Phương pháp giải Bài Tập Đại Số Lớp 11 - TST

i s 11
VI. PHNG TRNH DNG KHC

Bai 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) sin
2
x = sin
2
3x 2) sin
2
x + sin
2
2x + sin
2
3x =
3
2
3) cos
2
x + cos
2
2x + cos
2
3x = 1 4) cos
2
x + cos
2
2x + cos
2
3x + cos
2
4x = 2
1) sin
6
x + cos
6
x =
1
4
2) sin
8
x + cos
8
x =
1
8
3) cos
4
x + 2sin
6
x = cos2x 4) sin
4
x + cos
4
x cos
2
x +
2
1
4sin 2x
1 = 0
1) 1 + 2sinx.cosx = sinx + 2cosx 2) sinx(sinx cosx) 1 = 0
3) sin
3
x + cos
3
x = cos2x 4) sin2x = 1 +
2
cosx + cos2x
5) sinx(1 + cosx) = 1 + cosx + cos
2
x 6) (2sinx 1)(2cos2x + 2sinx + 1) = 3 4cos
2
x
7) (sinx sin2x)(sinx + sin2x) = sin
2
3x
8) sinx + sin2x + sin3x =
2
(cosx + cos2x + cos3x)
1) 2cosx.cos2x = 1 + cos2x + cos3x 2) 2sinx.cos2x + 1 + 2cos2x + sinx = 0
3) 3cosx + cos2x cos3x + 1 = 2sinx.sin2x
4) cos5x.cosx = cos4x.cos2x + 3cos
2
x + 1
1) sinx + sin3x + sin5x = 0 2) cos7x + sin8x = cos3x sin2x
3) cos2x cos8x + cos6x = 1 4) sin7x + cos
2
2x = sin
2
2x + sinx
1) sin
3
x + cos
3
x +
1
sin2 .sin
4
2
x x
_
+

,
= cosx + sin3x
2) 1 + sin2x + 2cos3x(sinx + cosx) = 2sinx + 2cos3x + cos2x
Trang 1

CHNG II
T HP XC SUT
A. T HP
i s 11
I. Qui tc m
1. Qui tc cng:
Mt cng vic no c th c thc hin theo mt trong hai phng n A hoc B.
Nu phng n A c m cch thc hin, phng n B c n cch thc hin v khng trng
vi bt k cch no trong phng n A th cng vic c m + n cch thc hin.
2. Qui tc nhn:
Mt cng vic no c th bao gm hai cng on A v B. Nu cng on A c m cch
thc hin v ng vi mi cch c n cch thc hin cng on B th cng vic c
m.n cch thc hin.
Bai 1: T thnh ph A n thnh ph B c 3 con ng, t thnh ph A n thnh ph
C c 2 con ng, t thnh ph B n thnh ph D c 2 con ng, t thnh ph C n
thnh ph D c 3 con ng. Khng c con ng no ni thnh ph B vi thnh ph C.
Hi c tt c bao nhiu ng i t thnh ph A n thnh ph D?
S: c 12 ng.
Bai 2: C 25 i bng tham gia tranh cp. C 2 i phi u vi nhau 2 trn (i v
v). Hi c bao nhiu trn u?
S: c 25.24 = 600 trn
Bai 3: a) Mt b hoa gm c: 5 bng hng trng, 6 bng hng v 7 bng hng vng.
Hi c my cch chn ly 1 bng hoa?
b) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3 c th lp c bao nhiu s khc nhau c nhng ch s khc
nhau?
S: a) 18. b) 15.
Bai 4: Mt i vn ngh chun b c 2 v kch, 3 iu ma v 6 bi ht. Ti hi
din, mi i ch c trnh din 1 v kch, 1 iu ma v 1 bi ht. Hi i vn ngh trn
c bao nhiu cch chn chng trnh biu din, bit rng cht lng cc v kch, iu ma,
cc bi ht l nh nhau?
S: 36.
Bai 5: Mt ngi c 7 ci o trong c 3 o trng v 5 ci c vt trong c hai c
vt mu vng. Hi ngi c bao nhiu cch chn o c vt nu:
a) Chn o no cng c v c vt no cng c?
b) chn o trng th khng chn c vt mu vng?
S: a) 35. b) 29.
Bai 6: Mt trng ph thng c 12 hc sinh chuyn tin v 18 hc sinh chuyn ton.
Thnh lp mt on gm hai ngi sao cho c mt hc sinh chuyn ton v mt hc sinh
chuyn tin. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp mt on nh trn?
Bai 7: C bao nhiu cch sp xp 3 ngi n ng v 2 ngi n b ngi trn mt
chic gh di sao cho 2 ngi cng phi phi ngi gn nhau.
Bai 8: C bao nhiu cch sp xp 8 vin bi v 8 vin bi en xp thnh mt dy sao
cho hai vin bi cng mu khng c gn nhau.
Bai 9: Hi ng qun tr ca mt x nghip gm 11 ngi, trong c 7 nam v 4 n.
T h ng qun tr , ngi ta mun lp ra mt ban thng trc gm 3 ngi. Hi c
bao nhiu cch chn ban thng trc sao cho trong phi c t nht mt ngi nam.
S: 161.
Bai 10: Cho tp hp A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. C bao nhiu cp sp th t (x; y) bit rng:
a)
, x A y A
b)
{ , } x y A
c)
, 6 x A y A vax y +
.
S: a) 25. b) 20. c) 5 cp.
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i s 11
Bai 11: Cho tp hp A = {1, 2, 3, , n} trong n l s nguyn dng ln hn 1. C
bao nhiu cp sp th t (x; y), bit rng:
, , x A y A x y >
.
S:
( 1)
.
2
n n
Bai 12: C bao nhiu s palindrom gm 5 ch s (s palindrom l s m nu ta vit cc
ch s theo th t ngc li th gi tr ca n khng thay i).
S: S cn tm c dng:
abcba
c 9.10.10 = 900 (s)
Bai 13: Vi cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin tho:
a) gm 6 ch s.
b) gm 6 ch s khc nhau.
c) gm 6 ch s khc nhau v chia ht cho 2.
S: a) 6
6
b) 6! c) 3.5! = 360
Bai 14: a) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s?
b) T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn c 3 ch s?
c) C bao nhiu s t nhin c hai ch s m c hai ch s u l s chn?
d) C bao nhiu s t nhin c 5 ch s, trong cc ch s cch u ch s ng gia th
ging nhau?
e) C bao nhiu s t nhin c 6 ch s v chia ht cho 5?
S: a) 3125. b) 168. c) 20 d) 900. e) 180000.
Bai 15: Vi 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s:
a) Gm 2 ch s? b) Gm 2 ch s khc nhau? c) S l gm 2 ch s?
d) S chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau? e) Gm 5 ch s vit khng lp li?
f) Gm 5 ch s vit khng lp li chia ht cho 5?
S: a) 25. b) 20. c) 15 d) 8. e) 120. f) 24.
Bai 16: T 6 s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 3 ch s:
a) Khc nhau?
b) Khc nhau, trong c bao nhiu s ln hn 300?
c) Khc nhau, trong c bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5?
d) Khc nhau, trong c bao nhiu s chn?
e) Khc nhau, trong c bao nhiu s l?
S: a) 100. b) 60. c) 36 d) 52. e) 48.
Bai 17: a) T cc s: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s l c 3 ch s khc
nhau nh hn 400?
b) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 3 ch s khc nhau nm
trong khong (300 , 500).
S: a) 35. b) 24.
II. Hon v
1. Giai tha:
n! = 1.2.3n Qui c: 0! = 1
n! = (n1)!n
!
!
n
p
= (p+1).(p+2)n (vi n>p)
!
( )!
n
n p
= (np+1).(np+2)n (vi n>p)
Trang 3

i s 11
2. Hon v (khng lp):
Mt tp hp gm n phn t (n 1). Mi cch sp xp n phn t ny theo mt th t
no c gi l mt hon v ca n phn t.
S cc hon v ca n phn t l:P
n
= n!
3. Hon v lp:
Cho k phn t khc nhau: a
1
, a
2
, , a
k
. Mt cch sp xp n phn t trong gm n
1
phn t a
1
, n
2
phn t a
2
, , n
k
phn t a
k
(n
1
+n
2
+ + n
k
= n) theo mt th t no
c gi l mt hon v lp cp n v kiu (n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) ca k phn t.
S cc hon v lp cp n, kiu (n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) ca k phn t l:
P
n
(n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) =
1 2
!
! !... !
k
n
n n n
4. Hon v vng quanh:
Cho tp A gm n phn t. Mt cch sp xp n phn t ca tp A thnh mt dy kn c
gi l mt hon v vng quanh ca n phn t.
S cc hon v vng quanh ca n phn t l: Q
n
= (n 1)!
Bai 1: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
A =
7!4! 8! 9!
10! 3!5! 2!7!
_

,
B =
2011! 2009
.
2010! 2009! 2011
C =
5! ( 1)!
.
( 1) ( 1)!3!
m
mm m
+
+
D =
m
m
m m
2
7! ( 2)!
.
4!( 1)!
( )
+
+
E =
n
k
kk
1
. !
F =
n
k
k
k
2
1
!
A =
6! 1 ( 1)! .( 1)!
. .
( 2)( 3) ( 1)( 4) ( 5)!5! 12.( 4)!3!
m m m
m m m m m m
1 +
1
+
]
(vi m 5)
Bai 2: Chng minh rng:
a)
n n n
P P n P
1 1
( 1)
b)
1 2 2 1
( 1) ( 2) ... 2 1
n n n
P n P n P P P

+ + + + +
c)
2
1 1
! ( 1)! ( 2)!
n
n n n
+

d)
1 1 1 1
1 ... 3
1! 2! 3! ! n
+ + + + + <
e)
n
n
1
! 2

Bai 3: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:

a)
1 5 ( 1)! .( 1)!
. 5
2 1 ( 3)!4! 12( 3).( 4)!2!
n n n
n n n n n
_ +

+
,
b)
n n 4 ! ( 1)! 50 + + <
c)
n
n
n
3
!
10
( 2)!
+
S: a)
( 1)
5
6
n n
n = 4, n = 5, n = 6 b) n = 2, n = 3
Bai 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) P x P x
2
2 3
. . 8 b)
1
1
1
6
x x
x
P P
P

+
c)
n
n
( 1)!
72
( 1)!
+
d)
n n
n n
! !
3
( 2)! ( 1)!

e)
n
n
n
!
( 3)!
20
f)
n
n
n
3
!
10
( 2)!
+
S: a) x = 1; x = 4 b) x = 2; x = 3 c) n = 8
d) n = 3 e) n = 6 f) n = 2
Bai 5: Xt cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau lp t cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Hi
trong cc s c bao nhiu s:
Trang 4

i s 11
a) Bt u bng ch s 5? b) Khng bt u bng ch s 1?
c) Bt u bng 23? d) Khng bt u bng 345?
S: a) 4! b) 5! 4! c) 3! d) 5! 2!
Bai 6: Xt cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau c lp t cc s 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Hi
trong cc s c bao nhiu s:
a) Bt u bi ch s 9? b) Khng bt u bi ch s 1?
c) Bt u bi 19? d) Khng bt u bi 135?
S: a) 24. b) 96. c) 6 d) 118.
Bai 7: Vi mi hon v ca cc s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ta c mt s t nhin. Tm tng
tt c cc s t nhin c c t cc hon v ca 7 phn t trn?
S: Vi mi i, j
{ } 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 , s cc s m ch s j hng th i l 6!.
Tng tt c cc s l: (6!1++6!7) + (6!1++6!7).10 ++ (6!1++6!7).10
6
= 6! (1+2++7).(1+10++10
6
)
Bai 8: Tm tng S ca tt c cc s t nhin, mi s c to thnh bi hon v ca 6
ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
S: 279999720.
Bai 9: Trn mt k sch c 5 quyn sch Ton, 4 quyn sch L, 3 quyn sch Vn.
Cc quyn sch u khc nhau. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp cc quyn sch trn:
a) Mt cch tu ? b) Theo tng mn?
c) Theo tng mn v sch Ton nm gia?
S: a) P
12
b) 3!(5!4!3!) c) 2!(5!4!3!)
Bai 10: C 5 hc sinh nam l A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 v 3 hc sinh n B1, B2, B3 c
xp ngi xung quanh mt bn trn. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp nu:
a) Mt cch tu ? b) A1 khng ngi cnh B1?
c) Cc hc sinh n khng ngi cnh nhau?
S: a) Q
8
= 7! b) Q
7
= 6! c) C 4!5.4.3 cch sp xp
Bai 11: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s, trong
ch s 1 c mt 3 ln, mi ch s khc c mt ng mt ln?
S:
8! 7
3! 3!
Bai 12: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau v khc 0 bit rng tng ca 3
ch s ny bng 9.
S: 18.
Bai 13: T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 thit lp tt c cc s c 6 ch s khc nhau. Hi
trong cc s thit lp c, c bao nhiu s m hai ch s 1 v 6 khng ng cnh
nhau?
S: 480.
Bai 14: C bao nhiu cch sp xp 5 bn hc sinh A, B, C, D, E ngi vo mt chic gh
di sao cho:
a) Bn C ngi chnh gia?
b) Hai bn A v E ngi hai u gh?
S: a) 24. b) 12.
Bai 15: Mt hi ngh bn trn c phi on ca cc nc: M 5 ngi, Nga 5 ngi,
Anh 4 ngi, Php 6 ngi, c 4 ngi. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp cho mi thnh
vin sao cho ngi cng quc tch ngi gn nhau?
S: 143327232000.
Bai 16: Sp xp 10 ngi vo mt dy gh. C bao nhiu cch sp xp ch ngi nu:
a) C 5 ngi trong nhm mun ngi k nhau?
b) C 2 ngi trong nhm khng mun ngi k nhau?
S: a) 86400. b) 2903040.
Bai 17: Sp xp 6 nam sinh v 4 n sinh vo mt dy gh. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp
xp ch ngi nu:
Trang 5

i s 11
a) Nam sinh ngi k nhau, n sinh ngi k nhau?
b) Ch c n ngi k nhau?
S: a) 34560. b) 120960.
Bai 18: C bao nhiu cch sp xp 12 hc sinh ng thnh 1 hng chp nh lu
nim, bit rng trong phi c 5 em nh trc ng k nhau?
S: 4838400.
Bai 19: C 2 kim tra ton chn i hc sinh gii c pht cho 10 hc sinh khi
11 v 10 hc sinh khi 12. C bao nhiu cch sp xp 20 hc sinh trn vo 1 phng thi c 5
dy gh sao cho hai em ngi cnh nhau c khc nhau, cn cc em ngi ni ui nhau c
cng mt ?
S: 26336378880000.
Bai 20: C 3 vin bi en (khc nhau), 4 vin bi (khc nhau), 5 vin bi vng (khc
nhau), 6 vin bi xanh (khc nhau). Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp cc vin bi trn thnh
mt dy sao cho cc vin bi cng mu cnh nhau?
S: 298598400.
Bai 21: Trn gi sch c 30 tp sch. C th sp xp theo bao nhiu cch khc nhau
c:
a) Tp 1 v tp 2 ng cnh nhau?
b) Tp 5 v tp 6 khng ng cnh nhau?
S: a) 2.29!. b) 28.29!.
Bai 22: Vi 5 ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s, trong
ch s 1 c mt ng 3 ln, ch s 2 c mt ng 2 ln v mi ch s cn li c mt ng
mt ln?
S: 3360.
Bai 23: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s, trong
ch s 1 c mt 3 ln, mi ch s khc c mt ng 1 ln.
S: 5880.
Bai 24: Xt nhng s gm 9 ch s, trong c 5 ch s 1 v 4 ch s cn li l 2, 3, 4,
5. Hi c bao nhiu s nh th nu:
a) 5 ch s 1 c xp k nhau?
b) Cc ch s c xp tu ?
S: a) 120. b) 3024.
III. Chnh hp
1. Chnh hp (khng lp):
Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi cch sp xp k phn t ca A (1 k n) theo mt
th t no c gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ca tp A.
S chnh hp chp k ca n phn t:
!
( 1)( 2)...( 1)
( )!
k
n
n
A nn n n k
n k
+
Cng thc trn cng ng cho trng hp k = 0 hoc k = n.

Trang 6

i s 11
Khi k = n th
n
n
A = P
n
= n!
2. Chnh hp lp:
Cho tp A gm n phn t. Mt dy gm k phn t ca A, trong mi phn t c th
c lp li nhiu ln, c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh c gi l mt chnh
hp lp chp k ca n phn t ca tp A.
S chnh hp lp chp k ca n phn t:
k k
n
A n
A =
2 5
5 10
2 5
7
A A
P P
+ B =
1 2 3 4
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 1 2 3 4
P A P A P A P A PP P P + + +
C =
12 11 10 9
49 49 17 17
10 8
49 17
A A A A
A A
+ +
D =
2 5 4 3 2
5
4 3 2 1
5 5 5 5
P P P P
A
A A A A
_
+ + +

,
E =
A
10
49
10 11
49 49
39A
12!(5! 4!)
13!4!
38A

+
+
F =
P P
P P P P
A A A A
3 2
5 4 3 2
4 3 2 1
5 5 5 5
21( )
20
_
+ + +

,
S: A = 46; B = 2750; C = 1440; D = 42
a)
2 2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1
... , , 2.
n
n
vi n N n
n
A A A

+ + +
b)
2 1 2
.
n n n
n k n k n k
A A k A
+ +
+ + +
+ vi n, k N, k 2
c)
1
1 1
.
k k k
n n n
A A k A

+
a)
3
20
n
A n b)
3 2
5
n n
A A + = 2(n + 15) c)
2 2
2
3 42 0.
n n
A A +
d)
2
4
1 3
210
.
n
n
n
P
A P
+
e) 2(
3 2
3
n n
A A + ) = P
n+1
f)
2 2
2 6 12
n n n n
P A P A +
g)
10 9 8
9 .
x x x
A A A + h)
2 2
. 72 6( 2 )
x x x x
P A A P + + i)
2 2
2
2 50
x x
A A +
k)
1
1
1
.
72.
y
x x y
x
A P
P
+
+
l)
n n n
P P
5
3 5
720A .
+
m)
n n n
A A A
6 5 4
+
S: a) n = 6 b) n = 3 c) n = 6 d) n = 5
e) n = 4 f) n = 2; 3 g) x = 11. h) x = 3; 4.
i) x = 5. k) x = 8,
7, . y y N

Bai 4: Gii cc bt phng trnh:
a)
4
4
15
( 2)! ( 1)!
n
A
n n
+
<
+
b)
4
2
2 1
143
0
4
n
n n
A
P P
+
+
< c)
n
A n
3
15 15 + <
d)
n n
A A
3 2
12 < + e)
n
n n
A
P P
1
1
2 1
143
0
4
+
+
<
S: a) n = 3; 4; 5 b) 2 n 36
Bai 5: Tm cc s m trong dy s
1 2 3
, , ,... ,
n
x x x x
vi:
Trang 7

i s 11
4
4
2
143
( 1, 2, 3, ...)
4.
n
n
n n
A
x n
P P
+
+

S:
1 1 2 2
63 23
1, ; 2, .
4 8
n x n x
Bai 6: Mt cuc khiu v c 10 nam v 6 n. Ngi ta chn c th t 3 nam v 3 n
ghp thnh 3 cp. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn?
S: C
3 3
10 6
. A A cch
Bai 7: Trong khng gian cho 4 im A, B, C, D. T cc im trn ta lp cc vect khc
vect khng. Hi c th c c bao nhiu vect?
S:
2
4
A = 12 vect
Bai 8: Mt lp hc ch c cc bn i (2 ch ngi). Hi lp ny c bao nhiu hc sinh,
bit rng ch c th sp xp ch ngi cho hc sinh ca lp ny theo 132 s khc nhau?
(S ch ngi va s hc sinh)
S:
2
n
A = 132 n = 12
Bai 9: T 20 hc sinh cn chn ra mt ban i din lp gm 1 lp trng, 1 lp ph v
1 th k. Hi c my cch chn?
S: 6840.
Bai 10: Hun luyn vin mt i bng mun chn 5 cu th qu lun lu 11 mt.
C bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a) C 11 cu th c kh nng nh nhau? (k c th mn).
b) C 3 cu th b chn thng v nht thit phi b tr cu th A qu s 1 v cu th B
qu s 4.
S: a) 55440. b) 120.
Bai 11: Mt ngi mun xp t mt s pho tng vo mt dy 6 ch trng trn mt k
trang tr. C bao nhiu cch sp xp nu:
a) Ngi c 6 pho tng khc nhau?
b) Ngi c 4 pho tng khc nhau?
c) Ngi c 8 pho tng khc nhau?
S: a) 6!. b) 360. c) 20160.
Bai 12: T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, , 9, c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch
s:
a) Cc ch s khc nhau?
b) Hai ch s k nhau phi khc nhau?
S: a)
4
9
9.A b) C 9
5
s
Bai 13: T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu:
a) S gm 5 ch s khc nhau?
b) S chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau?
c) S gm 5 ch s khc nhau v phi c mt ch s 5?
S: a) 6.
4
6
A b)
3 3
5 5
6. 3.5 A A +
c) S gm 5 ch s c dng:
abcde
Nu a = 5 th c
4
6
A s
Nu a 5 th a c 5 cch chn. S 5 c th t vo 1 trong cc v tr b, c, d, e c 4
cch chn v tr cho s 5. 3 v tr cn li c th chn t 5 ch s cn li c
3
5
A cch
chn.
C
4 3
6 5
4.5. A A + = 1560 s
Bai 14: T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, , 9 c th lp bao nhiu bin s xe gm 3 ch s (tr s
Trang 8

i s 11
000)?
S:
3
10
1 A
= 999
Bai 15: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 6 ch s vi:
a) Ch s u v ch s cui ging nhau?
b) Ch s u v cui khc nhau?
c) Hai ch s u ging nhau v hai ch s cui ging nhau?
S: a) 9.
4
10
A
= 9.10
4
s
b) C tt c:
6 5
10 10
A A
= 9.10
5
s gm 6 ch s C 9.10
5
9.10
4
s
c) C 9.10.10.10 = 9000 s
Bai 16: C bao nhiu s in thoi c 6 ch s? Trong c bao nhiu s in thoi c
6 ch s khc nhau?
S: a)
6
10
A
= 10
6
b)
6
10
A = 15120
Bai 17: Mt bin s xe gm 2 ch ci ng trc v 4 ch s ng sau. Cc ch ci
c ly t 26 ch ci A, B, C, , Z. Cc ch s c ly t 10 ch s 0, 1, 2, , 9. Hi:
a) C bao nhiu bin s xe trong c t nht mt ch ci khc ch ci O v cc ch s i
mt khc nhau?
b) C bao nhiu bin s xe c hai ch ci khc nhau v c ng 2 ch s l ging nhau?
S: a) S cch chn 2 ch ci: 26 26 1 = 675 cch
S cch chn 4 ch s:
4
10
A = 5040 cch
S bin s xe: 675 5040 = 3.402.000 s
b) Ch ci th nht: c 26 cch chn
Ch ci th hai: c 25 cch chn
Cc cp s l ging nhau c th l: (1;1), (3;3), (5;5), (7;7), (9;9)
C 5 cch chn 1 cp s l.
Xp mt cp s l vo 4 v tr c
2
4
C cch
C 5.
2
4
C cch sp xp cp s l.
Cn li 2 v tr l cc ch s chn:
Ch s chn th nht: c 5 cch chn
Ch s chn th hai: c 5 cch chn
C 26 25 5
2
4
C 5 5 = 487500 cch
Bai 18: a) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s khc nhau m tng cc ch s
bng 18?
b) Hi c bao nhiu s l tho mn iu kin ?
S: Ch : 18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 8
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7
18 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6
a) 3 5 5! b) 192 + 384 + 192 = 768 s
Bai 19: Vi 6 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 5 ch s khc nhau
v tho:
a) S chn. b) Bt u bng s 24. c) Bt u bng s 345.
d) Bt u bng s 1? T suy ra cc s khng bt u bng s 1?
S: a) 312. b) 24. c) 6. d) 120 ; 480.
Bai 20: Cho tp hp X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. C th lp c bao nhiu s n gm 5
ch s khc nhau i mt ly t X trong mi trng hp sau:
a) n l s chn?
b) Mt trong ba ch s u tin phi bng 1?
Trang 9

i s 11
(HQG TP.HCM, 99, khi D, t 2)
S: a) 3000. b) 2280.
Bai 21: a) T 5 ch s 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc
nhau v chia ht cho 3.
b) T 10 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu s khc nhau sao cho
trong cc ch s c mt s 0 v s 1.
(HVCN Bu chnh Vin thng, 1999)
c) T 8 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc nhau
trong nht thit phi c mt ch s 4.
S: a) 18. b) 42000. c) 13320.
Bai 22: a) Tnh tng ca tt c cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau i mt c
to thnh t 6 ch s 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8.
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s khc nhau c to thnh t 5 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3,
4. Tnh tng ca cc s ny.
S: a) 37332960. b) 96 ; 259980.
Bai 23: a) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau v chia ht cho 10 (ch s
hng vn khc 0).
(H Nng, 2000, khi A, t 1)
b) Cho 10 ch s 0, 1, 2, ..., 9. C bao nhiu s l c 6 ch s khc nhau nh hn 600000
xy dng t 10 ch s cho.
(H Y khoa H Ni, 1997)
S: a) 3024. b) 36960.
IV. T hp
1. T hp (khng lp):
Trang 10

i s 11
Cho tp A gm n phn t. Mi tp con gm k (1 k n) phn t ca A c gi l
mt t hp chp k ca n phn t.
S cc t hp chp k ca n phn t:
k
k n
n
A n
C
k k n k
!
! !( )!

Qui c:
0
n
C = 1
Tnh cht:
n k n k k k k k k
n n n n n n n n n
n k
C C C C C C C C C
k
0 1 1
1 1
1
1; ; ;

+
+
2. T hp lp:
Cho tp A = { }
1 2
; ;...;
n
a a a
v s t nhin k bt k. Mt t hp lp chp k ca n phn t
l mt hp gm k phn t, trong mi phn t l mt trong n phn t ca A.
S t hp lp chp k ca n phn t:
1
1 1
k k m
n n k n k
C C C

+ +

3. Phn bit chnh hp v t hp:
Chnh hp v t hp lin h nhau bi cng thc: !
k k
n n
A k C
Chnh hp: c th t. T hp: khng c th t.
Nhng bi ton m kt qu ph thuc vo v tr cc phn t > chnh hp
Ngc li, l t hp.
Cch ly k phn t t tp n phn t (k n):
+ Khng th t, khng hon li:
k
n
C
+ C th t, khng hon li:
k
n
A
+ C th t, c hon li:
k
n
A
Dng 1: Tnh gi tr biu thc t hp
Bai 1: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
A =
23 13 7
25 15 10
3 C C C B =
4 3 4 2
7 7 8 3
5 6 6
2
10 10 11
1
1
C C C A
P
C C C
+ +
+
+ +
C =
C C C
C
8 9 10
15 15 15
10
17
2 + +
D =
C C C
C
5 6 7
15 15 15
7
17
2 + +
S: A = 165 B = 4
A =
2 3
. .
n n n
n n n
C C C ; B =
8 9 10
2 15 15 15
10
17
2
.
n
k
n n k
P C C C
A P C
+
+ +
+
;
C =
2
1
1 1 1
2 ... ...
k n
n n n
n
k n
n n n
C C C
C k n
C C C

+ + + + +
S: A =
3
(3 )!
( !)
n
n
B = (n+1)(n+2) + 1 C =
( 1)
2
n n+
Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc t hp
Trang 11

i s 11
Bai 1: Chng minh cc h thc sau:
a) . .
k p k p k
n n k n p
C C C C
(k p n) b)
k k
n n
n
C C
k
1
1
(1 k n)
c)
k k k k
n n n n
C C C C
1 1 1
2
2
+ +
+
+ + d)
m k k m k
n m n n k
C C C C . .

(0 k m n)
e)
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
1 2 3 2 3
2 3
2 5 4
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + f)
2
2
( 1) ( 1)
k k
n n
k k C n n C

( 2 < k < n)
g)
1 2 3
3
3 3
k k k k k
n n n n n
C C C C C

+
+ + + (3 k n)
h)
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
1 2 3 4
4
4 6 4

+
+ + + + (4 k n)
S: S dng tnh cht:
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C
+
+
a)
0 1 1 0
. . ... .
p p p p
r q r q r q r q
C C C C C C C
+
+ + + b)
0 2 1 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
n n n n
C C C C + + +
c)
0 2 4 2 1 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...
p p p
p p p p p p p
C C C C C C C c

+ + + + + + +
d)
1 2 3
1
1 ... ( 1) ( 1)
p p p p
n n n n n
C C C C C

+ + +
S: a) S dng khai trin: (1+x)
r
.(1+x)
q
= (1+x)
r+q
. So snh h s ca x
p
2 v.
b) S dng cu a) vi p = q = r = n
c) S dng (x+y)
2p
v (xy)
2p
d) S dng
1
1 1
r r r
n n n
C C C

+ , vi r l th nhn 2 v vi 1.
Dng 3 : Chng minh bt ng thc t hp
2
2
1 1
.
2 1 2
n
n
n
C
n
<
+
( n N, n 1)
HD: Bin i v tri:
2
2 2
1 (2 )! 1.3.5...(2 1)
.
2.4.6...(2 )
2 2 . ! !
n
n
n n
n n
C
n
n n

Vy ta phi chng minh:
1.3.5...(2 1) 1
2.4.6...(2 )
2 1
n
n
n
<
+
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 1 ( 2 1) ( 2 1) 2 1
2
2 1
4 4 1
k k k k
k
k
k k

<
+
Cho k ln lt t 1, 2, , n. Ri nhn cc BT v theo v, ta c pcm.

2
2 2 2
. ( )
n n n
n k n k n
C C C
+
(vi k, n N, 0 k n)
HD: t u
k
=
2 2
.
n n
n k n k
C C
+
(k = 0;1;;n)
Ta chng minh: u
k
> u
k+1
(*)
Tht vy, (*)
2 2 2 1 2 1
. .
n n n n
n k n k n k n k
C C C C
+ + +
> n + 2nk > 0
iu ny lun lun ng pcm.
Dng 4: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc t hp
Trang 12

i s 11
Bai 1: a) Chng minh:
1 k k
n n
C C
< vi n = 2m, k m. T suy ra

m
n
C l ln
nht.
b) Chng minh:
1 k k
n n
C C
< vi n = 2m + 1, k m.
T suy ra
1
;
m m
n n
C C
+
l ln nht.
HD: a) Theo tnh cht:
1
1
.
k k
n n
n k
C C
k

+

1
1
1
k
n
k
n
C
n
k
C

+

Vi k m 2k n
1
1 1
n
k
+
>
1 k k
n n
C C

>
V
k n k
n n
C C

nn
k
n
C ln nht.
b) Tng t
Bai 2: Cho n > 2, p [1; n]. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca
p
n
C .
HD: V
p n p
n n
C C

nn ta chi cn xt 1 p
2
n
Ta c:
1 p p
n n
C C

>
1
1
p
n
p
n
C
n p
p
C

+
> 1 p <
1
2
n+
Vy
p
n
C nh nht khi p = 1 hoc p = n 1, ng vi
1 1 n
n n
C C

= n
p
n
C ln nht khi p =
1
2
n
(nu n l) hoc p =
2
n
(nu n chn)
Bai 3: Vi gi tr no ca p th
p
n
C ln nht.
HD: Ta c:
1
1 1
1
p
m
p
m
C
m p m
p p
C

+ +

. T s ny gim khi p tng.

1 p p
m m
C C

>
1
1
m p
p
+
, do :p
1
2
m+
Nu m chn: m = 2k p k +
1
2

1 p p
m m
C C

> ta phi c: p k +
1
2
, v p, k N nn chn p = k
Nu m l: m = 2k + 1 p k + 1, ta s c:
1
1
p
m
p
m
C
C

khi p = k + 1
1
2 1
(2 1)!
( 1)! !
p k
m k
k
C C
k k
+
+
+

+
* p dng bi ton ny ta c th gii nhiu bi ton khc. V d:
C 25 hc sinh. Mun lp thnh nhng nhm gm p hc sinh. Tm gi tr ca p c
s cch chia nhm l ln nht? Tm s cch chia nhm .
* V c 25 hc sinh, chn p em nn s nhm c th lp l
25
p
C .
Theo trn, ta c m = 25 (l) vi k = 12 do
25
p
C ln nht khi p = k + 1 = 13.
Vy p = 13, khi : s nhm ti a c th lp:
13
25
C = 5200300.
Dng 5 : Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha biu thc t hp
Trang 13

i s 11
a)
4
3 4
1
24
23
n
n
n n
A
A C

+
b)
4 5 6
1 1 1
x x x
C C C

c)
x x x
C C C x x
1 2 3 2
6 6 9 14 + +
d)
4 2 10
10 10
x x
x x
C C
+
+ +
e)
2 2 1
4 3 3
. . 0
x
x C x C C + f)
2 2
2
101
x
x x
A C

+
g)
3 3
8 6
5
x
x x
C A
+
+ +
h)
2 3
1 1
2 7( 1)
x
x x
C C x
+
+ i)
x
x x
A C x
3 2
14
+
k)
x
x
x
A
C
5
5
2
336
l)
x
x
C
C
2
28
2 4
24
225
52

m)
1 2 3
7
2
+ +
x x x
C C C x
n)
1 2 3 10
... 1023
x x x x
x x x x
C C C C

+ + + + o)
1 2 1
1 4
1 1 7
6
+ +

x x x
C C C
S: a) n = 5 b) x = 2 c) x = 7 d) x = 14 e) x = 3
f) x = 10 g) x = 17 h) x = 5 i) x = 5 k) x = 8
l) x = 7 m) x = 4 n) x = 10 o) x = 3; x = 8
Bai 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh:
a)
3
1
4
3
1
1
14
n
n
n
C
P
A
+
<
b)
2 5
3
60
( )!
k n
n
P
A
n k
+ +
+
c)
4 3 2
1 1 2
5
0
4
n n n
C C A

<
d)
x x
C A
2 2
1
2 3 30
+
+ < e)
x x x
A A C
x
2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
+ f)
n n
n n
C C
2 1
1 1
100

+ +

S: a) k: n 3, n
2
+ n 42 > 0 n 6
b)
( 5)( 4)( 1) 0
k n
n n n k

'
+ + +
Xt vi n 4: bpt v nghim
Xt n {0,1,2,3} ta c cc nghim l: (0;0), (1;0), (1;1), (2;2), (3,3)
c) k: n 5, n
2
9n 22 < 0 n = 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10
d) x = 2 e) x = 3, x = 4
Bai 3: Gii cc h phng trnh:
a)
1
1
126
720
x
y
y x
y
x
x
A
C
P
P
+
+
+
'
b)
y y y
x x x
C C C
1 1
1
6 5 2
+
+

c)
1
1
0
4 5 0
y y
x x
y y
x x
C C
C C
+
'

d)
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C
2 5 90
5 2 80
'

e)
2
1
:
3
1
:
24
x x
y y
x x
y y
C C
C A
+
'
f)
2 1
1
5 3
y y
x x
y y
x x
C C
C C

'
g)
x
y
y x
y
x
x
A
C
P
P
1
1
2
126
720
+

+
+
'
h)
y y
x x
y y
x x
A A
C C
3 2
5 5
2 3
4 5
7
4 7

'
i)
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C
2 180
36
'

S: a)
5
7
x
y

'
b)
8
3
x
y

'
c)
17
8
x
y

'
d) x = 5, y = 2.
e) x = 4, y = 8. f) x = 7, y = 4
Bai 4: Tm s t nhin k sao cho
1 2
14 14 14
, ,
k k k
C C C
+ +
lp thnh mt cp s cng.
S: k = 4; 8.
Dng 6: Tm s t hp trong cc bi ton s hc
Trang 14

i s 11
Bai 1: Cho 10 cu hi, trong c 4 cu l thuyt v 6 bi tp. Ngi ta cu to thnh
cc thi. Bit rng trong mi thi phi gm 3 cu hi, trong nht thit phi c t nht
1 cu l thuyt v 1 bi tp. Hi c th to ra bao nhiu thi?
S: gm 2 cu l thuyt v 1 bi tp:
2 1
4 6
. 36 C C
gm 1 cu l thuyt v 2 bi tp:
1 2
4 6
. 60 C C
Vy c: 36 + 60 = 96 thi.
Bai 2: Mt lp hc c 40 hc sinh, trong gm 25 nam v 15 n. Gio vin ch
nhim mun chn mt ban cn s lp gm 4 em. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn, nu:
a) Gm 4 hc sinh tu . b) C 1 nam v 3 n. c) C 2 nam v 2 n.
d) C t nht 1 nam. e) C t nht 1 nam v 1 n.
S: a)
4
40
C b)
1 3
25 15
. C C c)
2 2
25 15
. C C d)
1 3 2 2 3 1 4
25 15 25 15 25 15 25
. . . C C C C C C C + + +
e)
4 4 4
40 25 15
C C C
Bai 3: Cho 5 im trong mt phng v khng c 3 im no thng hng. Hi c bao
nhiu vect to thnh t 5 im y? C bao nhiu on thng to thnh t 5 im y?
S: 20 ; 10.
Bai 4: C 5 tem th khc nhau v 6 b th cng khc nhau. Ngi ta mun chn t
ra 3 tem th, 3 b th v dn 3 tem th y ln 3 b th chn. Mt b th ch dn 1 tem
th. Hi c bao nhiu cch lm nh vy?
S: 1200.
Bai 5: Mt ti cha 6 vin bi trng v 5 vin bi xanh. Ly ra 4 vin bi t ti , c bao
nhiu cch ly c:
a) 4 vin bi cng mu? b) 2 vin bi trng, 2 vin bi xanh?
S: a) 20. b) 150.
Bai 6: T 20 ngi, chn ra mt on i biu gm 1 trng on, 1 ph on, 1 th
k v 3 y vin. Hi c my cch chn?
S: 4651200.
Bai 7: T 5 bng hng vng, 3 bng hng trng v 4 bng hng (cc bng hoa xem
nh i mt khc nhau), ngi ta mun chn ra mt b ha gm 7 bng, hi c bao nhiu
cch chn b hoa trong :
a) C ng 1 bng hng ?
b) C t nht 3 bng hng vng v t nht 3 bng hng ?
S: a) 112 b) 150.
Bai 8: T 8 s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 10 ch s c
chn t 8 ch s trn, trong ch s 6 c mt ng 3 ln, ch s khc c mt ng 1 ln.
S: 544320. (HVCNBCVT, Tp.HCM, 1999)
Bai 9: T tp X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} c th lp c bao nhiu s:
a) Chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau tng i mt v ch s ng u l ch s 2?
b) Gm 5 ch s khc nhau tng i mt sao cho 5 ch s c ng 3 ch s chn v 2
ch s l?
S: a) 360. b) 2448. (H Cn Th, 2001)
Bai 10: a) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s i mt khc nhau (ch s u tin
phi khc 0), trong c mt ch s 0 nhng khng c ch s 1).
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 7 ch s, bit rng ch s 2 c mt ng 2 ln, ch s 3
c mt ng 3 ln v cc ch s cn li c mt khng qu mt ln.
S: a) 33600 b) 11340. (H QG, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 11: Ngi ta vit cc s c 6 ch s bng cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 nh sau: Trong
mi s c vit c mt ch s xut hin hai ln cn cc ch s cn li xut hin mt ln.
Hi c bao nhiu s nh vy?
S: 1800. (H S phm Vinh, 1998)
Bai 12: T mt tp th 14 ngi gm 6 nm v 8 n trong c An v Bnh, ngi ta
Trang 15

i s 11
mun chn mt t cng tc gm c 6 ngi. Tm s cch chn trong mi trng hp sau:
a) Trong t phi c c nam ln n?
b) Trong t c 1 t trng, 5 t vin hn na An v Bnh khng ng thi c mt trong t?
S: a) 2974. b) 15048. (H Kinh t, Tp.HCM, 2001)
Bai 13: Mt n tu c 3 toa ch khc. Toa I, II, III. Trn sn ga c 4 khch chun b i
tu. Bit mi toa c t nht 4 ch trng. Hi:
a) C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 v khch ln 3 toa.
b) C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 v khch ln tu c 1 toa c 3 trong 4 v khch ni trn.
S: a) 99.b) 24. (H Lut H Ni, 1999)
Bai 14: Trong s 16 hc sinh c 3 hc sinh gii, 5 kh, 8 trung bnh. C bao nhiu cch
chia s hc sinh thnh hai t, mi t 8 hc sinh sao cho mi t u c hc sinh gii v
mi t c t nht hai hc sinh kh.
S: 3780. (HVKT Qun s, 2001)
Dng 7: Tm s t hp trong cc bi ton hnh hc
Bai 1: Trong mt phng cho n ng thng ct nhau tng i mt, nhng khng c 3
ng no ng quy. Hi c bao nhiu giao im? C bao nhiu tam gic c to thnh?
S: S giao im:
2
( 1)
2
n
n n
C

S tam gic:
3
( 1)( 2)
6
n
n n n
C

Bai 2: Cho 10 im trong khng gian, trong khng c 3 im no thng hng.

a) C bao nhiu ng thng i qua tng cp im?
b) C bao nhiu vect ni tng cp im?
c) C bao nhiu tam gic c nh l 3 trong 10 im trn?
d) Nu trong 10 im trn khng c 4 im no ng phng, th c bao nhiu t din c
to thnh?
S: a)
2
10
C b)
2
10
A c)
3
10
C d)
4
10
C
Bai 3: Cho a gic li c n cnh (n 4)
a) Tm n a gic c s ng cho bng s cnh?
b) Gi s 3 ng cho cng i qua 1 nh th khng ng qui. Hy tnh s giao im
(khng phi l nh) ca cc ng cho y?
S: a)
2
n
C n n n = 5
b) Giao im ca 2 ng cho ca 1 a gic li (khng phi l nh) chnh l giao im
ca 2 ng cho mt t gic m 4 nh ca n l 4 nh ca a gic. Vy s giao im
phi tm bng s t gic vi 4 nh thuc n nh ca a gic:
4
n
C
Bai 4: Cho mt a gic li c n-cnh
( , 3) n b
.
a) Tm s ng cho ca a gic. Hy ch ra 1 a gic c s cnh bng s ng cho?
b) C bao nhiu tam gic c nh trng vi nh ca a gic?
c) C bao nhiu giao im gia cc ng cho?
S: a)
( 3)
; 5.
2
n n
n
b)
( 2)( 1)
.
6
n n n
c)
( 1)( 2)( 3)
24
n n n n
.
Bai 5: Tm s giao im ti a ca:
a) 10 ng thng phn bit? b) 10 ng trn phn bit?
c) 10 ng thng v 10 ng trn trn?
S: a) 45.b) 90. c) 335.
Trang 16

i s 11
Bai 6: Cho hai ng thng song song (d1), (d2). Trn (d1) ly 17 im phn bit, trn
(d2) ly 20 im phn bit. Tnh s tam gic c cc nh l 3 im trong s 37 im chn
trn (d1) v (d2).
S: 5950. (H SP Quy Nhn, 1997)
Bai 7: Cho mt phng cho a gic u H c 20 cnh. Xt cc tam gic c ba nh c
ly t cc nh ca H.
a) C tt c bao nhiu tam gic nh vy? C bao nhiu tam gic c ng hai cnh l cnh
ca H?
b) C bao nhiu tam gic c ng mt cnh l cnh ca H? C bao nhiu tam gic khng
c cnh no l cnh ca H?
S: a) 1140; 20. b) 320 ; 80. (HVNH, 2000, khi D)
Bai 8: C 10 im A, B, C, ... trn mt phng trong khng c 3 im no thng
hng.
a) Ni chng li ta c bao nhiu ng thng? Trong c bao nhiu ng khng i
qua A hay B?
b) C bao nhiu tam gic nh bi cc im trn? Bao nhiu tam gic cha im A? Bao
nhiu tam gic cha cnh AB?
S: a) 45; 28. b) 120 ; 36 ; 8.
Bai 9: C p im trong mt phng trong c q im thng hng, s cn li khng c
3 im no thng hng. Ni p im li vi nhau. Hi:
a) C bao nhiu ng thng? b) Chng to ra bao nhiu tam gic?
S: a)
1
( 1) ( 1) 2;
2
p p q q + . b)
1
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
6
p p p q q q .
Bai 10: Cho p im trong khng gian trong c q im ng phng, s cn li khng
c 4 im no ng phng. Dng tt c cc mt phng cha 3 trong p im . Hi:
a) C bao nhiu mt phng khc nhau? b) Chng to ra bao nhiu t din?
S: a)
3 3
1.
p q
C C + b)
4 4
.
p q
C C
Bai 11: Cho p im trong c q im cng nm trn 1 ng trn, ngoi ra khng c 4
im no ng phng. Hi c bao nhiu:
a) ng trn, mi ng i qua ba im?
b) T din vi cc nh thuc p im ?
S: a)
3 3
1.
p q
C C + b)
4 4
.
p q
C C
V. Nh thc Newton
1. Cng thc khai trin nh thc Newton: Vi mi n N v vi mi cp s a, b ta c:
Trang 17

i s 11
0
( )
n
n k n k k
n
k
a b C a b
+

2. Tnh cht:
1) S cc s hng ca khai trin bng n + 1
2) Tng cc s m ca a v b trong mi s hng bng n
3) S hng tng qut (th k+1) c dng: T
k+1
=
k n k k
n
C a b
( k =0, 1, 2, , n)
4) Cc h s ca cc cp s hng cch u s hng u v cui th bng nhau:
k n k
n n
C C

5)
0
1
n
n n
C C ,
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C
+
+
* Nhn xt: Nu trong khai trin nh thc Newton, ta gn cho a v b nhng gi tr c
bit th ta s thu c nhng cng thc c bit. Chng hn:
(1+x)
n
=
0 1 1
...
n n n
n n n
C x C x C
+ + +
0 1
... 2
n n
n n n
C C C + + +
(x1)
n
=
0 1 1
... ( 1)
n n n n
n n n
C x C x C
+ +
0 1
... ( 1) 0
n n
n n n
C C C + +
Dng 1: Xc nh cc h s trong khai trin nh thc Newton
Bai 1: Tm h s ca s hng cha M trong khai trin ca nh thc, vi:
a)
x M x
9 4
( 3) ;
b)
x M x
12 5
(2 1) ;
c)
x M x
15 9
(2 ) ;
d)
x M x
11 6
(1 3 ) ;
e)
x x M x
2 12 15
(3 ) ;
f)
x M x
13 7
(2 5 ) ;
g)
x M x
x
10
2 11
2
;
_

,
h)
x M x
x
12
3
1
2 ;
_

,
i)
y M y
y
14
2
2
;
_

,
k)
x y M x y
17 8 9
(2 3 ) ;
l)
x xy M x y
3 15 25 10
( ) ; +
k)
x y M x y
25 12 13
(2 3 ) ; +
S:
Bai 2: Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin ca nh thc:
a)
10
4
1
x
x
_
+

,
b)
12
2
4
1
x
x
_
+

,
c)
5
3
2
1
x
x
_

,
d)
6
2
1
x
x
_

,
e)
x
x
10
1
2
_

,
f)
x
x
10
2
3
1 _
+

,
g)
x
x
15
3
2
2 _
+

,
h)
x
x
10
1 _
+

,
S: a) 45 b) 495 c) 10 d) 15 e) 8064 f) 210
Bai 3: Khai trin a thc P(x) di dng:
n
n
P x a a x a x a x
2
0 1 2
( ) ... + + + + . Xc nh
h s a
k
:
a) P x x x x a
9 10 14
9
( ) (1 ) (1 ) ... (1 ) ; + + + + + + ?
b) P x x x x x a
2 3 20
15
( ) (1 ) 2(1 ) 3(1 ) ... 20(1 ) ; + + + + + + + + ?
c) P x x a a x a x a x a
80 2 80
0 1 2 80 78
( ) ( 2) ... ; + + + + ?
d) P x x a a x a x a x a
50 2 50
0 1 2 50 46
( ) (3 ) ... ; + + + + + ?
e) P x x x x x a
3 4 5 30
3
( ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) ... (1 ) ; + + + + + + + + ?
Trang 18

i s 11
S: a)
a
9
3003
b)
a
15
400995
c)
a
78
12640
d) a
46
= 18654300
Bai 4: Trong khai trin
n
x y z ( ) + +
, tm s hng cha
k m
x y .
(k, m < n)
S: Trc ht tm tt c s hng cha x
k
.
Ta c: (x + y + z)
n
=
( ) ( )
... ...
n n k
k k
n
x y z C x y z

1
+ + + + +
]
m (y + z)
nk
= ... ...
m m n k m
n k
C y z

+ +
s hng cha
k m
x y . l: .
k m k m n k m
n n k
C C x y z

Bai 5: Tm h s ca s hng cha M trong khai trin ca nh thc, vi:

a)
x x M x
2 10 6
(1 ) ; +
b)
x x M x
2 10 17
(1 2 ) ; + +
c)
x x M x
2 5 3
( 1) ; +
d)
x x M x
2 3 8 8
(1 ) ; +
e)
x x x M x
2 3 10 5
(1 ) ; + + +
f)
x x M x
8
2 8
1 (1 ) ;
1
+
]
Bai 6:
a) Cho bit trong khai trin
n
x
x
3
2
1 _
+

,
tng cc h s ca cc hng t th nht, th hai,
th ba bng 11. Tm h s ca
x
2
.
b) Cho bit trong khai trin
2
1
,
n
x
x
_
+

,
tng cc h s ca cc hng t th nht, th hai,
th ba l 46. Tm hng t khng cha x.
c) Cho bit tng ca 3 h s ca 3 s hng u tin trong khai trin
2
2
3
n
x
_

,
l 97. Tm
hng t ca khai trin cha x
4
.
d) Tm h s ca s hng cha
x
26
trong khai trin
n
x
x
7
4
1 _
+

,
, bit rng:
n
n n n
C C C
1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1
+ + +
+ + + .
e) Tm h s ca s hng cha
x
10
trong khai trin
n
x (2 ) +
, bit rng:
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C
0 0 1 1 2 2
3 3 3 ... ( 1) 2048

+ +
S: a) n C
2
4
4, 6 b) n = 9 ; 84 c) n = 8;
x
4
1120
d) n = 10;
x
26
210
e) n = 11;
x
10
22
Bai 7: a) Tm s hng khng cha cn thc trong khai trin ca nh thc:
( )
5
3
3 2 +
b) Tm s m n ca biu thc
3
1
12
n
b
_
+

,
. Bit t s gia cc h s ca s hng th 5 v
th 3 trong khai trin ca nh thc l 7:2. Tm s hng th 6?
c) Tm s hng th 6 ca khai trin
15
1
. x
x
_

,
d) Tm s hng cha a
7
trong khai trin
12
3 2
3 2
.
64 3
a a
_
+

,
Trang 19

i s 11
e) Tm s hng gia ca khai trin
10
3
5
1
. x
x
_
+

,
f) Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin ca nh thc:
12
1
x
x
_
+

,
.
g) Tm hng t c lp vi x trong khai trin
16
3
1
. x
x
_
+

,
S: a)
2
5
.3.2 60 C b) n = 9 T
6
=
( )
5
4
5
9
3 3 2 2
1 126
. C b
b b b
_

,
c)
5
6 15
. T C
d)
7 30
924 .2 . a

e)
15 30 15
16 30
. . . T C x y f) 495. g) 1820.
Bai 8: Trong khai trin ca nh thc:
21
3
3
a b
b a
_
+

,
, tm cc s hng cha a, b vi
lu tha ging nhau?
S: Ta c: T
k+1
=
21
3
21
3
. .
k k
k
a b
C
b a
_ _

, ,
=
21 21
3 6 2 6
21
. .
k k k k
k
C a b

21 21
3 6 2 6
k k k k
k = 9. Vy s hng cn tm l: T
10
=
5 5
9
2 2
21
. . C a b
Bai 9: S hng no cha x vi s m t nhin trong khai trin sau:
a)
10 4
( ) . x x +
b)
13
3
1
. x
x
_
+

,
S: a)
2 6 7 10 10
10 10 10
, , . C x C x C x b)
0 13 3 9 6 5 9
13 13 13 13
, , , . C x C x C x C x
Bai 10: a) Tm s hng ca khai trin
9 3
( 3 2) +
l mt s nguyn.
b) Tm s hng hu t ca khai trin
6
( 3 15) .
c) Xc nh cc s hng hu t ca khai trin
36 5 3
( 3 7) . +
d) C bao nhiu hng t nguyn ca khai trin
124 4
( 3 5) . +
S: a)
4 10
4536, 8. T T
b)
1 3 5 7
27, 2005, 10125, 3375. T T T T
c)
7 22 37
, , . T T T
d) 32 s hng
Bai 11: a) Tm s hng th ba ca khai trin
13
1
n
a
a
a
_
+

,
nu
3 2
: 4:1.
n n
C C
b) Trong khai trin
(1 )
n
x +
theo ly tha tng ca x, cho bit :
3 5
4 6
4
40
3
T T
T T

'
. Tm n v x?
c) Trong khai trin
4
1
n
a a
a
_
+

,
cho bit hiu s gia h s ca hng t th ba v th hai
l 44. Tm n.
Trang 20

i s 11
S: a)
13
51
3
14, 91 . n T a
b)
1
6, .
2
n x t c) n = 11
Dng 2 : p dng khai trin nh thc Newton chng minh ng thc t hp
Bai 1: Tnh cc tng sau (s dng trc tip khai trin
n
a b ( ) +
):
a) S C C C
0 1 6
6 6 6
... + + + HD: S dng:
x
6
(1 ) +
, vi x = 1
b) S C C C C
0 1 2 2 5 5
5 5 5 5
2 2 ... 2 + + + + HD: S dng:
x
5
(1 ) +
, vi x = 2
c) S C C C C
0 1 2 2010
2010 2010 2010 2010
... + + + + HD: S dng:
x
2010
(1 ) +
, vi x =
1
d) S C C C C
0 1 2 2 2010 2010
2010 2010 2010 2010
2 2 ... 2 + + + + HD: S dng:
x
2010
(1 ) +
, vi x =
2
e) S C C C C C C
6 7 8 9 10 11
11 11 11 11 11 11
+ + + + + HD: S dng:
x
11
(1 ) +
, vi x = 1
f) S C C C C
16 0 15 1 14 2 16
16 16 16 16
3 3 3 ... + + HD: S dng:
x
16
( 1)
, vi x = 3
g) S C C C
17 0 1 16 1 17 17
17 17 17
3 4.3 . ... 4 + + + HD: S dng:
x
17
(3 4) +
, vi x =
1
Bai 2: Tnh cc tng sau (s dng trc tip khai trin
n
a b ( ) +
):
a)
n
n n n n
S C C C C
0 1 2
... . + + + + HD: S dng:
n
x (1 ) +
, vi x = 1
b)
n
n n n n
S C C C C
0 2 4 2
1 2 2 2 2
... + + + + HD: S dng:
n
x
2
(1 )
, vi x = 1

n
n n n n
S C C C C
1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
...

+ + + +
c)
n n
n n n n
S C C C C
0 1 2 3
3 3 ... 3 + + + + HD: S dng:
n
x (1 ) +
, vi x = 3
d)
n n
n n n n
S C C C C
0 1 2 2
6 6 ... 6 + + + + HD: S dng:
n
x (1 ) +
, vi x = 6
d)
n n
n n n n
S C C C C
0 1 2 2
2 2 ... 2 + + + + HD: S dng:
n
x (1 ) +
, vi x = 2
Bai 3: Chng minh cc h thc sau (s dng trc tip khai trin
n
a b ( ) +
):
a)
n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
0 2 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...

+ + + + + + HD:
n
x
2
(1 )
, vi x =
1
b)
n n
n n n n
C C C C
0 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
... 4 + + + + HD:
n
x
2
(1 ) +
, vi x =
1
c)
1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 10. 10 . 10 . ... 10 10 81 .
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + HD:
n
x
2
(1 )
, vi x =
10
d)
0 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 ... 3 2 .(2 1)
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + + +
HD:
n n
x x
2 2
(1 ) (1 ) + +
, vi x =
3
e)
S C C C C
2004
0 2 2 4 4 2004 2004
2004 2004 2004 2004
3 1
2 2 ... 2
2
+
+ + + +

HD:
x x
2004 2004
(1 ) (1 ) + +
, vi x =
2
Bai 4: Dng ng thc
(1 ) .(1 ) (1 )
m n m n
x x x
+
+ + +
, chng minh rng:
Trang 21

i s 11
a)
0 1 1 2 2
. . . ... . , .
k k k m k m k
m n m n m n m n m n
C C C C C C C C C m k n

+
+ + + +
(H thc Van der mon de (Van ec mon)).
b)
0 2 1 2 2 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) .
n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + +
c)
0 1 1 2 2
(2 )!
. . . ... .
( )!( )!
k k k n k n
n n n n n n n n
n
C C C C C C C C
n k n k
+ +
+ + + +
+
Bai 5: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc A, B bng cch tnh A + B, A B:
a) A =
2 0 2 2 2 0 2
2 2 2
2 2 ... 2
n n n
n n n
C C C
+ + + B =
2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 ... 2
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + +
b) A =
n n n
n n n
C C C
0 2 2 4 4
2 2 2 ...

+ + + B =
n n n
n n n
C C C
1 1 3 3 5 5
2 2 .2 ...

+ + +
HD: a) Ta c :
n
x
2
(2 1) +
=
( )
2
2
2
0
. 2
n k
n
k
n
k
C x

. Thay x = 1 ta c A + B = 3
2n
= 9
n
Mt khc,
n
x
2
(2 1)
=
n
k n k k
n
k
C x
2
2
2
0
.(2 ) .( 1)
. Thay x = 1 ta c A B = 1
T suy ra: A =
n
1
(9 1)
2
+ , B =
n
1
(9 1)
2

b) Khai trin
n
x (2 1) +
, vi x = 1 A + B =
n
3
Khai trin
n
x (2 1)
, vi x = 1 A B = 1
n n
A B
1 1
(3 1), (3 1)
2 2
+
Bai 6: Bit tng tt c cc h s ca khai trin th thc
n
x
2
( 1) +
bng 1024, hy tm h
s a (a l s t nhin) ca s hng ax
12
trong khai trin .
S: a = 210. (HV hnh chnh QG, 2000)
Bai 7: Chng minh:
a)
k k
k
S C C C C C C C C
0 2001 1 2000 2001 2001 0 2002
2002 2002 2002 2001 2002 2002 2002 1
... ... 1001.2
+ + + + +
HD: a) Ch :
k k k
k
C C C
2001
2002 2002 2001
... 2002.

S =
k
k
C
2001
2001 2002
2001
0
2002 2002.2 1001.2
Bai 8: Tnh cc tng sau (s dng o hm ca khai trin

n
a b ( ) +
):
a) S C C C C
0 1 2 2010
2010 2010 2010 2010
2 3 ... 2011 + + + + HD: Ly o hm:
x
2011
(1 ) +
, vi x
= 1
S:
Bai 9: Chng minh cc h thc sau (s dng o hm ca khai trin
n
a b ( ) +
):
a)
n n
n n n
S C C nC n
1 2 1
1. 2. ... . .2

+ + + HD:
n
x (1 )

1
+
]
, vi x = 1
b)
n n
n n n
S C C n n C n n
2 3 2
2.1. 3.2. ... ( 1). .( 1)2

+ + + HD:
n
x (1 )

1
+
]
, vi x =
1
c)
n n
n n n
S C C n C n n
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 ... ( 1).2

+ + + + HD:
[ ]
k k
n n
k C k k k C
2
( 1) +
d)
n n n n n
n n n n
S C C C nC n
1 1 2 2 3 3 1
3 2 3 3 3 ... .4

+ + + + HD:
n
x (3 )

1
+
]
, vi x =
1
Trang 22

i s 11
Bai 10: Chng minh cc h thc sau (s dng tch phn ca khai trin
n
a b ( ) +
):
a)
n n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
2 3 1 1
0 1 2
2 2 2 3 1
2 ...
2 3 1 1
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
HD:
n
S x dx
2
0
(1 ) +
b)
n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
1
0 1 2
1 1 1 2 1
...
2 3 1 1
+
+ + + +
+ +
HD:
n
S x dx
1
0
(1 ) +
c)
n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
0 1 2
1 1 ( 1) 1
...
2 3 1 1
+ +
+ +
HD:
n
S x dx
1
0
(1 )
d)
n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
0 1 2
1 1 1 ( 1) 1
...
2 4 6 2( 1) 2( 1)
+ +
+ +
HD:
n
S x x dx
1
2
0
(1 )
e)
n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
1
0 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 6 2( 1) 2( 1)
+
+ + + +
+ +
HD:
n
S x x dx
1
2
0
(1 ) +
f)
n n n
n
n n n n
S C C C C
n n
2 2 1 1 1
0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2
...
2 3 1 1
+ + +

+ + + +
+ +
HD:
n
S x dx
2
1
(1 ) +
Dng 3: Ton chia ht

Nu a chia cho b c s d l r th a = bq + r
nn a
n
= (bq + r)
n
= b
n
q
n
+ nb
n1
q
n1
r + + nbqr
n1
+ r
n
Do a
n
v r
n
c cng s d khi chia cho b. Tc l: a
n
r
n
(mod b)
Vy nu a r (mod b) th a
n
r
n
(mod b)
V d 1: Chng minh rng vi n Z
+
, ta c:
a) 4
n
+ 15n 1 M9 b) 16
n
15n 1 M225
HD: a) Ta c 4
n
= (3+1)
n
= 3
n
+ n.3
n1
+ + 3n + 1 3n + 1 (mod 9)
(v 3
k
M9 , k 2)
4
n
+ 15n 1 3n + 1 + 15n 1 (mod 9) = 18n (mod 9)
Vy 4
n
+ 15n 1 M 9
b) 16
n
= (1 + 15)
n
= 1 + n.15 +
2
( 1)
.15
2
n n
+ + n.15
n1
+ 15
n

1 + 15n (mod 15
2
)
Do : 16
n
15n 1 1 + 15n 15n 1 0 (mod 225)
Vy 16
n
15n 1 M 225
V d 2: Chng minh rng vi n Z
+
, ta c: 2
6n+1
+ 3
6n+1
+ 5
6n
+ 1 M7
HD: 2
6n+1
+ 3
6n+1
+ 5
6n+1
+ 1 = 2(2
6
)
n
+ 3(3
6
)
n
+ (5
6
)
n
+ 1
= 2.64
n
+ 3.729
n
+ 15625
n
+ 1
= 2[(7.9 + 1)
n
1] + 3[(7.104 + 1)
n
1] + [(7.2232 + 1)
n
1] + 7
Do vi mi s t nhin p v q th:
(7p+1)
q
1 = [(7p+1)1].[(7p+1)
q1
+ + (7p+1) + 1]
nn biu thc cho lun chia ht cho 7.
Trang 23

i s 11
I. Bin c v xc sut
1. Bin c
Khng gian mu : l tp cc kt qu c th xy ra ca mt php th.
Bin c A: l tp cc kt qu ca php th lm xy ra A. A .
Bin c khng: Bin c chc chn:
Bin c i ca A:
\ A A
Hp hai bin c: A B Giao hai bin c: A B (hoc A.B)
Hai bin c xung khc: A B =
Hai bin c c lp: nu vic xy ra bin c ny khng nh hng n vic xy ra bin
c kia.
2. Xc sut
Xc sut ca bin c: P(A) =
( )
( )
n A
n
0 P(A) 1; P() = 1; P() = 0
Qui tc cng: Nu A B = th P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
M rng: A, B bt k: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A.B)
P(
A
) = 1 P(A)
Qui tc nhn: Nu A, B c lp th P(A.B) = P(A). P(B)
Bai 1: Gieo mt con sc sc cn i ng cht hai ln. Tnh xc sut ca bin c:
a) Tng hai mt xut hin bng 8.
b) Tch hai mt xut hin l s l.
c) Tch hai mt xut hin l s chn.
S: a) n() = 36. n(A) = 5 P(A) =
5
36
b)
1
4
c)
3
4
Bai 2: Mt lp hc c 25 hc sinh, trong gm c 15 em hc kh mn Ton, 17 em
hc kh mn Vn.
a) Tnh xc sut chn c 2 em hc kh c 2 mn.
b) Tnh xc sut chn c 3 em hc kh mn Ton nhng khng kh mn Vn.
S: a) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) n(AB) = 15 +17 25 = 7 P(AB)=
2
7
25
C
b)
3
8
25
C
Trang 24

B. XC SUT
i s 11
Bai 3: Gieo hai con sc sc cn i ng cht. Tnh xc sut ca bin c:
a) Tng hai mt xut hin bng 7.
b) Cc mt xut hin c s chm bng nhau.
S: a)
1
6
b)
1
6
Bai 4: Mt bnh ng 5 vin bi xanh v 3 vin bi ch khc nhau v mu. Ly ngu
nhin mt vin bi, ri ly tip mt vin na. Tnh xc sut ca bin c ln th hai c mt
vin bi xanh.
S:
5
8
Bai 5: Mt bnh ng 5 vin bi xanh v 3 vin bi ch khc nhau v mu. Ly ngu
nhin 4 vin bi. Tnh xc sut c t nht 3 vin bi xanh.
S:
1
2
Bai 6: Hai ngi i sn c lp vi nhau v cng bn mt con th. Xc sut bn trng
ca ngi th nht l
3
5
, ca ngi th hai l
1
2
. Tnh xc sut con th b bn trng.
S:
4
5
Bai 7: Gieo ngu nhin mt con sc sc cn i ng cht hai ln. Tnh xc sut ca
cc bin c sau:
a) Ln th nht xut hin mt 6 chm.
b) Ln th hai xut hin mt 6 chm.
c) t nht mt ln xut hin mt 6 chm.
d) Khng ln no xut hin mt 6 chm.
S: a)
1
6
b)
1
6
c)
11
36
d)
25
36
Bai 8: Gieo ng thi bn ng xu cn i ng cht. Tnh xc sut ca bin c:
a) C 4 ng xu u nga.
b) C ng 3 ng xu lt nga.
c) C t nht hai ng xu lt nga.
S: a)
1
16
b)
1
4
c)
11
16
Bai 9: Mt hp bng n c 12 bng, trong c 7 bng tt. Ly ngu nhin 3
bng.Tnh xc sut ly c:
a) t nht 2 bng tt b) t nht 1 bng tt.
Bai 10: Mt lp hc gm 20 hc sinh trong c 6 hc sinh gii Ton, 5 hc sinh gii
Vn v 4 hc sinh gii c 2 mn. GVCN chn ra 2 em. Tnh xc sut 2 em l hc sinh
gii.
Bai 11: Mt hp c 20 qu cu ging nhau, trong c 12 qu cu trng v 8 qu cu
en. Ly ngu nhin 3 qu. Tnh xc sut trong 3 qu chn ra c t nht mt qu mu
en.
Bai 12: Mt t c 6 hc sinh nam v 4 hc sinh n. GVCN chn ra 2 em i thi vn ngh.
Tnh xc sut 2 em khc phi.
Bai 13: Mt lp c 30 hc sinh, trong c 8 em gii, 15 em kh v 7 em trung bnh.
Chn ngu nhin 3 em i d i hi. Tnh xc sut :
a) C 3 em u l hc sinh gii b) C t nht 1 hc sinh gii
c) Khng c hc sinh trung bnh.
Bai 14: Cho 7 s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Gi X l tp hp cc s gm hai ch s khc nhau
ly t 7 s trn. Ly ngu nhin 1 s thuc X. Tnh xc sut :
Trang 25

i s 11
a) S l s l.
b) S chia ht cho 5
c) S chia ht cho 9.
II. Bin ngu nhin ri rc
1. Bin ngu nhin ri rc
X = {x
1
, x
2
, ,x
n
}
P(X=x
k
) = p
k
p
1
+ p
2
+ + p
n
= 1
2. K vng (gi tr trung bnh)
= E(X) =
1
n
i i
i
x p
3. Phng sai v lch chun

V(X) =
2
1
( )
n
i i
i
x p

=
2 2
1
n
i i
i
x p

(X) = ( ) V X
Bai 1: Hai cu th bng st pht n. Mi ngi mt ln vi xc sut lm bn
ca ngi th nht l 0,8. Tnh xc sut lm bn ca ngi th hai, bit rng xc sut c
hai ngi cng lm bn l 0,56 v xc sut b thng li t nht mt ln l 0,94.
Bai 2: Mt cp v chng c 3 ngi con. Gi X l s ln sinh con trai. Lp bng phn
phi xc sut ca bin ngu nhin X.
Bai 3: Mt hp ng 6 vin bi xanh v 4 vin bi . Chn ngu nhin 3 vin bi. Gi X
l s ln ly c bi . Lp bng phn phi ca bin ngu nhin X.
Bai 4: Cho bng phn phi xc sut ca bin ngu nhin X:
X 1 2 3
P 0,3 0,5 0,2
Tm k vng, phng sai v lch chun ca X.
Bai 5: Mt hp ng 5 vin bi v 3 vin bi xanh. Ly ngu nhin 3 vin. Gi X l
s bi ly ra. Tnh k vng, phng sai v lch chun ca X.
Bai 6: Hai x th c lp cng bn vo 1 bia. Mi ngi bn 1 vin n. Xc sut
x th th nht bn trng bia l 0,7. Xc sut x th th hai bn trng bia l 0,8. Gi X l
s n bn trng bia. Tnh k vng, phng sai ca X.
BI TPNCHNGII
Bai 18: Mt c quan c 4 cng ra vo.
a) Hi mt ngi khch c th chn bao nhiu cch ra vo c quan ?
b) C th chn bao nhiu cch vo ra c quan bng 2 cng khc nhau (cng vo khc
Trang 26

i s 11
cng ra)?
S:
Bai 19: C 10 mn hc bui sng v 7 mn hc bui chiu.
a) Hi c my kh nng hc sinh la chn bui sng ch hc 1 mn v bui chiu ch
hc 1 mn?
b) Hi c my kh nng hc sinh la chn bui sng ch hc 1 mn v bui chiu khng
hc mn no?
S:
Bai 20: Mt ngi c 6 ci o, 5 ci qun v 3 i giy. Trong c 3 o sc v 3 o
trng, 2 qun en, 2 i giy en. Hi ngi c bao nhiu cch chn mc o qun
giy, nu:
a) Chn o, qun, giy no cng c?
b) Nu chn o sc th vi qun no, giy no cng c; cn nu chn o trng th ch
mc vi qun en v i giy en?
S:
Bai 21: Mt nhm hc sinh gm c 30 em gii Ton v 20 em gii Vn. C bao nhiu
cch chn ra 5 hc sinh sao cho c t nht 3 em gii Ton?
S:
Bai 22: Mt n cnh st c 9 ngi. Trong ngy cn c 3 ngi lm nhim v a
im A, 2 ngi a im B, cn 5 ngi thng trc ti n. Hi c bao nhiu cch
phn cng?
S:
Bai 23: Trong s 10
7
s in thoi 7 ch s th nhng s c 7 ch s khc nhau chim t
l bao nhiu?
S:
Bai 24: Hi ng qun tr ca mt cng ty gm 15 ngi. T hi ng bu c ra mt
ch tch, mt ph ch tch v 2 y vin kim tra) Hi c bao nhiu cch?
S: 16380
Bai 25: Trong bnh hoa c 10 bng hng v 5 bng hng trng. C bao nhiu cch
ly ra t bnh hoa 4 bng hng cng mu?
S: 215
Bai 26: Mt b sch gm 30 tp. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp b sch ln k sch di
sao cho tp 1 v tp 2 khng ng k nhau.
S: 30! 2 . 29! = 28 . 29!
Bai 27: Hai nhn vin bu in cn phi chuyn 10 l th n 10 a ch. Hi h c bao
nhiu cch phn cng cng vic ?
S: 2
10
Bai 28: Cn pht 12 thi gm 6 A v 6 B cho 12 hc sinh, mi hc sinh u
c 1 . C bao nhiu cch sp xp cc hc sinh y thnh hai dy mi dy 6 hc sinh sao
cho cc hc sinh ngi k nhau th khng cng vi nhau cn cc hc sinh ngi trc
cng vi hc sinh ngi ngay pha sau.
S: 2 . 6! 6!
Bai 29: C th chia 12 quyn sch khc nhau cho 4 a tr theo bao nhiu cch bit
rng:
a) Mi a tr c 3 quyn sch?
b) Hai a ln nht c 4 quyn sch mi a v hai a b nht c 2 quyn sch mi
a?
S: a) 369600; b) 207900.
Bai 30: C bao nhiu cch xp ch ngi cho 5 ngi khch:
a) Vo 5 gh thnh 1 dy
b) Vo 5 gh chung quanh mt bn trn, nu khng c s phn bit gia cc gh ny?
S: a) 120 b) 24
Bai 31: Mt dy gh dnh cho 3 nam v 2 n. C bao nhiu cch xp ch ngi nu:
Trang 27

i s 11
a) H ngi th no cng c?
b) Nam ngi k nhau, n ngi k nhau?
c) Ch c n ngi k nhau?
S: a) 120; b) 24; c) 24.
Bai 32: Xp 6 ngi ngi vo 1 dy 6 gh, c bao nhiu cch nu:
a) C 3 ngi trong h mun ngi k nhau?
b) C 2 ngi trong h khng mun ngi k nhau?
c) C 3 ngi trong h khng mun ngi k nhau i mt?
S: a) 144; b) 480; c) 144.
Bai 33: C bao nhiu cch xp 5 ngi gm 3 nam v 2 n vo mt hng gh gm 8 gh
nu:
a) H ngi th no cng c?
b) H ngi k nhau?
c) 3 nam ngi k nhau, 2 n ngi k nhau v gia hai nhm ny c t nht 1 gh trng?
S: a) 6720; b) 480; c) 144.
Bai 34: Mt hng gh gm 10 chic gh. C bao nhiu cch sp xp mt i v chng
ngi vo cc gh nu:
a) H ngi gh no cng c?
b) H ngi k nhau?
c) V ngi bn phi chng?
d. H ngi cch nhau mt gh?
S: a) 90; b) 18; c) 9; d) 16.
Bai 35: C bao nhiu cch xp 5 ngi vo mt ci bn c 5 ch ngi sao cho A v B
ngi cnh nhau nu?
a) Ci bn l bn di?
b) Ci bn l bn trn khng phn bit cc ch?
c) Ci bn l bn trn c nh s (c phn bit ch)?
S: a) 48; b) 12; c) 60.
Bai 36: Lp c 12 nam trong c An v c 8 n trong c Bnh. C bao nhiu cch
c ra 5 ngi i d tri h quc t sao cho phi c t nht hai nam, t nht hai n, hn na
An v Bnh khng ng thi c c i?
S: 9240
Bai 37: Mt lp hc c 15 hc sinh u t trong c An v Bnh. C bao nhiu cch c
4 hc sinh u t i du hc 4 nc khc nhau, mi nc mt ngi, trong 4 ngi c
An v Bnh.
S: A
2
13
4.3. 4.3.13.12 1872
Bai 38: C 5 hc sinh trong c An v Bnh. Hi c bao nhiu cch xp h ln mt
on tu gm 8 toa nu:
a) 5 ngi ln cng mt toa? b) 5 ngi ln 5 toa u?
c) 5 ngi ln 5 toa khc nhau? d) An v Bnh ln cng toa u?
e) An v Bnh ln cng mt toa?
f) An v Bnh ln cng mt toa, ngoi ra khng c ngi no khc ln toa ny?
S: a) 7; b) 120; c) 6720 d) 512; e) 4096; f) 343.
Bai 39: Gim c mt cng ty mun chn mt nhm 5 ngi vo hi ng t vn.
Trong cng ty c 12 ngi hi iu kin c chn, trong c hai cp v chng.
Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a) Hi ng ny c ng mt cp v chng?
b) Hi ng ny khng th gm c v ln chng (nu c)?
S: a) 112; b) 560.
Bai 40: Cho 5 qu cu mu trng c bn knh khc nhau v 5 qu cu mu xanh c bn
knh khc nhau. Ngi ta mun xp 10 qu cu vo mt hng 10 ch cho trc.
a) C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau?
Trang 28

i s 11
b) C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho hai qu cu ng cnh nhau th phi khc nhau?
c) C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho 5 qu cu trng ng k nhau?
S: a) 3628800; b) 28800; c) 86400.
Bai 41: Cho 1 thp gic li:
a) Tm s ng cho?
b) Tm s tam gic c nh l nh ca thp gic?
c) Trong cc tam gic trn c bao nhiu tam gic c t nht mt cnh l cnh ca thp gic?
C bao nhiu tam gic khng c cnh no l cnh ca thp gic?
S:
Bai 42: a) Cho trc 15 im trong mt phng sao cho 3 im bt k trong s khng
cng nm trn 1 ng thng. C bao nhiu ng thng i qua 2 im trong s ?
b) Cho trc 25 im trong khng gian sao cho 4 im bt k trong s khng cng nm
trong 1 mt phng. C bao nhiu tam gic ni 3 im bt k trong s ? C bao nhiu t
din ni 4 im bt k trong s ?
S: a) 105; b) 2300; 12650.
Bai 43: Mt h n ng thng song song ct mt h m ng thng song song. Hi c
bao nhiu hnh bnh hnh c to thnh?
S:
mn m n ( 1)( 1)
4

Bai 44: Cho mt a gic li n nh (n 4)
a) Tnh s ng cho ca a gic ny?
b) Bit rng 3 ng cho khng i qua cng mt nh th khng ng quy, hy tnh s cc
giao im khng phi l nh ca cc ng cho y?
S: a)
n n ( 3)
;
2
b)
n n n n ( 1)( 2)( 3)
24

Bai 45: Cho tam gic ABC. Xt tp hp ng thng gm 4 ng thng song song vi
AB, 5 ng thng song song vi BC v 6 ng thng song song vi CA. Hi cc ng
thng ny to c:
a) Bao nhiu tam gic?
b) Bao nhiu hnh thang m khng phi l hnh bnh hnh?
S: a) 120; b) 720.
Bai 46: C bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s khc nhau c lp nn t cc s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v:
a) Bt u vi ch s 3?
b) Khng bt u vi ch s 5?
c) Bt u vi s 54?
d) Khng bt u vi s 543?
Bai 47: C 100000 chic v s c nh s t 00000 n 99999. Hi c bao nhiu v
s gm 5 ch s khc nhau?
Bai 48: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s chn, mi s gm
5 ch s khc nhau?
Bai 49: C bao nhiu s gm n ch s, trong cc ch s ch l 1, 2, 3, sao cho mi
ch s c mt t nht mt ln trong mi s ?
Bai 50: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau tng i sao cho tt c cc
ch s u khc khng v c mt ng thi cc ch s 2, 4, 5.
S: 1800.
Bai 51: T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s c 4 ch s trong
a) C mt ch s 1?
b) C ch s 1 v cc ch s u khc nhau?
S: a) 1225; b) 750.
Bai 52: a) C bao nhiu s c 3 ch s khc nhau.
b) Tnh tng cc s cu a)
Trang 29

i s 11
S: a) 648; b) 355680.
Bai 53: C bao nhiu s ln hn 2000 vi cc ch s khc nhau tng i ly t tp X =
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
S: 168.
Bai 54: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s bit rng hai ch s ng k nhau phi
khc nhau?
S: 59049
Bai 55: Vi cc ch s 2, 3, 5, 8 c th lp c bao nhiu
a) S t nhin ln hn 400 v nh hn 600?
b) S t nhin gm 4 ch s khc nhau tng i v chia ht cho 4?
S: a) 16; b) 6.
Bai 56: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch
s khc nhau tng i v:
a) Cc s ny ln hn 300000?
b) Cc s ny ln hn 300000 v chia ht cho 5?
c) Cc s ny ln hn 350000?
S: a) 360; b) 120; c) 264.
Bai 57: Vi 6 ch s 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ngi ta mun lp nhng s gm bn ch s khc
nhau.
a) C bao nhiu s nh hn 5000?
b) C bao nhiu s chn nh hn 7000?
S: a) 120; b) 120.
Bai 58: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s khc nhau tng i v khc 0 bit rng
tng ca 3 ch s ny bng 8.
S: 12.
Bai 59: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s khc nhau tng i bit rng tng 3 ch
s ny bng 12.
S: 54.
Bai 60: Vi cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ngi ta mun lp cc s gm 8 ch s khc nhau
tng i. C bao nhiu s trong
a) Ch s 1 c mt 3 ln, mi ch s khc c mt ng 1 ln?
b) Ch s 1 c mt hai ln, ch s 2 c mt hai ln, mi ch s khc c mt ng mt ln?
S: a) 6720 HD: A
5
8
; b)10080 HD: A C C C
4 2 2 2
8 4 8 6
. .1 . .4! .
Bai 61: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, c th lp c bao nhiu s c nm ch s
khc nhau tng i trong :
a) Phi c mt ch s 0? b) Phi c mt ch s 6?
c) Phi c mt hai ch s 0 v 6?
S: a) A
4
6
4. 1440; b) A A
4 4
6 5
6. 5. 1560; c) A A A
3 2 2
5 4 4
1.4. 5. . 960 +
Bai 62: Cho S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. C bao nhiu tp con A ca S trong mi
trng hp sau:
a) A c 5 phn t.
b) A c 5 phn t v phn t b nht ca A l 3.
c) A c 5 phn t v phn t b nht ca A b hn hay bng 3.
S: a) 252; b) 35; c) 231.
Bai 63: a) C bao nhiu tp con ca {1, 2, ..., 11} cha t nht mt s chn?
b) C bao nhiu tp con ca {1, 2, ..., 12} cha t nht mt s chn?
S: a) 2
11
2
6
; b) 2
12
2
6
.
Bai 64: Gi s ch c mt phn t s tp con 5 phn t ca {1, 2, ..., n} cha s 7. Hy
tm n.
S: n = 20.
Bai 65: Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
Trang 30

i s 11
A =
10! 8!
8!
+
B =
7!4! 8! 9!
.
10! 3!5! 2!7!
1
1
]
C =
A A
P P
2 5
5 10
2 3
7
+ D =
P P P P
A
A A A A
2 5 1 3 2
5
1 3 2 1
5 5 5 5
.
_
+ + +

,
Bai 66: Gii cc phng trnh:
a)
x x
A A x N
2 2
2
2 50 ( ) + b)
k
n n n k
P A P
5 1 1
15 .
+ + +
c)
x x x
A C A
3 4 2
2 3 d)
x
x x x
A P P
1
1 1
30
2
7
+
+
S: c) x = 6 v x = 11; d) x = 7;
Bai 67: Gii cc h phng trnh
a)
x y x
y x y
x
A P C
P
1
1
: 126
720
+
'
b)
y y y y y
x x x x x
C C C C C
1 2 1 1
2 2 2
2
3 5 5
+ +

+ +

c)
y y y y
x x x x
A yA A C
1 1 1
1 1
10 2 1

+

S: a) x = 5, y = 7; b) x = 7, y = 3; c) x = 7, y = 3.
a) (n!)
2
> n
n
(n N, n 2)
b)
n
n
n
n n n
C C C
n
1
0 1
2 2
. ...
1
,
(n N, n 2); khi no du = xy ra)
Bai 69: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a)
k n n n n
P A A A nk A
2 2 2 5
1 3 5 5
. . . !
+ + + +
(k n; k, n N)
b)
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
1 2 3 1
4
4 6 4

+
+ + + + (4 k n)
c)
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
1 2 3 2 3
2 3
2 5 4
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + +
d) C C C C
10 9 9 9
21 9 10 20
... + + +
Bai 70: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a)
n n n
P n P P
1 2
( 1)( )

+
b)
k m k k m
n n k m n
C C C C

c)
m m m m m
n n n n n
C C C C C
1 1
1 10 1 10
...
+ +
+
+ + +
d)
n n
n n n n
C C C n C n
0 1 2 1
2 3 ... ( 1) ( 2)2

+ + + + + +
e)
n n
n
n n n n
n
C C C C
C
n n
2 1 3 2 4 3 1
1
0
2 2 2 2
3 1
2 ...
2 3 4 1 1
+
+
+ + + + +
+ +
f)
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
n n n n
C C C C
2 2 2
0 1
2
... + + +
g)
m m m m m
n n n p n n p
C C C C C
1 1
1 1
...
+ +
+
+ + +
h)
k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
0 1 2 3
1
... ( 1) ( 1)

+ + +
S: f. (1 + x)
n
(n + 1)
n
= (1 + x)
2n
. So snh h s ca x
n
c 2 v.
g. S dng cng thc Pascal
Bai 71: Tnh cc tng sau:
a)
k k
n n n n
A C C C C
0 2 4 2
2 4 ... 2 ... + + + + +
k k
n n n n
B C C C C
1 3 5 2 1
2 4 ... 2 ...
+
+ + + + +
b)
k n
n n n n n
S C C C k C n C
1 2 2 2 3 2 2
1. 2 3 ... ... + + + + +
Trang 31

i s 11
c)
n n n n n n
n n n
x C x x C x x C x
1 1 2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) ... ( 1)

+ + + + + +
d)
n n n k n k n
1 1 1 1 1
... ...
0! ! 1!( 1)! 2!( 2)! !( )! !0!
+ + + + + +

e)
n
n n n n
1 1 1 1
... ( 1)
0! ! 1!( 1)! 2!( 2)! !0!
+ +

S: a) Khai trin cc biu thc
( )
n
1 2 + v
( )
n
1 2
b) o hm cc hm s: f(x) = (1 + x)
n
v g(x) = x(1 + x)
n
.
d)
n
n
2
!
; e) 0.
Bai 72: CMR:
k k k
n n n
C C C
1 2
, ,
+ +
(vi k+3 n ; n, k N) l 3 s hng lin tip ca 1 cp
s cng.
Bai 73: Vit khai trin ca biu thc
x
16
(3 1)
, t chng minh rng :
C C C C
16 0 15 1 14 2 16 16
16 16 16 16
3 . 3 . 3 . ... 2 + +
a)
n n
n n n n
C C C n C n
0 1 2 1
2 3 ... ( 1) ( 2).2

+ + + + + +
b)
n n
n n n
C C n n C n n
2 3 2
2.1 3.2 ... ( 1) ( 1).2

+ + +
c)
n n
n n n
C C n C n n
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 ... ( 1).2

+ + +
a)
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C
n n
0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 ( 1) 1
...
2 4 6 8 2 2 2( 1)
+ + +
+ +
b)
n n n
n n n
n
C C C
C
n
1 2 2 2 1 2 1
0 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
.2 .2 ( 1) .2
... 0
1 1 1 2 1 ( 1)

+ + +
+ + + +
Bai 76: Chng minh:
k
n n
n n
k n
n
k n
k k
C
C
k
k n
2 2 1
1 1
0 0
1 2 3
.
1
( 1).2 ( 1).2
+ +
+ +

+
+ +

Bai 77: a) Tnh I = x x dx
1
2 3
0
(1 ) +
b) Chng minh :
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
1
0 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
3 6 9 3 3 3( 1)
+
+ + + +
+ +
Bai 78: Cho n N, chng minh h thc sau:
n n
n n
k k k
n n
k k
e
C C e
n k n k
1 1
1
0 0
(1 ) 1 2 1
.
1 1 1 1
+ +
+

+
+ +
+ + + +

Bai 79: Vi gi tr no ca x th s hng th 4 trong khai trin ca
x
16
(5 2 ) +
ln hn s
hng th 3 v th 5.
S: x
15 10
28 13
< < .
Bai 80: S hng th 3 trong khai trin
n
x
x
2
1
2
_
+

,
khng cha x. Vi gi tr no ca x
th s hng bng s hng th 2 trong khai trin
x
3 30
(1 ) +
.
Trang 32

i s 11
S: x = 2.
Bai 81: a) Dng khai trin ca P =
n
a b c ( ) + +
, CMR s cc hon v khc nhau ca m
ch a, n ch b, p ch c l: N =
m n p
mn p
( )!
! ! !
+ +
b) p dng:Tnh h s ca n thc
x y z
6 5 4
trong khai trin ca P =
x y z
15
(2 5 ) +

Bai 82: Xc nh h s ca
x
4
trong khai trin ca P =
x x
2 10
(1 2 3 ) + +
Bai 83: Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin, bit:
a)
n
x x x
28
3
15
_

+
,
, bit
n n n
n n n
C C C
1 2
79.

+ +
b)
n
nx
nx
3
2
1
2
2
_
+

,
, bit tng cc h s trong khai trin bng 64.
c)
( )
n
ax x
1
4
+
, bit tng cc h s bc chn trong khai trin bng 512.
d)
n
x
x
5
2
6
1
2
_

,
, bit tng h s ca s hng th hai v th 3 trong khai trin bng 25,5.
S: a) 792. b) 240 c) 45a
2
d)
1547
1024
Bai 84: Tm gi tr ca x sao cho trong khai trin ca
n
x
x 1
2
2

_
1
+

,
, (n l s nguyn
dng) c s hng th 3 v th 5 c tng bng 135, cn cc h s ca ba s hng cui ca
khai trin c tng bng 22.
S: x = 2; x = 1.
Bai 85: Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho trong khai trin ca
n
1
3
2
_
+

,
t s ca s
hng th 4 v s hng th 3 l
3 2.
S: n = 5.
Bai 86: Tm gi tr ca x sao cho trong khai trin ca
x x
12
1 6 _

,
hiu s gia s
hng th k + 1 v s hng th k bng 30 cn s m ca x trong s hng th k gp i s
m ca x trong s hng th k + 1.
S:
x x
1 2
2
; 5 5.
4

Bai 87: Vi nhng gi tr no ca x, s hng th 3 ca khai trin
x
x
x
9
lg
7 2
1
_
+

,
bng
3600.
Bai 88: Tm gi tr ca s thc x, sao cho trong khai trin
n
x
x
x
1
1
2
_
+

,
tng cc s
hng th 3 v th 5 l 135, tng ca 3 hng t cui l 22.
Bai 89: Gieo mt ng tin hai ln, xt bin c A = t nht mt ln xut hin mt sp
. Tnh n( ) v n(A).
Trang 33

i s 11
Bai 90: Gieo ng thi ba con xc sc cn i, ng cht. Gi A l bin c ba mt
khng ging nhau. Tnh n( ) v n(A).
Bai 91: Gieo mt con xc sc hai ln. tnh xc sut ca bin c:
a) A : tng s chm hai ln gieo bng 8.
b) B : tng s chm hai ln gieo l mt s chia ht cho 9 .
c) C : tng s chm hai ln gieo l nh nhau .
Bai 92: Gieo mt con xc sc hai ln. Tnh xc sut ca bin c:
a) A : ln u c mt c s chm l, ln sau c mt c s chm ln hn 2 .
b) B : mt ln c s chm l chn, mt ln c s chm l l .
Bai 93: Cho 7 s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Gi X l tp hp cc s gm hai ch s khc nhau
ly t 7 s trn. Ly ngu nhin 1 s thuc X. Tnh xc sut :
d) S l s l.
e) S chia ht cho 5
f) S chia ht cho 9.
Bai 94: Mt hp ng 8 vin bi xanh, 6 vin bi , cn i, ng cht. Ly ngu nhin 4
vin. Tnh xc sut c:
a) 4 vin bi mu xanh. b) 4 vin bi mu .
c) 2 vin bi mu xanh v 2 vin bi mu .
Bai 95: Mt hp bng n c 12 bng, trong c 7 bng tt. Ly ngu nhin 3
bng.Tnh xc sut ly c:
b) t nht 2 bng tt b) t nht 1 bng tt.
Bai 96: Mt lp hc gm 20 hc sinh trong c 6 hc sinh gii Ton, 5 hc sinh gii
Vn v 4 hc sinh gii c 2 mn. GVCN chn ra 2 em. Tnh xc sut 2 em l hc
sinh gii.
Bai 97: Mt hp c 20 qu cu ging nhau, trong c 12 qu cu trng v 8 qu cu
en. Ly ngu nhin 3 qu. Tnh xc sut trong 3 qu chn ra c t nht mt qu mu
en.
Bai 98: Mt t c 6 hc sinh nam v 4 hc sinh n. GVCN chn ra 2 em i thi vn ngh.
Tnh xc sut 2 em khc phi.
Bai 99: Mt lp c 30 hc sinh, trong c 8 em gii, 15 em kh v 7 em trung bnh.
Chn ngu nhin 3 em i d i hi. Tnh xc sut :
a) C 3 em u l hc sinh gii b) C t nht 1 hc sinh gii
c) Khng c hc sinh trung bnh.
I. Phng php qui np ton hc
chng minh mnh cha bin A(n) l mt mnh ng vi mi gi tr nguyn
dng n, ta thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Kim tra mnh ng vi n = 1.
Bc 2: Gi thit mnh ng vi s nguyn dng n = k tu (k 1), chng minh rng
mnh ng vi n = k + 1.
Ch : Nu phi chng minh mnh A(n) l ng vi vi mi s nguyn dng n p th:
+ bc 1, ta phi kim tra mnh ng vi n = p;
+ bc 2, ta gi thit mnh ng vi s nguyn dng bt k n = k p v phi
chng minh mnh ng vi n = k + 1.
Trang 34

CHNG III
DY S CP S
i s 11
Bai 100: Chng minh rng vi mi n N*, ta c:
a) 1 + 2 + + n =
( 1)
2
n n+
b)
2 2 2
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 ...
6
n n n
n
+ +
+ + +
c)
2
3 3 3
( 1)
1 2 ...
2
n n
n
1 +
+ + +
1
]
d)
2
1.4 2.7 ... (3 1) ( 1) n n n n + + + + +
e)
( 1)( 2)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1)
3
n n n
n n
+ +
+ + + + f)
1 1 1
...
1.2 2.3 ( 1) 1
n
n n n
+ + +
+ +
a)
2 2 1
n
n > +
(n 3) b)
2
2 2 5
n
n
+
> +
c)
2 2
1 1 1
1 ... 2
2
n
n
+ + + < (n 2) d)
1 3 2 1 1
. ...
2 4 2
2 1
n
n
n
<
+
e)
1 1
1 ... 2
2
n
n
+ + + <
f)
1 1 1 13
...
1 2 2 24 n n n
+ + + >
+ +
(n > 1)
a)
3
11 n n +
chia ht cho 6. b)
3 2
3 5 n n n + +
chia ht cho 3.
c)
2 2 2 1
7.2 3
n n
+
chia ht cho 5. d)
3
2 n n +
chia ht cho 3.
e)
2 1 2
3 2
n n + +
+
chia ht cho 7. f)
13 1
n
chia ht cho 6.
Bai 103: Chng minh rng s ng cho ca mt a gic li n cnh l
( 3)
2
n n
.
Bai 104: Dy s (a
n
) c cho nh sau:
1 1
2, 2
n n
a a a
+
+ vi n = 1, 2,
Chng minh rng vi mi n N* ta c:
1
2cos
2
n
n
a
+

.
II. Dy s
1. Dy s
: *
( )
u
n u n

a
Dng khai trin: (u
n
) = u
1
, u
2
, , u
n
,
2. Dy s tng, dy s gim
(u
n
) l dy s tng u
n+1
> u
n
vi n N*.
u
n+1
u
n
> 0 vi n N*
1
1
n
n
u
u
+
>
vi n N* ( u
n
>
0).
(u
n
) l dy s gim u
n+1
< u
n
vi n N*.
u
n+1
u
n
< 0 vi n N*
1
1
n
n
u
u
+
<
vi n N* (u
n
>
0).
3. Dy s b chn
(u
n
) l dy s b chn trn M R: u
n
M, n N*.
Trang 35

i s 11
(u
n
) l dy s b chn di m R: u
n
m, n N*.
(u
n
) l dy s b chn m, M R: m u
n
M, n N*.
Bai 25: Hy vit 5 s hng u ca dy s (u
n
) cho bi:
a)
2
2
2 1
1
n
n
u
n

+
b)
( 1)
2 1
n
n
n
u
n
+
+
c)
2
1
1
n
n
u
n
+
d)
1
3
n
n
u
_

,
e)
2
cos
n
u n n + f)
( 1)!
2
n
n
n
u
+

n
) cho bi:
a)
( )
1 1
1
2, 1
3
n n
u u u
+
+ b)
1 2 2 1
15, 9,
n n n
u u u u u
+ +

c)
1 1
2
2
0,
1
n
n
u u
u
+

+
d)
1 2 2 1
1, 2, 2
n n n
u u u u u
+ +

n
), d on cng thc s hng tng qut u
n
v chng minh cng thc bng qui np:
a)
1 1
1, 2 3
n n
u u u
+
+
b)
2
1 1
3, 1
n n
u u u
+
+ c)
1 1
3, 2
n n
u u u
+

d)
1 1
1, 2 1
n n
u u u
+
+
e)
1 1
1, 7
n n
u u u
+
+
e)
1
5
4
u ,
2
1
1
+
+
n
n
u
u
S: a)
n
n
u
1
2 3
+
b)
n
u n 8 + c)
n
n
u
1
3.2

d)
n
u 1
e)
n
u n 7 6
f)
n
n
n
u
1
1
2 1
2
+
+
+
Bai 28: Xt tnh tng, gim ca cc dy s (u

n
) cho bi:
a)
2 1
3 2
n
n
u
n
+
b)
4 1
4 5
n
n
n
u

+
c)
( 1)
2
n
n
u
n
+
d)
2
2
1
1
n
n n
u
n
+ +
+
e)
2
cos
n
u n n + f)
2
n
n
u
n
Bai 29: Xt tnh b chn trn, b chn di, b chn ca cc dy s (u

n
) cho bi:
a)
2 3
2
n
n
u
n
+
+
b)
1
( 1)
n
u
n n
+
c)
2
4
n
u n +
d)
2
2
2
1
n
n n
u
n n
+
+ +
e)
2
2
n
n
u
n n n
+ +
f) ( 1) cos
2
n
n
u
n

III. Cp s cng
1. nh ngha: (u
n
) l cp s cng u
n+1
= u
n
+ d, n N*(d: cng sai)
2. S hng tng qut:
1
( 1)
n
u u n d +
vi n 2
3. Tnh cht cc s hng:
1 1
2
k k
k
u u
u
+
+
vi k 2
4. Tng n s hng u tin:
1
1 2
( )
...
2
n
n n
n u u
S u u u
+
+ + + =
1
2 ( 1)
2
n u n d 1 +
]
Trang 36

i s 11
Bai 24: Trong cc dy s (u
n
) di y, dy s no l cp s cng, khi cho bit s
hng u v cng sai ca n:
a) u
n
= 3n 7 b)
3 2
5
n
n
u
+
c)
2
n
u n
d) 3
n
n
u e)
7 3
2
n
n
u

f) 1
2
n
n
u
Bai 25: Tm s hng u v cng sai ca cp s cng, bit:
a)
1 5 3
1 6
10
17
u u u
u u
+
'
+
b)
2 5 3
4 6
10
26
u u u
u u
+
'
+
c)
3
14
15
18
u
u

'
d)
7 3
2 7
8
. 75
u u
u u

'
e)
7 15
2 2
4 12
60
1170
u u
u u
+
'
+
f)
1 3 5
1 2 3
12
8
u u u
uu u
+ +
'
Bai 26: a) Gia cc s 7 v 35 hy t thm 6 s na c mt cp s cng.

b) Gia cc s 4 v 67 hy t thm 20 s na c mt cp s cng.
Bai 27: a) Tm 3 s hng lin tip ca mt cp s cng, bit tng ca chng l 27 v
tng cc bnh phng ca chng l 293.
b) Tm 4 s hng lin tip ca mt cp s cng, bit tng ca chng bng 22 v tng cc
bnh phng ca chng bng 66.
Bai 28: a) Ba gc ca mt tam gic vung lp thnh mt cp s cng. Tm s o cc gc
.
b) S o cc gc ca mt a gic li c 9 cnh lp thnh mt cp s cng c cng sai d =
3
0
. Tm s o ca cc gc .
c) S o cc gc ca mt t gic li lp thnh mt cp s cng v gc ln nht gp 5 ln
gc nh nht. Tm s o cc gc .
Bai 29: Chng minh rng nu 3 s a, b, c lp thnh mt cp s cng th cc s x, y, z
cng lp thnh mt cp s cng, vi:
a)
2 2 2 2 2 2
; ; x b bc c y c ca a z a ab b + + + + + +
b)
2 2 2
; ; x a bc y b ca z c ab
Bai 30: Tm x 3 s a, b, c lp thnh mt cp s cng, vi:
a)
2
10 3 ; 2 3; 7 4 a x b x c x +
b)
2
1; 3 2; 1 a x b x c x +
Bai 31: Tm cc nghim s ca phng trnh:
3 2
15 71 105 0 x x x +
, bit rng cc
nghim s phn bit v to thnh mt cp s cng.
Bai 32: Ngi ta trng 3003 cy theo mt hnh tam gic nh sau: hng th nht c 1
cy, hng th hai c 2 cy, hng th ba c 3 cy, . Hi c bao nhiu hng?
IV. Cp s nhn
1. nh ngha: (u
n
) l cp s nhn u
n+1
= u
n
.q vi n N* (q: cng bi)
2. S hng tng qut:
1
1
.
n
n
u u q

vi n 2
3. Tnh cht cc s hng:
2
1 1
.
k k k
u u u
+
vi k 2
4. Tng n s hng u tin:
1
1
1
(1 )
1
1
n
n
n
S nu vi q
u q
S vi q
q

Bai 3: Tm s hng u v cng bi ca cp s nhn, bit:

a)
4 2
5 3
72
144
u u
u u

'

b)
1 3 5
1 7
65
325
u u u
u u
+
'
+
c)
3 5
2 6
90
240
u u
u u
+
'

Trang 37

i s 11
d)
1 2 3
1 2 3
14
. . 64
u u u
u u u
+ +
'
e)
1 2 3
1 2 3
21
1 1 1 7
12
u u u
u u u
+ +
'
+ +
f)
1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
30
340
u u u u
u u u u
+ + +
'
+ + +
Bai 4: a) Gia cc s 160 v 5 hy chn vo 4 s na to thnh mt cp s nhn.

b) Gia cc s 243 v 1 hy t thm 4 s na to thnh mt cp s nhn.
Bai 5: Tm 3 s hng lin tip ca mt cp s nhn bit tng ca chng l 19 v tch l
216.
Bai 6: a) Tm s hng u ca mt cp s nhn, bit rng cng bi l 3, tng s cc s
hng l 728 v s hng cui l 486.
b) Tm cng bi ca mt cp s nhn c s hng u l 7, s hng cui l 448 v tng s
cc s hng l 889.
Bai 7: a) Tm 4 gc ca mt t gic, bit rng cc gc lp thnh mt cp s nhn v
gc cui gp 9 ln gc th hai.
b) di cc cnh ca ABC lp thnh mt cp s nhn. Chng minh rng ABC c hai
gc khng qu 60
0
.
Bai 8: Tm bn s hng lin tip ca mt cp s nhn, trong s hng th hai nh
hn s hng th nht 35, cn s hng th ba ln hn s hng th t 560.
Bai 9: S s hng ca mt cp s nhn l mt s chn. Tng tt c cc s hng ca n
ln gp 3 ln tng cc s hng c ch s l. Xc nh cng bi ca cp s .
Bai 10: Tm 4 s hng u ca mt cp s nhn, bit rng tng 3 s hng u l
148
9
,
ng thi, theo th t, chng l s hng th nht, th t v th tm ca mt cp s cng.
Bai 11: Tm 3 s hng u ca mt cp s nhn, bit rng khi tng s th hai thm 2 th
cc s to thnh mt cp s cng, cn nu sau tng s cui thm 9 th chng li lp
thnh mt cp s nhn.
Bai 12: Tm 4 s trong ba s u l ba s hng k tip ca mt cp s nhn, cn ba
s sau l ba s hng k tip ca mt cp s cng; tng hai s u v cui bng 32, tng hai
s gia bng 24.
Bai 13: Tm cc s dng a v b sao cho a, a + 2b, 2a + b lp thnh mt cp s cng v
(b + 1)
2
, ab + 5, (a + 1)
2
lp thnh mt cp s nhn.
Bai 14: Chng minh rng nu 3 s
2 1 2
, ,
y x y y z
lp thnh mt cp s cng th 3 s x,
y, z lp thnh mt cp s nhn.
BI TP N CHNG III
Bi 1: Tnh tng :
S n n 1.2 2.3 ... ( 1) + + + +
Bi 2: Dy s
( )
n
u
xc nh bi cng thc:
1
1
1
3 1
n n
u
u u
+

'

vi 1 n .
Chng minh dy s tng bng phng php quy np
Bi 3: Cho dy s
) (
n
u
xc nh bi:
4
5
1
u v
2
1
1
+
+
n
n
u
u vi mi 1 n .
a) Bng phng php quy np, chng minh vi mi 1 n ta c 1
2
1
1
+
+ n
n
u .
b) Chng minh rng dy s
) (
n
u
l dy gim v b chn.
Trang 38

i s 11
Bi 4: Xt tnh tng, gim ca dy s
( )
n
u
vi:
a)
n
n
u 2
b)
3 1
4
n
n n
n
u
+
Bi 5: Cho dy s (u
n
) xc nh bi u
1
=2 v
1
2
n n
u u
+
+ vi mi 1 n . Chng minh u
n
= 2
vi mi 1 n . C nhn xt g v dy s ny ?
Bi 6: Cp s cng:
a) Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh:
x x x
3 2
15 71 105 0 +
. Bit rng cc nghim
ny to thnh mt cp s cng.
b) Cho mt cp s cng bit tng ba s hng u tin bng 6 v tng cc bnh phng ca
chng bng 30. Hy tm cp s cng .
c) Cho phng trnh
x m x m
4 2 2
(3 4) ( 1) 0 + + +
. nh m d phng trnh c bn
nghim phn bit lp thnh mt cp s cng.
d) Cho cc s a, b, c tho mn
1 1 1
, ,
a b a c b c + + +
to thnh mt cp s cng. Chng minh
rng
a b c
2 2 2
, ,
cng to thnh mt cp s cng
e) Nu s th p, th q v th r ca mt cp s cng ln lt l a, b, c. Chng minh rng:
q r a r p b p q c ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 + +
f) Cho bit tng n s hng ca mt cp s cng l
n
S n n (5 3)
. Tm s hng th p ca
cp s cng .
g) Cho hai cp s cng ln lt c tng n s hng l
n
S n 7 1 +
v
n
T n 4 7 +
. Tm t s
11
11
u
v
ca 2 s hng th 11 ca hai cp s .
Bi 7: Cp s nhn:
a) Tm s hng u v cng sai ca cp s nhn, bit s hng th hai l 16 v tng ba s
hng u bng 56.
b) Mt cp s nhn
( )
n
u
c 5 s hng, bit cng bi
1
4
q v
1 4
24 u u +
. Tm cc s
hng ca cp s nhn ny.
Bi 8: Cp s cng Cp s nhn:
a) Cc s
x y x y x y 6 , 5 2 , 8 + + +
, theo th t lp thnh cp s cng. ng thi
1, 2, 3 + x y x y
theo th t lp thnh cp s nhn. Hy tm x v y.
b) Cho 3 s c tng bng 28 lp thnh cp s nhn. Tm cp s nhn bit nu s th
nht gim 4 th ta c 3 s lp thnh cp s cng.
c) Tm hai s
a
v b bit ba s: 1, 8 a + , b theo th t lp thnh mt cp s cng v ba
s
1, , a b
theo th t lp thnh mt cp s nhn.
d) Ba s c tng l 217 c th coi l ba s hng lin tip ca mt CSN, hoc l cc s hng
th 2, th 9 v th 44 ca mt CSC. Hi phi ly bao nhiu s hng u ca CSC tng
ca chng l 280?
e) Mt CSC v mt CSN c s hng th nht bng 5, s hng th hai ca CSC ln hn s
hng th 2 ca CSN l 10, cn cc s hng th 3 bng nhau. Tm cc cp s y?
Bi 9: Cho dy s (u
n
) vi
2 5
2 5
n n
n n n
u

+
. Tnh 10
1 2 10
1 1 1
....
1 1 1
S
u u u
+ + +

.
Bi 10: Cho dy s (u
n
), k hiu tng n s hng u tin ca n l S
n
, c xc nh
2
3 7
2
n n
S
n

.
a) Tnh u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
b) Chng minh dy s trn l mt cp s cng v xc nh s hng tng qut ca n.
Bi 11:
Trang 39

i s 11
a)
I. Gii hn ca dy s
Gii hn hu hn Gii hn v cc
1. Gii hn c bit:
1
lim 0
n n +
;
1
lim 0( )
k
n
k
n
+
+

lim 0( 1)
n
n
q q
+
<
;
lim
n
C C
+

2. nh l :
a) Nu lim u
n
= a, lim v
n
= b th
lim (u
n
+ v
n
) = a + b
lim (u
n
v
n
) = a b
lim (u
n
.v
n
) = a.b

lim
n
n
u
a
v b
(nu b 0)
b) Nu u
n
0, n v lim u
n
= a
th a 0 v lim
n
u a
c) Nu
n n
u v
,n v lim v
n
= 0
th lim u
n
= 0
d) Nu lim u
n
= a th
lim
n
u a
3. Tng ca cp s nhn li v hn
S = u
1
+ u
1
q + u
1
q
2
+ =
1
1
u
q
( ) 1 q <
1. Gii hn c bit:
lim n + lim ( )
k
n k
+
+
lim ( 1)
n
q q + >
2. nh l:
a) Nu
lim
n
u +
th
1
lim 0
n
u

b) Nu lim u
n
= a, lim v
n
= t th lim
n
n
u
v
=
0
c) Nu lim u
n
= a 0, lim v
n
= 0
th lim
n
n
u
v
=
. 0
. 0
n
n
neu av
neu av
+ >
'
<
d) Nu lim u
n
= +, lim v
n
= a
th lim(u
n
.v
n
) =
0
0
neu a
neu a
+ >
'
<
* Khi tnh gii hn c mt trong cc dng v

nh:
0
0
,
, , 0. th phi tm cch
kh dng v nh.
Mt s phng php tm gii hn ca dy s:
Chia c t v mu cho lu tha cao nht ca n.
VD: a)
1
1
1 1
lim lim
3 2 3 2
2
n
n
n
n
+
+

+
+
b)
2
1
1 3
3
lim lim 1
1 1 2
2
n n n
n
n
n
+
+

c)
2 2
2
4 1
lim( 4 1) lim 1 n n n
n
n
_
+ + +

,
Nhn lng lin hp: Dng cc hng ng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 3 3 3
; a b a b a b a b a ab b a b + + +
Trang 40

CHNG IV
GII HN
i s 11
VD: ( )
2
lim 3 n n n
=
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
3 3
lim
3
n n n n n n
n n n
+
+
=
2
3
lim
3
n
n n n
+
=
3
2
Dng nh l kp: Nu
n n
u v
,n v lim v
n
= 0 th lim u
n
= 0
VD: a) Tnh
sin
lim
n
n
. V 0
sin 1 n
n n
v
1
lim 0
n
nn
sin
lim 0
n
n

b) Tnh
2
3sin 4cos
lim
2 1
n n
n
+
. V
2 2 2 2
3sin 4cos (3 4 )(sin cos ) 5 n n n n + +
nn 0
2 2
3sin 4cos 5
2 1 2 1
n n
n n
+ +
.
M
2
5
lim 0
2 1 n

+
nn
2
3sin 4cos
lim 0
2 1
n n
n
+
Khi tnh cc gii hn dng phn thc, ta ch mt s trng hp sau y:
Nu bc ca t nh hn bc ca mu th kt qu ca gii hn bng 0.
Nu bc ca t bng bc ca mu th kt qu ca gii hn bng t s cc h s ca
lu tha cao nht ca t v ca mu.
Nu bc ca t ln hn bc ca mu th kt qu ca gii hn l + nu h s cao
nht ca t v mu cng du v kt qu l nu h s cao nht ca t v mu tri du.
Bai 105: Tnh cc gii hn sau:
a)
2
2
2 3
lim
3 2 1
n n
n n
+
+ +
b)
3 2
2 1
lim
4 3
n
n n
+
+ +
c)
3 2
3
3 2
lim
4
n n n
n
+ +
+
d)
4
2
lim
( 1)(2 )( 1)
n
n n n + + +
e)
2
4
1
lim
2 1
n
n n
+
+ +
f)
4 2
3 2
2 3
lim
3 2 1
n n
n n
+
+
a)
1 3
lim
4 3
n
n
+
+
b)
1
4.3 7
lim
2.5 7
n n
n n
+
+
+
c)
1 2
4 6
lim
5 8
n n
n n
+ +
+
+
d)
1
2 5
lim
1 5
n n
n
+
+
+
e)
1 2.3 7
lim
5 2.7
n n
n n
+
+
f)
1
1 2.3 6
lim
2 (3 5)
n n
n n+
+

a)
2
2
4 1 2 1
lim
4 1
n n
n n n
+ +
+ + +
b)
2
2
3 4
lim
2
n n
n n
+
+ +
c)
3
2 6
4 2
1
lim
1
n n
n n
+
+ +
d)
2
2
4 1 2
lim
4 1
n n
n n n
+ +
+ + +
e)
(2 1)( 3)
lim
( 1)( 2)
n n n
n n
+ +
+ +
f)
2 2
2
4 4 1
lim
3 1
n n n
n n
+
+ +

Trang 41

i s 11
a)
1 1 1
lim ...
1.3 3.5 (2 1)(2 1) n n
_
+ + +

+
,
b)
1 1 1
lim ...
1.3 2.4 ( 2) n n
_
+ + +

+
,
c)
2 2 2
1 1 1
lim 1 1 ... 1
2 3 n
_ _ _

, , ,
d)
1 1 1
lim ...
1.2 2.3 ( 1) n n
_
+ + +

+
,
e)
2
1 2 ...
lim
3
n
n n
+ + +
+
f)
2
2
1 2 2 ... 2
lim
1 3 3 ... 3
n
n
+ + + +
+ + + +
a) ( )
n n n
2
lim 2 1 +
b) ( )
n n n
2 2
lim 2 + +
c) ( )
n n n
3 3
lim 2 1 +
d) ( )
n n n
2 4
lim 1 3 1 + + +
e) ( )
2
lim n n n
f)
2 2
1
lim
2 4 n n + +
g)
2
2
4 1 2 1
lim
4 1
n n
n n n
+
+ +
h)
3
2 6
4 2
1
lim
1
n n
n n
+
+
i)
2 2
2
4 4 1
lim
3 1
n n n
n n
+
+
a)
2
2
2cos
lim
1
n
n +
b)
2
( 1) sin(3 )
lim
3 1
n
n n
n
+
c)
2 2 cos
lim
3 1
n n
n
+
d)
6 2
2
3sin 5cos ( 1)
lim
1
n n
n
+ +
+
e)
2 3 2
2
3sin ( 2)
lim
2 3
n n
n
+ +
f)
2
3 2 2
lim
(3cos 2)
n n
n n
+
+
Bai 111: Cho dy s (u
n
) vi u
n
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 ... 1
2 3 n
_ _ _

, , ,
, vi n 2.
a) Rt gn u
n
. b) Tm lim u
n
.
Bai 112: a) Chng minh:
1 1 1
1 ( 1) 1 n n n n n n

+ + + +
(n N
*
).
b) Rt gn: u
n
=
1 1 1
...
1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 ( 1) n n n n
+ + +
+ + + + +
.
c) Tm lim u
n
.
n
) c xc nh bi:
1
1
1
1
( 1)
2
n n
n
u
u u n
+

'
+
.
a) t v
n
= u
n+1
u
n
. Tnh v
1
+ v
2
+ + v
n
theo n.
b) Tnh u
n
theo n.
c) Tm lim u
n
.
n
) c xc nh bi:
1 2
2 1
0; 1
2 , ( 1)
n n n
u u
u u u n
+ +

'
+
a) Chng minh rng: u

n+1
=
1
1
2
n
u + , n 1.
b) t v
n
= u
n

2
3
. Tnh v
n
theo n. T tm lim u
n
.
Trang 42

i s 11
II. Gii hn ca hms
Gii hn hu hn Gii hn v cc, gii hn v cc
1. Gii hn c bit:

0
0
lim
x x
x x
;
0
lim
x x
c c
(c: hng
s)
2. nh l:
a) Nu
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
v
0
lim ( )
x x
g x M
th:
[ ]
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x g x L M
+ +
[ ]
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x g x L M

[ ]
0
lim ( ). ( ) .
x x
f x g x L M
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x L
g x M
(nu M 0)
b) Nu f(x) 0 v
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

th L 0 v
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
c) Nu
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
th
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
3. Gii hn mt bn:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

0 0
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x
f x f x L
+

1. Gii hn c bit:
lim
k
x
x
+
+
;
lim
k
x
neu k chan
x
neu k le
+
'
lim
x
c c
t
; lim 0
k
x
c
x
t
0
1
lim
x x
;
0
1
lim
x x
+
+
0 0
1 1
lim lim
x x x x
+

+
2. nh l:
Nu
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
0 v
0
lim ( )
x x
g x
t
th:
0
0
0
lim ( )
lim ( ) ( )
lim ( )
x x
x x
x x
neu L va g x cungdau
f x g x
neu L va g x trai dau
'
0
0 0
0
0 lim ( )
( )
lim lim ( ) 0 . ( ) 0
( )
lim ( ) 0 . ( ) 0
x x
x x x x
x x
neu g x
f x
neu g x vaL g x
g x
neu g x vaL g x
+ >
'
<
* Khi tnh gii hn c mt trong cc dng v nh:

0
0
,
, , 0. th phi tm cch kh dng v

nh.
Mt s phng php kh dng v nh:
1. Dng
0
0
Trang 43

i s 11
a) L =
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x), Q(x) l cc a thc v P(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0
Phn tch c t v mu thnh nhn t v rt gn.
VD:
3 2 2
2
2 2 2
8 ( 2)( 2 4) 2 4 12
lim lim lim 3
( 2)( 2) 2 4
4
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
x

+ + + +

+ +
b) L =
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0 v P(x), Q(x) l cc biu thc cha cn cng
bc
S dng cc hng ng thc nhn lng lin hp t v mu.
VD:
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
2 4 2 4 2 4 1 1
lim lim lim
4
2 4 2 4
x x x
x x x
x
x x x

+

+ +
c) L =
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
P x
Q x
vi P(x
0
) = Q(x
0
) = 0 v P(x) l biu thc cha cn khng ng
bc
Gi s: P(x) =
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m n
m n
u x v x vi u x v x a .
Ta phn tch P(x) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m n
u x a a v x + .
VD:
3 3
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
lim lim
x x
x x x x
x x x
_
+ +
+
,
=
0 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 5
lim
3 2 6
1 1
( 1) 1 1
x
x
x x
_
+ +

+
+ + + +
,
2. Dng
: L =
( )
lim
( ) x
P x
Q x t
vi P(x), Q(x) l cc a thc hoc cc biu thc cha cn.
Nu P(x), Q(x) l cc a thc th chia c t v mu cho lu tha cao nht ca x.
Nu P(x), Q(x) c cha cn th c th chia c t v mu cho lu tha cao nht ca x
hoc nhn lng lin hp.
VD: a)
2
2
2
2
5 3
2
2 5 3
lim lim 2
6 3
6 3
1
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
+ +
+
+

+ +
+ +
b)
2
2
3
2
2 3
lim lim 1
1
1
1 1
x x
x
x
x x
x

+
+
3. Dng : Gii hn ny thng c cha cn
Ta thng s dng phng php nhn lng lin hp ca t v mu.
VD:
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1
lim 1 lim lim 0
1 1
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
4. Dng 0.:
Ta cng thng s dng cc phng php nh cc dng trn.
VD:
2
2 2
2. 0. 2
lim( 2) lim 0
2
2 4
x x
x x x
x
x x
+ +

+
Trang 44

i s 11
Bai 30: Tm cc gii hn sau:
a)
2 3
0
1
lim
1 x
x x x
x
+ + +
+
b)
2
1
3 1
lim
1 x
x x
x
+
c)
2
sin
4
lim
x
x
x
d)
4
1
1
lim
3
x
x
x x
+
e)
2
2
1
lim
1 x
x x
x
+
f)
2
1
2 3
lim
1 x
x x
x
+
+
g)
1
8 3
lim
2 x
x
x
+
h)
3
2
2
3 4 3 2
lim
1 x
x x
x

+
i)
2
0
1
lim sin
2 x
x

a)
3 2
2
1
1
lim
3 2
x
x x x
x x
+
+
b)
x
x
x x
4
3 2
1
1
lim
2 1
+
c)
5
3
1
1
lim
1
x
x
x
+
+
d)
3 2
4 2
3
5 3 9
lim
8 9
x
x x x
x x
+ +

e)
5 6
2
1
5 4
lim
(1 )
x
x x x
x
f)
1
1
lim
1
m
n
x
x
x
g)
0
(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 ) 1
lim
x
x x x
x
+ + +
h)
2
1
...
lim
1
n
x
x x x n
x
+ + +
i)
4
3 2
2
16
lim
2
x
x
x x
+
a)
2
2
4 1 3
lim
4
x
x
x
b)
3
3
1
1
lim .
4 4 2
x
x
x
+
c)
2
0
1 1
lim
x
x
x
+
d)
2
2 2
lim
7 3
x
x
x
+
+
e)
1
2 2 3 1
lim
1 x
x x
x
+ +
f)
2
0 2
1 1
lim
16 4
x
x
x
+
+
g)
3
0
1 1
lim
1 1
x
x
x
+
+
h)
2
3
3 2
lim
3
x
x x
x x
+
+
i)
0
9 16 7
lim
x
x x
x
+ + +
a)
3
0
1 1
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
b)
3
2
2
8 11 7
lim
3 2
x
x x
x x
+ +
+
c)
3
0
2 1 8
lim
x
x x
x
+
d)
3
2
0
1 4 1 6
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
e)
3
2
2
8 11 7
lim
2 5 2
x
x x
x x
+ +
+
f)
3
3 2
2
1
5 7
lim
1
x
x x
x
g)
0
1 4 . 1 6 1
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
h)
3
0
1 2 . 1 4 1
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
i)
3
0
1 1
lim
x
x x
x
+
a)
2
2
1
lim
2 1
x
x
x x
+
+
+
b)
2
2 1
lim
2 x
x x
x t
+
c)
2
3 2
2 1
lim
3 2
x
x
x x
+
+
+
d)
2
2
2 3 4 1
lim
4 1 2
x
x x x
x x
t
+ + + +
+ +
e)
2
2
4 2 1 2
lim
9 3 2
x
x x x
x x x
t
+ +
+
f)
2
1
lim
1
x
x x
x x
+
+
+ +
g)
2
2
(2 1) 3
lim
5
x
x x
x x
h)
2
2
2 3
lim
4 1 2
x
x x x
x x
+
+ +
+ +
i)
2
5 2
lim
2 1 x
x x
x
+
+
Trang 45

i s 11
a)
2
lim
x
x x x
+
_
+

,
b)
2
lim 2 1 4 4 3
x
x x x
+
_

,
c)
3 2 3
lim 1 1
x
x x
+
_
+

,
d)
lim
x
x x x x
+
_
+ +

,
e)
( )
3 3
lim 2 1 2 1
x
x x
+
+
f)
( )
3 3 2
lim 3 1 2
x
x x
+ +
g)
3
1
1 3
lim
1
1
x x
x
,
h)
2 2
2
1 1
lim
3 2 5 6
x
x x x x
_
+

+ + ,
a)
2
15
lim
2 x
x
x
+
b)
2
15
lim
2 x
x
x
c)
2
3
1 3 2
lim
3 x
x x
x
+
d)
2
2
4
lim
2 x
x
x
+
e)
2
2
2
lim
2 5 2
x
x
x x
+
+
f)
2
2
2
lim
2 5 2
x
x
x x
+
Bai 37: Tm cc gii hn mt bn ca hm s ti im c ch ra:
a)
3
1 1
0
1 1
( ) 0
3
0
2
x
khi x
x
f x tai x
khi x
+
>
+

'
b)
2
9
3
( ) 3
3
1 3
x
khi x
f x tai x
x
x khi x
<

'

c)
2
3
4
2
2
8
( ) 2
16
2
2
x x
khi x
x
f x tai x
x
khi x
x

>

'
<

d)
2
2
3 2
1
1
( ) 1
1
2
x x
khi x
x
f x tai x
x
khi x
+
>

'
Bai 38: Tm gi tr ca m cc hm s sau c gii hn ti im c ch ra::

a)
3
1
1
( ) 1
1
2 1
x
khi x
f x tai x
x
mx khi x
<

'

b)
3
2 2
1 3
1
( ) 1 1
1
3 3 1
khi x
f x tai x x
x
m x mx khi x
>

'

c)
2
0
( ) 0
100 3
0
3
x m khi x
f x tai x
x x
khi x
x
+ <

' + +
+
d)
2
3 1
( ) 1
3 1
x m khi x
f x tai x
x x m khi x
+ <

'
+ + +
Trang 46

i s 11
III. Hms lin tc
1. Hm s lin tc ti mt im: y = f(x) lin tc ti x
0

0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x

0
ta thc hin cc bc:
B1: Tnh f(x
0
).
B2: Tnh
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
(trong nhiu trng hp ta cn tnh

0
lim ( )
x x
f x
+
,
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
)
B3: So snh
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
vi f(x
0
) v rt ra kt lun.
2. Hm s lin tc trn mt khong: y = f(x) lin tc ti mi im thuc khong .
3. Hm s lin tc trn mt on [a; b]: y = f(x) lin tc trn (a; b) v
lim ( ) ( ), lim ( ) ( )
x a x b
f x f a f x f b
+

4. Hm s a thc lin tc trn R.
Hm s phn thc, cc hm s lng gic lin tc trn tng khong xc nh ca chng.
Trang 47

i s 11
5. Gi s y = f(x), y = g(x) lin tc ti im x
0
. Khi :
Cc hm s y = f(x) + g(x), y = f(x) g(x), y = f(x).g(x) lin tc ti x
0
.
Hm s y =
( )
( )
f x
g x
lin tc ti x
0
nu g(x
0
) 0.
6. Nu y = f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v f(a). f(b)< 0 th tn ti t nht mt s c (a; b): f(c) =
0.
Ni cch khc: Nu y = f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v f(a). f(b)< 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 c t
nht mt nghim c (a; b).
M rng: Nu y = f(x) lin tc trn [a; b]. t m =
[ ] ;
min ( )
ab
f x
, M =
[ ] ;
max ( )
ab
f x
. Khi vi
mi T (m; M) lun tn ti t nht mt s c (a; b): f(c) = T.
Bai 33: Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s ti im c ch ra:
a)
3
1
( ) 1
1
1 1
x
khi x
f x tai x
x
khi x
+

'

b)
3 2
1
1
( ) 1
1
1
4
x
khi x
x
f x tai x
khi x

'

c)
2 3
2
2 7 5
2
( ) 2
3 2
1 2
x x x
khi x
f x tai x
x x
khi x

'
+
d)
2
5
5
( ) 5
2 1 3
( 5) 3 5
x
khi x
f x tai x
x
x khi x

>

'
e)
1 cos 0
( ) 0
1 0
x khi x
f x tai x
x khi x

'
+ >
f)
1
1
( ) 1
2 1
2 1
x
khi x
f x tai x
x
x khi x

<

'

Bai 34: Tm m, n hm s lin tc ti im c ch ra:

a)
x khi x
f x tai x
mx khi x
2
1
( ) 1
2 3 1
<

'

b)
x x x
khi x
f x tai x
x
x m khi x
3 2
2 2
1
( ) 1
1
3 1

'

c)
m khi x
x x
f x khi x x tai x vax
x x
n khi x
2
0
6
( ) 0, 3 0 3
( 3)
3

'
Trang 48

i s 11
d)
x x
khi x
f x tai x
x
m khi x
2
2
2
( ) 2
2
2

'

Bai 35: Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau trn tp xc nh ca chng:

a)
3
3
2
1
1
( )
4
1
3
x x
khi x
x
f x
khi x
+ +

'
b)
2
3 4 2
( ) 5 2
2 1 2
x x khi x
f x khi x
x khi x
+ <
'
+ >
c)
2
4
2
( )
2
4 2
x
khi x
f x
x
khi x
'
+
d)
2
2
2
( )
2
2 2 2
x
khi x
f x
x
khi x
'

Bai 36: Tm cc gi tr ca m cc hm s sau lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng:

a)
2
2
2
( )
2
2
x x
khi x
f x
x
m khi x
'

b)
2
1
( ) 2 1
1 1
x x khi x
f x khi x
mx khi x
+ <
'
+ >
c)
3 2
2 2
1
( )
1
3 1
x x x
khi x
f x
x
x m khi x
'

d)
2
1
( )
2 3 1
x khi x
f x
mx khi x
<
'

Bai 37: Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau c 3 nghim phn bit:
a)
3
3 1 0 x x +
b)
3 2
6 9 1 0 x x x + + +
c)
3
2 6 1 3 x x +
Bai 38: Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau lun c nghim:
a)
5
3 3 0 x x +
b)
5
1 0 x x +
c)
4 3 2
3 1 0 x x x x + + +
Bai 39: Chng minh rng phng trnh:
5 3
5 4 1 0 x x x +
c 5 nghim trn (2; 2).
Bai 40: Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau lun c nghim vi mi gi tr ca tham
s:
a)
3
( 1) ( 2) 2 3 0 mx x x +
b)
4 2
2 2 0 x mx mx +
c)
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 a x b x c b x c x a c x a x b + +
d)
2 3 2
(1 )( 1) 3 0 m x x x + +
e) cos cos2 0 x m x + f)
(2cos 2) 2sin5 1 m x x +
Bai 41: Chng minh cc phng trnh sau lun c nghim:
a)
2
0 ax bx c + +
vi 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 b)
2
0 ax bx c + +
vi a + 2b + 5c = 0
c)
3 2
0 x ax bx c + + +
Bai 42: Chng minh rng phng trnh:
2
0 ax bx c + +
lun c nghim x
1
0;
3
1
1
]

vi a 0 v 2a + 6b + 19c = 0.
BI TP N CHNG IV
Bi 1. Tm cc gii hn sau:
Trang 49

i s 11
a)
n
n
3
1 2 3 ...
lim
3
+ + + +
b)
n
n n
n
2 sin
lim
1
2
_ +
+

+
,
c)
1 3
2
lim
2
2
+ +
+
n n
n n
d)
n n
n n
2
2
2
lim
2 3 1
+
+
e)
n
n
5 1
5 2
2 3
lim
3 1
+
+
+
+
f)
n n
n n 1
( 1) 4.3
lim
( 1) 2.3
+
+

g) ( )
n n n
2 2
lim 3 1 +
g) ( )
n n n
3 3 2
lim 3 +
h) ( )
n n n
2 4
lim 1+ +
i)
n
n
2
2
2cos
lim
1 +
k)
n
n n
2 2
lim
3 1 1 +
l)
( )
n n n
3 2 3
lim 2 2 +
a)
x
x x
x x
2
2
3
5 6
lim
8 15
+
+
b)
x
x
x x
2
2
1
2
8 1
lim
6 5 1
+
c)
x
x x x
x x
3 2
2
3
4 4 3
lim
3
d)
x
x x x
x x x
4 3 2
4 3 2
1
2 5 3 1
lim
3 8 6 1
+ +
+
e)
x
x x
x x
3
4
1
3 2
lim
4 3
+
+
f)
x
x x x
x x
3 2
4 2
2
2 4 8
lim
8 16
+
+
g)
x
x x
x x
3
5
1
2 1
lim
2 1

h)
x
x
x x
2
2
2
lim
2 5 2
+
+ +
i)
x
x
x
2
2
1
( 2) 1
lim
1
a)
x
x
x
2
2
lim
3 7
+
b)
x
x
x
2
0
1 1
lim
+
c)
x
x
x x
2
1
8 3
lim
2 3
+
+
d)
x
x
x
4
1 2 3
lim
2
e)
x
x
x
1
2 7 3
lim
3 2
+
+
f)
x
x
x
2
0 2
1 1
lim
4 16
+
+
g)
2 3
1
7 5
lim
1
x
x x
x
h)
x
x x
x
3 3
0
1 1
lim
+
i)
x
x
x
3
2
4 2
lim
2
k)
x
x
x
3
0
1
lim
1
l)
x
x
x
3
2
2
0
1 1
lim
+
m)
x
x x
x 2
2 7 5
lim
2
+ + +
a)
x
x x
x
2
2
2 3 2
lim
2
+
+
+
b)
x
x
x x
2
1
1
lim
3 4
+
c)
x
x x
x
3
1
3 4 1
lim
1
+
+
+
d)
x
x x
x
2
2
2
2 5 2
lim
( 2)
e)
x
x
x 3
3 4
lim
3
+
f)
x
x x
x x
0
lim
+

g)
x
x
x
2
8 2 2
lim
2
+
+
+
h)
x
x x
x
2
2
3
2 5 3
lim
( 3)
i)
( )
x
x
x
x
2
2
lim 2
4
+
a)
x
x x x
x x x x
3 2
4 3 2
2 3 4 1
lim
5 2 3
+
+ +
b)
x
x x
x x
2
2
1
lim
2 1
+
+
+ +
c)
x
x x
x x
2 3
3 2
(2 3) (4 7)
lim
(3 1)(10 9)
+
+
+ +
Trang 50

i s 11
d)
x
x x x
x x
4 3
4 2
2
lim
3 2 7
+
+
+
e)
( )
x
x x
2
lim 1
+ + f)
x
x x x
2
lim ( 1)
+ +
g)
x
x x
x
2
1
lim
5 2
+
+
h)
( )
x
x x x
2
lim 3
+ + i)
x
x x
x
5 3 1
lim
1
+
k)
x
x x x
x x
2
2
2 3
lim
4 1 2
+ +
+ +
l)
( )
x
x x x
2 2
lim 2 1
+ m)
( )
x
x x x
2
lim 2
+ +
Bi 6. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s:
a)
x khi x
f x
x x
khi x
x
2
1 3
( )
2 3
3
2 6

'
>

trn R b)
x
khi x
x
f x
khi x
2
1 cos
0
sin
( )
1
0
4
'
ti x =
0
c)
x
khi x
f x
x x
khi x
2
12 6
2
( )
7 10
2 2

'
+
trn R d)
x khi x
f x
x khi x
2
0
( )
1 0
<
'

ti x = 0
Bi 7. Tm a hm s lin tc trn R:
a)
2
3 2
2 1 1
( )
2 2
1
1
a khi x
f x
x x x
khi x
x
- + -
>
-
b)
x
khi x
f x
x
x a khi x
2
1
1
( )
1
1
'

c)
x x
khi x
f x
x
a khi x
2
2
2
( )
2
2
'
+
d)
x x
khi x
f x
x
ax khi x
2
4 3
1
( )
1
2 1
<
'

Bi 8. Chng minh rng phng trnh:

a)
x x x
3 2
6 9 1 0 + + +
c 3 nghim phn bit.
b)
mx x x
3 2 4
( 1) ( 4) 3 0 +
lun c t nht 2 nghim vi mi gi tr ca m.
c)
m x x
2 4 3
( 1) 1 0 +
lun c t nht 2 nghim nm trong khong ( )
1; 2
vi mi m.
d)
x mx
3 2
1 0 +
lun c 1 nghim dng.
e)
x x x
4 2
3 5 6 0 +
c nghim trong khong (1; 2).
Bi 9. Cho m > 0 v a, b, c l 3 s thc tho mn:
a b c
m m m
0
2 1
+ +
+ +
. Chng minh rng
phng trnh:
f x ax bx c
2
( ) 0 + +
c t nht mt nghim thuc khong (0; 1).
HD: Xt 2 trng hp c = 0; c 0. Vi c 0 th
m c
f f
m mm
2
1
(0). 0
2 ( 2)
_ +
<

+ + ,

Bi 10.
a)
Trang 51

CHNG V
OHM
i s 11
1. nh ngha o hm ti mt im
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a; b) v x
0
(a; b):

x x
f x f x
f x
x x
0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
'( ) lim
=
x
y
x 0
lim

(x = x x
0
, y = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
))
Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm ti x
0
th n lin tc ti im .
2. ngha ca o hm
ngha hnh hc:
+ f (x
0
) l h s gc ca tip tuyn ca th hm s y = f(x) ti ( )
M x f x
0 0
; ( )
.
+ Khi phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y = f(x) ti ( )
M x y
0 0
; l:
y y
0
= f (x
0
).(x x
0
)
ngha vt l:
+ Vn tc tc thi ca chuyn ng thng xc nh bi phng trnh s = s(t) ti thi
im t
0
l v(t
0
) = s (t
0
).
+ Cng tc thi ca in lng Q = Q(t) ti thi im t
0
l I(t
0
) = Q (t
0
).
3. Qui tc tnh o hm
(C) = 0 (x) = 1 (x
n
) = n.x
n1

n N
n 1
_

>
,
( )
x
x
1
2
u v u v ( )

t t uv uv vu ( )

+
u uv vu
v
v
2

,
(v 0)

ku ku ( )

v
v
v
2
1

_

,
o hm ca hm s hp: Nu u = g(x) c o hm ti x l u
x
v hm s y = f(u) c
o hm ti u l y
u
th hm s hp y = f(g(x) c o hm ti x l:
x u x
y y u .
4. o hm ca hm s lng gic

x
x
x 0
sin
lim 1
;
x x
u x
u x
0
sin ( )
lim 1
( )
(vi
x x
u x
0
lim ( ) 0
)
(sinx) = cosx (cosx) = sinx
( )
x
x
2
1
tan
cos

( )
x
x
2
1
cot
sin

5. Vi phn

dy df x f x x ( ) ( ).

f x x f x f x x
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ). + +
6. o hm cp cao

[ ] f x f x ''( ) '( )
;
[ ] f x f x '''( ) ''( )

;
n n
f x f x
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( )
]
(n N, n 4)
ngha c hc:
Gia tc tc thi ca chuyn ng s = f(t) ti thi im t
0
l a(t
0
) = f (t
0
).
Trang 52

i s 11
VN 1: Tnh o hm bng nh ngha
tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x
0
bng nh ngha ta thc hin cc bc:
B1: Gi s x l s gia ca i s ti x
0
. Tnh y = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
).
B2: Tnh
x
y
x 0
lim

.
Bai 115: Dng nh ngha tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau ti im c ch ra:
a)
y f x x x
2
( ) 2 2 +
ti
x
0
1
b)
y f x x ( ) 3 2
ti x
0
= 3
c)
x
y f x
x
2 1
( )
1
+

ti x
0
= 2 d)
y f x x ( ) sin
ti x
0
=
6
e)
y f x x
3
( )
ti x
0
= 1 f)
x x
y f x
x
2
1
( )
1
+ +

ti x
0
= 0
Bai 116: Dng nh ngha tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a)
f x x x
2
( ) 3 1 +
b)
f x x x
3
( ) 2
c)
f x x x ( ) 1, ( 1) + >
d) f x
x
1
( )
2 3
e)
f x x ( ) sin
f) f x
x
1
( )
cos

VN 2: Tnh o hm bng cng thc
tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) bng cng thc ta s dng cc qui tc tnh o hm.
Ch qui tc tnh o hm ca hm s hp.
Bai 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y x x x
4 3
1
2 2 5
3
+ b) y x x x
x
2
3 2
.
3
+ c)
y x x
3 2
( 2)(1 )
d)
y x x x
2 2 2
( 1)( 4)( 9)
e)
y x x x
2
( 3 )(2 ) +
f)
( )
y x
x
1
1 1
_
+

,
g) y
x
3
2 1
+
h)
x
y
x
2 1
1 3
+
i)
x x
y
x x
2
2
1
1
+
+
k)
x x
y
x
2
3 3
1
+
l)
x x
y
x
2
2 4 1
3
+
m)
x
y
x x
2
2
2
2 3

a)
y x x
2 4
( 1) + +
b)
y x
2 5
(1 2 )
c)
3 2 11
( 2 1) + y x x
d)
2 5
( 2 ) y x x e)
( )
y x
4
2
3 2
f)
y
x x
2 2
1
( 2 5)
+

g)
x
y
x
2
3
( 1)
( 1)
+
h)
x
y
x
3
2 1
1
_ +
,
i)
3
2
3
2
_

,
y
x
a)
y x x
2
2 5 2 +
b)
y x x
3
2 +
c)
y x x +
Trang 53

i s 11
d)
y x x
2
( 2) 3 +
e)
y x
3
( 2)
f)
( )
y x
3
1 1 2 +

g)
x
y
x
3
1
h)
x
y
x
2
4 1
2
+
+
i)
x
y
x
2
4+

a)
x
y
x
2
sin
1 cos
_

+
,
b)
y x x .cos
c)
y x
3
sin (2 1) +

d)
y x cot2
e)
y x
2
sin 2 +
f)
y x x sin 2 +
g)
y x
2 3
(2 sin 2 ) +
h) ( )
y x x
2 2
sin cos tan
i)
y x x
2 3
2sin 4 3cos 5
k)
x
y
x
2
1
cos
1
_
+

,
l) y x x x
3 5
2 1
tan2 tan 2 tan 2
3 5
+ +
Bai 5: Cho n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:
a)
n n
x nx n x n x
1
(sin .cos )' sin .cos( 1)
+
b)
n n
x nx n x n x
1
(sin .sin )' .sin .sin( 1)
+
c)
n n
x nx n x n x
1
(cos .sin )' .cos .cos( 1)
+
d)
n n
x nx n x n x
1
(cos .cos )' .cos .sin( 1)
+
VN 3: Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca hm s y = f(x)
1. Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M(x
0
, y
0
)
C ( )
l:
y y f x x x
0 0 0
'( )( )
(*)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C), bit tip tuyn c h s gc k:
+ Gi x
0
l hnh ca tip im. Ta c:
f x k
0
( )
( ngha hnh hc ca o hm)
+ Gii phng trnh trn tm x
0
, ri tm
y f x
0 0
( ).
+ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo cng thc (*)
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) vi (C), bit (d) i qua im A(x
1
, y
1
) cho trc:
+ Gi (x
0
, y
0
) l tip im (vi y
0
= f(x
0
)).
+ Phng trnh tip tuyn (d):
y y f x x x
0 0 0
'( )( )
(d) qua A
x y y y f x x x
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
( , ) '( ) ( ) (1)
+ Gii phng trnh (1) vi n l x
0
, ri tm
y f x
0 0
( )
v
f x
0
'( ).
+ T vit phng trnh (d) theo cng thc (*).
4. Nhc li: Cho (): y = ax + b. Khi :
+
d
d k a ( ) ( )
+
d
d k
a
1
( ) ( )
Bai 1: Cho hm s (C):
y f x x x
2
( ) 2 3. +
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):
a) Ti im thuc (C) c honh x
0
= 1.
b) Song song vi ng thng 4x 2y + 5 = 0.
c) Vung gc vi ng thng x + 4y = 0.
d) Vung gc vi ng phn gic th nht ca gc hp bi cc trc ta .
Bai 2: Cho hm s
x x
y f x
x
2
2
( )
1
+

(C).
Trang 54

i s 11
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M(2; 4).
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn c h s gc k = 1.
Bai 3: Cho hm s
x
y f x
x
3 1
( )
1
+

(C).
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im A(2; 7).
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc honh.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc tung.
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
d: y x
1
100
2
+ .
e) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
: 2x + 2y 5 = 0.
y x x
3 2
3 .
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im I(1, 2).
b) Chng minh rng cc tip tuyn khc ca th (C) khng i qua I.
y x x
2
1 .
Tm phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):
a) Ti im c honh x
0
=
1
.
2

b) Song song vi ng thng x + 2y = 0.
VN 4: Tnh o hm cp cao
1. tnh o hm cp 2, 3, 4, ... ta dng cng thc:
( )
n n
y y
/
( ) ( 1)
2. tnh o hm cp n:
Tnh o hm cp 1, 2, 3, ..., t d on cng thc o hm cp n.
Dng phng php quy np ton hc chng minh cng thc ng.
Bai 39: Cho hm s
f x x x ( ) 3( 1)cos +
.
a) Tnh
f x f x '( ), ''( )
b) Tnh f f f ''( ), '' , ''(1)
2
_

,
Bai 40: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s n cp c ch ra:
a)
y x y cos , '''
b)
y x x x x y
4 3 2
5 2 5 4 7, '' + +
c)
x
y y
x
3
, ''
4
+

d)
y x x y
2
2 , ''
e)
y x x y sin , ''
f)
y x x y tan , ''

g)
y x y
2 3
( 1) , '' +
h)
y x x y
6 3 (4)
4 4, +
i) y y
x
(5)
1
,
1
Bai 41: Cho n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:

a)
n
n
n
n
x
x
( )
1
1 ( 1) !
1
(1 )
+
_

+
+ ,
b)
n
n
x x
( )
.
(sin ) sin
2
_
+

,
c)
n
n
x x
( )
.
(cos ) cos
2
_
+

,
Bai 42: Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau:
Trang 55

i s 11
a) y
x
1
2
+
b) y
x x
2
1
3 2
+
c)
x
y
x
2
1
d)
x
y
x
1
1
+
e)
y x
2
sin
f)
y x x
4 4
sin cos +
Bai 43: Chng minh cc h thc sau vi cc hm s c ch ra:
a)
y x x
xy y x xy
sin
'' 2( ' sin ) 0

'
+
b)
y x x
y y
2
3
2
'' 1 0

'
+
c)
y x x
x y x y y
2 2 2
tan
'' 2( )(1 ) 0

'
+ +
d)
x
y
x
y y y
2
3
4
2 ( 1) ''

' +
VN 5: Tnh gii hn dng

x x
u x
u x
0
sin ( )
lim
( )
Ta s dng cc cng thc lng gic bin i v s dng cng thc
x x
u x
u x
0
sin ( )
lim 1
( )
(vi
x x
u x
0
lim ( ) 0
)
a)
x
x
x 0
sin3
lim
sin2
b)
x
x
x
2
0
1 cos
lim
c)
x
x
x 0
tan2
lim
sin5
d)
x
x x
x
4
cos sin
lim
cos2
e)
x
x x
x x 0
1 sin cos
lim
1 sin cos
+

f)
x
x
x
2
2
1 sin
lim
2

,
g)
x
x x
2
lim tan
2

,
h)
x
x
x
6
sin
6
lim
3
cos
2
VN 6: Cc bi ton khc
Bai 1: Gii phng trnh
f x '( ) 0
vi:
a)
f x x x x ( ) 3cos 4sin 5 +
b)
f x x x x ( ) cos 3sin 2 1 + +
c)
f x x x
2
( ) sin 2cos +
d)
x x
f x x
cos4 cos6
( ) sin
4 6

e)
x
f x x
3
( ) 1 sin( ) 2cos
2
+
+ + f)
f x x x x x ( ) sin3 3cos3 3(cos 3sin ) +
Bai 2: Gii phng trnh
f x g x '( ) ( )
vi:
Trang 56

i s 11
a)
f x x
g x x
4
( ) sin 3
( ) sin6

'
b)
f x x
g x x x
3
( ) sin 2
( ) 4cos2 5sin4

'

c)
x
f x x
g x x x x
2 2
2
( ) 2 cos
2
( ) sin

'
d)
x
f x x
x
g x x x
2
( ) 4 cos
2
( ) 8cos 3 2 sin
2
'
Bai 3: Gii bt phng trnh

f x g x '( ) '( ) >
vi:
a)
f x x x g x x x
3 2
( ) 2, ( ) 3 2 + + +
b)
2
( ) 2 8, ( ) f x x x g x x
c)
x
f x x x g x x
2
3 2 3
( ) 2 3, ( ) 3
2
+ +
d) f x g x x x
x
3
2
( ) , ( )
Bai 4: Xc nh m cc bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x R:
a)
mx
f x vi f x x mx
3
2
'( ) 0 ( ) 3 5
3
> +
b)
mx mx
f x vi f x m x
3 2
'( ) 0 ( ) ( 1) 15
3 2
< + +
Bai 5: Cho hm s
3 2
2 3. y x x mx + Tm m :
a)
'( ) f x
bng bnh phng ca mt nh thc bc nht.
b)
'( ) 0 f x
vi mi x.
Bai 6: Cho hm s
3 2
( ) (3 ) 2.
3 2
mx mx
f x m x + + Tm m :
a)
'( ) 0 f x <
vi mi x.
b)
'( ) 0 f x
c hai nghim phn bit cng du.
c) Trong trng hp
'( ) 0 f x
c hai nghim, tm h thc gia hai nghim khng ph
thuc vo m.
Trang 57

i s 11
CC BI TP B SUNG NNG CAO C NM
I. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
THI I HC
Bai 1. (H 2002A) Tm nghim thuc khong (0; 2 ) ca phng trnh:
x x
x x
x
cos3 sin3
5 sin cos2 3
1 2sin2
_ +
+ +

+
,
HD: iu kin:
x m
x n
12
7
12
'
. PT x x 5cos 2cos2 3 + x
1
cos
2

x
x
3
5
3
.
Bai 2. (H 2002B) Gii phng trnh:
x x x x
2 2 2 2
sin 3 cos 4 sin 5 cos 6
HD: PT x x x cos .sin9 .sin2 0 x x sin2 .sin9 0
x k
x k
9
2
.
Bai 3. (H 2002D) Tm x thuc on [0; 14] nghim ng phng trnh:
x x x cos3 4cos2 3cos 4 0 +
HD: PT x x
2
4cos (cos 2) 0 x cos 0 x x x x
3 5 7
; ; ;
2 2 2 2

.
Bai 4. (H 2002Adb1) Cho phng trnh:
x x
a
x x
2sin cos 1
sin 2cos 3
+ +
+
(a l tham s).
Trang 58

i s 11
1. Gii phng trnh khi a
1
3
.
2. Tm a phng trnh c nghim.
HD: 1) x k
4
+ 2) a
1
2
2
(a v PT bc 1 i vi sinx v cosx)
Bai 5. (H 2002Adb2) Gii phng trnh:
x
x x x x x
2
tan cos cos sin 1 tan .tan
2
_
+ +

,
.
HD: x k2 . Ch : iu kin:
x
x
cos 0
cos 1

'

v
x
x
x
1
1 tan .tan
2 cos
+ .
Bai 6. (H 2002Bdb1) Gii phng trnh:
( )
x x
x
x
2
4
4
2 sin 2 sin3
tan 1
cos
+ .
HD: iu kin: cosx 0. PT x x k x k
1 2 5 2
sin3 ;
2 18 3 18 3

+ + .
x x
x
x x
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot2
5sin2 2 8sin2
+

.
HD: iu kin: sin2x 0. PT x x x k
2
9
cos 2 5cos2 0
4 6
+ t + .
Bai 8. (H 2002Ddb1) Gii phng trnh: x
x
2
1
sin
8cos
.
HD: iu kin:
x
x
cos 0
sin 0

'
>
PT x k x k x k x k
3 5 7
2 ; 2 ; 2 ; 2
8 8 8 8

+ + + +
Bai 9. (H 2002Ddb2) Xc nh m phng trnh:
( )
x x x x m
4 4
2 sin cos cos4 2sin2 0 + + +
(*)
c t nht mt nghim thuc on 0;
2
1
1
]
.
HD: m
10
2
3
.
t t = sin2x. (*) c nghim thuc 0;
2
1
1
]

f t t t m
2
( ) 3 2 3 +
c nghim t[0;1]
Bai 10. (H 2003A) Gii phng trnh:
x
x x x
x
2
cos2 1
cot 1 sin sin2
1 tan 2
+
+
.
HD: iu kin:
x x x sin 0, cos 0, tan 1
.
PT x x x x x
2
(cos sin )(1 sin .cos sin ) 0 + x k
4
+ .
Bai 11. (H 2003B) Gii phng trnh: x x x
x
2
cot tan 4sin2
sin2
+ .
HD: iu kin:
x
x
sin 0
cos 0

'
. PT
x x
2
2cos 2 cos2 1 0
x k
3
t + .
Bai 12. (H 2003D) Gii phng trnh:
x x
x
2 2 2
sin tan cos 0
2 4 2
_

,
.
Trang 59

i s 11
HD: iu kin: x cos 0 .
PT
x x x x (1 sin )(1 cos )(sin cos ) 0 + +

x k
x k
2
4

.
Bai 13. (H 2003Adb1) Gii phng trnh: ( )
x x x
2
cos2 cos 2tan 1 2 +
.
HD: iu kin: cosx 0.
PT x x x
2
(1 cos )(2cos 5cos 2) 0 + + x k x k (2 1) , 2
3
+ t +
( )
x x x x 3 tan tan 2sin 6cos 0 + + .
HD: iu kin: cosx 0. PT x x x x k
2 2
(1 cos2 )(3cos sin ) 0
3
+ t +
x x x
6 2
3cos4 8cos 2cos 3 0 + +
.
HD: PT x x x x k x k
4 2
cos2 ( 2cos 5cos 3) 0 ,
4 2

+ +
( )
x
x
x
2
2 3 cos 2sin
2 4
1
2cos 1
_

,
.
HD: iu kin: x
1
cos
2
. PT x x x k 3cos sin 0 (2 1)
3
+ + +
Bai 17. (H 2003Ddb1) Gii phng trnh:
( )
x x
x
x x
2
cos cos 1
2(1 sin )
sin cos
+
+
.
HD: iu kin: x sin 0
4
_
+

,
.
PT x x x k x k
2
(1 sin ) (1 cos ) 0 , 2
2
+ + + +
x
x x
x
2cos4
cot tan
sin2
+ .
HD: iu kin: sin2x 0. PT x x x k
2
2cos 2 cos2 1 0
3
t + .
x x x
2
5sin 2 3(1 sin )tan
.
HD: iu kin: x cos 0 . PT
x x
2
2sin 3sin 2 0 +

x k
x k
2
6
5
2
6
.
x x x x x (2cos 1)(2sin cos ) sin2 sin +
.
HD: PT
x x x (2cos 1)(sin cos ) 0 +

x k
x k
2
3
4
t +
.
Bai 21. (H 2004Adb1) Gii phng trnh: ( )
x x x x
3 3
4 sin cos cos 3sin + +
.
HD:
x x 1 sin 1 cos 1 +
.
HD:
Trang 60

i s 11
Bai 23. (H 2004Bdb1) Gii phng trnh: x
x x
1 1
2 2cos
4 sin cos
_
+ +

,
.
HD:
Bai 24. (H 2004Bdb2) Gii phng trnh: x x x x sin4 .sin7 cos3 .cos6 .
HD:
x x x x x x 2sin .cos2 sin2 .cos sin4 .cos + .
HD:
x x x x sin sin2 3(cos cos2 ) + +
.
HD:
x x x
2 2
cos 3 .cos2 cos 0
.
HD: PT
x x
2
2cos 4 cos4 3 0 +
x k
2
.
Bai 28. (H 2005B) Gii phng trnh: x x x x 1 sin cos sin2 cos2 0 + + + + .
HD: PT
x x x (sin cos )(2cos 1) 0 + +

x k
x k
4
2
2
3
t +
.
x x x x
4 4
3
cos sin cos sin 3 0
4 4 2
_ _
+ +

, ,
.
HD: PT
x x
2
sin 2 sin2 2 0 +
x k
4
+ .
Bai 30. (H 2005Adb1) Tm nghim trn khong (0;
) ca phng trnh:
x
x x
2 2
3
4sin 3cos2 1 2cos
2 4
_
+

,
.
HD: PT x x cos 2 cos( )
6
_
+

,
x x x
5 17 5
; ;
18 18 6

.
Bai 31. (H 2005Adb2) Gii phng trnh: x x x
3
2 2cos 3cos sin 0
4
_

,
.
HD: PT
x x x x x x x x
3 3 2 2
cos sin 3cos .sin 3cos .sin 3cos sin 0 + + +
Xt 2 trng hp:
a) Nu x cos 0 th PT
x
x x
3
cos 0
sin sin 0

'

x k
2
+ .
b) Nu x cos 0 th ta chia 2 v ca PT cho
x
3
cos
.
Khi : PT
x
x
cos 0
tan 1

'
x k
4
+ .
Vy: PT c nghim: x k
2
+ hoc x k
4
+ .
Bai 32. (H 2005Bdb1) Gii phng trnh :
( )
x x x x x
2 2 3
sin .cos2 cos tan 1 2sin 0 + +
.
x x
2
2sin sin 1 0 +

x k
x k
2
6
5
2
6
.
Trang 61

i s 11
Bai 33. (H 2005Bdb2) Gii phng trnh :
x
x x
x
2
2
cos2 1
tan 3tan
2
cos
_
+

,
x
3
tan 1
x k
4
+ .
x
x
x
3 sin
tan 2
2 1 cos
_
+

, +
.
HD: iu kin: x sin 0 . PT x 2sin 1
x k
x k
2
6
5
2
6
.
Bai 35. (H 2005Ddb2) Gii phng trnh: x x x x sin2 cos2 3sin cos 2 0 + + .
HD: PT
x x x (2sin 1)(sin cos 1) 0

x
x
1
sin
2
2
sin
4 2
,

x k
x k
x k
x k
2
6
5
2
6
2
2
2
.
( )
x x x x
x
6 6
2 cos sin sin .cos
0
2 2sin
+
.
HD: iu kin:
x
2
sin
2
. PT
x x
2
3sin 2 sin2 4 0 +
x k
4
+ .
i chiu iu kin, kt lun PT c nghim: x m
5
2
4
+ .
x
x x x cot sin 1 tan .tan 4
2
_
+ +

,
.
HD: iu kin:
x
x x sin 0, cos 0, cos 0
2
.
PT
x x
x x
cos sin
4
sin cos
+ x
1
sin2
2

x k
x k
12
5
12
.
Bai 38. (H 2006D) Gii phng trnh: x x x cos3 cos2 cos 1 0 + .
HD: PT x x
2
sin (2cos 1) 0 +
x k
x k
2
2
3
t +
.
x x x x
3 3
2 3 2
cos3 .cos sin3 .sin
8
+

.
HD: PT x
2
cos4
2
x k
16 2

t + .
Bai 40. (H 2006Adb2) Gii phng trnh: x x 2sin 2 4sin 1 0
6
_
+ +

,
.
HD: PT ( )
x x x sin 3cos sin 2 0 + +

x k
x k
7
2
6
.
Trang 62

i s 11
( ) ( )
x x x
2 2 2
2sin 1 tan 2 3 2cos 1 0 +
.
HD: iu kin: x cos2 0 . PT ( )
x x
2
cos2 tan 2 3 0
x k
6 2

t + .
x x x x cos2 (1 2cos )(sin cos ) 0 + +
.
HD: PT
x x x x (sin cos )(cos sin 1) 0 +

x k
x k
x k
4
2
2
2
.
x x x
3 3 2
cos sin 2sin 1 + +
.
HD: PT
x x x x (cos sin )(1 cos )(sin 1) 0 + +

x k
x k
x k
4
2
2
2
.
x x x x
3 2
4sin 4sin 3sin2 6cos 0 + + +
.
HD: PT x x x
2
(sin 1)( 2cos 3cos 2) 0 + + +
x k
x k
2
2
2
2
3
t +
.
( ) ( )
x x x x x
2 2
1 sin cos 1 cos sin 1 sin2 + + + +
HD: PT
x x x x (sin cos )(1 sin )(1 cos ) 0 +

x k
x k
x k
4
2
2
2
.
x x x
2
2sin 2 sin7 1 sin +
.
HD: PT
( ) x x cos4 2sin3 1) 0
x k
x k
x k
8 4
2
18 3
5 2
18 3

.
x x
x
2
sin cos 3cos 2
2 2
_
+ +

,
.
HD: PT
x x 1 sin 3cos 2 + +
x
1
cos
6 2
_

,

x k
x k
2
2
2
6

x x
1 1
sin2 sin 2cot2
2sin sin2
+ .
HD: iu kin x sin2 0 . PT ( )
x x x
2
cos2 2cos cos 1 0 + +
x k
4 2

+ .
Trang 63

i s 11
x x x x x
2
2cos 2 3sin cos 1 3(sin 3cos ) + + +
.
HD: PT x x
2
2cos 3cos 0
6 6
_ _

, ,
x k
2
3
+ .
5 3
sin cos 2cos
2 4 2 4 2
x x x _ _

, ,

HD: PT
x
x
3
cos 2cos 2 0
2 4
_
_
+ +

, ,

x k
x k
x k
2
3 3
2
2
2

.
x x
x x
x x
sin2 cos2
tan cot
cos sin
+ .
HD: iu kin: x sin2 0 . PT x x cos cos2 x k2
3
t + .
x x 2 2sin cos 1
12
_

,
HD: PT
x
5
sin 2 cos sin
12 12 12
_

,
x k hay x k
4 3

+ + .
x x x (1 tan )(1 sin2 ) 1 tan + +
.
x x x (cos sin )(cos2 1) 0 +

x k
x k
4
.
x
x
x
1 1 7
4sin
sin 4 3
sin
2
_
+

, _

,
.
HD: iu kin: x x
3
sin 0, sin 0
2
_

,
.
PT x x
x x
1
(sin cos ) 2 2 0
sin cos
_
+ +

,

x k
x k
x k
4
8
5
8

x x x x x x
3 3 2 2
sin 3cos sin cos 3sin cos
.
HD: PT ( )
x x x cos2 sin 3cos 0 +
x k x k ;
4 2 3

+ + .
x x x x 2sin (1 cos2 ) sin2 1 2cos + + +
.
HD: PT
x x (2cos 1)(sin2 1) 0 +
x k x k
2
2 ;
3 4

t + + .
Bai 57. (H 2008Adb1) Tm nghim trn khong (0;
) ca phng trnh:

x
x x
2 2
3
4sin 3cos2 1 2cos
2 4
_
+

,
.
Trang 64

i s 11
HD: PT
x x x 2cos 3cos2 sin2
( )
x x cos 2 cos
6
_
+

,
x k hay x h
5 2 7
2
18 3 6

+ +
Do
x (0; )
nn ch chn x x x
5 17 5
; ;
18 18 6

.
3
2 2cos 3cos sin 0
4
_

,
.
HD: PT
x x x x x x x x
3 3 2 2
cos sin 3cos .sin 3cos .sin 3cos sin 0 + + +
Xt 2 trng hp:
a) Nu x cos 0 th PT
x
x x
3
cos 0
sin sin 0

'

x k
2
+ .
b) Nu x cos 0 th ta chia 2 v ca PT cho
x
3
cos
.
Khi : PT
x
x
cos 0
tan 1

'
x k
4
+ .
Vy: PT c nghim: x k
2
+ hoc x k
4
+ .
( )
x x x x x
2 2 3
sin cos2 cos tan 1 2sin 0 + +
.
HD: iu kin: cos 0
2
x x k +
.
PT
x x
2
2sin sin 1 0 +
x k x k
5
2 ; 2
6 6

+ + .
x
x x
x
2
2
cos2 1
tan 3tan
2
cos
_
+

,
.
x
3
tan 1
x k
4
+ .
x
x
x
3 sin
tan 2
2 1 cos
_
+

, +
.
HD: iu kin: x sin 0 . PT
x x (cos 1)(2sin 1) 0 +

x k
x k
2
6
5
2
6
.
Bai 62. (H 2008Ddb2) Gii phng trnh: sin2 cos2 3sin cos 2 0 x x x x + +
HD: PT
x x x (2sin 1)(sin cos 1) 0

x
x
1
sin
2
2
sin
4 2
,

x k x k x k x k
5
2 ; 2 ; 2 ; 2
6 6 2

+ + + + .
x x
x x
(1 2sin )cos
3
(1 2sin )(1 sin )
+
.
HD: iu kin: x x
1
sin 1, sin
2
.
Trang 65

i s 11
PT
x x x x cos 3sin sin2 3cos2 +
x x cos cos 2
3 6
_ _
+

, ,
x k
2
18 3

+ .
( )
x x x x x x
3
sin cos .sin2 3cos3 2 cos4 sin + + +
.
HD: PT
x x x sin3 3cos3 2cos4 +
x x cos 3 cos4
6
_

,

x k
x k
2
6
2
42 7
.
x x x x 3cos5 2sin3 cos2 sin 0
.
HD: PT x x x
3 1
cos5 sin5 sin
2 2
x x sin 5 sin
3
_

,

x k
x k
18 3
6 2

.
x x x
x
x
(1 sin cos2 )sin
1
4
cos
1 tan
2
_
+ + +

,
+
HD: iu kin:
x x cos 0; 1 tan 0 +
.
PT x x sin cos2 0 + x k x k
7
2 ; 2
6 6

+ + .
x x x x x (sin2 cos2 )cos 2cos2 sin 0 + +
.
HD: PT
x x x (sin cos 2)cos2 0 + +
x k
4 2

+ .
Bai 68. (H 2010D) Gii phng trnh: x x x x sin2 cos2 3sin cos 1 0 + .
HD: PT
x x x (2sin 1)(cos sin 2) 0 + +
x k x k
5
2 ; 2
6 6

+ + .
II. T HP XC SUT
THI TT NGHIP

Bai 1. (TN 2002) C bao nhiu s t nhin chn c bn ch s i mt khc nhau?
S: 2296
Bai 2. (TN 2003) Gii h phng trnh cho bi h thc sau:
y y y
x x x
C C C
1 1
1
: : 6:5: 2
+
+

S:
x y ( 8; 3)
.
Bai 3. (TN 2004) Gii bt phng trnh (vi hai n l n, k N):
k n
n
P
n k
2 4
3
60A
( )!
+ +
+
.
S: BPT
k n
n n n k ( 5)( 4)( 1) 60

'
+ + +
+ Xt vi n 4: BPT v nghim.
+ Xt vi n {0, 1, 2, 3} c cc nghim (n; k) l: (0; 0), (1; 0), (1; 1), (2; 2), (3; 3).
Bai 4. (TN 2005) Gii bt phng trnh, n n thuc tp s t nhin:
Trang 66

i s 11
n n
n n n
C C A
1 2
2 2
5
2
+ +
+ > .
S: n 2.
Bai 5. (TN 2006kpb) Tm h s ca
x
5
trong khai trin nh thc Niutn ca
n
x (1 ) +
,
nN
*
, bit tng tt c cc h s trong khai trin trn bng 1024.
S: C
5
10
252 .
Bai 6. (TN 2007kpb) Gii phng trnh:
n n n
C C C
4 5 6
1
3
+
+ (trong
k
n
C l s t hp
chp k ca n phn t).
S: n = 6.
Bai 7. (TN 2007kpbln 2) Gii phng trnh:
n n n
C C A
3 2 2
3 2 3 + (trong
k
n
A l s
chnh hp chp k ca n phn t,
k
n
C l s t hp chp k ca n phn t).
S: n = 6.
Bai 8. (TN 2008kpb) Gii bt phng trnh:
n n n
n C C A
2 4 3 3
( 5) 2 2 + (trong
k
n
A
l s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t,
k
n
S: n = 4; n = 5.
Bai 9. (TN 2008kpbln 2) Tm h s ca
x
7
x
10
(2 1)
.
S: C
7 3
10
2 .
Bai 10. (TN 2011)
S:
THI I HC
Bai 69. (H 2002A) Cho khai trin nh thc:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n n
x x x x x x x x
n n
n n n n
C C C C
1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 ... 2 2 2

+ + + + +
(n l s nguyn dng). Bit rng trong khai trin
n n
C C
3 1
5 , s hng th t bng 20n.
Tm n v x.
HD: n = 7; x = 4.
Bai 70. (H 2002B) Cho a gic u
1 2 2n
A A ...A
ni tip ng trn (O; R). Bit rng
s tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n im
1 2 2n
A , A , ... , A
nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh ch
nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2n
A , A , ... , A
, tm n.
HD: S tam gic l:
n
C
3
2
. S hnh ch nht l:
n
C
2
. S: n = 8.
Bai 71. (H 2002D) Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:
0 1 2 n n
n n n n
C 2C 4C ... 2 C 243. + + + +
Trang 67

i s 11
HD: n = 5.
Bai 72. (H 2002Adb2) Gi s n l s nguyn dng v
n n
n
x a a x a x
0 1
(1 ) ... + + + +
. Bit rng tn ti s k nguyn dng (1 k n 1) sao cho
k k k
a a a
1 1
2 9 24
+
, hy tnh
n.
HD:
k k k
n n n
C C C
1 1
2 9 24
+

n = 10
Bai 73. (H 2002Bdb2) Tm s n nguyn dng tho bt phng trnh
n
n n
A C n
3 2
2 9
+ (trong
k k
n n
A C , ln lt l s chnh hp v s t hp chp k ca n
phn t).
HD: n = 3; n = 4
Bai 74. (H 2002Ddb1) Gi
a a a
1 2 11
, ,...,
l cc h s trong khai trin sau:
x x x a x a x a
10 11 10 9
1 2 11
( 1) ( 2) ... + + + + + + .
Hy tnh h s
a
5
.
HD: a C C
5 4
5 10 10
2 672 +
Bai 75. (H 2002Ddb2) i tuyn hc sinh gii ca mt trng gm 18 em, trong
c 7 hc sinh khi 12, 6 hc sinh khi 11 v 5 hc sinh khi 10. Hi c bao nhiu cch c
8 hc sinh trong i i d tri h sao cho mi khi c t nht mt em c chn.
HD: C C C C
8 5 4 3
18 13 12 11
( ) 41811 + +
Bai 76. (H 2003A) Tm h s ca s hng cha
x
8
trong khai trin nh thc Niutn
ca
n
x
x
5
3
1 _
+

,
, bit rng:
n n
n n
C C n
1
4 3
7( 3)
+
+ +
+ (trong n l s nguyn dng, x >
0,
k
n
HD: C
4
12
495 .
Bai 77. (H 2003B) Cho n l s nguyn dng. Tnh tng
S =
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n
2 3 1
0 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
...
2 3 1
+

+ + + +
+
.
(
k
n
HD: S dng khai trin ca
n
x (1 ) +
. Tnh
n
x dx
2
1
(1 ) +
. S: S =
n n
n
1 1
3 2
1
+ +
+
.
Bai 78. (H 2003D) Vi n l s nguyn dng, gi
n
a
3 3
l h s ca
n
x
3 3
trong khai
trin thnh a thc ca
n n
x x
2
( 1) ( 2) + +
. Tm n
n
a n
3 3
26

.
HD: Ta c:
n n n n n
n n n n
x C x C x C x C
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 2 4
( 1) ...

+ + + + +
n n n n n n
n n n n
x C x C x C x C
0 1 1 2 2 2
( 2) 2 2 ... 2

+ + + + +
+ Kim tra n = 1, n = 2: khng tho iu kin bi ton.
+ Vi n 3 th
n n n n n
x x x x x
3 3 2 3 2 2 1

h s ca
n
x
3 3
trong khai trin thnh
a thc ca
n n
x x
2
( 1) ( 2) + +
l:
n n n n n
a C C C C
3 0 3 1 1
3 3
2 . . 2. .
+ .
T :
n
a n
3 3
26

n = 5.
Bai 79. (H 2003Adb1) T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c th lp c bao nhiu s t
Trang 68

i s 11
nhin m mi s c 6 ch s khc nhau v ch s 2 ng cnh ch s 3 ?
HD: 192
Bai 80. (H 2003Adb2) C bao nhiu s t nhin chia ht cho 5 m mi s c 4 ch
s khc nhau ?
HD: 952
Bai 81. (H 2003Bdb1) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s t
nhin, mi s c 6 ch s v tho mn iu kin: Su ch s ca mi s l khc nhau v
trong mi s tng ca ba ch s u nh hn tng ca ba ch s cui mt n v ?
HD: 108
Bai 82. (H 2003Bdb2) T mt t gm 7 hc sinh n v 5 hc sinh nam cn chn ra 6
em trong s hc sinh n phi nh hn 4. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn nh vy ?
HD: 462
Bai 83. (H 2003Ddb1) T 9 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 c th lp c bao nhiu
s t nhin chn m mi s gm 7 ch s khc nhau ?
HD: 90720
Bai 84. (H 2003Ddb2) Tm s t nhin n tho mn:
n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 100

+ + .
(
k
n
HD: n = 4 (Ch :
( )
k n k k
n n n
C C C
2
.

)
Bai 85. (H 2004A) Tm h s ca x
8
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
x x
2 8
[1 (1 )] +
.
HD: Khai trin
x x
2 8
[1 (1 )] +
. Xc nh c a C C C C
3 2 4 0
8 8 3 8 4
. . 168 70 238 + + .
Bai 86. (H 2004B) Trong mt mn hc, thy gio c 30 cu hi khc nhau gm 5 cu
hi kh, 10 cu hi trung bnh, 15 cu hi d. T 30 cu hi c th lp c bao nhiu
kim tra, mi gm 5 cu hi khc nhau, sao cho trong mi nht thit phi c 3
loi cu hi (kh, trung bnh, d) v s cu hi d khng t hn 2 ?
HD: Chia thnh nhiu trng hp. S: C C C C C C C C C
2 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1
15 10 5 15 10 5 15 10 5
56875 + + .
Bai 87. (H 2004D) Tm cc s hng khng cha x trong khai trin nh thc Niutn ca

x
x
7
3
4
1
_
+

,
vi x > 0.
HD: C
4
7
35 .
Bai 88. (H 2004Adb1) Cho tp A gm n phn t, n 7. Tm n, bit rng s tp con
gm 7 phn t ca tp A bng hai ln s tp con gm 3 phn t ca t A.
HD:
Bai 89. (H 2004Adb2) Cho tp A gm n phn t, n > 4. Tm n, bit rng trong s cc
tp con ca A c ng 16n tp con c s phn t l s l.
HD:
Bai 90. (H 2004Bdb1) Bit rng x a a x a x
100 100
0 1 100
(2 ) ... + + + + . Chng minh
rng
a a
2 3
<
. Vi gi tr no ca k th
k k
a a k
1
(0 99)
+
<
?
HD:
Bai 91. (H 2004Bdb2) Gi s
n n
n
x a a x a x a x
2
0 1 2
(1 2 ) ... + + + + + . Tm n v s
ln nht trong cc s
n
a a a a
0 1 2
, , ,...,
, bit rng
n
a a a a
0 1 2
... 729 + + + +
.
HD:
Trang 69

i s 11
Bai 92. (H 2004Ddb1) Bit rng trong khai trin nh thc Niutn ca
n
x
x
1 _
+

,
tng
cc h s ca hai s hng u tin bng 24, tnh tng cc h s ca cc s hng cha
k
x

vi k > 0 v chng minh rng tng ny l mt s chnh phng.
HD:
Bai 93. (H 2004Ddb2) C bao nhiu s t nhin tho mn dng thi ba iu kin
sau: gm ng 4 ch s i mt khc nhau; l s chn; nh hn 2158 ?
HD:
Bai 94. (H 2005A) Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:
n n
n n n n n
C C C C n C
1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2.2 3.2 4.2 ... (2 1).2 2005
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
(
k
n
n
x
2 1
(1 )
+
+
. Ly o hm hai v, ri thay x = 2.
S: n = 1002.
Bai 95. (H 2005B) Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 ngi, gm 12 nam v 3 n.
Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng i thanh nin tnh nguyn v gip 3 tnh min ni,
sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam v 1 n.
HD: C C C C C C
1 4 1 4 1 4
3 12 2 8 1 4
. . 207900 .
Bai 96. (H 2005D) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
n n
A
M
n
4 3
1
3A
( 1)!
+
+
+
, bit rng:

n n n n
C C C C
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
2 2 149
+ + + +
+ + + (*)
(n l s nguyn dng,
k
n
A ,
k
n
C ln lt l s chnh hp v s t hp chp k ca n phn
t).
HD: T (*) n = 5. Vy M =
3
4
.
Bai 97. (H 2005Adb1) Tm h s ca
x
7
trong khai trin a thc
n
x
2
(2 3 )
, trong
n l s nguyn dng tha mn:
1 3 5 2n 1
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
C C C ... C 1024
+
+ + + +
+ + + + (*) (
k
n
C l s t
hp chp k ca n phn t).
n
x
2 1
(1 )
+
+
. Ln lt cho x = 1 v x = 1.
Tnh c
n n
n n n n
C C C C
1 3 5 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2
+
+ + + +
+ + + + 2n = 10.
Suy ra h s ca
x
7
l C
3 7 3
10
3 .2 .
Bai 98. (H 2005Adb2) Tm { }
k 0,1,2,...,2005
sao cho
k
2005
C t gi tr ln nht.
(
k
n
C l s t hp chp k ca n phn t)
HD:
k
C
2005
ln nht
k k 1
2005 2005
k k 1
2005 2005
C C
C C
+

'
(k N)
k
k
1002
1003

'

k hayk 1002 1003
Bai 99. (H 2005Bdb1) Tm s nguyn n ln hn 1 tha mn ng thc:
+
2 2
n n n n
2P 6A P A 12
( P
n
l s hon v ca n phn t v
k
n
A l s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t).
HD: PT
[ ] n n n (6 !) ( 1) 2 0 n = 3 hay n = 2.
Bai 100. (H 2005Bdb2) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu
s t nhin, mi s gm 6 ch s khc nhau v tng cc ch s hng chc, hng trm, hng
Trang 70

i s 11
ngn bng 8.
HD:
a a a
3 4 5
8 + +

a a a
3 4 5
, , {1,2,5}
hoc
a a a
3 4 5
, , {1,3,4}
.
S: 720 + 720 = 1440 (s).
Bai 101. (H 2005Ddb1) Mt i vn ngh c 15 ngi gm 10 nam v 5 n. Hi c
bao nhiu cch lp mt nhm ng ca gm 8 ngi, bit rng trong nhm phi c t
nht 3 n.
HD: C C C C C C
3 5 4 4 5 3
5 10 5 10 5 10
3690 + + cch.
Bai 102. (H 2005Ddb2) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s
t nhin, mi s gm 5 ch s khc nhau v nht thit phi c 2 ch 1, 5 ?
HD: Thc hin 2 bc:
+ Bc 1: xp 2 s 1, 5 vo 2 trong 5 v tr, c: A
2
5
20 cch.
+ Xp 3 trong 5 s cn li vo 3 v tr cn li, c: A
3
5
60 cch.
S: 20.60 = 1200 s.
Bai 103. (H 2006A) Tm h s ca s hng cha
x
26
ca
n
x
x
7
4
1 _
+

,
, bit rng
n
n n n
C C C
1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1
+ + +
+ + + . (n nguyn dng, (
k
n
C l
s t hp chp k ca n phn t).
HD: + T gi thit
n
n n n n
C C C C
0 1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2
+ + + +
+ + + + (1)
+ V
k n k
n n
C C
2 1
2 1 2 1
+
+ +
, k, 0 k 2n+1 nn:
( )
n n
n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C
0 1 2 0 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
... ...
2
+
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + (2)
+ T khai trin ca
n 2 1
(1 1)
+
+
suy ra:
n n n
n n n
C C C
0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
... (1 1) 2
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + (3)
+ T (1), (2), (3) suy ra:
n 2 20
2 2
n = 10.
+ Suy ra h s ca
x
26
l: C
6
10
210 .
Bai 104. (H 2006B) Cho tp hp A gm n phn t (n 4). Bit rng s tp con gm 4
phn t bng 20 ln s tp con gm 2 phn t ca A. Tm k {1, 2, 3, , n} sao cho s
tp con gm k phn t ca A l ln nht.
HD: T gi thit suy ra:
n n
C C
4 2
20 n = 18.
Do
k
k
C
k
k
C
1
18
18
18
1
1
+
<
+
k 9, nn C C C
9 10 18
18 18 18
... > > > C C C
1 2 9
18 18 18
... < < < .
Vy s tp con gm k phn t ca A l ln nht khi v ch khi k = 9.
Bai 105. (H 2006D) i thanh nin xung kch ca mt trng ph thng c 12 hc
sinh, gm 5 hc sinh lp A, 4 hc sinh lp B v 3 hc sinh lp C. cn chn 4 hc sinh i
lm nhim v, sao cho 4 hc sinh ny thuc khng qu 2 trong 3 lp trn. Hi c bao nhiu
cch chn nh vy ?
HD: Dng phng php loi tr.
+ S cch chn 4 hc sinh t 12 hc sinh cho l: C
4
12
495 .
+ S cch chn 4 hc sinh m mi lp c t nht 1 em l:
C C C C C C C C C
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
270 + +
+ S cch chn phi tm l: 495 270 = 225.
Bai 106. (H 2006Adb1) p dng khai trin nh thc Niutn ca
x x
2 100
( ) +
, chng
Trang 71

i s 11
minh rng:
C C C C
99 100 198 199
0 1 99 100
100 100 100 100
1 1 1 1
100 101 ... 199 200 0
2 2 2 2
_ _ _ _
+ +

, , , ,
.
(
k
n
HD: Ly o hm hai v, cho x
1
2
, ri nhn hai v vi 1, ta c pcm.
Bai 107. (H 2006Adb2) T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 c th lp c bao nhiu s t
nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau? Tnh tng ca tt c cc s t nhin .
HD: S cc s t nhin cn tm l: 96 s. Chia thnh nhiu trng hp.
+ C 24 s dng a a a a
4 3 2 1
0; 18 s dng a a a a
4 3 2 1
1; 18 s dng a a a a
4 3 2 1
2;
18 s dng a a a a
4 3 2 1
3; 18 s dng a a a a
4 3 2 1
4
Tng cc ch s hng n v l: 18(1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 180.
Tng cc ch s hng chc l: 1800
Tng cc ch s hng trm l: 18000
Tng cc ch s hng nghn l: 180000
+ C 24 s dng a a aa
3 2 1 0
1 ; 24 s dng a a aa
3 2 1 0
2 ; 24 s dng a a aa
3 2 1 0
3 ;
24 s dng a a aa
3 2 1 0
4
Tng cc ch s hng chc nghn l: 24(1 + 2 + 3 + 4).10000 = 2400000
+ Vy tng 96 s l: 180 + 1800 + 18000 + 180000 + 2400000 = 2599980
Bai 108. (H 2006Bdb1) T cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c th lp c bao nhiu s
chn, mi s c 5 ch s khc nhau, trong c ng 2 ch s l v 2 ch s l ng
cnh nhau ?
HD: S cch chn hai trong ba ch s l ng cnh nhau l: A
2
3
6 cch. Xem 2 s l
ng cnh nhau l mt phn t x. Vy mi s cn lp gm phn t x v 3 trong 4 ch s
chn 0, 2, 4, 6. Chia thnh nhiu trng hp.
S: 6(18 + 18 + 24) = 360 s.
Bai 109. (H 2006Bdb2) Cho 2 ng thng song song d
1
v d
2
. Trn ng thng d
1
c 10 im phn bit, trn ng thng d
2
c n im phn bit (n 2). Bit rng c 2800
tam gic c nh l cc im cho. Tm n.
HD: S tam gic c 1 nh thuc d
1
, 2 nh thuc d
2
l:
n
C
2
10 .
S tam gic c 1 nh thuc d
2
, 2 nh thuc d
1
l: nC
2
10
.
T gi thit:
n
C
2
10 + nC
2
10
=2800, suy ra n = 20.
Bai 110. (H 2006Ddb1) Mt lp c 33 hc sinh, trong c 7 n. Cn chia lp hc
thnh 3 t, t 1 c 10 hc sinh, t 2 c 11 hc sinh, t 3 c 12 hc sinh sao cho trong mi
t c t nht 2 hc sinh n. Hi c bao nhiu cch chia nh vy ?
HD: Chia thnh nhiu trng hp theo s hc sinh n.
S: C C C C C C C C C C C C
3 7 2 9 2 8 3 8 2 8 2 9
7 26 4 19 7 26 5 18 7 26 5 18
+ + .
t nhin chn c 5 ch s khc nhau v mi s lp c u nh hn 25000 ?
HD: Chia thnh nhiu trng hp. S: 240 + 48 + 72 = 360 s.
Bai 112. (H 2007A) Chng minh rng:
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
2
1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 6 2 2 1

+ + + +
+
(n l s nguyn dng,
k
n
Trang 72

i s 11
HD: Ta c:
n n n
n n n
x C C x C x
2 0 1 2 2
2 2 2
(1 ) ... + + + +
n n n
n n n
x C C x C x
2 0 1 2 2
2 2 2
(1 ) ... + +
( )
n n n n
n n n
x x C x C x C x
2 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) 2 ...

+ + + +
( )
n n
n n
n n n
x x
dx C x C x C x dx
1 1 2 2
1 3 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
0 0
(1 ) (1 )
...
2

+
+ + +

n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
2
1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 1 2 4 6 2

+ + + +
+
Bai 113. (H 2007B) Tm h s ca s hng cha
x
10
ca
n
x (2 ) +
, bit
n n n n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C
0 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 ... ( 1) 2048

+ + +
(n l s nguyn dng,
k
n
HD: Ta c:
n n n n n n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C
0 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 ... ( 1) (3 1) 2

+ + + .
T gi thit suy ra n = 11.
H s ca s hng cha
x
10
trong khai trin ca
x
11
(2 ) +
l: C
10 1
11
.2 22 .
Bai 114. (H 2007D) Tm h s ca
x
5
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca:
x x x x
5 2 10
(1 2 ) (1 3 ) + +
HD: H s ca
x
5
trong khai trin ca
x x
5
(1 2 )
l: C
4 4
5
( 2) .
H s ca
x
5
trong khai trin ca
x x
2 10
(1 3 ) +
l: C
3 3
10
3 .
H s ca
x
5
trong khai trin ca
x x x x
5 2 10
(1 2 ) (1 3 ) + +
l: C
4 4
5
( 2) + C
3 3
10
3
Bai 115. (H 2007Adb1) C bao nhiu s t nhin chn ln hn 2007 m mi s gm 4
ch s khc nhau?
HD: Gi s s cn lp l n = aa a a
1 2 3 4
> 2007. Xt hai trng hp a
4
= 0 v a
4
0.
S: 448 + 1568 = 2016 s.
Bai 116. (H 2007Adb2) Trn cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA ca hnh vung ABCD ln
lt cho 1, 2, 3 v n im phn bit khc A, B, C, D. Tm n bit s tam gic c ba nh ly
t n 6 + im cho l 439.
HD: Vi n 2 th n + 6 8. S tam gic to thnh khng vt qu C
3
8
= 56 < 439
(loi). Vy n 3.
S tam gic to thnh l:
n n
C C C
3 3 3
6 3 +
= 439 n = 10.
Bai 117. (H 2007Bdb1) Tm x, y N tha mn h:
2 3
3 2
22
66
x y
y x
A C
A C
'
+
.
HD: (x = 4; y = 5).
Bai 118. (H 2007Bdb2) Tm h s ca
x
8
n
x
2
( 2) +
, bit:
3 2 1
8 49
n n n
A C C + .
HD: T gi thit tm c n = 7. Suy ra h s ca
x
8
l: C
4 3
7
2 280 .
Bai 119. (H 2007Ddb1) Chng minh vi mi s n nguyn dng lun c:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 C 1 C 1 ... C 1 n nC
1 n
n
1 n 2 n
n
2 n 1
n
0
n
+ + +

n
x ( 1)
. Ly o hm hai v, ri cho x = 1 ta c pcm.
Trang 73

i s 11
t nhin chn m mi s gm 4 ch s khc nhau.
HD: 120 + 300 = 420 s.
Bai 121. (H 2008A) Cho khai trin
n n
n
x a a x a x
0 1
(1 2 ) ... + + + + , trong n N v
cc h s
n
a a a
0 1
, ,...,
tho mn h thc
n
n
a a
a
1
0
... 4096
2
2
+ + + . Tm s ln nht trong
cc s
n
a a a
0 1
, ,...,
.
HD: t f(x) =
n n
n
x a a x a x
0 1
(1 2 ) ... + + + +
n n
n
a a
a f
1
0
1
... 2
2 2
2
_
+ + +

,
.
T gi thit suy ra:
n
2 4096
n = 12.
Vi mi k {0, 1, 2, , 11} ta c
k k k k
k k
a C a C
1 1
12 1 12
2 , 2
+ +
+

Gi s:
k k
k
k k
k
a C
k
k
a k
C
12
1 1
1
12
2
1 23
1 1 1
2(12 ) 3
2
+ +
+
+
< < < <
.
M k Z k 7. Do
a a a
0 1 8
... < < <
.
Tng t,
k
k
a
k
a
1
1 7
+
> >
. Do
a a a
8 9 12
... > > >
.
Vy s ln nht trong cc s
n
a a a
0 1
, ,...,
l a C
8 8
8 12
2 126720 .
Bai 122. (H 2008B) Chng minh rng
k k k
n n n
n
n
C C C
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
2
+
+ +
_ +
+

+
,
(n, k l cc s
nguyn dng, k n,
k
n
HD:
k k k
n n n
n k n k
n n
C C C
1
1 1
1 1 1 !( )! 1
2 !
+
+ +
_ +
+

+
,
.
Bai 123. (H 2008D) Tm s nguyn dng n tho mn h thc
n
n n n
C C C
1 3 2 1
2 2 2
... 2048
+ + + (
k
n
HD: Ta c:
n n n
n n n n
C C C C
2 0 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
0 (1 1) ...

+ +
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C
2 2 0 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 (1 1) ...

+ + + + +
n n
n n n
C C C
1 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
... 2

+ + + .
T gi thit suy ra:
n 2 1
2 2048
n = 6.
Bai 124. (H 2008Adb1) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 c th lp c bao nhiu
s t nhin, mi s gm 6 ch s khc nhau v tng cc ch s hng chc, hng trm, hng
ngn bng 8.
HD: 720 + 720 = 1440 s.
Bai 125. (H 2008Adb2) Tm h s ca x
7
trong khai trin a thc
2
(2 3 )
n
x
, trong
n l s nguyn dng tha mn:
n
n n n n
C C C C
1 3 5 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 1024
+
+ + + +
+ + + + (
k
n
C l s t
hp chp k ca n phn t).
n
x
2 1
(1 )
+
+
. Ln lt cho x = 1 v x = 1.
Tnh c
n n
n n n n
C C C C
1 3 5 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2
+
+ + + +
+ + + + 2n = 10.
Suy ra h s ca
x
7
l C
3 7 3
10
3 .2 .
Trang 74

i s 11
Bai 126. (H 2008Bdb1) Mt i vn ngh c 15 ngi gm 10 nam v 5 n. Hi c
bao nhiu cch lp mt nhm ng ca gm 8 ngi bit rng trong nhm phi c t nht
3 n.
HD: C C C C C C
3 5 4 4 5 3
5 10 5 10 5 10
3690 + + cch.
Bai 127. (H 2008Bdb2) T cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 c th lp c bao nhiu s
t nhin, mi s gm 5 ch s khc nhau v nht thit phi c 2 ch 1, 5 ?
HD: Thc hin 2 bc:
+ Bc 1: xp 2 s 1, 5 vo 2 trong 5 v tr, c: A
2
5
20 cch.
+ Xp 3 trong 5 s cn li vo 3 v tr cn li, c: A
3
5
60 cch.
S: 20.60 = 1200 s.
Bai 128. (H 2008Ddb1) Tm { }
k 0,1,2,...,2005
sao cho
k
2005
C t gi tr ln nht.
(
k
n
C l s t hp chp k ca n phn t)
HD:
k
C
2005
ln nht
k k 1
2005 2005
k k 1
2005 2005
C C
C C
+

'
(k N)
k
k
1002
1003

'

k hayk 1002 1003
Bai 129. (H 2008Ddb2) Tm s nguyn n ln hn 1 tha mn ng thc:
+
2 2
n n n n
2P 6A P A 12
( P
n
l s hon v ca n phn t v
k
n
A l s chnh hp chp k ca n phn t).
HD: PT
[ ] n n n (6 !) ( 1) 2 0 n = 3 hay n = 2.
Chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip v cc em hc sinh c tp ti liu ny.
transitung_tv@yahoo.com
Trang 75

i s 11
BI TP N CHNG V
Bi 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a)
y x x
3 2
( 4)
b)
y x x ( 3)( 1) +
c)
y x x
6
2 2 +
d)
y x x
2
(2 1)
e)
y x x x
2 3
(2 1)(4 2 ) +
f)
x
y
x
1 9
1
+
+
g)
x x
y
x
2
3 2
2 3
+
h) y
x x
2
1
2
i)
2 2
3 2 y x ( )
a)
y x x
4 2
3 7 +
b)
y x
2
1
c)
y x x
2
3 2
d)
x
y
x
1
1
+
e)
x
y
x
2
1
f)
x
y
x
3
a)
y x x
3
sin( 2) +
b)
y x tan(cos )
c)
x x
y
x x
sin
sin
+
d)
x x
y
x x
sin cos
sin cos
+
e)
y x x
2
cot( 1)
f)
y x x
2 2
cos ( 2 2) + +
g)
y x cos2
h)
y x
3 2
cot 1 +
i)
y x x
2 2
tan (3 4 ) +
Bi 4: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca cc hm s, vi:
a)
C y x x
3 2
( ): 3 2 +
ti im
M( 1, 2).
b)
x x
C y
x
2
4 5
( ):
2
+ +
+
ti im c honh
x
0
0.
c)
C y x ( ): 2 1 +
bit h s gc ca tip tuyn l k
1
.
3
Bi 5: Cho hm s
y x x
3 2
5 2 +
c th (C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C)
sao cho tip tuyn :
a) Song song vi ng thng
y x 3 1. +
b) Vung gc vi ng thng y x
1
4.
7

c) i qua im
A(0;2)
.
Bi 6: a) Cho hm s
x
f x
x
cos
( ) .
cos2
Tnh gi tr ca
f f ' ' .
6 3
_ _
+

, ,
Trang 76

i s 11
b) Cho hai hm s
f x x x
4 4
( ) sin cos +
v g x x
1
( ) cos4 .
4
So snh
f x '( )
v
g x '( )
.
Bi 7: Tm m
f x x R ( ) 0,
>
, vi:
a)
f x x m x x
3 2
( ) ( 1) 2 1. + + +
b) f x x m x x mx
1
( ) sin sin2 sin3 2
3
+
Bi 8: Chng minh rng
f x x R ( ) 0,
>
, vi:
a)
f x x x ( ) 2 sin . +
b) f x x x x x x
9 6 3 2
2
( ) 2 3 6 1.
3
+ +
Bi 9:
a)
Trang 77

Phương pháp giải Bài Tập Đại Số Lớp 11 - TST

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Phương pháp giải Bài Tập Đại Số Lớp 11 - TST

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i s 11

VI. PHNG TRNH DNG KHC

Bai 3: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:

Cng thc trn cng ng cho trng hp k = 0 hoc k = n.

Cho k ln lt t 1, 2, , n. Ri nhn cc BT v theo v, ta c pcm.

< vi n = 2m, k m. T suy ra

Bai 2: Cho 10 im trong khng gian, trong khng c 3 im no thng hng.

Bai 5: Tm h s ca s hng cha M trong khai trin ca nh thc, vi:

Bai 8: Tnh cc tng sau (s dng o hm ca khai trin

Dng 3: Ton chia ht

3. Phng sai v lch chun

Bai 26: Hy vit 5 s hng u ca dy s (u

Bai 28: Xt tnh tng, gim ca cc dy s (u

Bai 29: Xt tnh b chn trn, b chn di, b chn ca cc dy s (u

Bai 26: a) Gia cc s 7 v 35 hy t thm 6 s na c mt cp s cng.

Bai 3: Tm s hng u v cng bi ca cp s nhn, bit:

Bai 4: a) Gia cc s 160 v 5 hy chn vo 4 s na to thnh mt cp s nhn.

* Khi tnh gii hn c mt trong cc dng v

a) Chng minh rng: u

* Khi tnh gii hn c mt trong cc dng v nh:

, , 0. th phi tm cch kh dng v

Bai 31: Tm cc gii hn sau:

Bai 38: Tm gi tr ca m cc hm s sau c gii hn ti im c ch ra::

xt tnh lin tc ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x

(trong nhiu trng hp ta cn tnh

Bai 34: Tm m, n hm s lin tc ti im c ch ra:

Bai 35: Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau trn tp xc nh ca chng:

Bai 36: Tm cc gi tr ca m cc hm s sau lin tc trn tp xc nh ca chng:

Bi 8. Chng minh rng phng trnh:

Bai 4: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:

Bai 41: Cho n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:

VN 5: Tnh gii hn dng

Bai 3: Gii bt phng trnh

Bai 48. (H 2007Adb1) Gii phng trnh: x x x

Bai 55. (H 2008B) Gii phng trnh:

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