Chng 1

Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand (1871-1937)

Niels Bohr
Denmark (1885-1962)

Bi 1.

THNH PHN NGUYN T

Nguyn t c kch thc, khi lng v
thnh phn cu to nh th no?

Kch thc, khi lng v in tch cc ht

to thnh nguyn t l bao nhiu?

Bi 1.

THNH PHN NGUYN T

Vo khong nm 440 trc cng nguyn, nh trit hc -m-crit cho rng ng tin bc b chia nh mi, sau cng s c mt ht khng th phn chia c na, gi l nguyn t (xut pht t ch Hi Lp atomos, ngha l khng chia nh hn c na).

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron

a. S tm ra electron

* Th nghim:

Xem m hnh s th nghim tm ra tia m cc ca THOMSON

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron

a. S tm ra electron

* Th nghim: * Nhn xt :
KL: Ht to thnh tia m cc c gi l electron, k hiu: e

b. Khi lng v in tch electron

Khi lng: me= 9,1094.10-31 kg. in tch: qe= -1,602.10-19 C.

1,602.10-19 C l gi tr nh nht v c dng l in tch n v, k hiu: eo

in tch ca electron c k hiu: - eo v quy c bng 1-.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t

a. Th nghim:

Xem m hnh th nghim khm ph ra ht nhn nguyn t ca E.RUTHERFORD

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t

a. Th nghim: b. Nhn xt : Kt lun:
Nguyn t cha phn mang in dng c khi lng ln, c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc nguyn t.

Nguyn t c cu to rng, phn mang in dng l ht nhn.

Xung quanh ht nhn c cc electron to nn v nguyn t.

V khi lng ca cc electron rt nh nn khi lng nguyn t hu nh tp trung ht nhn.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t 3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t

a. S tm ra proton
Nm 1918, Rutherford bn ht hiu: ht nhn nguyn t Nit th in tch ca proton c k vo eo v quy c bng 1+.

Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t.

xut hin ht nhn nguyn t Oxi v ht proton mang in dng

Khi lng: mp= 1,6726.10-27 kg. in tch: qp= +1,602.10-19 C.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t 3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t

a. S tm ra proton b. S tm ra ntron
Nm ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn t Beri t. Ht 1932, Chatwick bn ht vo ht nhn nguyn nguyn th xut hin ht nhn nguyn t Cacbon v ht ntron khng mang in

Khi lng: mn= 1,6748.10-27 kg. in tch: qn= 0.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T

1. Electron 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t 3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t

a. S tm ra proton b. S tm ra ntron

c. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t

Proton (p):
Ht nhn nguyn t

mp = 1,6726.10-27 kg qp= 1+ (vt).

mn = 1,6748.10-27 kg

Ntron (n):

qn= 0.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T II. KCH THC V KHI LNG CA NGUYN T

1. Kch thc

Kch thc nguyn t

1nm = 10-9m 1Ao=10-10m 1nm=10Ao d = 10-10m

d = 10-5nm

ng knh nguyn t gp 10.000 ln ng knh ht nhn.

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T II. KCH THC V KHI LNG CA NGUYN T

1. Kch thc 2. Khi lng

Khi lng nguyn t

Nguyn t C

1,6605.10-27kg

1u (hay vC) = 1/12 MC =

1 19,9265.10-27kg = 1,6605.10-27kg 12

I. THNH PHN CU TO CA NGUYN T II. KCH THC V KHI LNG CA NGUYN T

1. Kch thc 2. Khi lng

1u (hay vC) = 1/12 MC =
1 * 19,9265.10-27kg 12

= 1,6605.10-27kg

CNG C
V nguyn t gm cc electron:

me= 0,00055 u. qe= 1- (vt). mp 1 u. qp= 1+ (vt).

1. Nguyn t

Proton:
Ht nhn nguyn t

mn 1 u. Ntron: qn= 0.

2. Nguyn t c cu to rng 3. Nguyn t trung ha v in, khi lng tp trung ht nhn Cng c

CNG C
Bi tp 1:
Cc ht cu to nn hu ht cc nguyn t l:

A. Ht proton, ht ntron v ht electron B. Ht proton v ht electron C. Ht ntron v ht electron D. Ht proton v ht ntron Bi tp 2: Trong cc cu sau, cu no sai? A. Ht electron l ht mang in tch m. B. Ht proton l ht mang in tch m. C. Ht ntron l ht khng mang in. D. Ht proton l ht mang in tch dng.
Cng c

CNG C
Bi tp 3:
Chn cu pht biu ng v cu to ht nhn nguyn t

A. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to bi cc ht ntron. B. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to bi cc ht proton. C. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to bi cc ht proton mang in dng (+) v cc ht ntron khng mang in. D. Ht nhn nguyn t c cu to bi cc ht ntron mang in dng (+) v cc ht proton khng mang in.
Cng c

CNG C
Bi tp 4:
Beri v Oxi c khi lng nguyn t ln lt l: mBe=9,012u v mO=15,999u Tnh khi lng ra gam.

a. mBe = 9,012u = 9,0121,660510-24 = 14,96410-24 (g) b. mO = 15,999u = 15,9991,660510-24 = 26,56610-24 (g)

Cng c

CNG C
Bi tp v nh:

Bi 4/SGK trang 7

Cng c

James Chadwick (1891-1974)

- Khm ph ra ht ntron (neutrons) nm 1932 - L ngi dn ng cho v kh ht nhn nguyn t pht trin.

James Chadwick
England (1891-1974)

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

- Khm ph ra ht nhn nguyn t nm1911 -Pht hin ra ht proton nm 1918 -ng t gii Nobel Ho hc nm 1908

Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand (1871-1937)

Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)

- Khm ph ra ht electron ti phng th nghim Cavendish nm 1897 - ng t gii Nobel Ho hc nm 1906

Joseph John Thomson

England (1856-1940)

Joseph John Thomson

J. J. Thomson discovered the electron at the Cavendish laboratory in 1897

Joseph John Thomson