Chng 3

Chu trnh nhit ng

Pht biu Kelvin-Planck

Khng th c bt k mt ng c nhit no c th bin ton b nhit lng nhn c thnh ra cng. Vy vi chu trnh thun chiu: Khng th c bt k mt ng c nhit no c hiu sut l 100%

w = q1 q 2 q1 = w + q 2
Khi G 1 kg: Q1 = W + Q 2
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hay Q nng = W + Qlanh

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Chng 3
p p q1

Chu trnh nhit ng

Chu trnh ngc chiu

3 q2 2 3 2

nhan cong

nhan cong

q1

q2

Chu trnh may lanh

Chu trnh bm nhiet

H s lm lnh: q1 q1 = = q 2 q1 w
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H s lm nng: q2 q2 = = q 2 q1 w
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Chng 3

Chu trnh nhit ng

Pht biu Clausius

Khng th c bt k mt my lnh hay bm nhit no c th vn chuyn nhit lng t ni c nhit thp n ni c nhit cao m khng tiu tn nng lng. H s lm lnh ca my lnh (hay h s lm nng ca bm nhit) l mt gi tr xc nh, khng th no tin ti v cng.

Vy vi chu trnh ngc chiu: w = q 2 q1 q 2 = w + q1 Khi G 1 kg: Q 2 = W + Q1 hay Q nng = W + Qlanh

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Chng 3

Chu trnh Carnot

Chu trnh Carnot thun chiu

q1
T
TN

q1

q=0

TN

=c

ons

2
q=0
ons t

TL

=c

TL

q2

3 V

q2 6

Hiu sut ca chu trnh:

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TN TL C = TN
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Chng 3

Chu trnh Carnot

Chu trnh Carnot ngc chiu

q2
T
TN

q2
2

q=0

TN

=c ons

2
q=0

TL

=c ons t

TL

q1

3 V

q1 6

H s lm lnh ca chu trnh:

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TL C = TN TL
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Chng 3

Chu trnh Carnot

ngha ca chu trnh Carnot

T
Tmax

q1c q1

- Chu trnh tuabin kh:

2 B C

q2 dt (DC65D ) = 1 = 1 q1 dt (AB65A )

A
Tmin

q2
4

- Chu trnh Carnot:

3

q2c 6

c = 1

q 2c q1c

dt (43654) = 1 dt (12651)

So sanh chu trnh Carnot va chu trnh tuabin kh

c >
12

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Chng 3

Chu trnh Carnot

ngha ca chu trnh Carnot Trong tt c cc chu trnh nhit ng tin hnh cng iu kin nhit cc i Tmax v nhit cc tiu Tmin, chu trnh CARNOT lun c hiu sut cao nht Hiu sut chu trnh CARNOT l mc nh gi mc hon thin ca cc chu trnh trong thc t.
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