Chng IV H PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH

N i dung gio trnh ton tr ng Ph thng l cc t p h p s , a th c, phn th c, hm s v phng trnh, trong c phng trnh b c nh t. m i ch nghin c u cch gi i h phng trnh b c nh t hai n. M t trong nh ng phng h ng m r ng ton h c ph thng l t ng qut ho h phng trnh b c nh t. l h phng trnh tuy n tnh. Chng ny s trnh by l thuy t t ng qut v h phng trnh ny. Ta s th y y khng i h i m t i u ki n no v s phng trnh, s n. L thuy t ny r t quan tr ng v n c hon thi n nh khng gian vect v nh th c. N c nhi u ng d ng khng nh ng trong nhi u ngnh ton h c khc nh: i s , Hnh h c; Gi i tch; L thuy t phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh o hm ring; Quy ho ch tuy n tnh, m cn trong nhi u lnh v c khoa h c khc v c trong kinh t . N i dung c a chng ny l: i u ki n c nghi m c a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh t ng qut, - Phng php gi i; - H phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t; - M i lin h gi a nghi m c a h t ng qut v i h thu n nh t. cng l nh ng v n m b n c c n n m v ng. B n c c n gi i nhi u bi t p c k nng gi i cc h phng trnh v c th v n d ng chng trong khi nghin c u cc mn khoa h c khc ho c ng d ng vo th c t . hi u c c n k l thuy t h phng trnh tuy n tnh, b n c c n n m v ng nh ng i u c b n v khng gian vect nh c s , h ng c a h vect, h ng c a ma tr n. gi i c cc h phng trnh tuy n tnh c n c k nng tnh nh th c.

1. PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH - PHNG PHP GAUSS ni Tr c h t, ta nh c l i n m c 6.1, Ch.I. 1.1. nh ngha. nh ngha h phng trnh tuy n tnh c

1) H phng trnh tuy n tnh n n l h c d ng:

trong x1, x2,..., xn l cc n; aij, bi thu c tr ng s K, v i i {1, 2,..., m}, j {1, 2,..., n}. aij c g i l h s c a n xj, bi c g i l h ng t t do. 2) M t nghi m c a h (1) l m t b n s (c1, c2,..., cj,..., cn) thu c tr ng K sao cho khi thay xj = cj th m i ng th c trong h (1) u l nh ng ng th c s ng. 3) Ma tr n

c g i l ma tr n cc h s c a h phng trnh. Ma tr n

c g i l ma tr n b sung c a h phng trnh. 4) Hai h phng trnh tuy n tnh c g i l tng ng nn

chng c cng m t t p nghi m. Ta c th vi t g n h phng trnh (1) d i d ng:

N u coi m i c t c a ma tr n B nh m t vect trong khng gian Km, ch ng h n:

th c th vi t h (1) d i d ng:

v g i l d ng vect c a h (1). Nh v y, v i ngn ng khng gian vect gi i h phng trnh (1) l tm cc h s x; trong cch bi u di n tuy n tnh qua h vect { 1 , 2,..., n}. N u xt nh x tuy n tnh a xc nh b i h vect c t a = { 1, 2, n} c a ma tr n A, nh nh ngha v d 4, m c 2.1, Ch.III v coi = (x1, x2,..., xn) nh m t vect n th h phng trnh (1) c d ng:

A () =
l d ng nh x tuy n tnh c a h (1). Gi i h phng trnh (1) cc ngha l tm t p cc vect c d ng = (c1, c2,..., cn) Kn sao cho a( ) = , hay tm a-1( ). 1.2. Gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng phng php Gauss (kh d n n s ) tr ng Ph thng ta bi t gi i h phng trnh b ng phng php c ng i s . Phng php ny d a vo nh l sau y v bi n i tng ng h phng trnh. nh l. 1) N u i ch m t phng trnh trong h th c m t h tng ng v i h cho. 2) N u nhn m t phng trnh v i m t s khc 0 th c m t h tng ng v i h cho.

3) N u nhn m t phng trnh v i m t si khc 0 r i c ng vo m t phng trnh trong h th c m t h tng ng v i h cho. Ch ng minh. Xin dnh cho b n c. D a vo nh ng php bi n i ny ta c th kh d n n s c a h ; ni chnh xc hn l, bi n h cho thnh m t h tng ng, trong cc phng trnh cng v cu i th s n cng t. V d 1. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i Nhn hai v c a phng trnh (1) l n l t v i - 2, - 3 r i c ng l l t vo phng trnh (2) v phng trnh (3), ta c h :

Nhn hai v c a phng trnh (4) v i - 4 r i c ng vo phng trnh (5) c:

T (6) suy ra x3 = - 2. Thay x3 = - 2 vo phng trnh (4) ta tnh c x2 = 0. Thay x2 = 0, x3 = - 2 Vo phng trnh (1) ta tm c x1 = 1. H c nghi m duy nh t (1, 0, - 2). Phng php gi i trn y c g i l phng php kh d n n s do K. Gauss xu t nn cn g i l phng php Gauss. C th , khi th c hi n phng php ny ta ch th c hi n cc php bi n i sau y trn cc dng c a ma tr n b sung B c a h phng trnh: a) i ch hai dng cho nhau; b) Nhn cc thnh ph n c a m t dng v i cng m t s khc 0;

c) Nhn cc thnh ph n c a m t dng v i cng m t s r i c ng vo m t dng khc. l nh ng php bi n Ch.II. Ch ng h n, sau: i s c p trn ma tr n ni n m c 7.4,

gi i h phng trnh trong v d 1, ta trnh by nh

(Ph n c a ma tr n

ng bn tri g ch th ng

ng l ma tr n A)

Nhn dng th nh t l n l t v i - 2, - 3, r i l n l t c ng vo dng th hai v dng th ba:

Nhn dng th hai v i - 4 r i c ng vo dng th ba:

Ma tr n cu i cng chnh l ma tr n b sung c a h phng trnh cu i cng. V d 2. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i

i ch dng th nh t v dng th hai cho nhau:

Nhn dng th nh t l n l t v i - 4, - 2, - 4, r i l n l t c ng vo cc dng th hai, th ba, th t:

Nhn dng th ba v i - 1 r i c ng l n l t vo dng th hai v dng

Nhn dng th hai v i - 5 r i c ng vo dng th ba:

Ma tr n ny l ma tr n b sung c a h phng trnh:

R rng m i nghi m c a h ba phng trnh u c a h ny u l nghi m c a phng trnh cu i cng. Do ch c n gi i h g m ba phng trnh u. H c nghi m duy nh t: (1, 2, -1). V d 3. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i

i ch dng th nh t v i dng th ba r i ti p t c bi n

i ta c:

Ma tr n cu i cng ng v i h phng trnh:

Ta l i ch c n gi i h g m hai phng trnh Vi t n d i d ng:

u c a h ny.

N u cho x3 = c3, x4 = c4, v i c3, c4 thu c tr ng s K th v ph i c a m i phng trnh trong h ny l m t s v h tr thnh m t h Cramer v nh th c c a n l ng th c:
1 1 = - 2 0. Do x1, x2 c xc 0 2

nh duy

nh t b i cc

Nh v y h phng trnh c nghi m l :

V c3, c4 c th nh n gi tr tu trong K nn h c v s nghi m v ni (*) l nghi m t ng qut c a h . N u cho c3, c4 m t gi tr c th th ta c m t nghi m ring c a h . Ch ng h n, v i c3 = 0, c4 = 1, ta c m t nghi m ring l (-1, - 2, 0, 1). V d 4. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i B n c hy t tm hi u nh ng php bi n i sau:

Ma tr n cu i cng ng v i h phng trnh tng ng v i h phng trnh cho m phng trnh cu i cng l: 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 = - 1 2. Phng trnh ny v nghi m. V y h cho v nghi m. 1.3. Th c hi n phng php Gauss trn my tnh i n t Qua cc v d trn, ta th y vi c gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng phng php Gauss c th c hi n b ng cch a ma tr n b sung B c a h v d ng m ta t m g i l d ng thu g n. Do gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng phng php ny trn my tnh th c ch t l yu c u my tnh a ma tr n B v d ng thu g n. V d 1. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i T o ma tr n b sung B r i thu g n: {{1, - 5, 4, - 7}, {2, - 9, -1, 4}, {3, - 11, - 7, 17}} //RowReduce// MatrixForm Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[] =

v y nghi m c a h phng trnh l (1, 0, - 2) v ma tr n ny ng v i h Phng trnh:

Ta ti p t c gi i l i cc h phng trnh trong cc v d 2, 3, 4 c a m c 1, 2. V d 2. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i. {{4, 2, 1, 7}, {1, -1, 1, -2}, {2, 3, - 3, 11}, {4, 1, - 7}}//RowReduce// MatrixForm Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[] =

Nghi m c a h l: (1, 2, -1). V d 3. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i {{3,-1,-1,2,1},{1,-1,-2,4,5}, {1,1,3,-6,-9},

{12,-2,1,-2,-10}}//RowReduce//MatrixForm Mn hnh xu t hi n:

Ma tr n ny ng v h phng trnh:

Cho x3 = c3, x4 = c4, suy ra nghi m t ng qut c a h l:

V d 4. Gi i h phng trnh:

{{4,2,1,-3,7},{1,-1,1,2,5},{2,3,-3,1,3},{4,1,-1,5,1}} //RowReduoe//MatrixForm Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[] =

H v nghi m v ma tr n ny cho th y phng trnh cu i l 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + ox4 = 1. 2. DI U KI N H PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH C NGHI M Ta dng phng php Gauss gi i m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh tu . Song trong tr ng h p t ng qut ta cha tr l i cu h i: V i i u ki n no th h (1) c nghi m? nh l sau cho ta cu tr l i. 2.1. i u ki n c nghi m i u ki n ny lin quan n h ng c a ma tr n A v ma tr n b sung B c a h phng trnh, cho nn ta c n nh l i r ng: H ng c a m t h vect b ng s chi u c a khng gian sinh b i h vect y; h ng c a ma tr n b ng h ng c a h vect c t c a n. nh l Kronerker-Capelli. H phng trnh tuy n tnh (1) c nghi m khi v ch khi h ng(A) = h ng(B). Ch ng minh. Ta k hi u a = { 1, 2, ,..., n} l h vect c t c a ma tr n A, b = { 1, 2, ,..., n , } l h vect c t c a ma tr n b sung B c a h phng trnh (1), U l khng gian sinh b i h vect a, W l khng gian sinh b i h vect b. V a b nn U W. Gi s h c nghi m (c1, c2,..., cn). Khi = c1 1+ c2 2 +...+ cn n. i u ny c ngha l ta thm vo h a vect l t h p tuy n tnh c a h a c h b. Theo m nh m c 7.1, Ch.II, h ng(A) = h ng(a) = h ng(b) = h ng(B). Gi s h ng(A) - h ng(B). Th th h ng(a) - h ng(b). Suy ra dimU = dimW. V U W nn theo nh l 1, m c 5.2, Ch.II, U = W.

Do U. V th t n t i b n s (c1, c2,..., cn) sao cho = c1 l + c2 2 +... + cn n. V y h (1) c nghi m. V d 1. M i h Cramer u c nh th c |A| 0. Do h ng(a) = n. Ma tr n B ch c n dng v |A| cng l nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0 c a B. V th h ng(A) = h ng(B). V y m i h Cramer u c nghi m. V d 2. Xt h phng trnh trong v d 3 c a m c 1.3. Cc php bi n i s c p a cc ma tr n A v B v d ng thu g n sau y:

Theo nh l m c 7.4, Ch.II, cc php bi n i s c p khng lm thay i h ng c a ma tr n. Do ma tr n ny cho th y h ng(A) = 2 = h ng(B). V y h cho c nghi m. V d 3. Xt h phng trnh trong v d 4 c a m c 1.3. Cc php bi n i s c p a cc ma tr n A v B v d ng thu g n sau y:

Ta th y h ng(a) = 3, h ng(b) = 4. H v nghi m. 2.2. Gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng nh th c

By gi ta nghin c u cch gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh (1) b ng nh th c. Ta bi t nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0 c a ma tr n A cho ta bi t s chi u v c s c a khng gian sinh b i h vect dng c a ma tr n

A. Gi s h ng(A) = h ng(B) = r, v khng lm m t tnh t ng qut, ta c th gi thi t nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0 c a A v B l:

N u r = n th h phng trnh cho l m t h Cramer, n c nghi m duy nh t. N u r < n th ta xt h phng trnh g m r phng trnh u.

M i vect dng c a ma tr n b sung B u l t h p tuy n tnh c a r vect dng u. V th m i nghi m c a h (3) cng l nghi m c a m i phng trnh t th r + 1 n th m; do l nghi m c a h (1). Ng c l i, hi n nhin m i nghi m c a h (1) l m t nghi m c a h (3). V th ch c n gi i h (3). Ta vi t n d i d ng:

v g i cc n xr+1,..., xn l nh ng n t do. V i m i b n - r s (cr+1,..., cn) Kn-r cc v ph i c a r phng trnh ny l nh ng h ng s . V nh th c D 0 nn khi h (3) tr thnh m t h Cramer, ta tm c gi tr duy nh t c a x1,..., xr, ch ng h n, x1 = c1, x2 = c2,..., xr = c=. Khi

l m t nghi m c a h (4). Nh v y cc gi tr c a c1, c2,..., cr ph thu c vo n - r tham s cr+1,..., cn. Do cr+1,..., cn c th nh n v s gi tr nn h phng trnh (4) c v s nghi m.

V y khi r < n h (1) c v s nghi m ph thu c vo n - r tham s . N u coi r ng cr+1,..., cn nh n gi tr tu th nghi m (c1, c2,..., cr, cr+1) c g i l nghi m t ng qut. N u cho m i cj, j = r + 1,... , n, m t gi tr xc nh th ta c m t nghi m ring. V d 1. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i Tm h ng c a cc ma tr n:

1 5 1

nh th c D = 2
2

4 1

0 = 36. Do h ng(A) = 3. 3

tnh h ng c a B ta ch c n tnh cc D. l:

nh th c con c a B bao quanh

V th h ng(B) = 3 = h ng(B). V y h c nghi m. Gi i h phng trnh (g m cc phng trnh ng v i cc dng c a nh th c D):

 l m t h Cramer v D 0. p d ng cng th c Cramer ta tm c nghi m l: (1, - 2, 1). V d 2. Gi i h phng trnh trong v d 3 m c 1.2.

Gi i Tm h ng c a cc ma tr n:

Ta th y

nh th c

Tnh cc nh th c con c p ba c a A bao quanh D. Chng u b ng 0. Do h ng(A) = 2. Lm tng t ta tm c h ng(B) = 2. V y h c nghi m. Gi i h (g m cc phng trnh ng v i cc dng c a nh th c D):

Vi t h ny d i d ng:

Cho x3 = c3, x4 = c4, ta c h Cramer:

N u cho, ch ng h n, c3 = 0, C4 = 1 th c m t nghi m ring: (-1, 2, 0, 1). V d 3. Gi i v bi n lu n h phng trnh:

Gi i

N u a 1, a - 2 th D 0, h
2

cho l m t h Cramer.

Dx = - (a -1) (a+1), Dy = (a 1)2, Dz = (a2-1)2. H c nghi m duy nh t:

N u a - 1 th h phng trnh ch c m t phng trnh: x + y + z = 1 hay x = - y - z + 1. Nghi m t ng qut c a h l (- c2 - c3 + 1, c2, c3). N u a = - 2 th ma tr n

nh th c b ng 0 nhng c

nh th c con

1
2

1 1
2

1
2 c

cn ma tr n b
2

sung B =

1 1

nh th c c p ba

1 1

1 4

1 1

2 2 =9 ; ngha l h ng(B) = 3 h ng(A).

V y h v nghi m.

3. H PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH THU N NH T 3.1. nh ngha

Cho h phng trnh tuy n tnh:

H phng trnh

c g i l h thu n nh t lin k t v i h (1).

N u vi t d i d ng vect th h (1) v h (2) c d ng tng ng l:

N u vi t d i d ng nh x tuy n tnh th h (1) v h (2) c d ng tng ng l: A( ) = (1), a( ) = 0 (2).

Gi i h thu n nh t (2) chnh l tm t p h p cc vect c d ng = (c1, c2,..., cn) Kn sao cho a( ) = 0 , hay tm Kerha. V d : H phng trnh:

l m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t. R rng h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t c m t nghi m l (0, 0, 0). N c g i l nghi m t m th ng. N u A l ma tr n cc h s cn B l ma tr n b sung c a h thu n nh t th ta lun lun c: h ng(A) = h ng(B) v m i thnh ph n c t cu i c a ma tr n B u b ng 0. Gi s h ng(A) = r. N u r = n th (0, 0,... , 0) l nghi m duy nh t. N u r < n th h c v s nghi m, do h c nghi m khc (0, 0,..., 0). By gi , ta hy xt xem t p nghi m c a h ny c c u trc nh th no v nghi m c a n lin quan v i nghi m c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh lin k t nh th no. 3.2. Khng gian nghi m c a h thu n nh t nh l. Gi s S l t p nghi m c a h phng trinh tuy n tnh thu n nh t (2). Khi : 1) S l m t khng gian con c a khng gian vect Kn. 2) N u A l ma tr n cc h s v h ng(A) = r th dimS = n - r. Ch ng minh. 1) Xt h tuy n tnh thu n nh t (2) d i d ng nh x tuy n tnh. Nh trong nh ngha 3.1 ni, t p nghi m S = Kera. Theo h qu 1, m c

2.1, Ch.III, S = Kera l m t khng gian con c a khng gian Kn. 2) Gi s h ng(A) = r. Theo v d 4, m c 2.1, Ch. III, Ima l khng gian sinh b i h vect c t c a ma tr n A nn t nh l 2.2, Ch.III, suy ra: dimS = dimKera = dimKn dimIma = n - h ng(a) = n - h ng(A) = n r. nh ngha. M i c s c a khng gian S cc nghi m c a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t c g i l m t h nghi m c b n. tm h nghi m c b n c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t (2) ta lm nh sau. Gi s r < n v khng lm m t tnh t ng qut ta c th gi thi t r ng nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0 c a ma tr n A l

Khi h (2) tng ng v i h

M i nghi m c a h ph thu c vo n - r n t do: xr+1, xr+2,.., xn. Cho xr+1 = 1 xr+2 = ... = xn = 0 ta c m t nghi m c d ng: 1 = (c11, c12,..., c1r, 1, 0,..., 0). L n l t cho xr+1 = 0, xr+2 = 1, xr+1 = ... = xn = 0, v.v... K t c c, ta c n - r nghi m ring:

l n - r vect thu c S. Ma tr n m cc dng l nh ng vect ny c nh th c con c p n - r

Do h ng c a h vect { 1, 2,..., n-r} b ng n - r. V y h cl p tuy n tnh. V dimS = n - r nn theo h qu , m c 5.1, Ch.II, h vect ny l m t c s c a S. V y h nghi m { 1, 2,..., n-r} l m t h nghi m c b n. Ch : Trong cch tm j c a h nghi m c b n trn y, khng nh t thi t ph i ch n xr+j = 1, m c th ch n xr+j l m t s khc 0 no thu n ti n cho vi c tnh ton. V d 1. Tm h nghi m c b n c a h phng trnh:

Ma tr n cc h s c

nh th c con c p hai

H phng trnh cho tng ng v i h :

Cc n t do l x1, x4. Gi i h ny ta c:

Cho x1 = 1, x4 = 0, ta c x2 = -2, x3 = 0. Nghi m ring tng ng l (1, -2, 0, 0). Cho x1 = 0, x4 = 1, ta c x2 =

2 5 x3 = . Nghi m ring tng ng 3 3

l (0,

2 5 , , 1). 3 3

V y h nghi m c b n l:

N u khi tm vect th hai c a h nghi m c b n ta cho x1 = 0, x4 = 3 th ta c nghi m ring tng ng l (0, 2, 5, 3) v h vect

cng

c l p tuy n tnh v c

nh th c con

1 2 = 2.V dimS = 2 nn 0 2

h vect ny cng l m t c s c a S; do n cng l m t nghi m c b n. Ch : Bi t m t h nghi m c b n { 1, 2,..., n-r} c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t l bi t t t c cc nghi m c a n v khi m i nghi m l m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h nghi m c b n ny; t c l m i nghi m u c d ng

V d 2. Gi i h phng trnh sau b ng phng php Gauss, r i tm h nghi m c b n c a h phng trnh:

Bi n

i ma tr n A:

cho tr thnh h tng ng:

Nghi m t ng qut c a h l (c3 - c4, 2c3 + c4, c3, c4) cho x3 = 1, x4 = 0, ta c m t nghi m ring: (1, 2, 1, 0). Cho x3 = 0, X4 = 1, ta c m t nghi m ring: (-1, 1, 0, 1). H nghi m c b n l:
(1, 2, 1, 0) (-1, 2, 0, 1)

Ta xt ti p m i lin h gi a cc nghi m c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh v c a h thu n nh t lin k t. Nh c l i r ng m i nghi m c a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh n n l m t vect c a khng gian K t. 3.3. Lin h gi a nghi m c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh v nghi m c a h thu n nh t lin k t nh l. N u Kn l m t nghi m ring c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh th m i nghi m c a h ny l t ng c a v i m t nghi m c a h thu n nh t lin k t. Ni chung, nghi m t ng qut c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng t ng c a m t nghi m ring c a n v nghi m t ng qut c a h thu n nh t lin k t. Ch ng minh. Gi s = (c1, c2,..., cn) l m t nghi m ring c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh (1) v = (d1, d2,..., dn) l m t nghi m b t k c a

h thu n nh t (2). Khi :

i u ny c ngha l + = (c1 + d1, c2 + d2,..., cn + dn) l m t nghi m c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh (1). Ng c l i, gi s
= (k1, k2,..., kn) l m t nghi m tu c a h

phng trnh tuy n tnh (1); ngha l

k
j j=1

=B

i u ny c ngha l l m t nghi m c a h thu n nh t (2). Hn n a t = - Suy ra = + . Ch . ngha c a nh l trn y l: N u bi t m t nghi m ring c a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh v bi t m t h nghi m c b n c a h thu n nh t lin k t th bi t c t t c cc nghi m c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh y. Nh i u ny m my tnh c th gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh tu . 3.4. Gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh b ng my tnh i n t Khi gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh (1) v i h ng(A) h ng(B) my tr l i h v nghi m. Khi h ng(A) - h ng(B) - r < n th my ch c th cho m t nghi m ring. Nhng v my c th cho h nghi m c b n c a h thu n nh t lin k t nn ta c th tm c cng th c nghi m t ng qut c a h phng trnh tuy n tnh. Theo m t chng trnh tnh ton ci t trong my tnh c a b n cng c nhi u phng php gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh. y xin gi i thi u m t phng php n gi n nh t, theo chng trnh "MATHEMATICA 4.0"" V d 1. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i T o ma tr n cc h s , nh l nh: A={{3,-1,-1,2},{1,-1,-2,4},{1,1,3,-6},{12,-2,1,-2}} Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[1]={{3,-1,-1,2},{1,-1,-2,4},{1,1,3,-6},{12,-2,1,-2}} Gi i h phng trnh, nh l nh: LinearSolve[A,{1,5,- 910}] Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[2]-{-2,-7,0,0} l m t nghi m ring c a h NullSpace[A] Mn hnh xu t hi n h nghi m c b n c a h thu n nh t: Out[3]={{1,5,0,1}, {-1,-5,2,0}}. Mu n tm nghi m t ng qut c a h cho ta ch vi c l y t ng c a m t nghi m ring c a h cho v i m t t h p tuy n tnh c a h nghi m c b n c a h phng trnh thu n nh t lin k t: (x1, x2, x3, x4) = (-2, -7, 0, 0) + c3(-1, -5, 2, 0) + c4(1, 5, 0, 1) = (-2-c3+ c4, -7- 5c3 + 5c4, 2c3, c4). Ch : N u quan st nghi m t ng qut y v i nghi m t ng qut v d 2, m c 2.2, ta th y chng khc nhau. Song n u thay c3 y b i c3 =
1 c3 th ta c cng th c nghi m t ng qut 2

cho.

Tm h nghi m c b n c a h thu n nh t lin k t, nh l nh:

v d 2, m c 2.2. Hn

n a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh c th c v s nghi m ring v h thu n nh t cng c th c v s h nghi m c b n. Do , theo nh l 3.4, ni chung, c v s cch bi u di n nghi m t ng qut.

V d 2. Gi i h phng trnh:

Gi i T o ma tr n cc h s . A={{3,-17-1,2},{1,-1,-2,4},{1,1,3,-6},{12,-2,1,-2}} Mn hnh xu t hi n: Out[1]={{3,-1,-1,2},{1,-1,-2,4},{1,1,3,-6},{12,-2,1,-2}} Gi i h phng trnh, nh l nh: LinearSolve[A,{1,5,-9,10}}] Mn hnh xu t hi n: LinearSolve: nosol: Linear equation encountered which has no solution Out[2]=linearsolve[{{3,-1,-1,2},1,-1,-2,4~1,1,3,-6},{12,-2,1,-2}},{1,5,9,10}]. i u ny c ngha r ng h v nghi m. S d h v nghi m l v h ng(A) = 2, cn h ng(B) - 3.

TM T T Chng ny trnh by l thuy t v h phng trnh tuy n tnh. V phng di n l thuy t, nh cc ki n th c v khng gian vect v nh th c, chng ny cho ta bi t: h c nghi m khi v ch khi h ng(A) = h ng(B), trong A l ma tr n cc h s c a h phng trnh, B l ma tr n b sung. Trong tr ng h p h c n n, n u h ng(A) = h ng(B) = n th l h Cramer, n c nghi m duy nh t; n u h ng(a) = h ng(b) - r < n th h c v s nghi m m gi tr c a cc n ph thu c vo n - r n t do. Khi , n u cho m i n t do m t gi tr xc nh ta c m t nghi m ring n u coi m i n t do nh m t tham s th ta c nghi m t ng qut. V phng di n th c hnh, ta c hai cch gi i h phng trnh tuy n tnh: phng php Gauss kh d n n s v phng php dng nh th c. Khi dng phng php nh th c ta ch c n gi i h phng trnh g m nh ng phng trnh ng v i cc dng c a nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0. Cc n t do l nh ng n m h s n m ngoi nh th c con c p cao nh t khc 0 y. H phng trnh tuy n tnh m cc h s t do b ng 0 g i l m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh thu n nh t. H ny lun lun c nghi m v h ng(A) = h ng(B). T p S cc nghi m c a h thu n nh t n n l m t khng gian con c a khng gian Kn. N u h ng(A) - r th dims = n - r. N u bi t m t nghi m ring c a m t h phng trnh tuy n tnh th nghi m t ng qut c a n b ng nghi m ring c ng v i nghi m t ng qut c a h thu n nh t lin k t.

BI T P 1. H PHNG TRNH TUY NTNH PHNG PHP GAUSS 1. Gi i h phng trnh b ng phng php Gauss

2. Ch ng minh

nh t

m c 1.2.

2. I U KI N H PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH C NGHI M 3. Xt xem cc h phng trnh sau c nghi m hay khng:

4. i v i m i h phng trnh sau, tm gi tr c a tham s a, b c nghi m:

5. Tm i u ki n c n v

h phng trnh

c nghi m . 6. Ch ng minh r ng v i m i gi tr c a a, b, c h phng trnh

lun lun c nghi m. 7. Tm gi tr c a tham s a h phng trnh sau c nghi m:

8. Gi i cc h phng trnh sau b ng phng php

nh th c:

9. V i i u ki n no th ba ng th ng phn bi t a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 ng quy? 10. Vi t phng trnh ng trn i qua ba i m: A(2, 1), C(0, 2), C(0, 1). 11. Tm cc h s a, b, c, d d i qua b n i m: th c a hm s y = ax3 + bx2 + cx +

M1(1, 0), M2(0, -1), M3(-1, - 2), M4(2, 7). 12. xc inh tam th c b c hai f(x) = ax2 + bx + c bi t r ng f(1) = -1, f(-3) = 47, f(2) = 12.

13. Trong khng gian vect R4 cho h vect:

Hy bi u th tuy n tnh vect = (- 12, 3, 8, -2) qua h vect cho. 14. Trong khng gian vect R3 cho hai c s :

Tm ma tr n chuy n t c s () sang c s (). Tm t a = (-1, 2, 0) i v i c s (). 15. Trong khng gian vect R3 cho hai c s :

c a vect

Tm ma tr n chuy n t c s () sang c s (). 3. H PHNG TRNH TUY N TNH THU N NH T 16. Gi i cc h phng trnh sau:

17. Dng h phng trnh tuy n tnh v nh ngha c a h vect ph thu c tuy n tnh ch ng t cc h vect sau trong khng gian vect R4 l ph thu c tuy n tnh:

18. Cc h vect sau:

h no l h nghi m c b n c a h phng trnh

19. Tm h nghi m c b n v s chi u c a khng gian nghi m c a h phng trnh:

20. Cho hai h phng trnh:

Bi t m t nghi m ring c a h a) l ( , , 0, 0, 0), c a h b l ( ,

1 , 0, 0, 0). 6

1 1 3 3

2 3

i v i m i h phng trnh:

Tm nghi m t ng qut c a m i h nh h nghi m c b n c a h thu n nh t lin k t tng ng; Nh nghi m t ng qut v a tm c, tm m t nghi m ring m cc thnh ph n t a l nh ng s nguyn. 21. Cho h ba phng trnh b c nh t:

Dng h ng(A), h ng(B), hy xt s c nghi m v v nghi m c a h trong t t c cc tr ng h p c th x y ra v minh h a hnh h c cho m i tr ng h p.