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vn Mn Ton
KHO ST H M S V V TH

Gii bi ton kho st v v th hm s cn tin hnh cc bc sau
1) Tm tp xc nh, xt tnh chn, l, tun hon.
Nu hm s chn hay l ch cn kho st x 0, vi x < 0 hm s c tnh i
xng.
Nu hm tun hon th ch cn xt trn mt chu k.
2) Tnh y, y
Xt du y tm khong n iu.
Xt du y tm cc khong li lm, im un.
3) Tm cc im cc i, cc tiu, im un
Tm cc ng tim cn.
Xc nh cc giao im ca th vi cc trc.
4) Lp bng bin thin.
5) V th.
V cc ng tim cn (nu c), ch r cc im c bit (cc i, cc tiu,
im un, cc giao im ca th vi cc trc ta ).
Ch nu hm y = f(x) chn th th nhn trc oy lm trc i xng, cn
nu hm y = f(x) l th th c tm i xng l gc ta .
1. Kho st v v th hm s.
a) Hm bc hai : y = ax
2
+ bx + c a 0
Ta c
2
2
b 4ac
y a x
2a 4a
| |
= + +
|
\ .
b

th ng parabol c suy t th hm y = ax
2
bng php tnh tin
song song theo vct
2
b 4ac b
r ,
2a 4a
| |

= |
|
\ .
r
.
Vi a > 0, min
2
4ac b
y
4a

= t c ti
b
x
2a
= . Hm tng trn
b
,
2a
| |
+

\ .
|
, gim trn
b
,
2a
| |

\ .
|
.
Vi a < 0, max
2
4ac b
y
4a

= , t c ti
b
2a
= x . Hm tng trn
, gim trn ( ) , b / 2a ( ) b / 2a, + .
b) Hm bc ba: y = f(x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d a 0.
Tp xc nh ( , + )
Ta c y = 3 ax
2
+ 2bx + c, y = b
2
3 ac
y = 6 ax + 2 b
Nu a > 0 th
+ Vi b
2
3ac < 0, y > 0 vi mi x, khi hm lun ng bin.
+ Vi b
2
3ac > 0, phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x
1
< x
2
v
y > 0 x [x
1
, x
2
].
Hm s tng (gim) trn (, x
1
) v (x
2
, + ) (tng ng, trn (x
1
, x
2
)).
im cc i (cc tiu) l (x
1
, y(x
1
)) (tng ng (x
2
, f(x
2
)).
Nu a < 0 th
+ Vi b
2
3ac < 0, y < 0 vi x, hm y lun nghch bin.
2 1
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
+ Vi b
2
3ac > 0, tng t ta cng c
Hm y lun nghch bin trn (, x
1
) v (x
2
, + ) y ng bin trn (x
1
, x
2
).
im cc tiu (cc i) (x
1
, f(x
1
)) (tng ng (x
2
, f(x
2
)).
im un: y = 0 x = b/3a, im un l (b/3a, f(b/3a)).
Tm i xng (b/3a, f(b/3a)) cng l im un.
c) Hm phn thc:
ax b
cx d
y
+
=
+
, c 0
Ta c
2
a bc ad 1
y
c d
c
x
c

= +
+

Nu bc ad = 0 th
a
y
c
, x d/c.
Nu bc ad 0 th th hm s c suy ra t th hm s
k
y
x
= vi
2
bc ad
k
c

=
bng php tnh tin theo vct
r
r =(d/c, a/c).
th c hai tim cn x = d/c v y = a/c.
d) Hm phn thc: ( )
2
ax bx c
y f x
x d
+ +
= =
+
, a 0
Ta c
( )
2
ad bd c
f(x) ax b ad
x d
+
= + +
+

Tp xc nh R\ { } d
( )
( )
2
2
a x d m
y '
x d
+
=
+
, m = ad
2
bd + c
Nu m = 0 th y = ax + (b ad), x d
Nu am < 0 th
+ Vi a > 0, y > 0 ( x d), hm ng bin trn (, d), (d, +).
+ Vi a < 0, y < 0 (x d), hm nghch bin trn ( , d), (d, +).
Nu am > 0 th phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim
1,2
m
x d
a
= m
+ Nu a > 0 th hm tng trn (, x
1
), (x
2
, +) gim trn (x
1
, d), (d, x
2
)
cc im cc i (cc tiu) l (x
1
, 2ax
1
+ b), (tng ng, (x
2
, 2ax
2
+ b)
+ Nu a < 0 th hm tng trn (x
1
, d
1
), (d
1
, x
2
) v gim trn (, x
1
), (x
2
,
+).
im cc tiu l (x
1
, 2ax
1
+ b)
im cc i: (x
2
, 2ax
2
+ b).
V d 1. Cho hm s y = f(x) = mx
3
+ 3mx
2
(m 1)x 1
a) Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 1.
b) Xc nh m hm y = f(x) khng c cc tr
Gii. a) vi m = 1, y = x
3
+ 3x
2
1
Tp xc nh R.
4 2
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
y = 3x
2
+ 6x, y = 0 x = 0 v x = 2
y = 3(x + 2) x > 0 x < 2 hoc x > 0
y < 0 2 < x < 0. Vy
y tng (gim) thc s trn ( , 2) v (0, +) (tng ng (2, 0)). Hm c
im cc i ( 2, 3) v cc tiu (0, 1).
y = 6x + 6, y = 0 x = 1, y i du qua x = 1 vy y = f(x) c im
un (1, 1).
Ta c bng bin thin
X 2 0
y + 0 0 +
Y 3 1
th y
3






-2 0 x


-1

b) y = 3mx
2
+ 6mx (m 1)
iu kin cn v y = f(x) khng c cc l phng trnh f (x) = 0 khng
c hai nghim phn bit, ngha l
2
m
1
m 0
0 m
4
' 9m 3m(m 1) 0
=

= +


V d 2. Cho hm s y = x
3
+ mx
2
m
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 3
b) Khi no th ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit
c) Xc nh m sao cho |x| 1 |y| 1.
Gii a) m = 3 y = x
3
+ 3x
2
3
Tp xc nh R
Chiu bin thin y = 3x
2
+ 6x, y = 0 x = 0 v x = 2
y > 0 x < 2 v x > 0.
Trn (, 2), (1, +) hm ng bin
y < 0 x (2, 0), trn y nghch bin
y = 6x + 6, ta c im un (1, 1).
Bng bin thin
X 2 0
y + 0 0 +
Y 1 3
th xem hnh v




6 3
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
y

1


-2 -1 0 x



-3




b) th ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit khi v ch khi hm s c cc i
v cc tiu v
yc. yct < 0
Thy rng y = 3x
2
+ 2mx = x(3x + 2m)
y = 0 x = 0 v x = 2m/3
Hm c cc i v cc tiu 2m/3 0 m 0
( ) ( )
3
c ct
4m 27m
y .y y 0 .y 2m / 3 m 0
27

= = <
2
4m 27 0 >
3 3
m
2
>
Vy th ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit khi v ch khi m 3 3 / > 2
c) ( ) y x 1 vi x 1 ( ) y 0 m 1 =
Vi m 1 , m 0, ta c 2m / 3 1 . Vy, vi m [1, 1]\ { } 0
( ) y x 1 vi x 1 iu kin l
( )
3
4m
1 y 2m / 3 m
27
=
(v y (1) = 1, y(1) = 1, y (0) = m u thuc [1, 1]).
Nhng
3 2
4m 4m
, m 1 m
27 27
| |
= |
|
\ .
1 khi m 1 . m = 0 cng tha
mn.
Kt lun m [1, 1].
V d 3. Cho hm s y = (m 2)x
3
mx + 2 (1)
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1
b) Chng minh rng khi m (0, 2) hm khng c cc i v cc tiu.
c) Chng minh rng th ca hm s (1) lun qua ba im c nh.
Gii
a) Tp xc nh R
y = 9x
2
+ 1 = 0 x = 1/3 v x = 1/3
im cc i (1/3, 16/9), cc tiu (1/3, 20/9).
y = 18x = 0 x= 0, im un (0, 2).
Bng bin thin

8 4
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X 1/3 1/3
Y 0 + 0
Y 16/9 20/9


y
4


20/9
16/9



-1 -1/3 0 1/3 1 x


b) y = 3(m 2)x
2
m
Khi m (0, 2) m / 3(m 2) < 0 v phng trnh y = 0 v nghim.
c) y = mx
3
2x
3
mx + 2 mx (x
2
1) 2(x
3
1) y = 0
im c nh (xo, yo) phi tha mn
( )
( )
2
o o
o o
o o
3
o o
o o
x 0, y 2
x x 1 0
x 1, y 4 ,
y 2 x 1
x 1 y 0
= =
=

= =

=
= =


th lun i qua 3 im c nh (0, 2), ( 1, 4), (1, 0).
V d 4. Cho hm s
y = f(x) = 2x
3
3(2m + 1)x
2
+ 6m (m + 1)x + 1 (1)
a) Tm qu tch im un
b) Tm qu tch im cc i
c) Tm qu tch trung im on ni im cc i v cc tiu ca th.
Gii. a) y = 6x
2
6(2m + 1) x + 6m(m + 1)
y = 12x 6(2m + 1), y = 0
2m 1
x
2
+
=
y i du khi x bin thin qua (2m + 1)/2. Vy im un l
2m 1 2m 1
U , f
2 2
| | + + | |
|
\ . \ .
|
. T
2m 1
x
2
+
= suy ra
2x 1
2
m

= , thay vo
phng trnh y = f(x) ta thu c
3
3
y 2x x 1.
2
= + Vy qu tch th
hm
3
3
y 2x x 1.
2
= +
b) y = 6[x
2
(2m + 1)x + m (m + 1)], y = 0
x m
x m
=

1 = +

l hai nghim phn bit v r rng
y(x) < 0 x (m, m + 1)
y(x) > 0 x (, m) (m + 1, +)
10 5
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Vy hm lun c cc i v cc tiu ti x = m v x = m + 1 tng ng. im
cc i l (m, f(m)). Kh m bng cch thay m = x, vo (1) ta c y = 2x
3
+
3x
2
+ 1. Vy th ca hm
y = 2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 1
l qu tch cc im cc i ca hm s khi m thay i.
c) Trung im ca on ni im cc i v cc tiu l im un, m qu tch
bit cu a).
V d 5. Cho hm s
y = f(x) = x
4
mx
3
(2m + 1)x
2
+ mx + 1
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi a = 0.
b) Tm cc im trn trc tung sao cho qua c th k c ba tip tuyn
vi th ca y = f(x) vi m = 0.
c) Xc nh m sao cho phng trnh
f(x) = 0
c hai nghim khc nhau ln hn 1.
Gii. a) Vi m = 0, hm s c dng
y = x
4
x
2
+ 1
T.X.. R
y = 2x(2x
2
1), y = 0 x = 0 v x = 2 /2
y = 2(6x
2
1), y = 0 x = 6 /6
y i du qua x = 6 /6 nn hm s c hai im un
( ) ( )
6 /6,31/36 , 6 /6,31/36 .
Bng bin thin
X
2 /2
0
2 /2


Y 0 + 0 + 0
Y
3
4

1
3
4



y

1

3/4



- 2 /2 0 2 /2 x


b) f(x) l hm chn nn trc tung l trc i xng. Nn qua im trn trc
tung k c ba tip tuyn vi th th phi c 1 tip tuyn song song vi
trc honh. T im cn tm phi l im M(0, 1). Ta kim tra iu .
Gi s y = ax + 1 l tip tuyn khc qua a. Khi phi c
4 2
o o o
3
o o
x x 1 ax
4x 2x a

+ = +

1

nu xo l honh tip im.
12 6
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
Gii h (i vi (xo, a)) ta c cc nghim (0, 0), v
( )
3/3, 4 3/9 .
T cc tip tuyn khc y = 1 l
( )
y 4 3/9 x 1 = + .
Vy im cn tm l M (0, 1).
c) Phng trnh x
4
mx
3
(2m + 1)x
2
+ mx + 1 = 0 (1) tng ng vi
( )
2
2
1 1
x m x 2m 1
x
x
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
0 (2)
t
1
t x
x
= . t(x) =
2
1
x
+ 1 > 0, do x > 1 th t(x) > t(1) = 0. By gi
(2) c dng
t
2
mt (2 1) = 0. (3)
Vy c hai nghim ln hn 1, phng trnh (3) phi c hai nghim dng.
Tc l phi c
( )
2
2
m 4 1 2m 0
m 8m 4
S / 2 m / 2 0 m 0
p 1 2m 0 m 1 / 2

= >
0 + >

= > >


= > <

( )
m 4 2 5, 1 / 2 +
V d 6. Cho hm s
mx 1
y
x m

=

(1)
a) Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 2.
b) Vi m no hm ng bin, nghch bin khng i?
c) Chng minh rng khi m thay i th lun i qua hai im c nh.
d) Tm qu tch tm i xng ca th.
Gii. a) Vi m = 2,
2x 1 3
x 2 x 2
y 2

= = +


Tp xc nh R\ { } 2
th c hai tim cn
x = 2 v y = 2.
( )
2
3
y '
x 2
= >

0 vi x 2. Vy y gim trn cc khong (, 2) v (2,

+).
Cc im c bit
x = 0 y = 1/2; y = 0 x = 1/2. Vy th i qua cc im (0, 1/2) v (1/2,
0).
Bng bin thin
X 2
y
Y 2

+
2
th c tm i xng l giao im I ca hai tim cn.





14 7
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y





2 I

1/2

0 1/2 2 x


b)
( )
2
2
1 m
y '
x m

, x m
Nu 1 m
2
> 0 ( 1 < m < 1) th hm lun ng bin trn mi khong
(, m) v (m, +).
Nu 1 m
2
< 0 ( m [1, 1] th hm lun nghch bin trn mi khong
xc nh
Nu 1 m
2
= 0 ( m = 1) th y khng i
m = 1 y 1 trn R\ { } 1
m = 1 y 1 trn R\ { } 1
c) Gi s (xo, yo) l im c nh. Khi
( )
o
o o o o
x m
x y 1 m x y 0 vi mi m

+ + =

o o
o o o o
2
o o o o
o
x y
x y 0 x 1, y 1
x y 1 x 1, y 1
x 1
=
+ = =

= = =
=

=

Vy th lun i qua hai im c nh (1, 1) v (1, 1).
d) Tm i xng l giao ca hai tim cn tc l im (m, m). Khi m thay i
cc im ny vch ng thng y = x.
V d 7. Cho hm s
( )
2 2
m 1 x m
y
x m
+
=


a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1
b) Chng minh rng vi mi m tim cn xin ca th lun tip xc vi mt
parabn c nh. Xc nh parabn .
c) Tm tt c cc im m tim cn xin khng i qua
Gii
a) Tp xc nh R\ { } 1
Vi m = 1, ( )
2
2x 1 1
y 2 x 1
x 1 x 1

= = + +


( )
2
1
y ' 2
x 1
=

, y = 0
2
x 1
2
=
16 8
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y > 0
2 2
x , 1 1 ,
2 2
| | |
+ +
|
|
\ . \
|
|
|
.

y < 0
2 2
x 1 , 1
2 2
| |
+
|
|
\ .
.
im cc i.
2
1 , 4 2
2
| |

|
|
\ .
2 , cc tiu
2
1 , 4 2
2
| |
+ +
|
|
\ .
2
Bng bin thin
X
2
1
2

1
2
1
2
+

y + 0 ||
0 +

4 2 2



4 2 2 +
Tim cn xin
y = 2(x + 1)
Tim cn ng
x = 1
b) Ta c tim cn xin
y = (m + 1)x + m
2
+ m
y
4 +2 2

4
I
2


-1 0 1 x




Gi s cc tim cn xin trn lun tip xc parabn c nh
y = ax
2
+ bx + c, a 0.
Khi phng trnh
ax
2
+ bx + c = (m + 1)x + m
2
+ m
c nghim kp vi mi m.
Ta phi c
= (b m 1)
2
4a(c m
2
m) = 0
vi mi m, hay
(4a + 1)m
2
+ 2(2a b + 1)m + b
2
4ac 2b + 1 = 0
vi mi m
2
4a 1 0 a 1 / 4
2a b 1 0 b 1 / 2
c 1 /
b 4ac 2b 1 0

+ = =

+ = =


=
+ =

4

Nh vy parabn cn tm l
18 9
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2
1 1 1
y x x
4 2 4
= + = 0
c) Gi s (xo, yo) l im m tim cn khng i qua.
T phng trnh
yo = (m + 1)xo + m
2
+ m
v nghim, hay phng trnh
m
2
+ (xo + 1)m + xo yo = 0
v nghim
= (xo + 1)
2
4(xo yo) < 0

2
o o o
1 1
y x x
4 2 4
1
< +
l cc im nm trong parabn
2
1 1
y x x
4 2
= +
1
4

V d 8. Cho hm s
( )
2
x 3x
y
2 x 1
6 +
=

a) Kho st v v th hm s
b) Tm cc im trn th sao cho tng cc khong cch t n cc tim
cn l nh nht.
c) tm cc im trn th sao cho tng cc khong cch t n hai trc l
nh nht.
d) Tm cc im M, N trn hai nhnh ca th (mi im thuc mt nhnh)
sao cho di on MN l nh nht.
Gii. a) Ta c
1
y x 2
2 x
|
= +

4
1
|
|

\ .
. Tp xc nh R\ { } 1 .
( )
2
1 4
y ' 1
2
x 1
| |

=
|

\ .
|
, y = 0 x = 1 v x = 3.
y(x) < 0 vi 1 < x < 1 hoc 1 < x < 3/2 im cc i
5
1,
2
| |

|
\ .

y(x) > 0 vi x < 1 hoc x > 3/2 im cc tiu
3
3,
2
\ .
| |
|

X 1 1 3
y + 0 ||
0 +
Y
5
2


3
2



y

3/2
-1 0 3

x
-5/2

-3

20 10
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
Tim cn xin : (
1
) y x 2
2
= ~ x 2y 2 = 0
Tim cn ng: x = 1
x = 0, y = 3
b) Gi s M(x, y) l im thuc th m tng cc khong cch d = d
1
+ d
2

trong d
1
(tng ng d
2
) l khong cch t M n tim cn ng (tng
ng tim cn xin) l b nht.
Ta c d
1
= x 1 ,
2
2 2
4
x x 2 2
x 1
4
d
5 x 1
1 2
| |
+
|

\ .
= =

+

v
4
1
5 x 1
= + d x

Vy
4
4 4
x 1
5 x 1 5
=

d 2
Du bng xy ra khi
4
4 2
x 1 x 1
5 x 1 5
= =

v
4
4
n d
5
= mi .
c) im M(x, y) thuc th th x 1 v
1
2
2 x
| |
= +
|
4
1
y x

\ .
. Tng cc
khong cch t M n cc trc l
( ) ( ) ( )
1 4
f x x x 2 , x , 1 1,
2 x 1
= + + +

( )
( )
1 4
x x 2 vi x 1,+
2 x 1
1 4
x x 2 vi x ,
2 x 1
| |
+ +
|

\ .

| |

+
|

\ .
1

c
1
) Xt f(x) vi x > 1
Ta c ( )
( )
2
1 2
f ' x 1
2
x 1
= +

=
( )
2
3 2
2
x 1

f(x) = 0 ( )
2 4
x 1
3
= x 1 =
2
3
,
2
x 1
3
= +
f(x) < 0 khi
2
, 1
3
| |
+

\ .
x 1 v f(x) > 0 khi
|
2
,
3
| |
x 1 + +
|
\ .

Vy ( )
x 1
2 1 2 4
n f x 1 1 2
2 2
3 3
3
>
| |
|
| = + + + +
|
|
\ .
mi

1
2
= + x 3 3
c
2
) Xt f(x) vi 0 x < 1. Khi
22 11
www.truongthi.com.vn Mn Ton
( ) ( )
( )
2
x 2 1 2
f x 1, f ' x 0
2 x 1 2
x 1
= + = + >

Vy ( ) ( )
0 x 1
min f x f 0 3
<
= =
c
3
) Xt f(x) vi x < 0. Khi
( ) ( )
1 4
f x x x 2
2 x
(
= +
(
1


( )
( )
2
3 2
f ' x
2
x 1
= +

, ( ) f ' x 0 =
2
x 1
3
=
f(x) < 0 khi
2
3
< x v f(x) > 0 khi
2
x 1
3
> .
Vy ( )
x 0
3 2 2 1
f x 1 1 2 3
2 2
3
3
<
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

min
2
So snh ta thy ( ) ( )
x 1
min f x f 0 3

= = .
d) Gi s M(s, y(s)) v N (t, y(t)) y t < 1 < s l cc im thuc th. Khi

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
4 s t
1
y s y t s t
2 s 1 1 t
| |
= +
|

\ .
v
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
4 s t
1
MN s t s t
4 s 1 1 t
| |
= + +
|

\ .
.
Nhng
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
4 s t 4 s t
16
s t s 1 1 t
s 1 1 t
2

=

+ | |
|
\ .
, do
( )
2
2
1 16
MN s t s t
4 s t
| |
+ +
|

\ .
=
( )
( )
2
2
5 64
s t 8
4
s t
= + +

5
2 .64 8
4
= 5
Du bng t c khi
( )
( )
2
2
s 1 1 t
s t 2
5 64
4
s t
s t
4
s t 5
=
+ =

=
=

vy
o
4 4
4 2
s 2 / 2 1
5 5
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

o
4
2
t 1
5
=
T M(so, y(so)), N (to, y(to)).
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