I HC NNG TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH KHOA K THUT XY DNG --------------

BI TIU LUN

NGUYN L THIT K KIN TRC DN DNG

TI:

CC QUY LUT B CC HNH KHI KHNG GIAN CA CNG TRNH KIN TRC

GVHD: Ths. KTS. Phan Tin Vinh SVTH: H Lp: 09KT

Huy Quyt

Nng, thng 12 nm 2010

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

H THNG CC QUY LUT B CC HNH KHI KHNG GIAN CA CNG TRNH KIN TRC

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

2/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

QUY LUT B CC HNH KHI KHNG GIAN CA CNG TRNH KIN TRC
1. Tng phn v d bin (vi bin): 1.1 Khi Nim: - Tng phn (Contraste) v vi bin (hay l sc thi Nuance) l s vn dng mc khc bit ca mt nhn t t hp (v d: hnh khi, mu sc) vi liu lng nhiu hay t t c hiu qu ngh thut. Trong ngh thut kin trc, tng phn v vi bin l nhng biu hin trn hnh khi, mt ng to ra nhng cm xc nhng mc khc nhau. - Tng phn: l s khc bit nhau rt r rng gia hai vt th, hai hnh th lm ni bt ln nhng c im ca chng. Tc l s khc bit nhiu v khng gian, ln (V d khi thp t cnh khi cao, Hnh 1-1) v s chnh lch v ln cng mnh th cm xc gy ra cho ngi xem cng mnh lit. Tng phn cn c th l s khc bit v mu sc (mu en ng cnh mu trng) lm ni bt them cho nhau. Hnh 1-1: Hong Anh Gia Lai Plaza Ta nh gm 2 khi chnh, khi cao t trn khi thp, to s tng phn r nt. Hnh 1-2: Vnh Trung Plaza Tng phn nh vy d gy s ch ca mi ngi.

- V s gii hn ca s a dng ca b cc khng phi l phi gii hn cho nn s tng phn vn phi tn trng yu cu thng nht ca tng th. Trong kin trc hin i, tng phn c s dng nhiu do nhu cu tnh cm mi xut pht t cuc sng cng nghip ha.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 3/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Vn dng s tng phn v khi, v mu sc s nhn mnh c s khc bit, biu hin c tnh khc nhau, xc lp mt s mu thun h tr ln nhau gia cc thnh phn kin trc. - Khi cc khi c hnh khi, bng , mu sc khc nhau t, ngi ta ni kin trc c tnh cht vi bin. Vi bin ni ln hai trng thi ca mt thuc tnh, l mt th php quan trng t c hiu qu thng nht v bin ha. Vi bin l s tng phn nh, chuyn bin dn dn, khc bit nhau rt t nh s chuyn dn, thu nh hnh khi ca nhng ta thp trong nhng ngi n c i, ca nhng thp v tuyn truyn hnh hin i. Hnh 1-2: Bng mu c s chuyn bin mu sc t t, t gam mu nng sang lnh, t sc m n nht dn - Bt php thit k c trnh s dn n hiu qu tt cho s dng ng thi hai yu t tng phn v vi bin. Nu hon ton dng yu t tng phn, b cc d b v, gy cm xc hn lon, t bin v cng kh din t tng. Cn nu ch chung yu t vi bin s a n nhng n tng bun t, n iu, gy cm xc u u v kh din t tng. Vy nn vic kt hp gia tnh thng nht v tnh bin ha theo mt quy lut no s d to nn mt tc phm c trng tm, c ch nht nh. Ch thch: Hnh v dn chng tng phn v d bin v khi hnh, v mng c, rng v v ng nt.

Qua ta thy s tng phn v d bin thng din ra trong cng mt tnh cht. Hnh khi ny vi hnh khi kia, mng ny vi mng kia hay cc loi nt vi nhau, cc cht vt liu vi nhau.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 4/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

1.2. Nhng nh hng to tng phn vi bin: 1.2.1 Tng phn v vi bin trong kch thc, hnh dng, chiu hng: - Kch thc, hnh dng, chiu hng c th to thnh bi cc yu t hnh hc c trng cho ngn ng to hnh kin trc l khi, din, tuyn - to thnh hnh tng kin trc giu sc biu hin qua phng tin tng phn v vi bin. - Hai hnh bng nhau, hnh c ph tr bi nhng hnh ln hn xung quanh s cm thy nh hn hnh c vy quanh bi nhng hnh nh hn. 1.2.2 Tng phn thng qua cc quan h ngn ng hnh thi hc: - Ngi ta thng dng tng phn ca ng (ng thng, ng cong, ng gy); tng phn ca hnh (hnh cao, hnh thp, hnh vung, hnh trn) v tng phn ca s lng (n v kp, t v nhiu, nng v nh) t c hiu qu cn thit. - V d Trng Bauhaus, Dessau, c l mt kit tc ca kin trc hin i, s t ng phn v khi v gy nn nhng n tng m cm nht nh.

- S tng phn v vi sai ca hng - hng ng v hng ngang, s lm phong ph thm hnh tng kin trc. - V d: Nh th Gothic Notre Dam (Nh Th c B Paris) c phn v vn ln l chnh, thnh thong c nhng g ngang lm thnh nhng bng ct cun hay bng tng nh nm ngang lm cho kin trc rt sinh ng.

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

5/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

V d: Ta Th Chnh H Ni (c).

- Thut tng phn cn c dng trong t hp mt bng, mt ng. V d: Ta nh quc hi (phng x n) ca Sunjab - n (1956 1959).

- S tng phn v vi sai ca hng ng v hng ngang s lm phong ph thm hnh tng to hnh.

1.2.3 Tng phn v vi bin trong rng v c, h v kn: - Nhng b phn khc nhau ca kin trc l nhng mng tng, nhng phn rng ca kin trc l nhng ca s, ca i, hnh lang, logia, hintc ng
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 6/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

vo cm gic ca con ngi, gy ra nhng lin tng, nhng cm gic khc nhau nh: vng chc, nh nhng, thanh thot - Trong cc cng trnh k nim, nhng lng m nhn mnh cm gic thc th, tnh vnh cu, ngi ta dng mt s nhng phn rng nhn mnh nhng mng c. - i vi tc phm to hnh cn gy hiu qu nh nhng, ngi ta dng nhiu phn rng hn. - V d c tnh cht in hnh cho s tng quan gia c v rng l cng trnh Bo tng LNin Taken, dng th php tng phn gia phn lm ca hnh lang ct cun tng di i vi mng tng c tng trn to nn mt hiu qu rt mnh m v phong ph. - V d th hai l Lng ch tch H Ch Minh, phn trn ca kin trc dng th php tng phn (c, rng, c, rng, c) v th php vi bin (nhp bin ca cc hng ct hi ln hn nhp gia).

- V d c tnh cht in hnh cho s tng quan gia c v rng l Cung Tng c Vnid, kin trc Gothic, Italia, dng th php tng phn gia phn lm ca hnh lang ct cun hai tng di i vi hai mng tng c bng cm thch hng v trng tng trn to nn mt hiu qu rt phong ph. 1.2.4 Tng phn v vi bin ca mu sc, cht cm v bng: - Bng: do mt ngun sng gy ra - gm c bong (bng ca mt khi gy ra cho mt din khc) v bong bn thn (bong sinh trn t bn thn li lm ca mt khi) l yu t quan trng to ra n tng m cm, cng nh mu sc v cht cm ca vt liu. - Hnh khi kin trc: c t c hiu qu a dng hay khng mt phn l do bng quyt nh. Bng c to thnh trn c s cc thnh phn to hnh, v d nh cng nng ca cc thnh phn cu to kin trc nh : ban cng, cu
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 7/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

thang, dim mi thng c x l nh ra; hin, logia, hnh lang, snh vo thng c x l lm vo. Tt c nhng tin chc nng , di bn tay iu luyn ca nh thit k to hnh tr thnh mt bn ho tu sang v ti xen k nhau giu sc truyn cm. Bng cn c vi bin: Bng m chuyn sang bng nht dn cho tng quan gia cc chiu su ca mt phng hoc do s un ln ca mt mt cong to thnh. - Mu sc vi s tng phn hoc vi bin ca n bao gm hai ni dung: + Tng quan gia hai mu v ph tr gia hai mu cho nhau: Tng phn mnh thng gp hai cp mu thng c gi l mu sc b tr: vng v tm, en v trng, v xanh l cy nhng cp mu ny thng lm ni bt nhau ln. Vi bin ca nhng cp mu thng c nhng mu gn nhau nh v da cam, da cam v vng + Hnh nh minh ho:

+ Sc , m nht ca mu sc: * m nht chnh lch nhau mnh gy ra s tng phn, m nht chnh lch nhau nh, chuyn sc t t gy vi bin. * Phi tu hon cnh c th, tu tng, mc tiu ca tc phm to hnh m dng mu sc cho ph hp. * Trong to hnh kin trc, nht l trong mu sc ni tht nh nn dng mt tng mu, vi bin nh, ch mt vi vt trang tr m ngh c mu sc i chi, thm ch sng chi l cng t hiu qu thm m cao. V rng tc
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 8/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

phm to hnh kin trc c din, khi rt rng v ln, mi vt cng con ngi xung quanh n cng rt nhiu mu. Hnh nh minh ha:

- Cht cm ca cc vt liu, vi cc hoa vn vi trn nhm ca n c s dng khi tng phn v vi bin to nn nhng hiu qu thm m cn thit. V d: Tng phn v vi bin trong mu sc, nhm v trong trang tr ni thy Hnh nh minh ha:

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

9/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- V d: + Lng LNin c xy dng bng hoa cng nhiu mu, gia cng sang long, tng phn mnh m vi cht liu nhm ca tng thnh in Kremlanh pha sau to nn mt n tng ht sc hon m. (hnh nh) + Lu i Medixi - mt kit tc ca kin trc vn ngh Phc Hng Italia, x l vi bin cho cht cm ca vt liu mt cch hp l: tng di cng ln, cc tng trn nh dn, t th nhm chuyn dn sang nh mn, to thnh mt sc thi rt c bit. Phn th nhm di gy cm gic nng n, vng chi, phn nh mn trn gy cm gic nh nhng hn cch sp t vt liu xy dng y cng ph hp vi quy lut trng lng. Cht cm, hoa vn ca vt liu cn gy cm gic lng ly hay mc mc, phi tu tng i tng kin trc m p ghp cho hp l, cho ng ch. - Mt s hnh nh minh ho:

Hnh nh: Ta nh Quc hi Brazil.

Hnh nh: Fuji TV Headquarts

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

10/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

Hnh nh: Bo tng Solomon Guggenhem, New York, M.

2. Vn lut v nhp iu, s ct on nhp iu: 2.1 Tng quan v vn lut v nhp iu: - C th k ra trong gii t nhin rt nhiu hin tng v s vt thng tn ti di dng lp i lp li mt cch c quy lut, thay i di hnh thc pht trin mt cch c t chc (v d: ngy v m, bn ma xun h thu ng, s i li, nhp th ca con ngi, s pht trin ca l cy) - S lp i lp li - c gi l vn lut hay nhp iu, gy ra cho con ngi mt n tng m cm nht nh. Con ngi m phng cc nh lut thin nhin a vo cc hot ng a dng ca mnh trong cuc sng. H sang tc thi ca, m nhc, v o theo vn lut, h trang sc qun o, vi vc, gm theo nhng hoa vn c tnh nhp iu nh trong vn hc, t nhng ch, nhng cu, nhng m sc n l ngi ta sp xp chng theo mt quy lut no thng qua cc quy lut ny, bi th, bn nhc biu t c ch m tc gi mong mun. - Trong kin trc th quy lut b cc hay vn lut cng c th hin: + Vi tng th quy hoch ca mt khu ph, s sp xp cc ngi nh vi khi hnh nh cao - thp, to - nh, vung trn gc cnh ra sao t c tnh thng nht, hi ha l vn lut. + Vi mt cng trnh kin trc, s sp xp cc mng c rng, ng nt, vt liu, mu sc cng theo mt quy lut no thch ng vi chnh n v tng th ni chung. + Vi cc chi tit trang tr ni ngoi tht, thm ch n cc c, trang thit b, mun t c tnh thng nht hi ha, ng b cng phi tn trng vn lut. - Tng qut li, vn lut trong kin trc v quy hoch th l mt lot hin tng ca s lp i lp li c quy lut, ca s bin ha c t chc trong biu hin ngh thut kin trc ca n th cng trnh hay qun th cng trnh.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 11/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Vn lut gn b vi s lp i lp li nhm to ra s thng nht. Cn khi gn b vi s bin ha c t chc nhm to ra s a dng. Hnh nh minh ha:

- Qua thc t, ta rt ra kt lun c tnh nguyn tc sau: + Vi hai n v khng i ta c chui lp li bun t, n gin. + Nhng nhp iu phc tp hn s c tnh hp dn hn. - p dng nguyn tc ny, ngi ta c th gia thm lng nht nh vo kch thc hoc khong cch hoc c hai. Ngoi ra cn c yu t ph nh: sc , hnh dng, b mt ca cc thnh t cng c th c gia gim to nn tnh thng nht a dng trong nhp iu. C th ni torng t nhin ta thng gp yu t nhp iu cu thnh bi lp li + pht trin + thay i to nn dc hp dn v tnh hp l cao. - V d v s pht trin cc lp ca hnh hoa v cu trc b cc cc yu t hnh theo kiu hnh hoa. Hnh nh minh ha:

- Cng c lc ngi ta chia vn lut ra lm nhp iu u ( ta trc y gi l tit iu) v nhp iu tng hay gim dn u (c s bin thi trong cc thnh phn ca nhp iu), nhng c tnh thng nht v n gin ha, chng ta ch cn xt khi nim vn lut, v n c th i din cho s phn chia nh ni trn y. - Vn lut l phng tin quan trng trong ngh thut t hp kin trc, thiu n, cng trnh kin trc s tr nn cm lng, thiu sc sng, v hn, qun th kin trc tr nn v t chc. - Trong t hp kin trc, s lp li cc bc nh, cc nhp nh, cc lot ca s, cc l gia, ban cng c khi l lp li mt nhm thnh phn trn hay lp li c mt nhm nh c thy rt ph bin.

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

12/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- S lp li cc bc nh phi c s lng ln hn ba (ba nhp tr ln) mi c hiu qu m cm; 3, 5, 7, 9 to thnh nhng n v khng th chia ct c. V nm c quy lut , nhn dn ta lm nh ba gian, nm gian v kin trc cung nh Vit Nam lm by gian

Hnh nh: Khu th Ph M Hng - Vn lut kin trc c c s cng nng v kt cu vng chc ca n, trong kin trc lun lun c hng nhm phng hay hang lot nh c cng mt mc ch s dng, cng mt h kt cu.

Hnh nh: D n Him Lam - S. Ghidiong ni: Trong cc khu nh , chng ta chp nhn s s dng nhp iu lp li nh l mt nhn t tch cc trong sang to sc biu hin thm m. - Le Corbusier cng ni v s thit lp trt t ca kin trc th hin i nh sau: S thng nht cc thnh phn xy dng l mt s bo m cho thm m, tnh a dng do nh (xy dng hng lot) a vo kin trc s dn n nhng b cc ln, nhng nhp iu kin trc chn chnh.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 13/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Ni chung, c nhng loi vn lut nh sau: + Vn lut lin tc. + Vn lut tim bin. + Vn lut li lm. + Vn lut giao thoa. 2.2 Cc hnh thc ca vn lut nhp iu: 2.2.1 Vn lut lin tc: - Vn lut lin tc l vn lut sinh ra do s s sp xp lp li mt cch lin tc mt hoc mt s loi thnh phn c bn trong b cc cu trc hnh. Hnh nh: mt trc ta nh n hong Victoria chy di trn i l San Francisco.

- C 2 loi vn lut lin tc l vn lut lin tc n gin v vn lut lin tc phc tp: + Vn lut lin tc n gin: Ngi ta dng mt b - mt n v cc yu t t hp ri lp i lp li nhiu ln v lin tc. Loi vn lut ny d gy cm gic u u, bun t v nhm chn, rt hay gp trong cc khu nh in hnh lp ghp hay cc chi tit trong mt ngi nh in hnh. Hnh nh Nh nhiu cn h Cabaslanca Maroc, 1953 1955, KTS. Andre Studer.

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

14/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

Hnh III.23b Mt nh bn trong ca Vng Cung Thnh ng Lateran.

+ Vn lut lin tc phc tp: Ngi ta dung mt b - mt n v gm hai hay nhiu yu t c sp xp phc tp ri lp i lp li nhiu ln v lin tc. Loi vn lut ny d gy cm gic phong ph, hp dn.

Hnh nh: Nh tp th Habitat-67, Montral, Canada, 1966-1967, KTS. Moshe Safdie. Hnh nh: Ta nh Nagakin Capsule Tokio (1970-1972), KTS. Kisho Kurokawa

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

15/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- i vi Cung tng c Vnid tng mt theo chiu ngang, hnh thc kin trc dung hnh lang cun ln c vn lut n gin, tng hai dng hnh lang cun nh (bng na tng 1) cng l vn lut n gin, nhng to nn mt hnh tng kin trc rt phong ph a dng do t l cc hnh lang cun gp i nhau v do bng ti nhp nhng cc tng di tng phn vi mt phng t tng trn cng. 2.2.2 Vn lut tim bin: - Vn lut tim bin l vn lut thay th dn dn mt cch c quy lut. Vn lut tim bin c th l loi vn lut ln dn u hoc nh dn u ca cc yu t kch thc (ln n nh v ngc li), mu sc (nng n lnh), cht liu (to n nh, nhm n trn) - Trng hp s dng vt liu nh dn u i vi cc tng cng l mt trng hp ca vn lut tim bin hoc mt ngi thp cng ln nhng tng trn cng thu hp dn - Vn lut tim bin c cc quy lut sau y: + Bin thin tng dn v mt hng. + Bin thin tng hoc gim v mt hng - Trc trung tm. + Bin thin tng dn hoc gim dn t nhiu hng t v mt tm. Cc cng trnh ca KTS. Frank Lloyd Wright, trong Bo tng Solomon Guggenhem l mt v d tiu biu v vn lut tim bin.

- V d nh cc trng hp 1. Thp Bnh Sn (Vnh Phc), 2. Thp cha Ph Minh (Nam nh), 3. Thp Phc Duyn, 4. Cha Thin M (Hu) u l vn lut tim bin.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 16/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- V d:

Cng Vin Bedford, LonDon, 1875. Vn lut lin tc kt hp vi vn lut tim bin. - Hnh nh Cng trnh c p dng vn tim bin.

2.2.3 Vn lut li lm: - Vn lut li lm l vn lut tim bin ch pht trin theo n hng, hoc tng ln dn u hoc gim i dn u. - Vn lut li lm l vn lut dao ng hnh song, ng thi tng hoc gim theo mt quy lut. - Vn lut tim bin tng hoc gim u bin i t t trong khi vn lut li lm bin tng gim khc nhau, gy ra cm xc ln xung r rng. - Khi nhn mt bn ca mt s nh cha nc ta, ta thy ba cng trnh ca mt ngi cha, v d cha ty phng, c th c ng bao chi vi ni ln, phn khng gian gia cc nh lm xung, gy ra hiu qu m cm nht nh. (Cha hnh ch tam)

- Cng trnh Nh trin lm Rossia Lin X (c) Trin lm quc t Paris l mt tc phm ni ting, vn dng vn lut li lm, vi nhng mng khi vn ra pha trc v vn ln, kt thc bng pho tng Cng Nng ni ting, biu hin cho s hng ti tng lai ca nhn dn.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 17/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Bit Th trn thc, KTS. Frank Lloyd Wright. Hnh nh minh ha:

- Nh nhiu cn h Cabaslanca-Maroc, 1953-1955, KTS. Anotre Studer. - Nh trim lm Turin, Italia, 1948-1949. 2.2.4 Vn lut giao thoa: - Vn lut giao thoa c to thnh bi cc thnh phn kin trc an cho nhau to nn. S an cho nhau ny c th l do hnh khi, khng gian hoc cc chi tit an cho nhau to nn. - Vn lut giao thao khng ging cc loi vn lut khc, c tnh cht trin khai theo mt hng m vn lut giao thoa to nn bi s cho nhau theo hai hng ng v ngang hoc hiu qu a hng. - Vn lut giao thoa c th c s dng trong tng th quy hoch, trong b cc khng gian mt cng trnh kin trc, c th thy trn mt ng mt cng trnh kin trc, cng c th thy trn mt b phn ca mt ng hoc trong trang tr ni tht. + Trong tng th quy hoch, v d mt khu nh lp ghp, trnh n iu, bun t ca nhp iu u u gin n, ngi ta c th sp xp cc ngi nh theo vn giao thoa - l ng nhin phi kt hp vi cc iu kin thc t khc na. + Trong b cc khng gian hnh khi c vn lut giao thoa, v d mu mc nht l Ta bit th Kaufmann trn mt thc ca sui Biarn, Pensyvania, M do KTS. Frank Lloyd Wright thit k nm 1936. l nhng khi v b tng an nhau to thnh cc hin ln vn ra ngon mctrn
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 18/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

mt thc nc, ha hp vi phong cnh ni rng hng v. (Ta nh gm 3 tng, tng di cng st mt nc t phng sinh hot chung, phng n, phng bp, hai tng trn t cc phng ng). Ngoi cch s dng phng tin t hp gia thoa, cng trnh ny cn p ch a c vo ni tht c cnh rng, ting sui + V d Bit th Robbie House Chicago, xy dng nm 1909, cng trnh c cu trc mt bng, h mi ln vn di v cch nhn mnh phn v ngang cng nhng vt liu mc mc, t nhin khi xy gch trn, , g nn cng trnh nh lan ta trn mt t v hi ha vi khung cnh thin nhin xung quanh. + Vn lut giao thao hay c dng trong t hp mt ng nh cao tng. nc ta, nhng tm l hoa b tong hay gm trang tr dung vn lut giao thoa cho ni ngoi tht cng c s dng ph bin. + Trong chi tit cu to kin trc: thng dng trong c chi tit trang tr hon thin . V d, lt nn, sn trong mt cn phng, trnh n iu v to cm gic vui mt, sinh ng ngi ta dung vn lut giao thoa. Vn lut giao thoa cng thng c dng trong cc chi tit mt nh an chiu sng cu thang; cc mng tng trang tr n dim trang tr trn mi, ca s, lan can, tay vn cu thang hoc ccc trn trang tr. - Hnh nh minh ha: Ni ngoi tht cung th thao nh Roma, Italia, 1957, KTS. Luigi Nervi. - Vn lut v nhp iu trong kin trc (cng nh trong ca, ma, nhc) l biu hin ca hot ng sang to ca con ngi thao quy lut t nhinnhm sang to ra ci p. - Nhng i vi cc kin trc ln, cn phi cp n khi nim s ct on nhp iu hay l s ngh, s nhn mnh trng im. Cch x l kin trc ny rt quan trng v nhng thnh phn nhm to thnh do ct on nhp iu, s to thnh trng thi ngh ngi, yn tnh hay t xut cn thit, ph b s ng iu gy nn bi mt chui mt chui qu di cc nhp iu. Nu khng c cch x l ct on nhp iu, kin trc s tr thnh mt bi vn khng c du chm, du phy.
Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng 19/27

Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

Hnh nh - Hc vin qun tr kinh doanh ca n , Ahmedabad, n , 1965 ca Louis Kahn.

3. Ch yu v th yu Vai tr chnh v ph: 3.1 Khi Nim: - S hon chnh ca mt b cc to hnh kin trc th hin mc tiu nhn mnh tt yu dn n s nhp iu trong phn ny quan trng hn phn kia. Vic xc nh phn ch yu v b tr rt quan trng trong s nhiu t l v nhp iu xut hin. Vic thit k to hnh ging nh hot ng c tnh cht tng ha: c th nghin cu ring r theo phn chnh, tuy nhin t c mc cao cn c s phi hp tt c cc yu t trn trong tng th duy nht v hp l. 3.2 Ch yu v th yu: - Hiu qu thm m thng nht v hi ha t c nu trong bn thn ni ti mt b phn hoc ton th tc phm to hnh c thnh phn ch yu v th yu. - C hai yu t ch yu v th yu c mi lin h thng nht v c s khc nhau gia chng. + V d: Trong mt qun th to hnh kin trc, mt cng trnh gia v hai cng trnh hai bn, c x l hnh khi, kch thc t xut nhn lnh trch nhim lm ch th. Hnh nh minh ha:

Nguyn l thit k kin trc dn dng

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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

+ Thnh phn ch yu v th yu ca cng trnh kin trc hay qun th kin trc do cng nng xc nh. Mt th kin trc v d nh nh ht v rp chiu bng phng khn gi l b phn ch yu c hnh khi to ln vt ln, lm nhn t hp cho c cng trnh, cc phng din vin l nhng thnh phn th yu v mang tnh cht ph tr. - Phng tin c th to thnh mi lin h hp l gia ch yu v th yu trong to hnh l hai cch sau: + S dng th php tng phn (tng phn v hnh khi, chnh lch v cao, sng ti), dng bin php h ng. Nhng thnh phn nh ph tr cho nhng thnh phn chnh. V d: Ta nh Quc hi Brazil + B tr trc chnh v sp xp v tr cc thnh phn chnh trn trc chnh lm thnh phn ch yu, cc cng trnh ph t hai bn thng hng hoc thng gc, hoc gn nh thng gc. (V d hnh III.28-a, b, c)
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

* V d tiu biu l Ta nh c hi qun P-tc-bua (trong kin trc c in Nga): phn gia c thp cao, nhn mnh ch th, hai phn hai bn dn tri, gp phn nhn mnh t hp trc cho trc gia, to thnh mt khung cnh hi ha. * Ngoi ra, trong kin trc thi k vn ngh Phc Hng c cc qung trng c nhng bng chng rt ni ting v cch x l ny. Hnh nh: Nh th Saint Peter, Vatican

- Tuy vy, chng ta cng phi ghi nhn rng, trong kin trc c khi tn ti hai cng trnh hon ton ging nhau, ng cnh nhau, to thnh mt khi nh nguyn th. Nu nguyn tnh trng nh vy c th c cm gic cm gic n iu, bun t cho nn c th x l phn hai cng trnh gip nhau c hnh khi cao ln hoc dung mt khi kin trc th ba lm trung gian lin kt.
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

Thp Petronas Malayxia.

Thp Bahrain - Nhng chic ci xay gi trn vnh Ba T, hai khi thp c ni vi nhau bi 3 chic cu, trn c gn cc tubin gi c cnh qut di 29m.
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Khi nim vn lut v nhp iu gn b cht ch vi t chc b cc to hnh. Ty theo vic b tr cc thnh phn bng nhau hay khc nhau, ta t c tnh phng hng, cm gic trt, cm gic ng thi hng v 1 chiu - Nguyn l la chn mt phn hay mt yu t kin trc lm vai tr ch yu (im chnh) ca ton b tc phm kin trc, l phi tp trung nghin cu v khi hnh, chi tit, biu t ch o vo phn ch yu (chnh), cn cc b phn khc l phn th yu (ph) phi ph thuc, h tr vo phn ch yu lm nn tn phn ch o. + La chn v tr ca yu t ch yu (chnh): N phi thc s l im nhn, li cun mi ngi t cc hng, t cc gc nhn; Phn th yu khng che khut phn ch yu hoc lm sai lch ch o. + Xc nh c hnh khi, ng nt in hnh nht, c ng nht, biu tng c c im, tnh cch ca ton b tc phm kin trc.

- Ch trng gia cng phn trng im ca kin trc khng ch tng hiu qu a dng, m cn c tc dng loi b s ng nht, n iu, tuy vy trang tr phi c chng mc nu khng s gy ra hiu qu phc tp, khng cn gi c tnh cht trt t ca cng trnh.
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

4 S lin h v phn cch: 4.1 Khi Nim: - Trong thit k to hnh ni chung v trong thit k to hnh kin trc ni ring thng t hp nhiu thnh t trong mt b cc, nhng trong cng c nhng nhm thnh phn chung quan h v nhng nhm hoc n l hoc khng chung quan h, v th to thnh mt tc phm c tnh trt t v to tnh a dng trong mt th thng nht, ngi ta kt hp, lin h nhng yu t, thnh phn khng th lin h c vi nhau. - Lin h y l lien h cu trc, lien h theo vn lut v phn cch nhp iu, cu trc, nhm hnh - Lin h v phn cch gia cc thnh phn trong b cc to hnh c tm quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hiu qu thng nht v bin ha. - Lin h v phn cch bao gi cng i i vi nhau v mt tc phm to hnh c rt nhiu thnh phn. S lin h, phn cch y ch t c tnh hp l trn hai c s: + Mi lin h ni ti gia cc b phn vi nhau to nn tnh bn vng v cht ch, ph hp vi quy lut thm m. + Mi lin h gia mt b phn vi tng th hp thnh mt tc phm t c tnh thng nht trong mt b cc. - Phn cch nhng b phn khng th kt hp thnh mt tp hp hoc b phn. Nh quan h gia chng khng c cng tnh cht, c tnh, phong cch V d nh trong mt cn h , vi cc khng gian: sinh hot chung, cc phng ng, phng n, phng bp v phng v sinh va cn c mt mi lin h hu c m li va cn c mt s ngn cch thch hp xut pht t cng nng s dng. Chng hn phng sinh hot chung phi t gn hin sinh hot, t gn ch n, ch n li phi t gn bp, phng ng phi t gn khi v sinh - Trn c s cng nng, thm vo cc phng php t hp ngh thut, ngi kin trc s c th t c hiu qu nh v sc biu hin ca tc phm. - Ni dung ca vic x l v lin h phn cch bao gm: + Lin h v phn cch ca khng gian hnh khi. + Lin h v phn cch ca t hp mt ng v cu kin kin trc. 4.2 Lin h v phn cch ca khng gian hnh khi: - S lin h v phn cch y c xt di ba kha cnh: + Gia cc khng gian hnh khi vi nhau. + Gia ni th v ngoi tht. + Gia cc khng gian ni tht vi nhau. - Gia cc khng gian hnh khi vi nhau - hiu theo ngha rng l mt qun th quy hoch, s lin h v phn cch y trc ht cn c vo yu cu cng nng: cc nh t cch xa nhau theo yu cu thng gi, chiu nng, phng ha, v sinh, m quan
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

- Mi lin h y phi t c s cn bng khng i xng hoc trc i xng, t c bng vic ni cc cng trnh bng mt kin trc vt khc (nh hnh lang, tng hoa lin kt) v bng b cc hp l ng x, cc hnh thc kin trc nh. - Gia ni tht v ngoi tht, c trng hp hai thnh phn ny hon ton cch ly nh phng khn gi ca nh ht v rp chiu bng vi bn ngoi. Trong trng hp cch ly khng hon ton, ta c th thy nh (vic ngn cch trong ngoi khng hon ton c thc hin qua khng gian hin, tin phng), cng c th thy mt s cng trnh cng cng, vn ha gio dc (nh cc trng hp cung vn ha, th vin, nh lm vic cn a cy xanh v sn trong c cy cnh v b nc vo trong ni tht). - Trong khi thit k c th, cc thnh phn kin trc nh tin snh, i snh, bc ln xung, lan can, cu dn, tng ngn cch u l nhng phng tin lin kt rt c hiu qu. V d: Trung tm vn ha Wolfsburg, c do KTS. Alvar Aalto thit k.

- Bi hc thc s v lin h v phn cch gia ni tht v ngoi tht c th thy c mt cch sinh ng qua thc t kin trc nh dn gian Nht Bn. m bo mi lien h trong ngoi nh, h thng hnh lang v ca s, cc
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Chng 4 - 2: Quy lut b cc hnh khi khng gian ca cng trnh kin trc

tng ngn nh, cc cng trnh kin trc nh sn vn c cy ci, hoa c, khe sui y c thit k rt cng phu. Trong nh, nhng hng ct trn khng sn, vn trn vi vn g t nhin cng to cm gic gn gi gia kin trc vi thin nhin. - Gia cc khng gian ni tht vi nhau, t chc lin h v phn cch, trong kin trc phng Ty ngi ta dung ca ln, dng cc mng tng, dng cc hng ct, cn trong kin trc phng ng, ngi ta dng bnh phong, rm v ct. 4.3 Lin h v phn cch ca t hp mt ng v cu kin kin trc: - Trong t chc mt ng v cu kin (cc thnh phn kin trc), vn t chc lin h quan trng v hay dng hn l vn t chc ngn cch. Gia ct v b nh, khi thit k, ngi kin trc s thi xa thng dung b ct lin h, cn gia ct v cun ca, ngi ta dung u ct lien h Trong kin trc hin i, s lin h gia cc thnh phn kin trc, c thc hin bng nhng tuyn v mt phng, s ni tip v xen k, xuyn ct gia chng vo nhau. V d nh trng hp nh ttrch (KTS. G. T. Rietven), vic tm ti mi tng quan gia cc mp phng ca nh m bo a n mt hiu qu m cm hon m v mi m. --/---------- The End ----------/--

Ti Liu Tham Kho: 1. T Trng Xun, Nguyn L Thit K Kin Trc Dn Dng 2. ng Thi Hong, Sng Tc Kin Trc, NXB. Khoa Hc K Thut. 3. ng c Quang, C S To Hnh Kin Trc, Trng H Kin Trc Tp.HCM. 4. ng Thi Hong, Gio Trnh Lch S Kin Trc Th Gii Tp 1, Tp 2. 5. V hnh nh t cc trang tin tc, din n kin trc: http://vn.360plus.yahoo.com/thienthanbongtoi888/ http://news.no2.vn/ http://www.google.com.vn/...
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